wounds期刊最新论文

68. The grand mediocrity of today--everyone being the same in survival and number of off- spring--means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribe. [参考译文] 当今人与人在很大程度上的平等--即面对自然淘汰法则人人机会均等，并且连子嗣的数目都一样--意味着和在印度土著部落中的情况相比，印度中上层阶级中已丧失了80％的自然选择中的优势。 69. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. [参考译文] 当艺术领域的一个新运动发展成某种流行时尚时，最好应该弄清这场运动倡导者的真正意图，因为，不管他们的原则在今天看来多么牵强无理，很可能多年以后他们的理论会被视为正常。 70. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right--it can hardly be classed as Literature. [参考译文] 然而就未来主义诗歌来说，情况则不这么简单了，因为不管未来主义诗歌是什么--就算承认它赖以存在的理论基础都是正确的--这种形式也很难被归入文学。 71. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river--and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, "Pluff! Pluff!" A hundred and eighty-five kilograms." [参考译文] 但当我们先是从注释中得知某诗行讲述了一个土耳其军官和一个保加利亚军官在桥上动手打架并双双掉进河里，而后却发现该行诗中不过只充斥着"扑通，扑通，185公斤重"这类对他们落水时的动静以及对军官们体重的描写时，我们不免感到困惑不安。 72. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male- domiated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Janpan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. [参考译文] 战后婴儿潮一代的步入成年以及女性打入男性主导的劳动力市场使得青少年的发展机会变得极为有限，他们已经在不停地质疑为了爬上日本国内那通往优秀学校和体面工作的严酷的社会阶梯而做出的巨大的个人牺牲。 73. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarII had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents". [参考译文]去年，当担任教育部长职务的濑户光夫争辩说二战后由美国占领当局引入的自由主义革新削弱了日本民族"尊敬父母的道德品质"的时候，舆论哗然。 74. With economic growth has come centralization: fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, tow-generation households. [参考译文] 随着经济的增长，出现了集中化：全国1．19亿公民，其中整整76％的人口定居城市：在这里，原来的社区和多代同堂的大家庭已被摒弃，取而代之的是与外界疏于往来的、只由两代人组成的核心家庭。 75. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least a-mong them. [参考译文] 如果野心的传统具有生命力，那么这传统必会为许多人分享；尤其会受到自己也受人仰慕的人士的青睐，在这些人中受过良好教育的可不占少数。 76. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs--the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. [参考译文] 当然，人们现在对成功及其各种标志的兴趣似乎并不亚于先前。消夏别墅、欧陆旅行、宝马车--地点、地名以及品牌或许会有变化，但这类事物在今天被人渴求的程度也似乎不会亚于一二十年前。 77. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. [参考译文] 相反，我们被款待看到这样一些虚伪的壮观景象，他们似乎比以前的任何时候都更供应充足：美国式物质主义的批判者却拥有位于南安普顿的避暑山庄：激进书籍的出版商却在三星级餐厅享用一日三餐；倡导在人生各个阶段的参与民主制的记者，他的子女却就读于私立学校。 78. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professional and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not share its values. [参考译文] 科学领域的专业人员和业余爱好者之间划不出泾渭分明的界线：因为任何规则都有例外。然而，"业余"一词的确意味着相关人员不能充分融入职业科学界，尤其未能分享科学圈子的价值。 79. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom. [参考译文] 很自然，这种趋势会在尤以数学或实验室训练为基础的自然学科领域表现最为明显，并且可以英国的地质学发展作例证来说明。 80. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. [参考译文] 将过去一个半世纪英国地质学领域的出版物做一下比较，(我们)就会发现不仅对科研的主导地位的强调不断攀升，而且一篇可接受的科研论文所包含的内容的定义也有所变化。 81. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for a mateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century. [参考译文] 这样一来总的结果便是业余爱好者想在专业地质学期刊…卜发表文章就更难了，而被广泛使用的论文评审推荐制度又进一步强化了这一结果，该种制度先是出现在19世纪的国家级刊物上，后又在20世纪被几家地方级地质学刊物所使用。 82. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way. [参考译文] 一个颇为相似的分化过程已经导致专业的地质学家走到一起组成一到两个全国性的专科学术社团，而业余地质爱好者们倾向于要么仍留在地方社团，要么也以另一种方式组成全国性机构。 83. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low--level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head--scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want. [参考译文] 遗憾地讲，这次新闻机构可信度调查计划结果只获得了一些十分低层次的发现，比如新闻报道中的事实错误，拼写或语法错误(和这些低层次发现)交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑，譬如读者到底想读些什么。 84. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&M wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands. [参考译文] 我认为巨大的并购浪潮背后的最重要的推动力同时也就是促成全球化进程的那方基石：即降低交通运输成本，逐渐减少贸易投资壁垒，以及大幅度拓展市场，这些都要求更大规模的经营管理以满足消费者需求。 85. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family." [参考译文] 一次侧面的不光明磊落的攻击伤害了我的自尊，阻碍了我事业的发展，使我不得不抛弃了那份引人注目的工作，尽管表面上我还要以一个蒙受屈辱的政府部长的姿态，通过声称"我只不过是想多和家人呆在一起" 来掩盖我的退出。 86. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", and making the alternative move into "downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. [参考译文] 或许正像凯尔西在不堪积劳重负而公开地辞去她在《她》杂志社的编辑一职之后一样，我已经发现，放弃那种"为生活忙碌"的人生信条并转而追求比较悠闲的生活带给你的回报远远大于经济成功和社会地位。 87. While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline-after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ' 80s-and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives. [参考译文] 在美国，这一返朴趋势是以经济衰落的反应为开始的--那是在80年代末期裁员而引起大量的失业之后一一现在依然与提倡节俭的政纲相关；而在英国，最起码在我所熟识的中产阶级返朴归隐者中，追求简约；生活的原因就多种多样了。 88. For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the' 80s, down-shifting in the mid' 90s is not so much a search for the mythical good lift-growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one-as a personal recognition of your limitations. [参考译文] 对于我这一代曾在整个80年代为生活奔波的女人来说，90年代中期出现的归隐恬退与其说是我们寻求一种神话般的美好生活--用有机肥种植蔬菜，并且自己放弃一切的风险--不如说是我们清醒地认识到自身；能力是有限的这一事实。 89. If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it' 11 be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman' s notorious bad taste in ties. [参考译文] 如果你是你讲话对象中的一员，那么你就身处一种(有利)位置宋了解对你们来说都很普遍的经历和问题，而且你对餐厅中难以下咽的食物或老总臭名昭彰的领带品位进行随意评判也是合适的。 90. There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy--far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their handsaone [参考译文] 现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米以下的脑部和骨骼手术——这要比极具技巧的医生单单用手精确得多。

你的是论文里面的吧我把网络直译的又修改了一下，论文的要求严谨一些。 With China's economic reform deepens, the field of health economy on the Chinese penetration of China's long-practiced in the publicly funded health care and labor revealed a number of drawbacks: unstable funding sources, Bao Zhang surface Xiao, socialization, low levels of lack of cost constraint mechanism. Rapid increases in medical expenses, personal and corporate unbearable heavy medical burden, to some extent has hampered the pace of economic reform. Basic medical insurance system reform, the hospital had an unprecedented impact. The management of the famous scientist Peter Drucker that "human resources" concept than half a century later, the comprehensive development of human resources as an important social scarce resources have been made widely recognized, the "people-oriented" thinking has been that people generally accepted. Hospital is helping the wounded died the Holy Land, is the pain of hope for people to lift. At present, China's hospitals, especially state-owned hospital staff incentives increasingly exposed the imperfections of the disadvantages of high drug prices, medical care, the burden of heavy tension between doctors and patients, the same big pot phenomenon, all the money has been a serious chronic illness like normal medical treatment of people affected and damaged the image of the hospital should become a social problem. In this paper, literature-based, dynamic contact point, and empirical research methods and inductive analysis, the first overview of staff incentives, including its contents, the role and relevance; and then explain the current state-owned hospitals, staff management, including current status The main problems and long-term damage; and from the perspective of the hospital and staff of two reasons, to find the state-owned hospitals in the human resources operation and management of benefits and drawbacks of the root of the problem; Finally, countermeasures and suggestions to make the benefit of its self-development measures, to better serve the community on the future of talent management mechanism of state-owned hospital reform and improve some reference. 007出品盗版必究

1．Many experts suggest that the child raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.译文：许多专家认为：如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里长大，而这些刺激物能够开发其相应的反映能力，那么这个儿童将会有得到更好的智力发展。2．How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and approlpriateness of the information and on the skill with which it is interpreted. 译文：这些预测在多大程度上会被后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性以及解释这些信息的技能。3．Immediately the army opened fire, killing four men and injuring the fifth who later died of his wounds.译文：部队突然开了火，打死四人，还有一人受伤。后来此人也因伤势过重死去。4．The king, whose power is unlimited, and whose treasures surmount all real and imaginary wants, is compelled to ease, by the construction of the Great Wall, the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of a pyramid ,the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of pleasure.译文：那个权力无上、财富无竭的国王，只有通过修筑长城来减轻自己对权力的厌倦和对欢乐的麻木。5．Our hope for creative living in this world house that we have inherited lies in our ability to re-establish the moral ends of our lives.译文：我们希望富有创造性地生活在我们继承的这个世界中，这种希望存在于我们重新建立道德标准的能力之中。6．To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society.译文：在我们看来，成功者不管作为个人还是社会的一份子，他的真实表现都是可靠、灵敏、和真诚。7. Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences. [参考译文] 残疾儿童在许多关键方面都与其同龄人不同。为了让这些孩子发展其全部的成人后的潜能，他们的教育必须适应这些不同。8. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities. [参考译文] 在过去的30年中，公共教育中显示的对残疾儿童的巨大关注表明了我们社会中的一种中强烈的情绪，那就是所有的公民，不管其情况有多特殊，都应享有充分发展其能力的机会。9. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. [参考译文] 它（广告）能够直接帮助货物以比较合理的价格被迅速分销出去，因此可以（使公司）建立一个坚固的国内市场，同时也使以具有竞争力的价格提供出口变得可能。10. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. [参考译文] 除去议会有27件法案来规范广告的条件，没有任何一个正式的广告商敢于推销一种商品却不能兑现其在广告中的承诺。11. If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention. [参考译文] 如果其信息只被局限于告知一一就广告而言，如果这不是完全不可能达到的，也是非常难做的，因为即便是一个诸如衬衫的颜色的选择这样的细节都会具有微妙的说服意味，那么广告就会如此地乏味以至于没有人会关注它。12. The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts. [参考译文] 得到了升迁的工人们，成绩进步的学生，学会了一门新语言的外国人——这些都是那些有可衡量的结果宋显示其努力的人们的例证。13. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. [参考译文] 随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区，离开他们多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系，非正式的信息流动被切断了，随之而去的是对在需要时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。14. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time--consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming. [参考译文] 现在每个人能够得到的信息比任何时代的人都多，而找到与他／她的特定问题相关的那一点信息的任务不仅复杂、耗时，有时甚至令人难以招。15. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. [参考译文] 通过远程会议，专家知识可以在全世界范围内被分享，而争论的问题能够得到解决，同时相关人员也不必离开他们的家庭或工作跑到一个遥远的开会地点。16. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B type fellows. [参考译文] 现在这种让孩子们和其同学或时间竞争的热情导致了一个双层结构，在这个结构里面善于竞争的A类好像在某个方面要比他们B类的同辈更胜一筹。17. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner. [参考译文] 在跟你谈话的时候，可能成为你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教育、经验和其他资格是不是值得他雇用你，而你的“商品”和能力一定要以一种有条不紊而且合情合理的相互关联的方式被展示出来。18. The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain. [参考译文] 英国广播公司将作为一个公共基金支持的广播组织存在下来，至少目前会这样，但是它的角色、它的规模和它的节目现在在英国成了全国上下的讨论话题。19. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC--including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. [参考译文] 这场辩论是由政府发动的，政府请任何一个对英国广播公司有意见的人一包括普通的听众和观众一来说说这个公司好在哪里或坏在哪里，甚至要说说他们是否认为这个公司值得被保留下来。20. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. [参考译文] 这种变化通过引入许多的专业因素从而适应了这个新时代的技术要求，并且它（这种变化）防止了效率的降低。这种效率的降低在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代人（领导公司）的时候，经常会毁掉那些家族公司的财富。21. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. [参考译文] 这样巨大而非个人的对资金和产业的操纵极大地增加了股东的数量和他们作为一个阶级的重要性，这是国家生活中代表不负责任的财富的一个因素，这种财富不但远离了土地和土地拥有者的责任，而且几乎同样与公司的负责任的管理毫无关系。22. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. [参考译文] 像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城镇的涌现是为了给那些数量很多的“舒适”阶级提供居住场所。这些人依赖于其丰厚收入而不工作，他们除了分红和偶尔参加一下股东大会，向管理层口授一下自己的命令之外，跟社会的其他阶层毫无瓜葛。23. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. [参考译文] 这样的“股东”对他拥有股份的公司所雇用的工人们的生活、思想和需求一无所知，而且他们对劳资双方的关系都不会产生积极的影响。24. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. [参考译文] 代表公司的花钱雇来的经理与工人及其需求的关系更加直接，但是就连他对工人们也没有那种熟识的私人之间的了解。而在现在正在消失的古老家族公司的那种更加家长式的制度下的雇主们却常常对他们的工人有这样的私人关系。25. Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology； the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological. [参考译文] 在许多形成因素当中，我将挑选出这些：这个国家优秀的小学教育：欢迎新技术的劳动者们：奖励发明者的做法；而且最重要的是美国人在对那些技术性事物的非言语的、“空间性的”思考方面的天赋。26. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that can not be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process...The designer and the inventor.., are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist". [参考译文] 正如尤金·弗格森所指出的那样：“一个技术专家思考那些不能被简化成能被清楚的语言描述的东西。这些东西在他的思维中是通过一种视觉的、非语言表述的过程宋处理的……设计者和发明者……能够在他们的脑中装配并操作那些还不存在的装置。”27. Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheel, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea". [参考译文] 罗伯特·法欧特曾经这样写到：“一个技师会坐在杠杆、螺丝钉、楔子、轮子等等当中，就像一个诗人沉浸在字母表的字母中，把这些字母看成自己思想的展示，在这样的展示中，每种新的次序安排都传达了一种新的思想。”28. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and, tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. [参考译文] 在最后三章中，他脱下手套，将神造论者好好地揍了一顿。他描述了他们的活动和战术，而且，对于那些对神造论者的做事方式刁；熟悉的人来说，神造论者的欺和扭曲事实的程度可能会令这些人有一种不快的诧异。29. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself." And so it does-and all wound be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate. [参考译文] 在这本杰出的书的外纸封面上，史蒂芬·杰伊·古尔德写道：“这本书本身就代表理性。”而它确实是这样的。而且如果理性成为神造论／地化论之间的辩论中的惟一评判标准的话，一切就都好办了。30. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. [参考译文] 经过了六个月的争论以及最后16个小时激烈的议会辩论，澳大利亚北部地区成了世界上第一个允许医生终止希望死去的绝症病人生命的立法当局。

With the deepening of reform of China's economic system, market economy for medical hygiene field in China, the public and the long-term exposure to some medical malpractice insurance: financing channel instability, security, low level of socialization of face, lack of cost constraint mechanism. Medical expense rise rapidly, individuals and enterprises of the heavy burden of medical unbearable, to some extent, has hindered the pace of national economic system reform. The basic medical insurance system for urban employees to hospital reform, has an famous manager Peter drucker "human resources" concept for more than half a century later, the human resources as the important social development has been scarce resources widely recognized, the thought of "people-oriented" has been accepted by is the holy people, is the hope of relieves the indisposition. But China's state-owned hospitals, especially the hospital staff incentive mechanism imperfect increasingly exposed the shortcomings of high prices, and medical treatment, a heavy burden, the doctor-patient relationship in the tension, meritocracy phenomenon, such as money-oriented vulnerability has seriously affected the normal people, destroyed due to the hospital, a social problem on the basis of the research literatures, the dynamic contact point of view and empirical research method and inductive analysis method, the first to employees incentive mechanism, including its contents, functions and realistic significance, And then expounds the state-owned hospitals, including the staff management situation, main disadvantages and long-term hazards, Then from the hospital staff and two Angle analysis, find the reasons of state-owned hospitals in human resources management and operation of the defects and the root of the problem, Finally put forward relevant countermeasures and Suggestions to make its own development countermeasure to better serve the society, and the future of state-owned hospitals talent management mechanism to reform and perfect reference.

geometry期刊最新论文

如何生成论文的引用格式?下面是我整理的关于论文引用格式的相关内容，希望对大家有帮助。

引用参考文献时遇到的问题：论文写完后，要想再插入参考文献，则正文中的应用部分就要逐一修改，非常的不方便。

论文要是比较长的话，也比较容易出错。

解决办法

1）光标移到要插入参考文献的地方，菜单中“插入”—“引用”—“脚注和尾注”。

2）对话框中选择“尾注”，所在位置建议选“文档结尾”。

编号格式中选阿拉伯数字。

3）确定后在该处就插入了一个上标“1”，而光标自动跳到文章最后，前面就是一个上标“1”，这就是输入第一个参考文献的地方。

4）将文章最后的上标“1”的格式改成需要的格式(记住是改格式，而不是将它删掉重新输入，否则参考文献以后就是移动的位置，这个序号也不会变)，再在它后面输入所插入的参考文献。

5）对着参考文献前面的“1”双击，光标就回到了文章内容中插入参考文献的地方，可以继续写文章了。

6）在下一个要插入参考文献的地方再次按以上方法插入尾注，就会出现一个“2”(Word已经自动为你排序了)，继续输入所要插入的参考文献。

7）所有文献都引用完后，你会发现在第一篇参考文献前面一条短横线(页面视图里才能看到)，如果参考文献跨页了，在跨页的地方还有一条长横线，这些线无法选中，也无法删除。

这是尾注的标志，但一般科技论文格式中都不能有这样的线，所以一定要把它们删除。

8）切换到普通视图，菜单中“视图”——“脚注”，这时最下方出现了尾注的编辑栏。

9）在尾注右边的下拉菜单中选择“尾注分隔符”，这时那条短横线出现了，选中它，删除。

10）再在下拉菜单中选择“尾注延续分隔符”，这是那条长横线出现了，选中它，删除。

11）切换回到页面视图，参考文献插入已经完成了。

这时，无论文章如何改动，参考文献都会自动地排好序了。

如果删除了，后面的参考文献也会自动消失，绝不出错。

需要注意的问题(以下是自己的实战总结)：

1.如果同一个参考文献两处被引用，只能在前一个引用的地方插入尾注，不能同时都插入。

这样改动文章后，后插入的参考文献的编号不会自动改动。

解决办法：(1)单击要插入对注释的引用的位置；(2)单击“插入”菜单中的“交叉引用”命令；(3)在“引用类型”框中，单击“脚注”或“尾注”；(4)在“引用哪一个脚注”或“引用哪一个尾注”框中，单击要引用的注释；(5)单击“引用内容”框中的“脚注编号”或“尾注编号”选项；(6)单击“插入”按钮，然后单击“关闭”按钮。

最后要注意：Word插入的新编号实际上是对原引用标记的交叉引用。

如果添加、删除或移动了注释，Word将在打印文档或选定交叉引用编号后按F9键时更新交叉引用编号。

为此可以按“Ctrl+A”选择所有内容后，按“F9”键就可以完成手动更新。

2.参考文献怎么对齐?

若不做任何设置，参考文献为如下格式：

[1] Zhang, ., Gu, Y., Chen, ., 2009. Boundary layer effect in BEM with high order geometry elements using transformation. Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences. 45(3), 227–247.

但我们要求参考文献的格式应该为：

[1] Zhang, ., Gu, Y., Chen, ., 2009. Boundary layer effect in BEM with high

order geometry elements using transformation. Computer Modeling in

Engineering & Sciences. 45(3), 227–247.

解决办法：利用Word中的“制表位”功能。

制表位是指光标处文字水平尺寸的位置(一般为距离最左端的位置，默认情况下，按一次Tab键，将在文档中插入一个制表符，其间隔为厘米)。

因此我们可以把光标移到参考文献第一个字符的位置前(Zhang前)，按一次Tab健。

为了使得除第一行以外的各行都于第一行位置相同，可以同样在各行前按Tab健。

要想设置制表符，可以在：格式段落制表符(左下角)修改制表符。

3.不难发现在文档结尾的注上面有一个横线，这是尾注分隔符，去除办法如下：

解决办法：(1)将文档视图切换为“普通视图”，方法是点击屏幕左下角的第一个按钮；

(2)单击菜单“视图”“脚注”，在“尾注”下拉列表框里面选择“尾注分隔符”，然后选中分隔符横线，删除它；

(3)在“尾注”下拉列表框里面选择“尾注延续分隔符”，删除(当尾注出现跨页的情况是会用到“延续分隔符”的)；

(4)再回到“页面视图”。

4.给尾注中的参考文献编号去除上标标志：

你会发现正文和尾注中参考文献都是上标的形式，正文的上标是你想要的，但是尾注中不是你想要的。

修改方式和谱图word一样，选中编号，按快捷键"Ctrl+Shift+=”即可。

也可以选中，右击，字体，效果中上标项的勾去掉。

5.正文中有些引用的地方是类似下面的方式：“文献[8-12]采用...方法”。

解决办法：依次引用，如[8][9][10][11][12]，再将中间的文字隐藏即可。

隐藏的方法：右键点击并执行“字体”命令，在“字体”选项中，勾选“隐藏文字”复选框后单击“确定”按钮即可。

6.怎么样将文中和尾注编号加上方括号?

解决办法：(1)用鼠标或者“Ctrl+Home”回到文档的起始位置；

(2) 菜单“编辑”，“替换”或者直接用“Ctrl+H”打开“查找和替换”对话框；

(3) 在“查找内容”文本框里面输入“^e”(若是脚注时为f)，在“替换为”文本框中输入“[^&]”(尾注、脚注都是它，当然也可)，然后点击“全部替换”效果如下：(一定要区分中英文全半角，另外建议最好都引用完成之后再加方括号，否则会出现一层层方括号)。

7.文中和尾注的标号都已经加上了方括号，但是交叉引用部分还没有加上。

对交叉引用的序号进行处理：

解决办法：(1)菜单“工具”，“选项”，“视图”选项卡，在“显示”部分点选“域代码”，或者直接使用快捷键“Alt F9”显示域代码，可以看见交叉引用的部分已经变成了代码；

(2)菜单“编辑”，“替换”或者直接用“Ctrl+H”打开“查找和替换”对话框；

(3) 在“查找内容”文本框里面输入“^d NOTEREF”，在“替换为”文本框中输入“[^&]”并将光标置于该文本框中，然后点击“高级”按钮，再点击“格式”按钮，在弹出菜单中选择“样式”，接着会打开“查找样式”对话框，选择“尾注引用”样式；(用后需取消才能再次用)。

文献引用与参考文献

学术写作所赋予作者的任务除了写出好文章，还包含相关已发表文献的引用。

对受过教育且具批判性思考逻辑的人来说，无论是来自多具权威的作者或讲者，只要主张不受到支持即便失去价值。

使用文献引用可支持我们所提出的论点，并增加写作的可信度。

文献引用两大原则

文献引用的时机及规则为学术的传统，却鲜少被明确说明，有两大原则：

所有直接从他人文章引述的文字都须注明来源，这是一项绝对的规则，我们没有权利自行决定。

若未附上原始出处的引述文字，则会被视为抄袭，是很严重的学术过失，等同于自己盗用了他人的智慧财产。

因此，只要论文中引用了他人的想法，一律于句尾附上出处。

辩称因为忘记注明引文资讯而造成抄袭，在学术界是无法被接受的。

所有从其他来源取得的重要资讯都需要注明原始出处，原因如下：

将功劳归给提供、或首次发现此资讯者(避免将该资讯呈现为自己的原创成果)；

作者可以不用为资料的正确性或真实性负责；

读者可以根据出处找到更详细、完整的讯息；

介绍此资讯在某一领域中的历史演变。

依情况不同，在考虑过以上理由后，请仔细判断资讯的重要程度。

当引用资讯适用或满足其中一项理由，那就必须标明文献出处。

除非是撰写历史研究论文，否则一般众所皆知的事实并不需要注明原始出处(例如牛顿三大运动定理或马克斯威尔电磁学方程式)。

简单的判定方法为，假设某特定领域中的任何一个大学生都能立即辨认出该事实，那么这个事实便不需要注明出处。

接着我们针对第二点做进一步说明。

假设我们质疑某个资讯的真实性，则应该告诉读者我们质疑的基础，藉由使用on the one hand和 on the other hand 的论述框架来婉转引用两个持有相反意见的权威专家的论点，或者透过讨论其他可能的诠释来提出质疑或化解一部份的质疑。

重点是，我们不能只是丢给读者一堆引用资料，而必须以连贯的方式引领读者根据已知事实导出结论。

即便某项事实无法做出完整解释，我们也有责任告诉读者。

以下形式的论述都需要附上文献出处：

It is commonly believed that . . .

It is widely known that . . .

The conventional wisdom is that . . .

这些论述需要至少一个文献来支撑的原因有二：第一，读者可能不同意该论点，因此我们要能说服读者这是个普遍持有的信念；第二，读者或许不是该领域的专家，因此需要更多资讯来了解作者论述的内容。

应该引用什么样的文献?

引用文献最好来自于已归档的资料(archival material)，包括书籍、学术期刊或其他出版品。

要判断资料来源是否已归档，可以看该资料是否被多数主要技术资料库永久保存。

基本上，任何被列在一般资料库中(例如INSPEC’s Physics和Electrical Engineering Abstracts)的文章都可被确认为已归档。

另外，专利报告和政府报告虽不被视为学术资料，但也属于已归档资料。

工程标准(engineering standards)虽然很重要却不属于归档资料。

很少大学图书馆会收藏工程标准，即使有也只是最近期的版本，年代较久远或已撤销的工程标准几乎是不可考。

因此，工程标准并不属于归档资料。

不过，如果您需要引用某个具优良传统的工程实作或性能规格，还是可以引用工程标准。

基本上，作者应该避免引用专利文献(proprietaryliterature，如制造商的应用手册及产品规格表)或商业杂志，这些资讯的有效期都较为短暂且一定不会被归档。

大部分图书馆不太会收藏这些出版品，因为只要有新的版本出来，旧的就会被丢弃。

商业杂志为定期出版的刊物，内含大量的广告以及业者所写关于他们某个产品的文章，内容通常较不客观，仅为谋求制造商之私利。

商业杂志通常为免费发放，对象则是购买杂志中所介绍产品的顾客，与专业机构所发行的期刊是不同的。

期刊通常会请两到三个专家在文章发表之前进行审查，以确保文章正确性(此过程称为同侪审查)；而商业杂志所发表的内容则仅遵照编辑或厂商的需求。

此外，期刊收入来源主要为读者们的订阅费，商业杂志则依靠广告收入支撑其运作，这意味着期刊是对专业读者负责，商业杂志则对广告商负责。

网路同样也不属于可归档的资料来源。

在网路上，作者可以自行增减或修改他们的文章，导致资料的不稳定性。

当作者迁移时，甚至可能将网站内容从当地网路连线服务提供者或大学移除。

另外，网站管理员有时会重新整理资料夹或重新命名资料档，所以只有网域名称是维持不变的。

除了资料的不稳定性之外，网路上的资讯也不可靠，因为不像书籍和学术期刊有经过同侪审查。

引文和参考文献之格式

参考文献有许多不同的格式写法，通常各期刊的写作指南中都会有详细说明，作者应该在开始写作前详读写作指南，找出正确格式并依其撰写。

若您欲投稿的期刊并没有针对参考文献格式作出明确规范，您可参考以下建议格式。

在文章中引用某个文献时注明其出处，包含作者姓氏和出版年，有时也可附上资料所在页码。

例如：

A general survey of the XYZ techniqueshas been published (Smith, 2014）

Smith (2014) wrote a general survey ofXYZ techniques.

One should avoid using a ABC device ina DEF situations (Smith, 2014, p. 23）

接着在文章结尾处附上完整参考文献列表，以作者姓氏的字母顺序排列；当引用同一位作者两篇以上的著作时，则依照时间顺序排列。

例如：Smith, , Title of paper, Publisher name, 121 pp., 2014.

如果在引用的文献中，某位作者在同年发表了超过一项作品(例如2014年)，则最早发表的作品为2014a，接着是2014b、2014c… 以此类推。

在文章结尾处的参考文献也照同样的顺序排列。

文章结尾处的参考文献需要遵守以下格式撰写：

Sam Smith所写的'一本书：Smith, S., Title of Book, publisher, total number of pages, year ofpublication.

如果此书并非第一版，则须将它的版本(第二或第三版)放入(例如 2nded. 或 3rd ed.)。

Sam Smith所写的某篇期刊内的文章：Smith, S., “Title of Paper” , Title of Journal, volume number: first page-last page, month andyear of publication.

Sam Smith放在网路上的文章：

Smith, S., Title of Document, URL, dateof last revision.

The URL should include “http://”, “ftp://”, or “telnet://”.

其他种类文献的呈现方式也差不多，重要的是一定要包含作者姓名、标题和出版年份。

其他能够帮助我们在图书馆搜寻或是购买该文献的资讯(例如目录编号)，也可包含在参考文献中。

文献标题应以斜体或底线标示，但现在大多以斜线标示。

此外，引用书籍和期刊文章时，若要标明特定页数，应标明于文章内(亦即在引文之后)，例如(Smith, 2014, p. 104)，而非参考文献列表中(文章结尾处)。

使用此种格式的理由

以下期刊均采用上述建议格式：

Journal of Physics

American Scientist

Radio Science

The Journal of Comparative Neurology

Journal of Geophysical Research

Quarterly Journal of the RoyalMeteorological Society

传统上习惯以编号来标注引文出处(例如将某段引文标注为[6])；相较于此，上列建议格式有以下数个优点：

若使用传统格式，读者要翻到文章最后面去看文献编号所代表的文献，也就是说需要同时对照两个页面。

对于熟悉某些文献的读者来说，他或许可以直接透过作者和出版年份辨认出该文献，而若以编号取代作者姓氏和文献年份，则对读者没有太大意义，他仍需对照参考文献的部分才能找到该文献。

我们提供的建议格式使作者能更轻松的撰写论文，因为文献引用与该文献所处的文章位置没有任何关联，即使作者重新移动段落或新增别的内容也不需要修改文献格式。

但若作者使用传统的文献格式，一旦更动文章内容便需要从头到尾重新调整所有的文献编号。

我们偏好使用建议格式，因为能轻易重新安排、插入、修改论文草稿，而不需要改变参考文献的排列顺序。

建议格式让熟悉文献资讯的作者能轻易确认文献引用的正确性。

事实上，期刊编辑并不在乎何种文献引用格式能减轻作者负担，但采用较简单容易的引用格式真正的目的是为了减少文献引用的错误，毕竟错误会让文献引用失去价值。

文章通常在经过反覆修改后都能达到更好的品质，因此我们鼓励作者多修改文章，而采用我们建议的格式能避免作者因修改文章却忘记修改文献编号所带来的负面影响。

引用尚未读过的文献

当作者在注脚或内文中放入某个文献，读者通常会认定作者曾阅读过该文献。

而当作者想引用某本书(或文章)所提到的事实或观点，却无法取得其原始出处、或该原始作品为某外国语言时，又该如何引用此事实?

例如，Sam Smith 在 A General Theory of XYZ 一书中的第132页提到某个事实并注明了出处：Thomas Chang, “XYZ is Great,” Transactions of the China Academy of XYZ, Vol. 18, p. 346,published in the year 1818.

当我们想引用该事实却找不到Chang的文章时，我们的引用方式可能会是：Thomas Chang, “XYZ is Great,” Transactions of the China Academy of XYZ, Vol. 18, p. 346, (1818）Cited in Richard Smith, A General Theory of Stuff, at p. 132, Oxford UniversityPress (2007）

但是，如果您认为 Smith 作为该领域表现卓越的现代学者，他记录了Chang的发现这件事情，比Chang这个作者更为重要，则您的引用方式可能会是如此：Sam Smith, A General Theory of XYZ, at p. 132, Oxford UniversityPress, 2007. Citing Thomas Chang, “XYZ is Great,” Transactions of the China Academy of XYZ, Vol. 18, p. 346, 1818.

事实上学术领域中还有很多不同的引文注脚和参考文献编写格式，当中，Cited这个字也可以改成 Quoted 或任何适合的字。

如果您选择采用我们建议的引文格式，则您在文章中可以这样写：Chang (1818) observed that . . .

在参考文献列表则写：Thomas Chang, “XYZ is Great,” Transactions of the ChinaAcademy of XYZ, Vol. 18, p. 346, 1818. Cited in Richard Smith, A General Theoryof Stuff, at p. 132, Oxford University Press, 2007.

而如果 Smith 引用 Chang 的文章这一项事实比 Chang 的作品更为重要，则可以改成这样：Smith’s (2007, p. 132) authorative review ofthe subject cites Chang (1818) as the first to observe that . . .或Smith (2007, p. 132) mentions thatChang (1818) observed . .

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