英语论文答辩穿刺

英语毕业论文答辩稿范文（精选8篇）

一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束，我们毕业前都要通过最后的`毕业论文，毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式，快来参考毕业论文是怎么写的吧！下面是我帮大家整理的英语毕业论文答辩稿范文，希望对大家有所帮助。

Good morning, all appraises committee members. I am XXX and my supervisor is XXX.

With his constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper.

Now it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is Comparative Study between English and Chinese idioms.

With the developing globalization, communication demand precise language.

Idioms are not a separate part of the language, we cannot omit. Studying the similarities and differences between English and Chinese idioms would be helpful to cross-cultural understanding and it’s also a good advance to our future if we can learn well.

For the above facts, I select the subject of “comparative study between English and Chinese idioms” as the title of my paper.

In the main part of this paper, I divide it four parts.

Part one presents general introduction to the basic concept and the studying purpose.

Part two presents overview of the Chinese and English idioms; it concludes similar origins and similar functions. Part three emphasize differences between English and Chinese idioms.

Through contrast analysis of well-known Chinese and English language, found the differences cultural discrepancy and the translation of animal words. Part four draws some conclusions that characteristics of English and Chinese idioms. And it is helpful to cross-culture .It’s necessary for a better understanding of international promotional communication. OK, that’s all. Thank you.

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense.

I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. I’m Zhang Da and my supervisor is Professor Zhang Jingcai. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. First of all, I really want to be a teacher, so during the four years, I have read many books about how to become a good teacher. Secondly, when I was a freshman in the summer of 2008, I was chosen as a teaching assistant of the summer camp which was organized by the New Oriental English School in Shijiazhuang. In the summer camp, I rewrote a script of an English drama to be one of the programs of the open ceremony. It was very popular among those students. They thought it was very interesting. In 2010, I was practiced as an English teacher at Chenguantun Middle School in Qinhuangdao, I found that the students have little interest towards English learning, so I hoped I could help them. So I use the Drama Method as my teaching method. Almost all of the students were highly motivated by the interesting teaching method and they have made great progress in the exam one month later. So the research proved that the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. For the above facts, I select the subject of On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this topic we can find an effective teaching method to help all the students’ English learning in junior high school.

Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

Part one presents an introduction to identify the major problem of junior high school students’ English learning problems

Part two overviews all relevant researches in drama application in teaching oral English.

Part three is the research design, the research hypothesis, the subjects of the research, the research methods and the research procedures are conducted.

Part four is the findings from research data. After analyzing the data with Excel 2007, pedagogical findings and implications are delivered before the conclusion of the thesis.

Part five draws some conclusions about the research. As what has been shown in the research, there are a lot of benefits from drama performance; the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. In addition, there are some suggestions for forthcoming researches.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style

in from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!

I will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!

Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m *** and come from class *. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.

Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.

Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.

Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.

For the above facts, I select this title.

Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.

The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.

The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.

The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.

The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.

The last part is the conclusion.

I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.

When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.

That’s all. Thank you.

Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am *** and my supervisor is prof.***. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction. The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective as the title of my paper.

英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇）

毕业论文答辩是一种有组织、有准备、有计划、有鉴定的比较正规的审查论文的重要形式。为了搞好毕业论文答辩，在举行答辩会前，校方、答辩委员会、答辩者（撰写毕业论文的作者）三方都要作好充分的准备。下面是我整理的英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇），欢迎大家分享。

Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is . With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style.

Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !

晚上好，所有的评估委员会成员。我来自HUST，主修外国语言学和应用语言学。我是xxx，我的主管是教授。 xxx。凭着她的真诚和智慧的指导，近一年的辛苦工作，我已经完成了我的论文。最后，这是展示时间。今天晚上，我将向大家致以衷心的感谢，我衷心地欢迎您的加入。

我的论文的标题是哥特式风格的研究

我希望通过研究这个短小的故事，我们可以在某些历史和文化中更多地描述美国南方妇女，更多地要求帮助现代社会的妇女对自己有一个广泛的了解，帮助我们提高我的独立性和信心，并更多地关注我们的心理健康该

接下来，我将向您介绍。这是我演讲的大纲。他们是文学评论，哥特式传统，哥特式风格的故事和哥特风格的原因。

本文由六部分组成。第一部分提出了作者威廉·福克纳(William Faulkner)和艾米莉·艾丝丽(A Rose)的作者，指出了这项研究的目的.和意义。第二部分是文献综述，对国内外这本小说进行了相关研究，并指出了理论依据和方法。第三部分给出了小说中哥特式传统的时间表，即死亡主题，独特的人物和神秘的气氛。部分原因，详细介绍了这本小说中哥特式风格的原因：父权制的压迫，南方女士的神话和艾米莉对爱情的态度。最后，在结论中，笔者对以前的部分进行了梳理，再次强调了论文论证的意义。

好的，就是这样。现在你可以提出你的问题!我准备好了!谢谢！

Good morning,

Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：

I am Wu Lin. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professor Hu Anjiang, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.

My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van Winkle).

The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Thank you!

good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. i am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!

Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m xxx and come from class x. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.

The title of my paper is xxxxxxxxxxxxx. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.

For the above facts, I select this title.

Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.

The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.

The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.

The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.

The last part is the conclusion.

I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.

When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.

That’s all. Thank you.

儿科穿刺成功率论文答辩

新形势下,社会对儿科护理学人才培养提出了新的要求。下面是我为大家推荐的儿科护理学论文范文，欢迎浏览。

《儿科护理学》

【摘要】小儿头皮静脉输液是儿科护理中一项最基本但又最重要的基本功，儿科护士在平时的护理工作中，不但要有饱满的热情、无私的爱心和强烈的责任心，而且还要有精湛的技术、丰富的经验，善于总结工作方法，注意小儿的心理护理。

【关键词】头皮静脉穿刺;静脉穿刺;按压方法;心理护理Shallowly discussed how carries on the young child scalp venous transfusion

【Abstract】The young child scalp venous transfusion is the department of pediatrics nurses an item to be most basic but the most important basic skills, the department of pediatrics nurse in usual nurses in the work, not only must have full warm, the selfless compassion and the intense sense of responsibility, moreover also must have the exquisite technology, the rich experience, is good at summarizing the method of work, pays attention to young child’s psychology to nurse.

【Key words】 Scalp venipuncture; Venipuncture; Holds back the method; The psychology nurses1头皮静脉穿刺的基本方法

血管选择：小儿从出生~3岁这一时期，头部皮下脂肪少，静脉清晰表浅，呈网状分布，血液可通过侧支循环回流，因此，这个时期的小儿宜选用头皮静脉穿刺。3～12岁的患儿头皮皮下脂肪增厚，头发厚密，血管不清晰，不利于头皮静脉的穿刺。从解剖位置方面讲，额正中静脉固定表浅，血管中粗，易穿刺，但输液过程容易渗漏，主要用于药物刺激性小，短时间内输液的患儿;眶上静脉表浅，清晰，输液时不易渗透漏;颞前静脉及颞静脉粗大，位置深，适用于大量输液及注射刺激性大的药物时使用。

光线的强弱：光线的明亮及照射角度，直接影响穿刺的成功率。光线太强瞳孔缩小，光线太弱瞳孔增大，明亮的自然光线是最理想的光线，静脉显得清晰，操作者眼睛不易疲劳，光线不好时，我科选用2 根30W日光灯，灯管在操作者前上方，距穿刺静脉在50cm左右，以保证充分的照明条件。

针头的选择：对于出生到3岁的小儿，一般选用412～512号大小的头皮针，用2～5ml注射器抽生理盐水并与头皮针连接。

进针手法:进针时针头与皮肤成10～15°夹角，针头斜面向上，右手持针，左手绷紧皮肤，直接通过皮肤刺入静脉，见回血后不宜再进，直接固定。如未见回血，右手抽注射器针栓，如穿刺成功，即可回血。

针头的固定：穿刺成功后，左手拇指固定针柄，用3～4条胶布固定，头皮针小辫绕圈后用1条短胶布固定于耳廓上，头皮针小辫绕圈范围不宜过大，以免在输液过程中被牵拉或碰掉，要特别提出在穿刺前要剃掉穿刺点周围毛发，以利于胶布固定。如遇到有患儿因哭闹或应用退热药物引起头部多汗而影响胶布固定时，可用头围固定法。长35～45cm，宽2～3cm的松紧带两端连接，套入头部，固定于穿刺点所粘胶布之上，可避免因出汗胶布脱落，拔针时不粘头发。

肥胖小儿头皮静脉穿刺方法：肥胖小儿头皮静脉不清晰，头皮脂肪厚，进针深浅不易握，我们掌握运用以下3点来进行操作:

肥胖小儿头皮边缘常有静脉显露，但管腔细回血慢。穿刺时要求持针稳，进针慢，感觉针头进入血管后，回抽注射器针栓，可见回血，证明穿刺成功。

根据静脉解剖位置，在额正中静脉，颞前静脉，耳后静脉等血管的相应部位，用手指横向触摸时，可触及“沟痕”感，触摸“沟痕”时可感觉静脉的走向及深浅，穿刺时进针角度15～20°，进针速度宜慢，有时进入静脉会有落空感，见回血时，穿刺成功。

小儿头颅沿额缝、冠缝、矢状缝、人字缝均有静脉走行。穿刺时摸清骨缝，进针角度45～60°，针头斜面进入皮内后，平行向前刺入，见回血，即可固定。

2静脉穿刺及输液时的注意事项

在配药及穿刺过程中，严格按无菌技术操作规程操作。

穿刺时从静脉一端开始穿刺，逆行顺行均可，而不应从血管中段开始穿刺，以防穿刺失败，形成皮下瘀血，致整段血管模糊不清，无法再穿刺。

固定胶布要牢固：固定时针头不能漂浮在皮肤上，以致针头移位，穿出血管，造成局部肿胀。

注意按压方法。

拔针时先分离胶布，将消毒棉球放在穿刺部位，左手拇指沿血管方向纵向压住棉球，迅速拔出针头，这样可将进皮针眼及进血管针眼同时压住，以防皮下瘀血。

因血小板及其他凝血物质形成的“生理性止血”需1～3min，加之小儿在拔针时因疼痛及恐惧而哭闹时头皮血管内压力增高。固需按压3～5min。切忌边压边柔，揉搓可使已凝血的进血管针眼重新出血，发生皮下瘀血。

做好宣教工作：告知患儿家长在进行静脉穿刺前不要喂奶喂水，以免在穿刺过程中患儿因哭闹引起恶心呕吐，造成窒息，发生意外。进行穿刺操作前告诉家长协助约束患儿头及腿部的方法，可采取一人约束头部，一人约束膝部的方法，穿刺成功后可采用喂奶的姿势抱患儿，并适当约束患儿双手，以免患儿拔掉针头。

输液过程中要加强巡回观察以及时发现患儿面色，神志变化，及固定胶布的松动，针头移位，局部的肿胀等异常情况，及时采取措施，保证输液的顺利进行。

3 心理护理

环境及氛围：我科护士均着淡粉色工作衣，头戴淡粉色燕帽，床单及窗帘为淡粉色碎花样，通风条件良好，灯光明亮，营造了一种活泼、愉快、轻松、亲切的环境，给人以温馨、愉快之感。

利用小儿注意力易被转移及喜欢表扬鼓励等特点，穿刺前安抚及逗引患儿，语调柔切、语言温柔、耐心和蔼，消除其陌生和恐惧感，尽量减轻他们的痛苦，以减轻哭闹。小儿哭闹时尽可轻轻拍一拍，摸一摸他们的脸颊、四肢等。并亲切、温柔的安抚他们，用爱心体贴和爱护他们受伤的小心灵。

4提高护士的心理素质

提高自身修养，理解家属心情:患儿哭闹时，患儿家长心情紧张，心疼孩子，遇事易冲动，激动的情绪会干扰护士的操作，因此，做为护士，要理解家长的心情，用自己博大的爱心和宽容心，理解和宽容患儿家长的过分语言及行为，用温和的语言化解家长的不安情绪。

克服急躁情绪，提高应变能力:护士在操作时一定要保持平稳的心理状态，集中精力，沉着镇静，从容不迫，排除干扰，工作忙而不乱，尽力做到1次穿刺成功。

要有高度的责任感:建立高度的责任感有利于护士在工作中加强学习，总结经验，并在工作中认真负责，一丝不苟，有利于提高护士的业务技术，提高静脉穿刺的成功率。

5总结

小儿静脉输液是临床给药的重要途径之一，同时也是抢救危重患儿的一个重要手段，是儿科护理工作中一项不可缺少的基本操作，其水平的高低，直接关系到医护质量、患儿康复及护患关系。同时在工作中不断提高护士自身的心理素质及自身修养，不仅可以提高小儿头皮静脉穿刺的成功率，提高护理质量，而且还可以改善医患关系。

《浅析儿科护理学教学改革》

【摘要】由于一些所特有的疾病在临床上缺乏典型病例，如重度营养不良、重度脱水的腹泻病等已很难见到，加上临床见习常常缺乏典型的病例，甚至没有相关的患者，教学内容和临床疾病脱节的现象尤为突出。要在有限的教学时间内，教好儿科护理学这门课，协调授课内容与临床见习的矛盾，是摆在我们每位教师面前一项艰巨的任务。

【关键词】儿科护理改革建设

由于一些所特有的疾病在临床上缺乏典型病例，如重度营养不良、重度脱水的腹泻病等已很难见到，加上临床见习常常缺乏典型的病例，甚至没有相关的患者，教学内容和临床疾病脱节的现象尤为突出。要在有限的教学时间内，教好儿科护理学这门课，协调授课内容与临床见习的矛盾，是摆在我们每位教师面前一项艰巨的任务。为了摆脱儿科护理学教学工作面临的困境，也为了培养了学生的创新思维能力和综合分析能力，

下面是我对儿科护理学教学的内容、方法和手段上作的一些改革尝试：

1教材建设

目前我校护理专科生使用的儿科护理学教材是人民卫生出版社的，以后应由我校儿科专家、教授和护士长等尝试着编写一本适合护理专科的儿科护理学教材。根据现代医学模式的改变，本书从护理临床与教学实际出发，重点突出了病情判断、治疗原则和护理措施，强调了以患者为中心，有利整体护理的思想和原则贯穿其中。

2教师建设

以往历届护理专科生的儿科护理学都是由护理系内儿教研室的教师承担。

以后应有自己的专职儿科护理教师，并充分利用临床的护理教学力量，聘请一些经验丰富的兼职教师，既解决了专职护理教师不足的问题，又较好地发挥了临床一线护理人员在教学中的作用，兼职护理教师每次授课前均要进行试讲，由教学组长严格把关，保证教学质量。

3教学内容更新

以往儿科护理的教学是理论授课和生产实习为主，理论与临床实践有脱节。

调整授课内容，该精讲的必须精讲，如总论、新生儿常见疾病、维生素D缺乏性佝偻病、腹泻病、支气管肺炎等;一些临床极少见的疾病，要发挥学生主观能动性，让他们自学，如遗传性疾病、传染性疾病患儿的护理;同时开设儿童常见心理问题、儿童学习困难等问题内容的讲座课，以补充学习内容的不足。使学生在较短时间内能较系统地了解儿科护理学是一门研究小儿生长发育规律、儿童保健、疾病预防和临床护理的学科[1]。

3、2补充见习内容，增强学生的动手能力。首先认真制订见习计划，细化带教内容，从临床护理工作的需要出发。增加儿科常用仪器的使用方法和适应症，老师边操作边介绍。如蓝光照射箱、保暖箱、超声雾化治疗仪等，使学生增加自己动手操作的机会，为早下临床实习打好基础。同时组织安排学生下社区幼儿园1次，对不同年龄的儿童进行体格测量，给予初步的评价，写一份体检报告。另外安排学生外出参观1次，主要是儿童专科医院，加深学生对儿科护理现状和发展的认识。

4 教学方法和手段更新

加强临床思维改革后我们除原有传统讲授外，增加病例讨论课、自学课和讲座课等，运用多样化的教学形式，培养学生的临床思维能力和病情判断能力。

精讲课及时收集教学图片，在讲课时，注重把握重点和难点。在授课形式上采用多媒体幻灯、相关疾病的VCD、录像、模型或国内外各种典型教学图片。这种“由形象中来又回到象中去”的教学方法可以加深学生对课堂内容深刻的记忆，也补充临床病例的缺乏现象，每次课后根据所学内容布置2～3题简单病例分小组进行讨论，提高学生学习儿科学的兴趣和积极参与的主动性。

病例讨论课在整个课程中组织1～2次病例讨论课。

课前1周将病史摘要分发给同学，每组6～8人，按要求准备该病例的病史、诊断、治疗原则及护理措施等。然后课堂集中先由各小组同学代表上台发言，对该病例进行整理分析和判断，时间为10分钟，其他同学向发言者提问，然后老师总结该病例的病史特点，介绍临床诊断和护理措施，最后围绕本病讲课时间 2学时。通过病例讨论课，学生学会收集临床资料、寻找疾病诊断和护理问题。同时学生的学习能力、语言表达能力、临床思维能力、临场应变能力都得到提高。不但巩固了所学知识，而且能运用所学知识指导临床实践。

自学课：儿科学内容很多，由于学时有限。有些内容只能通过自学来完成。对儿科临床常见住院疾病的某些章节，我们采用自学为主，，根据疾病特点出一些思考题，让学生带着问题进行自学，老师随时进行辅导，培养学生的自学能力，并提高总结归纳水平。通过自学，学生不但学到了知识，而且提高了自学能力，变被动学习为主动学习。

开展第二课堂，了解学科动态为满足学有余力同学的需要，结合教研室老师专业特色，我们开设儿童保健专题讲座，讲解儿童良好习惯的培养、社会适应能力的培养、意外事故的预防等;儿童心理专题讲座，讲授小儿常见心理问题与干预措施如行为问题、情绪问题、多动综合症等。让学生了解并关注儿童健康已从单纯的躯体健康发展到躯体健康、心理健康和社会功能健全的综合问题，更好地贯彻整体护理的主导思想。

改革考核方法，以往主要采用理论考试，常常是“上课记笔记，下课看笔记，考试背笔记”的应试教育，学生进入临床实习时不能马上熟练运用所学知识。改革后的理论考试成绩为60%，并制定考核认知领域方面的目标层次，即记忆、领会、应用、分析、综合能力等，其中基础层次目标(理解+记忆占2/3)，高层次目标(综合分析占1/3)，对学生的认知水平进行评价。护理操作成绩为30%，包括儿科常用护理技术，如小儿生长发育指标的测量、头皮静脉注射，小儿喂药方法、保暖箱和蓝光箱操作及适应证。综合素质成绩为10%，包括课堂回答问题、病例讨论发言、体检报告的书写、爱伤护伤的观念和学习主动性等项目。这样的考评方法，既能比较客观地反映学生认知水平和技能水平，又能反映学生的综合素质。

结合儿科学科的发展，合理调整课程，采用多种教学方法和手段，既保留了传统授课在知识传递方面的优势，又体现了以学生为中心的教学方针，培养了学生的创新思维能力和综合分析能力，为儿科护理学临床教学不断地开拓新方法，探索新路子，也为即将进入临床工作打下坚实的基础。

参考文献：

1.范玲，住院患儿的护理。儿科护理学，2007

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优秀医学硕士毕业论文

随着医学的发展，关于医学的研究越来越多。下面优秀医学硕士毕业论文是我为大家整理的，在这里跟大家分享一下。

【摘要】由于医学的快速发展与不断进步，临床检验技术也随着不断提高，其对疾病的临床诊疗和医学的检验结果起着不可或缺的影响。临床医学检验是一种运用现代物理、现代化学方法，并通过医疗仪器和实验技术为临床治疗诊断所提供的学科。其对于医疗工作具有深远的影响，对我国医疗事业将来的发展起到了至关重要的作用。所以，本文将针对我院临床医学检验工作进行分析，并通过分出的结论来探讨提高其检验质量的措施。

【关键词】临床医学;措施;检验质量控制

一、临床医学检验

临床医学检验不但能影响疾病的临床诊治，医学的检验结果。同时，还可以使得人们加强对疾病的控制和治疗意识。临床医学检验是疾病诊治的预防和诊治的重要手段，其对于整个医疗体系起着先导的作用。医学检验技术是一门针对临床标本进行正确地收集和测定，让临床诊治能够利用这些结论正确的采取相应的诊治手段，达到良好的医疗目的。

医学检验是对病人的体液、血液、分泌物或脱落细胞等标本进行化验，以获得病原与病理变化等进行检查并提取资料的.医学手段。随着我国医疗卫生体制改革的不断深化，对于临床检验工作乃至整个医疗事业的要求也越来越高，对于临床检验的技术要求也越来越强。

二、临床医学检验中存在的问题

1、检验条件和技术配备不合理

对于临床医学检验，检验技术质量是关键，没有良好的检验技术，则后的任何检验都将可能存在误差问题。加之设备的不先进以及老化问题，同样影响着医学检验的结论。

2、非病因素影响

非病因素中也存在着问题，因医护工作者未有及时告知患者，而造成的未能及时得到检验结果。医师在标本采集过程中的不严格问题，采集方法，数量，时间和环境等存在规范问题，则会对检验结果产生严重影响，从而影响检验结果的准确性。

3、实验室室前检查不规范

室前检查同样影响着检验的结果。具体体现在部分医师并未针对患者的病情申请送检，而且不少检查项目的检查目的性不强。部分质量管理人员理论知识薄弱，运用不当的实际操作，也使得体统的误差判断不可避免。

4、文件管理出现规范性错误

文件管理，是对于进行各项检验工作的基本准则，唯有科学与规范的文件管理模式与制度才可以保证检验工作的正常运行，以及检验结果的有效性。部分管理人员对于文件管理意识淡薄，对于其概念和意义并不熟悉，编写建立档案时存在分类不清，书写不规范，原始记录缺失等问题，其严重影响了错误发生的几率，以及失去补救的条件。

5、检验人员、患者、医师之间系不和谐。

当前，医患矛盾日益突出，尤其近段时间以来，社会上频繁发生医患纠纷的事件，有些甚至危及到了医生的生命安全。同时检验人员和医师之间也会存在着不和谐因素，但因为其对于检验技术的非专业性，使得对于高度专业、高难度的检验手段不甚了解，容易出现混淆项目检测的现象。检验人员却希望临床医生理解这些高难度的专业技术，双方缺乏良好的沟通，在检验工作中双方有着交流障碍，导致了检验工作出现矛盾，继而引发错误。

三、临床医学检验前的质量控制

检验前，应该首先对患者的姓名、性别、年龄、取样部位等相关的检查步骤进行核实，针对病患自身的情况提前告知其禁忌和相关注意事项。同时样品采集控制，拿血液采集为例子，采集的时间通常为清晨，应当要空腹进行，空腹时间在16小时以内，血液采样时应当使患者保持坐位或者平躺，采集血样时，应当事先让患者休息5-10分钟，采样时，压脉要小于60秒。应当维护检验仪器，随时查看检验仪器的运行状态如何。日常保养以及日常维护也相当重要，定期检查仪器的功能性运动，保证每个仪器都可以正常进行使用，一旦出问题，应该及时停止使用，并且更换，避免影响检验工作。在准备检测试剂时，要针对检验项目进行准备，确保流程。在临床检验过程中，应该按照其必要的操作流程来进行检验。

四、临床检验工作中问题的措施

1、加强设备管理，改善检验环境。

应当加强设备管理并改善设备环境，根据技术要求，配备合适的仪器。要紧追国际的技术发展，引进先进的技术，运用精度高的设备确保检验的有效性。应当完善设备的管理，实行专人管理和维护。检验室对检验人员严格进行操作规程，应当对检验人员进行严格管理，防止检验人员发生不必要的错误。确保仪器的完整性和设备检测的准确率。

2、制定文件管理规范。

要制定严格的管理规范并且严格实行，实行专人负责制度、健全文案管理系统。实施时，应当让有经验的医师进行检验单的填写，确保检验单的信息填写无误后方可提交签发，并且要经过检验科主任的亲自签发，方能递交到下一个环节。检验结束后，应该对档案进行管理，确保档案无误。

3、完善实验室室前检查，提高质量

医师及检验人员应该提高自身素质，对临床医师要求提高相关知识，检验人员同样也得加强业务知识，提高自身素质。对医疗突发事件，要有很好的应急能力，对于新知识、新设备应当尽快掌握。强化标本采集能力，规范化、标准化、系统化采集工作，严格认真做好相关工作，减少操作中的检测结果误差，使得检验质量得以提升。

4、促进检验人员与临床医师之间的交流。

检验科室人员和临床医师之间应当多进行交流与互动，院方应定或不定期开展各科室之间的交流，举办相应联谊的活动。活动中，提倡各科室之间多做工作汇报。检验科人员和医师之间应该多互相学习和了解对方的专业知识，积累临床知识和工作经验，提升各方面能力。

5、对于非病因素的影响

非病因素的影响，应当及时告知患者检查结果，多了解病人的心情。一切从病人出发，多和患者之间进行交流，多为患者着想。应该时常提醒患者相关的禁忌，避免患者在不知情的情况下错误的食用禁忌食物，服药过量，造成不必要的事故。同时注重样本采集时间，方法，规范，确保医患之间有一个良好的配合。

【摘要】熟练掌握小儿静脉头皮针的穿刺技术,尽量减少穿刺给患儿带来的痛苦,使患儿早日康复。选择不易滑动,便于固定,不影响患儿活动的头皮静脉,选择型号合适的头皮针,采用直刺法和斜刺法,穿刺成功后三条胶布固定,另加一条胶布将输液管固定于患儿耳朵上。采用如上方法之后，小儿头皮静脉针穿刺成功率高。正确选择穿刺部位及合适的头皮针和手法等，可以很好地实行小儿静脉穿刺。

【关键词】头皮静脉针;穿刺;小儿

小儿头皮针输液在临床上广泛应用,与成年人静脉穿刺相比,小儿头皮针静脉穿刺有较高的难度及技巧，现将我们二十多年来在临床工作中对小儿头皮针静脉穿刺的体会总结如下。

1 正确选择穿刺部位

由于患儿哭闹,不合作，因此在选择静脉穿刺部位时,要根据年龄、疾病特点估计治疗时间的长短,尽量选择不易滑动,便于固定不影响患儿活动的静脉血管作穿刺部位,如小儿头皮静脉，血管中的颞浅静脉，额、耳后静脉，小儿手背、足背的浅表静脉等。

2 选择合适的头皮针

选择头皮针的大小是根据患儿病种、年龄、静脉粗细及深浅部位而定，对于1~3岁患儿，临床上一般选择4~5号半头皮针，对于新生儿或因多次输液治疗，头皮静脉易刺破者，宜选用4号针头，对于小儿秋季腹泻或较大患儿宜选用5号半针头。

3 进针手法

根据针头与头皮针所成角度不同，可分直刺法和斜刺法。直刺法是指在欲穿的静脉上针头与皮肤成10°~15°，针头斜面向上，通过皮肤将针头直接刺入静脉。斜刺法是指在距离将要穿刺的静脉旁侧1~ cm处，针头与皮肤成20°~30°，针头斜面向上，将针头刺入皮下，然后在皮下潜行 cm后，再刺入静脉，临床上小儿头皮静脉多选用直刺法。

4 固定方法

临床正常采用三条胶布固定，即一条固定在覆盖针眼的无菌棉球上，第二条折起针柄交叉固定，第三条将针柄后的塑料管盘曲后固定在针头旁边。小儿头皮静脉针另加一条胶布将静脉输液管固定在小儿耳朵上，便于活动，不带起针头。

5 护士要有良好的心理素质

护士工作时要有稳定而积极的工作态度。除对患儿要有爱心外，还要有应对患儿家属的心理准备。因为如今的小孩都是父母的心肝宝贝，患儿患病时前呼后应，有很多人陪同，这样就无形中给护士造成一种心理压力，特别是有的家长要求特别高，非要一针见血，这样很容易影响打针情绪，易致穿刺失败。另外小儿的哭闹也影响护士的情绪，易致穿刺失败。因此良好的心理素质，过硬的穿刺技术及家长的密切配合是一次性穿刺的重要因素。尽量减少穿刺给他们带来的痛苦，使患儿早日康复，这是我们每位护理工作者最大的心愿，从而使头皮静脉穿刺的成功率极大地提高。

论文答辩可以穿黑色衬衫嘛吗英语

这位同志你总要告诉我们你的性别吧

九分裤黑色中跟鞋白衬衣（浅色纯色）西装外套上身胖就避免上身过花俏下身胖就避免下身但是不能一套黑太老气没活力了，主要是颜色要搭就OK 青春活力就好哦为自己出去找工作打好基础要不到时也是迷茫的千万不要穿短裙哦别人会误会：》

最重要的是整洁得体！女生最好不要穿比较露或比较短或太紧身的衣服，因为教授级的老师一般都比较保守，何况这是比较正式的场合。西装之类的话可穿可不穿，这没有太大的关系

学什么专业的啊？应该和专业紧密相连。穿套职业套裙就很大方得体！

护士毕业论文静脉穿刺

对于护理专业学生来说，学好内科护理对学生今后的学习、工作都是至关重要的。下面是我为大家整理的内科护理个案论文，供大家参考。

【摘要】

目的：探讨心血管内科护理中存在的不安全因素及相应的对策。方法回顾性分析182例心血管病患者的临床资料,归纳并总结护理过程中存在的不安全因素。结果182例心脑血管病患者的护理情况与临床资料中存在53例()违规操作或者不安全操作行为,其中包括医护人员因素31例()、患者因素14例()以及医院因素8例()。结论为有效提升心血管内科护理水平,医院要加强对护理人员的教育与培训,努力提升护理人员的专业能力与护理水平,增强其法律意识与安全意识,同时还要加强医患交流与沟通。

【关键词】心血管内科;护理;不安全因素

心血管内科疾病具有发病急、病因复杂以及病情变化快等特点,大大增加了临床护理工作的风险。一旦护理不当,不但会严重影响到患者的身心健康、威胁其生命安全,而且还极易引发一系列的医疗纠纷[1]。本研究选取本院2014年2月~2015年2月收治的182例心血管病患者作为研究对象,对其临床护理资料进行回顾性分析,现报告如下。

1资料与方法

一般资料

选取本院2014年2月~2015年2月收治的182例心血管病患者作为研究对象,其中男97例,女85例,年龄最小35岁,最大83岁,平均年龄(±)岁,包括风湿性心脏病32例,高血压伴冠心病64例,心肌梗死72例,先天性心脏病6例,其他心血管疾病8例。

研究方法

对182例患者的临床资料与护理情况进行回顾性分析,归纳总结心血管内科护理中存在的不安全因素。

2结果

182例心脑血管病患者的护理情况与临床资料中存在53例()违规操作或者不安全操作行为,其中包括医护人员因素31例()、患者因素14例()以及医院因素8例()。

3讨论

不安全因素分析

医护人员因素在心血管内科护理中,护理工作的责任巨大、任务繁杂,极易产生医疗风险。护理人员方面存在的不安全因素主要包括：①护理文书的书写不规范：对于一些急性心肌梗死患者,护理人员必须每30分钟对其生命体征与心电图进行观测与记录,当患者病情稍微好转后,护理人员就会产生疏忽与懈怠,从而推迟对患者诊测与记录的频率,导致护理文书的记录不够完整[2];由于受到快节奏工作的影响,部分护理人员在文书登记时也养成了快节奏的习惯,在书写时字迹比较潦草;由于一些护理人员责任心不强,或科室的监督不到位,在日常护理巡查过程中,一些护理人员在发现患者不在位时,会进行随意编写;在抢救患者时,护理人员忘记登记护理文书,存在事后登记或文书登记时间与抢救时间距离过长的现象。②药物使用及药量配比出错：由于心血管内科用药的品种较多,药品的出厂商及名称比较复杂,而且护理人员工作量较大,工作比较繁忙,可能会出现拿错药等情况;护理人员对速度的把握不准或患者自行加快滴速,会加重患者的心脏负担,进而造成危险;一些护理人员可能会凭个人经验进行配比药量,从而导致出现药量错误。

患者因素在心血管内科护理中,一些患者并没有严格执行医嘱,例如一些患者会因为其症状较轻,从而就会对疾病持有一种轻视的心理,在未获得医护人员许可的情况下,擅自离开医院与病房,或请假外出后并未按时返回病房等[3]。由于心血管疾病比较特殊,在比较嘈杂的外部环境中,再加上患者自身疲惫等因素,极易引发疾病的发作。一些患者及家属缺乏对疾病的充分认识,往往对医疗持有过高的期望值,一旦病情未见好转,甚至发生恶化时,常将责任全部归咎于医护人员,不能充分信赖医护人员的治疗与护理工作,进而诱发不安全因素。

医院因素由于心血管内科病房的床位、医疗设备以及来往的人员较多,环境比较嘈杂,会影响到科室患者的休息,易引发患者的投诉。如果医护人员未及时彻底打扫病房卫生,在地面滑湿的情况下,极易造成患者摔倒,会给患者的心理与生理带来不良影响。由于心血管内科疾病的特殊性,其治疗费用往往较高,若护理人员未及时、详细地将费用明细告知患者及其家属,在结账时极易导致医疗纠纷的发生[3]。

防范对策

提升护理人员的护理水平医院要加强对心血管内科护理人员的教育与培训,为其传授更多科学的护理知识与技能,为其提供更多学习与培训的机会,同时再通过考核的方式考察护理人员对护理知识与技能的掌握程度[4]。而护理人员也要通过听课与查房等形式,不断加强护理知识的学习与巩固,通过护理实践不断提升自身护理操作能力,进而不断提升护理水平。此外,医院还要加强对法律知识与安全知识的宣教,要增强护理人员的法律意识与安全意识,使其能够有效地维护自身的合法权益。护理人员要严格规范护理记录,及时、认真地书写护理文书,从而充分保证护理记录的真实性及完整性。

加强护患沟通,改善医院环境建设护理人员要加强与患者及家属的交流与沟通,要充分尊重应关心患者,细心观察患者的病情变化与需求,及时解决患者在生理与心理上存在的困难,帮助患者树立战胜疾病的信心[5]。此外,护理人员还要将用药方法与诊疗方法详细地介绍给患者,并且将医疗费用详细地告知患者,以此来提升患者及其家属的认可度及信任度,避免护患纠纷的发生。医院要在各方面条件允许的状况下,加强对医院环境的建设。如在病房添加微波炉以及电视等设备,充分保证病房的安静与洁净,努力为患者营造温馨、和谐的住院环境。综上所述,由于心血管内科疾病具有一定的特殊性,在护理过程中往往存在较多不安全因素,主要是由于患者、医院以及护理人员造成的。为了能够有效提升心血管内科护理质量与护理水平,促进患者更快更好地康复,有效降低医疗纠纷的发生几率,医院要深入分析心血管内科护理中存在的不安全因素,并采取有效的防范措施。

参考文献

[1]陈少梅.心内科护理纠纷原因分析与对策.河北医学,2010,9(7):886-887.

[2]白菊娥.心内科护理工作中存在的问题与对策.安徽医学,2011,11(9):1772-1773.

[3]额登格日勒.心血管内科护理中不安全因素分析.医学美学美容(中旬刊),2014(6):324-325.

[4]周柳嫦.浅谈心血管内科护理中的不安全因素分析.中国医药导报,2010,12(3):54.

[5]梁秀萍.心血管内科护理中不安全因素分析及防范对策.中外医疗,2012(31):182-183.

摘要：护士在输液过程中要加强巡视，防止患者出现输液反应，当患者出现输液反应时应立即采取有效的措施。在为患者输液时应严格控制输液速度。

关键词：急诊内科护理;安全细节

1病情观察

为了对患者的病情做出系统、综合的评判，医护人员应全面了解患者的病史及现状。在对内科患者进行急诊时，医护人员应仔细、认真地观察和诊断其病情，为制定患者的临床治疗和护理方案提供依据。护理人员在对患者进行病情观察时，应全面了解患者的病因、发病部位及其所表现的症状，并采取合理的护理措施。

判断疾病的发展趋势

内科护理人员应全面地对患者进行病情观察，对其病情的轻重做到心中有数，从而大致预测出其所患疾病的发展趋势。例如，当内科患者的病情出现较大幅度的变化(体温骤降、血压忽高忽低)时，可预测其病情即将恶化;当内科住院患者若精力充沛、食欲良好时，可预测其病情将很快康复。

对患者临床疗效及用药反应的观察

在为内科疾病患者进行治疗和护理的过程中，若其病情逐渐好转，说明治护措施有效;若患者病情没能好转或出现了不良反应，说明治护措施有误。下面的病例可供参考：患者，男，67岁，患有脑梗塞。某次为该患者静脉注射脑蛋白水解物注射液的过程中，护士在巡察时发现其出现了喘憋、口唇紫绀等症状，经查体，其心率为109次/分，血压为90/50mmHg，全身出现散在性荨麻疹。护士立即为该患者停药，并采取为其吸氧、静注地塞米松10mg、肌注氯苯那敏10mg、静滴尼可刹米、洛贝林3mg、氨茶碱等方法进行急救。1小时后，患者的症状逐渐缓解，血压回升至107/70mmHg，脱离了危险。需要注意的是，患者在用药后出现的一些不适反应可能仅是正常的用药反应，而非不良反应。

及时发现危重症或并发症

内科疾病患者的病情复杂多变，常可发生诸多的并发症。护理人员应严密观察其病情的变化，以免其病情突然发生恶化或出现严重的并发症。这就要求护理人员要增强工作责任感，掌握科学的护理方法，一旦发现患者出现危重症或严重并发症能够及时采取合理的抢救措施，有效地控制其病情。

2正确执行医嘱

医嘱是医生根据患者病情制订的诊疗计划，是护士采取治疗护理措施的指导依据。《医疗事故处理条例》规定，医嘱可作为法律证据。在临床上，护士往往对严格执行医嘱的重要性不够重视，从而在护理工作中埋下了很多安全隐患。为了防患于未然，规避护理事故，改善医患关系，增加患者的满意度，提高护理质量，我们应采取以下5项措施来保障执行医嘱的准确性。

护理人员应训练和培养与患者沟通的技巧，重视在执行医嘱过程中与医师的沟通与协作，从而确保医嘱的有效执行。

应加强对护理人员执行医嘱准确性的监督和管理，促使护理人员及时准确地执行医嘱。应建立严格的医嘱执行审查制度和执行规范，以保证医师下达的医嘱能够被及时、准确、无误地执行。

随着计算机信息技术的不断发展，计算机医嘱管理软件在医嘱处理系统中发挥的作用越来越大。因此，应加强护理工作的信息化建设，使护理人员具备一定的计算机水平，应规范医嘱的录入、转抄、保存、打印、查对制度，保障医嘱处理、打印、查对、执行等环节的制度化、程序化、规范化，从而真正做到准确无误地按医嘱执行每一项治疗和护理意见。

护士要认真对待口头医嘱，充分认清口头医嘱的重要性，认真、正确地执行医生下达的口头医嘱。

护理人员要具备疾病的病理变化等方面的专业知识，避免盲目地执行医嘱。例如，白血病患者在出现高热时,医师下达的医嘱为“物理降温”,此时护士不应选择酒精浴,以免因患者的皮肤受到酒精的刺激而导致或加重皮下出血。(本文来自于《求医问药》杂志。《求医问药》杂志简介详见.)

3静脉输液

护士在输液过程中要加强巡视，防止患者出现输液反应，当患者出现输液反应时应立即采取有效的措施。在为患者输液时应严格控制输液速度。在为成年人滴注常规药物时，可保持常规的输液速度，约为40～60滴/分钟。在为急需补充血容量的患者输液时，可将输液速度提高至60～100滴/分钟。在为内科疾病患者进行静脉输液时要严格控制用药量和输液速度。在输液时，应向患者交待以下注意事项：不可随意调节滴速，注意保护输液部位。

参考文献

1、内科临床护理路径的构建与实施何红;护理研究2009-02-11

2、呼吸内科护理中重症患者应急护理干预措施叶任秋;中国当代医药2011-07-08

【摘要】中医护理学是以中医理论为指导，以护理程序为基本框架，运用中医整体观念，对疾病进行辨证施护，并运用传统护理技术与方法，对患者和人群施以照顾和服务，保护人体健康的一门应用学科。自我国融入世界贸易组织(WTO)以来，我国的医学卫生事业取得了迅速地发展，由过去的传统医学向现代医学发展，内科医学同样走向了现代化。而作为内科的一个分支的内科护理，在医院对内科患者的治疗过程中，发挥着重要的作用。

【关键词】内科中医护理;手段;护理标识

中医的整体观念理论、辨证施护原则是护理人员必须掌握的基础理论;传统疗法是中医院护理人员必须掌握的技术手段。中医护理是遵循中医药理论体系，体现中医辨证施护特点的护理理论和护理技术。随着医学模式的发展及人们对疾病认识的深入，中医护理已成为医疗活动中重要的组成部分。

一、中医护理在医学中治疗效果

中医护理技术操作是中医护理的核心，中医传统的护理技术操作在临床护理工作中应用广泛。例如采用针灸、点穴、穴位注射、脐疗、按摩、中药热敷等多种技术操作解除尿潴留;采用耳穴压豆法、推拿按摩、梅花针、中药离子透入及气功等多种方法调整人体内外环境，治疗失眠症;通过针、炙、耳穴压豆、拔罐、外敷中药等处理疼痛、便秘、褥疮、肌注后硬结等。中医护理人员已将中医护理技术操作的适应证、使用范围不断扩展、不断挖掘、整理、完善、创新。如用自制益胃散穴位外敷治疗胃脘痛;用艾条熏蒸爱婴病房等取得了较好的效果，而且对乙肝病毒的抗原性也有一定的破坏作用。

中医护理是通过中医护理技术操作在临床实践中来实现的，也是检验中医护理理论的途径。随着临床医学的发展，现有的一些中医护理技术操作尚需要进一步改进，如加强无痛针刺、无烟艾灸方法的研究及灌肠器、离子导入机、刮痧器具的改进;还需要对一些中医护理技术操作进行规范化研究，即相关操作指标的量化研究。因此我们必须在继承传统中医护理技术操作的同时吸收现代护理操作中先进的、科学的、实用的内容来充实自身，不断地充实和完善中医护理技术操作。

二、各种情形下科学内科护理的具体手段

1、特需内科的护理：所谓特需内科护理是指随着社会经济的发展，对部分特殊需求的病人患者在进入特需病房时进行的护理。它是内科护理的一种方式，也是特需病人的需要。这些特需患者大多数来自于社会的各种事业单位并担任一定的职务、有一定经济能力的患者以及周边地区国家的外国人。对于特需病人的护理。在遵循“以患者为中心”的服务理念的前提下，笔者认为应该对特需患者进行多元化的护理。具体可采取如下措施：(1)首先，由于区域的差异性，应该使患者适应新环境，尽快进入患者的角色，便于治疗和护理管理;(2)多元化护理中的沟通：这主要包括两个方面，即语言沟通和文化沟通。因此，对于内科护理的护士需要掌握护理对象所在地区的语言(有时甚至是方言)以及他们的文化习俗;(3)特需病房的护士应该能够养成灵活应变的好习惯，特别是还要加强理论和技术的学习，熟练掌握特需护理基本功，如静脉穿刺一针见血、无痛注射、导尿、灌肠等操作应轻捷、利落。

2、心内科患者安全风险与护理：心内科患者是指那些身患心脏病、冠心病、高血压等疾病的病人。主要临床表现为跌倒、猝死及出血等症状。对予以上三类临床病例资料的收集整理，笔者总结出以下具体的护理手段及方法：(1)对上述三类患者进行患病程度的评估：具体的从患者的年龄、病史、情绪状态、有无眩晕、检查有无明显的诱因等方面进行评估，这是心内科护理人员首先需要具备的技术类的能力;(2)对于不同类型的患者各自采取的护理对策：对于跌倒患者：遵守三个“半分钟”的原则，即坐起半分钟、平卧半分钟、下肢垂下坐床边半分钟。在此过程中，要加强防止行走时、洗澡时跌倒，而且还要指导患者正确用药，在病人的病床前插各类标识，如“防跌倒”等标记。加强心理上的安抚，对于患者的家属应该避免和预防脑出血及高血压。

中医医疗强调辨证论治，辨证施护亦依据中医基础理论辨证提出护理的基本法则，“辨证施护”是以中医理论为指导，根据辨证施治的原则，结合疾病的具体证候，采取相应的护理措施的方法。具体体现为“同病异护”、“异病同护”。

三、存在的问题及影响因素

1、辨证施护流于形式：辨证施护是中医护理最具特色的护理模式，但在临床实施时往往因证候难辨，护理措施单一而流于形式。导致这一现象的原因主要有：中医幕础知识掌握的不扎实，不能正确辨证而影响施护的效果，是普遍存在的问题;没有充分领会中医护理的内涵，只是将中医诊断、护理加上中医技术操作;健康宣教比较套路化，从护理病历书写发现，同种疾病的健康宣教千篇一律;大部分护士能够对患者进行辨证下的中医护理干预，但患者具体实施与否，效果如何，缺乏相应的评价机制。

2、中医护理操作临床应用率相对不高：尽管巾氏护理技术操作简单，设备要求不高，取材容易，效果可靠，但在中医院的使用率却不高，究其原因有：(1)中医护理技术操作的局限性。中医护理技术操作时间长，疗效难以立竿见影。因此在中医院也只是在传统中医科或内科应用相对较多。(2)护理工作性质约束了中医护理技术操作的应用。护士要进行中医护理操作必须在有医嘱的情况下进行，然而临床上医生很少开中医护理技术操作的医嘱。

3、护理记录缺陷：临床护士往往注重操作，忽视记录，所做的操作没有及时记录时间、方法、效果，中医操作记录还应记录选择的穴位、皮肤情况等。目前有关中医整体护理质控评估体系的设置、行业内规范化以及中医护理病历的内容、格式的具体要求等问题还没有真正解决，再加上护士工作的繁忙导致了记录的流于形式。

中医护理自身特色和优势已普遍得到国内外护理同仁的肯定和认同。将祖国传统医学的护理理论及经验进行科学、系统的整理、开发应用，并付诸实践检验，是中医护理事业得以向前发展的源泉。循证护理的开展，为其不断自我完善理论体系与技能提供了有利的条件，通过临床实践验证，不断发现旧理论、旧经验、旧技术与现代护理科学的矛盾，用新的实践替代原有的实践，并吸收当代最新的科技成果为我所用，不断发扬创新，从而加快中医护理工作走向科学化、专业化、现代化的进程。

越来越多的护理理论与护理技术操作期待研究证据。要找出解决它们的新方法，就必须以可信赖的科研成果来解释和支持。因此，护理科研应从护理应用学科的角度出发，以解决现实工作中的实际问题为主要突破口，在继承中医特色的前提下，广泛开展基础实验研究和临床实验研究，着重从护理理论的科学依据及技术操作的可行性、安全性、舒适性入手，选择最适合于临床研究的课题并利用互联网资源共享文献数据库中公开的研究路径进行设计，融合循证护理理念，加快对祖国传统护理的学术思想与技术专长的挖掘及研究成果的转化，使中医护理工作在适应医疗技术发展的同时更好地满足人民健康需求。

参考文献?

[1]刘萍，潘光明.护理程序在内科护理学教学中应用.中国民族民间医药，2010，19(7)?

[2]刘文红.中医护理的发展研究.中围现代药物应用，2008，2(6)：96-97?

[3]朱水华.运用护理程序进行内科护理教学探讨，2001(2)?

[4]张广清.中医护理现状及科研展望. 中华护理杂志.?

[5]冯先琼，成翼娟，李继平，等.循证护理：护理发展新动向[J].实用护理杂志，2001，17(6)：1-3?

[6]张宝忠.中医护理学基础[M]哈尔滨：黑龙江科学技术出版社，

[7]刘蓉蓉.论科学内科护理的具体手段及重要意义HEALTH WORLD2010，04(8)

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医学毕业论文，这个是选题内容，有不一昂

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