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汽车减震系统论文英文文献及翻译

发布时间:2024-07-08 04:10:38

汽车减震系统论文英文文献及翻译

Motorvehicle suspension on the vehicle suspension system is a very important only does it affect the comfort of the car (ride), but also to otherproperties such as the adoption, as well as the stability of the attachmenthave a significant impact on performance, each of the suspension by the elasticcomponents (buffers), body-oriented (from Chuan And stabilizing role), as wellas shock absorbers (from the role of shock absorption). However, not all of thesuspension must have three components. As long as we can play to the role ofthe three. Vehiclemaintenance for the conservation network 1, flying the classification suspension: on both sides of the wheel mounted on atotal-vehicle-bridge, the train-bridge to fly through the frame and suspension structure is simple and reliable power-but by two rounds ofshock and vibration affecting each other. But also because of the quality offlying non-serious suspension of the poor performance of the buffer, the vibrationof a moving car, the greater the impact. The suspension generally used fortrucks, buses and a number of other ordinary vehicles. (2) independentsuspension: each individual through a set of wheels mounted on the body orsuspension of vehicular bridge, the use of off-Axle, in the middle of a fixedframe or body; such wheel on both sides of the suspension by the shockHubuyingxiang, but due to non-flying than by the quality; buffer with a strongshock absorption capacity, ride comfort. The indicators are better thannon-independent suspension, but the complex structure of the suspension, but italso drive axle, steering system has become complicated. The use of suchsuspension of the following two categories of vehicles. Cars, buses andpassenger vehicles. Can be improved ride comfort, and high speed when drivingthe car to improve stability. Off-road vehicles, military vehicles andmining vehicles. In a bad way and have no say under the circumstances, we canmake sure all the wheels on the ground and contacts to enhance stability anddriving the car attached, to play a speed of the car. for the type of (1) of the leaf spring: the long-range multi-chip andcurvature ranging from the composite plate. After installed at both ends of thenatural upward curve. In addition to the leaf spring with a buffer, there is acertain degree of shock absorption, vertical layout also has a force-oriented,non-independent suspension using most of the leaf spring so flexiblecomponents, save-oriented devices and shock absorbers, simple structure . (2)of the coil spring: only a cushion for the multi-car independent suspension. Inthe absence of damping force and mass functions must also be equipped withspecial shock absorbers and device-oriented. (3) oil and gas spring: a flexiblemedium as a gas, liquid as a medium-power, which not only has a good buffercapacity, also has a role in shock absorption and at the same time frame of ahigh degree of regulation may also be applicable to the use of heavy vehicles andbuses. (4), torsion bar springs; will be made under the torsion bar springsfixed at one end of the frame, on the other side through the arm and connectedto the wheels, and beat at wheel torsion bar the use of reverse deformationplayed the role of buffer, is suitable for independent The use of suspension. use of shock absorber tube shock absorbers, the use of oil in the smallrole to cut energy consumption vibration. Shock absorber and the upper bodyframe or connected with the lower end of the train-bridge connected. Most ofthe trip can be done and the compression of the dual role of the role of flexibility in the independent suspension components, most of them can onlytransfer the vertical loads and can not transmit vertical and horizontal, mustbe a separate device-oriented. As noted, under the arm and vertical, horizontalstabilizer, and so on. suspension: before and after the truckswere non-independentsuspension bridge, some vehicles such as buses and cars and so on, after thebridge is also a non-independent suspension. Each car of the sedan chair byhoisting two independent non-vertical arrangement of the composition of theleaf spring. Leaf spring fixed in the middle of the train-bridge, with thefront end hinged frame or body, the back-end with the frame or body through theear hanging hinged or connected to use of skateboards. Top of the frame with ashock absorber then, with the lower end of the next school Axle. The truck rearaxle and more without shock types of independent suspension, coil spring as the use of flexiblecomponents. Torsion bar springs for the independent suspension is also dividedinto vertical and horizontal torsion torque Cup two-under. Although many of theadvantages of an independent suspension, but the car would turn the system, theDepartment of driving and driving more complicated structure of the of the engine engine performance merits of a direct impact on theperformance of motor vehicles. First, the use of fuel by the differentcategories according to engine fuel, gasoline engine and the engine is dividedinto two major categories of diesel Motor conservation maintenance, gasoline engine small size, lightweight, low prices; good start, when the maximum power of high-speed;work in asmall vibration and noise; suitable for small and medium-sized car inparticular, the use of high-speed deflagration due to the restrictionscan not be too high compression ratio, thermal efficiency and economy are not,such as diesel. Gasoline is a mixture of the main gas pipeline in the form overinto the cylinder, compressed by the end of close to the spark plugs fire. Thedriver to speed up the adoption of the control pedal into the cylinder of thegas mixture to control the load on the engine, known as the volume ofregulation. Gasoline engine’s fuel supply system and ignition system is a gasoline enginefailure on the part of a higher proportion. Gasoline engine emissions ofharmful material composition of carbon monoxide, carbon compounds and nitrogenoxides than diesel, and so on, but with the current electronically controlledfuel injection system and other exhaust gas purification devices, which havegreatly improved. In addition, the gasoline engine’storque characteristics are very suitable for automotive use, can significantlyreduce the labor intensity of the and gasoline engine, diesel engine size, weight, high prices, poor start(especially when the low temperature); work more vibration and noise; easy tooverload when the black smoke. Diesel is characterized by: 1)the absence of the deflagration, as well as restrictions on the needs of thespontaneous combustion of diesel, diesel engine compression ratio high. Thermalefficiency and economy must be better than the gasoline engine. 2)the same power, the diesel engine’s torque, maximum power at the time of low speed, suitable for theuse of the truck. 3)is a mixture of diesel engine cylinder internal form, no inlet throttle, theintake of small resistance. The driver to speed up the adoption of fuelinjection control board, to change the engine load, known as the regulation ofquality, as there is no problem of hypoxia, emissions of hydrocarbons andcarbon monoxide content of less than )In the absence of the ignition system, as well as fuel supply device failurerate low. Therefore, failure to less than diesel gasoline engine. 5)diesel engine torque characteristics are not suitable for car driving cycleneeds, moving the stalls to use frequently, an increase of pilot laborintensity. The main diesel engine for use in medium and heavy vehicles. Second, the number of engine cylinder andarrangement of the engine cylinder displacement equal to the volume of workand. Increasein the number of cylinder engine will not only increase capacity, improve theengine output power, but also to enable the smooth operation of the engine toreduce noise and vibration. Hyundai Motor have adopted multi-cylinder for more than 3-cylinder engine, small trucks, passenger cars andmedium-sized following for more than 4-cylinder engine; medium-sized trucks,large cars and buses for more than 6-cylinder engine; Heavy-Duty Truck Generalof 6-8 cylinder. 6-cylinder engine under a single row multi-cylinder in-linemode; 8-cylinder V-type engines for alignment; some of the cars in order toreduce engine height, length shortened, using V6, V8-type arrangement. Mini-caruse of 3-cylinder engine, most oblique way. In-line engine structure is simpleand cheap. The disadvantage is that a high degree of the engine higher more a way. V-type engines with low height, short length, but thestructure of the complex, more expensive price, suitable for large-scaleengine. Water-cooled engine block using the whole cast. Small engines usedaluminum alloy materials, large-scale multi-engine for the cast iron. Cylinderhead bolts used in a fixed block on the plane, in addition to constitute aclosed cylinder combustion room, into the exhaust, valves are installed, andspark plug valve, and so on. Third,the gasoline engine’sfuel supply 1, the fuel-supply system carburetor gasoline engine fuel supplyline into carburetor and fuel-injection two major categories of carburetor mainoil installations operating principle is: the work of the engine when the outside air Inthe cylinder under the suction air filter to filter through into the the air flow through the pipe section due to the smaller increase in thevelocity and pressure led to the decline in a certain vacuum. Float on theinterior of gasoline in the vacuum from the role of the main inlet into thespray nozzle, the gas emitted by high-speed air currents disperse into mist,known as fogging. And then to oil and oil-film evaporation space in the form ofevaporation, and the airway had mixed into the air mixture into the order to achieve the economy, the main oil loading also uses the air main nozzle at the indoor air, and along with a few scheduled to openaround the through-hole and air the same room. When the throttle openinggradually increases, the air hole gradually connected with the air. Not onlyreduces the vacuum so that the mixture-thinning, the main air nozzle is alsobeneficial to the atomization of gasoline. 2. electronically controlled fuelinjection fuel-supply system carburetor fuel-supply device structure is simple,reliable, cheap, easy maintenance. But the biggest drawback is that it can notbe precisely controlled mixture of concentration, resulting in incompletecombustion, emissions of harmful ingredients, do not meet the stringentrequirements of environmental protection today. In addition, due to theexistence of the pipe so that the air resistance increases. There is also thecylinder uneven distribution of gasoline and easy to produce and Qizu ice andso on. In order to solve these problems, 80 electronically controlled fuelinjection system in the car engine on a wide range of applications more fuel injection system advantages: electronically controlled fuelinjection system (referred to as English EFI) has the following advantages: matter under what conditions and in what conditions the engine canaccurately control the mixture of concentration, To make gasoline burncompletely full. This greatly reduces the emission of harmful components ofcontent, also has an excellent combustion engine of the economy. supply, ignition temperature, such as centralized control, so that the workof the engine performance, increased engine power output, lower fuelconsumption. engine can always operate in a stable condition in a variety of conditionsso that all car drivers in accordance with the requirements of normal traffic. 4. In the absence of pipes, a small airresistance. At the same time, difficult to produce Qizu, to the distribution ofgas cylinder uniform, and so on. The shortcomings of the fuel injection systemis the high cost structure of the complex and difficult to repair, and so on. electronicallycontrolled fuel injection system of classification: 1) by way of testing the air quality into theway traffic density and speed of the way the two categories. 2) by way of fuel injection, the following twocategories. According to the location of the jet, into intake manifold junction(SPI) and the jet intake manifold Department (MPI) are two jet, respectively,also known as single-point and multi-point injection jet. MPI iscurrently widely used in the is currently widely used in theway. Department of gasoline ignition gasoline engine ignition system aregenerally three categories: contact-type ignition system, electronic ignitionsystem, computer-controlled ignition system.车辆悬架系统中的机动车辆悬架系统是一种非常重要的系统。它不仅对乘坐汽车的舒适度有影响,而且对附件的稳定性等其他性能有着显著的影响。每个悬挂的弹性元件(弹簧),是车架(起稳定作用), 以及减振器的角色(减震)组成然而,并非所有的悬架必须有三个组成部分。只要我们能发挥三个作用。汽车的维护,悬架分类:一 非独立悬架:两侧车轮安装在一根整体式车桥上,车轮连同车桥一起通过框架与车身相连。但这种悬架结构简单,可靠,制造方便,而是由两个轮冲击和振动轮互相影响。在载重汽车上被广泛应用。 但减震器的表现不佳,汽车行进中的震动越大,影响越严重,所以这种悬挂通常被用在卡车、客车和其他的普通车辆。 独立悬架:每个元件通过两侧车轮安装或悬挂在车架上,并且采用断开式车桥。安装了这种减震系统的车轮不易失重飞起,具有强大减震能力的缓冲器更是提供了舒适的乘驾感受。若一侧车轮相对于车架(或车身)的位置发生变化时,另一侧车轮不受影响。这种悬架结构复杂,且车身的平稳性和高速行驶的稳定性较好,因此在轿车和小客车上得到普遍采用。以上指标均优于非独立悬架,但是悬架的结构越复杂,驱动桥和转向系统也就越复杂。使用这种悬架的交通工有以下两种:1汽车和客车等客运车辆:可以提高乘驾舒适度,并且当高速驾驶时能提高稳定性。mining vehicles.越野车,军用车和采矿车。在路况不佳时,可以确保所有的车轮接触地面并提高稳定性,避免汽车起伏,发挥出汽车的速度。二.弹性元件类型:1 钢板弹簧:它是由若干片长方形的钢板组合成的复合板,呈弯曲形。安装在自然向上的曲线两端。此外,钢板弹簧通过减震器起到某种程度的减震、传递垂直载荷的作用。在非独立悬架和导向机构中,也使用钢板弹簧这种弹性元件和减震器这样简单的结构。2螺旋弹簧;只为多汽车独立悬架缓冲,在缺少阻尼力和质量职能的情况下,还必须具备特殊的减震器和导向装置。 3油气弹簧: 使用油液和高压气体作为弹性材料,不仅有很好的减震能力,可以吸收冲击。在同样情况下能够提供更好的调节作用,适用于重型车辆和客车。4扭杆弹簧:汽车车架与车轮用扭杆弹簧,其一端固定在车架上而另一端与车轮连接,车轮上下跳动时扭杆产生扭转变形,靠扭转弹力来吸收振动能量适合独立悬架系统。三.减震器减震筒的使用,油的使用可以切断震动造成的能里损耗。减震器上端与车底架相连,下端与车桥相连。减震器在大部分的行程可以起到压缩的双重作用四.导向机构:独立悬架的弹性元件,大多数只能传递垂直载荷,并不能传递水平载荷,必须是分离的导向机构。如上所述,在力臂和垂直和水平稳定器等。五.非独立悬架:非独立悬架位于卡车的前部和后部,像客车,汽车等一些车辆的后桥也是非独立悬架。每个轿车均由两个独立的非垂直的钢板弹簧构成。钢板弹簧固定在车桥中间,其前后端车架或车身通过耳朵悬铰链或使用滑板连接的。上面的框架用减振器的下端连接轴。车后桥一般无减震器。六 .螺旋弹簧作为弹性元件被用在多种类型的独立悬架。 扭杆弹簧torque Cup two-under.为独立悬架分成纵向和横向扭力矩杯两杆。 虽然独立悬架具有许多优点,但汽车将会通过更复杂的桥结构改进系统,驱动和驾驶。 关键词:发动机的结构发动机的性能对机动车辆的性能有着直接的影响。首先,燃料使用不同类别根据发动机的燃料,分为汽油发动机和柴油发动机。1网络汽车养护维修,汽油发动机体积小,重量轻,价格低;当最大速度运行是,启动好;运行时震动小,噪音小,适合小型和中型汽车,尤其是高速车。由于爆燃的限制,汽油机不可以有过高的压缩比,热效率,而且不如柴油经济。汽油是一种进入气缸中的主要气体管道的混合物,在压缩到接近底部的火花塞时点火。驾驶者加速踩油门时混合气体进入气缸来控制发动机的负载,这是常规。汽油发动机的燃料供给系统和点火系统是发生汽油发动机故障的比例较高的一部分。虽然汽油发动机比柴油排放更多的一氧化碳,碳化合物和氮氧化物等有害物质成分,但是,现在的电控燃油喷射系统和其他废气净化装置却有了很大的改善。但与目前的电控燃油喷射系统和其他尾气净化装置,极大地改善。此外,汽油发动机的扭矩特性非常适用于汽车,可以大大降低司机的劳动强度。2柴油发动机和汽油发动机,柴油发动机的大小,重量,价格高,启动差(尤其是低温时),运行时震动和噪音大; 有黑烟,容易超负荷。柴油发动机机的特点是:1)没有爆燃的限制,但柴油需要自燃,所以柴油发动机压缩比很高。 .热效率和经济性比汽油发动机更好。2)柴油发动机适用于卡车,因为同样的功率,扭矩大,最大功率也大。3)柴油发动机汽缸内的内部是的混合物,没有进油门,小阻力的进气管。 司机.司机加快采用燃油喷射控制板,通过改变发动机负荷,作为规管的质量,因为不存在缺氧问题,碳氢化合物和一氧化碳的排放量低于汽油。4)由于没有点火系统,燃料供应设备故障率低。 因此,不低于汽油发动机。5)柴油发动机扭矩特性并不适用于汽车驾驶循环的需求,移动的摊位,经常使用,是适合飞行员劳动强度的增加。主要适用于中型和重型车辆。第二,发动机缸体及发动机缸体位移量相等的工作。因此,增加汽缸发动机的数量,不仅能增加容量,提高发动机输出功率,而且能够使发动机顺利运作,以减少噪音和振动。现代汽车公司已采用多缸发动机。微型车超过3缸发动机,小卡车,客车和中型以下超过4缸发动机;中型卡车,大型轿车和客车超过6缸发动机;重型卡车一般6-8缸。6缸下单列多缸模式下,8缸V型直列发动机,有些的汽车,为减少发动机的高度,将长度缩短,安装使用V6发动机,V8发动机类型。微型汽车使用3缸发动机,大多是倾斜的。 .在直列发动机结构简单,便宜。 .缺点是,发动机的高度更高,长度更长。更是一个方式。.V型发动机高度低,长度短,但其结构复杂,价格更昂贵,适用于大型发动机。.水冷式发动机缸体采用整体铸造。小型发动机采用铝合金材料,而大型发动机多采用铸铁材料。 and so on.气缸盖螺栓是用在飞机上的固定块,除了构成一个封闭的汽缸燃烧室,进入排气管,阀门和火花塞等。第三,汽油发动机的燃料供应1,燃料供应系统汽化器汽油发动机燃料进入汽化器和燃油喷射器两种主要设备工作原理:发动机工作时,外界空气被吸入空气过滤器,通过过滤器进入气缸。当空气流过管道部分由于较小的增长速度及压力的减少导致了真空。

沃尔沃车标历史:In June 1915, "Volvo" name first appeared in a ball on the SFK, and formally at the Royal Swedish Patent and Trademark Registration Board registered as trade marks. Since that date, SKF companies produce go each group of automotive side of ball and roller bearings, are marked with a new Volvo Latin, "Volvere" is the verb "roll" (rolling) and infinitives, for example, a pistol with a runner is called "revolver". In the use of first person singular form, the verb "volvere" becomes "volvo", "I roll" is "I go forward" means. Therefore, Volvo means "rolling forward." At present the Chinese name of unification as "Volvo", in the past have also had the "rich" in Chinese cars marked by a graph composed of three parts: the first part of the circles represent the Roman god of war Mars, which is the ancient chemical symbol for iron - an arrow inside the circle, the arrow pointing diagonally upwards to the upper right corner. In Western civilization, this can be regarded as the oldest and most common of a trademark, which originated in the Roman Empire, is Mars, the Roman god of war and men masculine symbol of the concept of three different qualities, thus also embodies Mars and then to use to make the majority of weapons between the initial source of iron. Because of this, the flag has long been the world including Switzerland, as a symbol of the steel industry. The reason why the car on the use of the brand logo on behalf of iron is to allow people to recall the glorious tradition of the Swedish iron and steel industry, as well as a strong steely second part is diagonal, set in the radiator from the upper left to lower right in favor of a diagonal ribbons. This band was originally out of technical considerations, is used to sign fixed to the grille on Mars, then it has gradually evolved into a decorative sign and become the most obvious sign of Volvo third part is a registered trademark of Volvo company, is the font used for writing the ancient Egyptian word 1927 was successfully manufactured the first cars on display on the integrity of all of the company logo. This car marked the beginning since the first one has been in use since Volvo cars, Volvo's car as a clear sign of unusual. In addition, Volvo the center of the steering wheel can be seen the iron symbol.够吗? 不够我再发,我已经打给你的邮箱了! 给我分吧!

已经把7篇关于汽车的外文文献发到你邮箱了,关键词为automobile,你里面选择对你最有帮助的来看吧,翻译成3000至4000汉字的应该完全不成问题。希望对你有帮助,也希望能满意。 有不明白地方还可随时再问我。 我邮箱:46******

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本科论文汽车减震性能检测

网络整理汽车减震器是为加速车架与车身振动的衰减,以改善汽车行驶的平顺性、舒适性。尤其是在野外崎岖不平的山路中行驶,汽车减震器的作用尤为突出。减震器失效或损坏,将直接影响到汽车的行驶平顺性和乘坐舒适性,甚至会影响到汽车使用的寿命。所以汽车减震器的检查非常的重要,车主们要时刻注意汽车减震器的使用情况,发现问题后及时处理。下面介绍四种方法,让你快速检测汽车减震器的使用性能。车主们如果发现减震器发出响声的故障,这主要是由于减震器与钢板弹簧、车架或轴相碰撞,胶垫损坏或脱落以及减震器防尘筒变形,油液不足等原因引起的。一、使汽车在道路条件较差的路面上行驶10km后停车,用手摸减震器外壳,如果不够热,说明减震器内部无阻力,减震器不工作。此时,可加入适当的润滑油,再进行试验,若外壳发热,则为减震器内部缺油,应加足油;否则,说明减震器失效。二、以低速行驶,然后急刹车,如果发现汽车抖动比较厉害,并且人体感觉不舒服,那就减震器有问题了。不过这种方法最好少用,因为经常急刹车容易造成刹车系统的损坏。三、拆下减震器将其直立,并把下端连接环夹于台钳上,用力拉压减振杆数次,此时应有稳定的阻力,往上拉的阻力应大于向下压时的阻力,如阻力不稳定或无阻力,可能是减震器内部缺油或阀门零件损坏,应进行修复或更换零件。四、用力按下保险杠,然后松开,如果汽车有2~3次跳跃,则说明减震器工作良好。此外,漏油是导致减震器的工作不正常的原因之一。如果减震器没有漏油的现象,则应检查减震器连接销、连接杆、连接孔、橡胶衬套等是否有损坏、脱焊、破裂或脱落之处。若上述检查正常,则应进一步分解减震器,检查活塞与缸筒间的配合间隙是否过大,缸筒有无拉伤,阀门密封是否良好,阀瓣与阀座贴合是否严密,以及减震器的伸张弹簧是否过软或折断,根据情况采取修磨或换件的办法修理。

用力压一下车身(四个车轮上方,分别测试),如果哪边车身上下摆动,说明这个减... 油液空气式减震器(简称油气式减震器)是目前应用最广泛的一种

可以让汽车缓慢行驶时候紧急制动,如果汽车震动的是比较剧烈的话,那么说明汽车的减震器出现了问题。或者是按下汽车的保险杠,然后松开,如果汽车有2~3次的跳跃动作的话,那么说明减震器的工作环境是良好的,没有出现问题。还有就是可以让汽车在路面环境比较差的状况下行驶10公里左右,然后停车。接着用手去触摸减震器的外壳,如果手触摸到的感觉是热的,那么说明减震器内部是没有阻力的。同时也说明减震器没有工作。这时候车主可以适当加些润滑油进行润滑即可。鉴定汽车避震好坏,最直观的办法是通过驾驶。在不平坦有起伏的路面尤为明显。最直接的办法是拆下来,按压后观察弹回。弹回过程匀速平稳,而不是忽快忽慢,切减震筒没有漏油等现象,减震筒就是好的。如果减震筒性能完好,那么空气压减震筒比油压减震筒性能好许多点,也更耐用。假如减震筒完好,舒适型取决于轮胎和悬架。胎壁厚的是舒适型轮胎,胎壁薄的是操控型轮胎,轮胎气压打的过高会感觉更颠簸。冬季夏季,轮胎气压会随着温度变化升高会降低。

有哪些方法可以巧妙地检测汽车减震器的工作性能如何?为了迅速降低底盘和车身的振动,提高车辆的驾驶舒适性和舒适性,车辆的悬架系统一般都装有减震器。减振器是汽车使用过程中的易损件。消声器的工作质量将直接影响到行驶的稳定性和其他部件的使用寿命。

因此,我们应该保持阻尼器处于良好的工作状态。可以使用以下方法检查阻尼器是否工作良好。在路况恶劣的道路上行驶10公里后停车,用手触摸防震壳。如果温度不够高,则说明减振器内部没有阻力,减振器不工作。此时,可在试验前添加适当的润滑油。如果壳体很热,则说明减振器中缺少油,应添加足够的油;否则,减震器将无法如何判断减震器的好坏:工作原理。

在悬架系统中,弹性元件因碰撞而振动。为了提高车辆的行驶流动性,减震器应与悬架弹性元件平行安装。为了衰减振动,车辆悬架系统中使用的减振器主要是液压减振器。其工作原理是,当车架(或车身)和车桥减振器中的活塞之间的振动产生相对运动时,减振器腔中的油会上下移动,从一个腔中“通过另一个腔中的不同孔”重复流动。孔壁与油之间的摩擦和油分子之间的内摩擦对振动形成阻尼力,使车辆振动的能量转化为油的热能,当油道截面和其他因素保持不变时,阻尼力随底盘和轴(或车轮)之间的相对运动速度而增大或减小,并与油的粘度有关。

拆下'60794;减震器,将其放置到位,将其锁定'60794;将连接环端接在咬合处'60876;拉动并按压减震器数次。在这一点上,它应该是稳定的-60599;电阻。牵引力'60876电阻必须为'?你什么时候按?抵抗。如果电阻稳定或无电阻,则可能是减震器中缺少机油或需要更换或损坏的零件。

汽车系毕业论文外语翻译

Car partsEngine The engine is a power plant, which provides power to drive the automobile. In most automobile engines,the explosive power of the mixture of air and gasoline drives the pistons.The pistons turn a crankshaft to which they are attached The rotating force of the crankshaft makes the automobile’s wheels turn.Some automobiles are powered by another kind of engine,known as the rotary valve,rotating combustion engine or Wankel engine The rotary valve engine also draws in a mixture of air and fuel, which is then compressed and burnt.A motor revolving in an elliptical chamber is connected to a shaft,Which finally drives the rear wheels.In most automobiles.the engine is mounted at the front end of the car,with the clutch and gearbox immediately behind it;the engine, clutch and gearbox are assembled into a single unit A number of systems are necessary to make an engine work . A lubrication system is neededto reduce friction and prevent engine wear. A cooling system is required to keep the engine’s temperature within safe limits .The engine must be provided with the correct amount of air and fuel by a fuel system. The mixture of air and fuel must be ignited inside the cylinder at just the right time by an ignition system.Finally, an electrical system is required to operate the cranking motor that starts the engine and to provide electrical energy to power engine accessoriesLubrication System An engine has many moving parts which eventually develop wear,as they move against each other.The engine circulates oil between these moving parts to prevent the metal-to-metal contact that results in wear. Parts that are oiled can move more easily with less friction and hence power loss due to friction is minimized.The secondary function of lubricant is to act as a coolant and also as a sealing medium to prevent leakages.Finally,a film of lubricant on the cylinder walls helps the tings in sealing and thus improves the engine’s compressions.Cooling System Due to the combustion of fuel with air inside the cylinder,the temperature of the engine parts increases.This increase of temperature directly affects the engine performance and the life of the engine parts.The cooling system keeps the engine operating at the efficient temperature.Whatever the driving conditions, the system is designed to prevent both overheating and overcooling.Fuel System The main function of the fuel supply system is to provide fuel to the carburetor or injection system at a rate and pressure sufficient to meet engine demands under all conditions of load,speed and gradients encountered by the vehicle.The fuel system must also have enough reserve fuel for several miles of vehicle operation.Ignition System The purpose of the ignition system is to provide assistance for the combustion of fuel either by a high voltage spark or self-ignition in each of the engine’s cylinder at the right time so that the air-fuel mixture can burn completely. The fuel supplied to the combustion chamber must be ignited to deliver power.In a spark—ignition engine an electric spark is used for this purpose.The compression—ignition engine does not require a separate ignition system because the ignition is affected by compression of the mixture to a high pressure. Electrical System The engine’s electrical system provides energy to operate a starting motor and to power all the accessories.The main components of the electrical system are a battery,an alternator, a starting motor, ignition coil and heater.Frame The frame provides a foundation for the engine and the body of the vehicle . The flame is constructed from square or box-shaped steel members strong enough to support the weight of the body and other components. The automobile frame is usually made up of a number of members welded or riveted together to give the final shape.The engine is mounted on the frame with rubber pads which absorb vibrations and also provide damping of these vibrations.Absorption and damping of vibrations protects passengers from discomfort caused by shocks. The frame is supported on wheel axles by means of springs.This whole assembly is calledthe chassis. Suspension System The function of the suspension system is to absorb vibrations due to the up and down motion of wheels.caused by the irregularities in the road surface . The springs, connecting linkages.and shock absorber comprise the suspension system of a vehicle.The suspension system is of two types: (1)Rigid system(2)Independent systemIn the rigid system, the road springs are attached to a rigid beam axle. It is mostly used in the front axle of commercial vehicles and in the car axle of all types of independent system does not have a rigid axle. Each wheel is free to move vertically without any reaction on its mating wheel. The independent system is mostly used in small cars Power TrainThe power train carries the power that the engine produces to the car wheels. It consists of the clutch (on cars with a manual transmission), transmission (a system of gears that increases the turning effort of the engine to move the automobile ),drive shaft, differential and rear clutch is required with the manual transmission system to temporarily disconnect the engine from wheels. Such disengagement of the power train from the engine is essential while changing the gear ratio or while stopping the main function of the transmission is to provide the necessary variation to the torque applied by the engine to the wheels. This is achieved by changing the gearing ratio between the engine output shaft and the drive ShaftThe drive shaft or propeller connects the gearbox and the differential unit. The drive shaft has universal joints at its ends.DifferentialThe function of the differential is to split the power received from the propeller shaft to the rear axle shaft. It allows the rear wheels to be driven at different speeds when the vehicle takes a bend or falls into a ditch. AxlesAxles are the shafts on which road wheels are mounted. The road wheels are provided with the required drive through these axles.WheelThe automobile wheels take the load of the vehicle and also produce tractive force to move the vehicle. The wheels are also used for retardation and for stopping the SystemThe steering system is used for changing the direction of the vehicle .The major requirements in any steering mechanism are that it should be precise and easy to handle, and that the front wheels should have a tendency to return to the straight-ahead position after a turn. A gear mechanism, which is known as steering gear, is used in this system to increase the steering effort provided by the driver. This system makes the vehicle steering very easy as the driver does not have to put in much effort.Vehicle steering is not only required on a curved road but also while maneuvering on the busy traffic roads.The steering system allows the vehicle to be guided i.e.to be turned left or right. Braking SystemBrakes are required for slowing down or stopping a moving vehicle.The braking system may be operated mechanically or hydraulically. 95 percent of the braking systems in use today are of the hydraulic brake consist of two members.one rotating and the other stationary.There are various means by which the two member call be brought in contact,thus reducing the speed of the major components of the braking system are:brake pedal, master cylinder, wheel Cylinder, brake pipe,brake shoes.brake packing plant and linkages.As the load on the vehicle and the vehicle speed has increased according to recent trends.in modem days, the importance of the braking system has also increased and power brakes are now being preferred.Power brakes utilize vacuum and air pressure to provide most of the brake————applying effort.汽车部件发动机发动机是一种动力机械设备.它为汽车提供动力。在大部分汽车发动机中.空气和汽油的混合气体产生的爆炸性能量驱动活动活塞运动。活塞使它们所连接的曲轴转动。曲轴的转动力量使汽车的车轮转动。一些汽车是由另外一种发动机提供动力的,这种发动机被认为是旋转气门、旋转燃烧或汪克尔发动机。转子发动机也是吸入空气和燃料的混合气,混合气被压缩和燃烧•在一个椭圆形的室内旋转的发动机连接着一个轴,这个轴将最终驱动后面的车轮。大部分汽车中,发动机是架在汽车的前面末端的,离台器和变速箱在它后面,发动帆、离台器和变速箱被装配成一个整体。发动机工作时有很多系统都是必要的。润滑系统可以减少摩擦并减轻发动机磨损。冷却系统被用来保持发动机的温度在安全范围内。发动机必须有燃油系统保证适当数量的空气和燃料供给。空气和燃油混合物必须由点火系统在适当的时间在气缸内被点燃。最后,电子系统被用来控制启动发动机用的电动机和为发动机附件提供电能。润滑系统发动机有许多最终会被磨损的运动部件,因为它们是相对运动的。发动机使润滑油在这些运动的部件间循环,以避免因金属与金属之间的接触而导致磨损。被润滑过的部件能够因为摩擦减少而容易运动,因摩擦导致的能量损失是最小的。润滑油的第二个功能是作为冷却液和防止泄露。最后,气缸壁上的润滑油薄膜有助于活塞环密封并因此提高发动机的压缩性。冷却系统 由于燃料与空气在气缸内燃烧,从而使发动机部件温度升高。温度升高直接影响发动机的性能和发动机部件的寿命。冷却系统使发动机工作保持在有效的温度。不管驾驶条件如何,发动机系统被设计成既能防止过热又能防止过冷。燃料供给系统燃料供给系统的主要功能是以一定的比例和压力给化油器或喷射系统提供燃料,并在汽车遇到的所有情况下,满足发动机对负载、速度和坡度的需要。燃料系统也必须为汽车行驶几英里保留足够的燃料。点火系统点火系统的作用是在适当的时间使燃料燃烧,不管是高压电火花还是在每个发动机气缸中的自燃,以便于气体混合物的完全燃烧。提供给燃料室的燃料必须被点燃以提供能量。在一个火花点火发动机中,电火花就是用于这个目的。压缩点火发动机不需要一个独立的点火系统,因为点火会受混合气压缩压力的影响。电气系统发动机的电气系统提供能量给起动电动机并给所有附件提供电能。电气系统的主要构件是蓄电池、交流发电机、起动电动机、点火线圈和加热器。车架车架为汽车发动机和车身提供了一个安装框架。车架用方刚或盒形钢铁制造,有足够的强度支撑车身和其他构件的重量。汽车车架通常由一些焊接或铆接在一起的零件构成,从而形成最后的形状。发动机和橡胶垫被圈定在车架上。橡胶垫可以吸收振动,也可以提供这些振动的阻尼减轻乘客由于振动产生的不适。悬架系统悬架系统的功能是吸收由于路面不平使车轮上下运动所产生的振动。弹性元件、连接装置和减振器组成了汽车的悬架系统。悬架系统有两种类型:(1)刚性悬架系统(2)独立悬架系统在刚性悬架系统中,弹簧被系在刚性横梁上,这种系统主要被用在商用车辆的前轴和所有类型车辆的车轴上。独立悬架系统没有一根坚硬的轴。每个车架可以自由做垂直运动而相对应的另一侧车轮没有任何反应。独立悬架系统主要用在小汽车上。传动系统传动系把发动机产生的能量传递给车轮。它包括离台器(汽车上用手动变速器)、传动系(一系列的齿轮,把由发动机产生的转矩增强.推动汽车)、驱动轴、差速器和后挢。离合器离合器用于手动变速的传动系统。用它暂时把发动机和车轮之间的动力传递分开。当换档或停车时,把传动系和发动机的连接断开是很必要的。变速籍变速箱的主要功能是通过发动机把各种必需的扭矩提供给车轮,这是通过改变发动机输出轴和驱动轴两者之阃的传动比来实现的。驱动轴驱动轴或叫推动轴与齿轮箱和差动器相连。驱动轴通常在末端具有万向节。差速器差速器的功能是把来自传动轴的能量分给后轿。当汽车转弯或掉沟时,它允许后轮以不同的逮度驱动。车轿车桥是指用来安装车轮的轴,通过这些车桥向车轮提供必需的驱动力。 车轮车轮支承着整辆车.并产生牵引力来驱动汽车。车轮也用于减速和停车。转向系统转向系统是用来改变汽车方向的,在任何转向机构中最主要的就是转向精确且容易控制,同时前轮在转向后又能自动回正。一个齿轮机构,通常认为是转向齿轮,在这个系统内用来增强由驾驶员提供的转向力,这个系统使得汽车转向非常容易,驾驶员不用费报大的力。不仅仅是在弯曲的公路上需要汽车转向,在交通拥挤的路上也需要巧妙地控制。转向系统使得汽车可以被控制向左或者向右转向。制动系统制动用来使车辆放慢速度或者停车。制动系统可以是机械制动或者液压制动。现在用的制动系统95%都是液压型的。所有的制动系统都包含两种元件,一种是旋转零件,另一种是固定零件,有各种各样方法使得这两个元件相接触而使车辆减速。制动系统的主要组成部分:制动踏扳、主制动缸、车轮制动、制动鼓、制动管路、制动蹄、制动装备和联动装置。随着汽车负载和车速的增大,目前制动系统的重要性也在增大,并且现在人们更喜欢助力制动。助力制动利用真空和空气压力来提供更好的制动力。

Cars in America(美国的汽车)Cars in AmericaCars are an important part of lifein the United States. The car made the UnitedStatesanationon helped to make the United States what it is are three main reasons why the car became so popular in the United States. First of all the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in it. The cars provide the most comfortable and cheapest form of second reason that cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public transportation. Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the world. Nowadays there is a good system of air service provided by planes. But it is too expensive to be used third reason is the most important one, though. The American spirit of independence is what really made cars popular. Americans don't like to wait for a bus, or a train or even a plane. They don't like to have to follow an exact the freedom a car gives them is what Americans want most to decrease of gas supplies has caused a big problem for Americans. But the answer will not be a bigger system of public transportation. The real solution will have to be a new kind of car, one that does not use so much gas.美国的汽车汽车是美国生活的重要组成部分。汽车使得美国成为轮子上的国家,它也帮助美国成为现在的样子。汽车在美国如此盛行有三个主要原因。首先这个国家地域辽阔,而美国人喜欢在其间来回走动。汽车提供了最舒适最便宜的交通方式。汽车如此盛行的第二个原因是美国从未真正发展过有效廉价的公共交通这一事实。美国的长途火车从未像世界上其它地方那么普及。如今飞机提供了空中服务的良好体系。但是飞机太贵了,不能频繁使用。而第三个原因是最为重要的。美国人的独立精神是使得汽车盛行的真正原因。美国人不喜欢等公共汽车、火车甚至飞机。他们不喜欢必须遵循精确的时间表。汽车给予他们的自由正是美国人最想得到的。汽油供给的减少已经给美国人带来了巨大的问题。但答案不是发展更大型的公交体系。真正的解决方式必须是一种新型的汽车,那种不需要使用很多燃料的汽车。Car PollutionEach year there is an increasing number of cars on the roads as millions of new cars are produced. One out of six Americans works at making cars, driving trucks, building roads or filling up gas. Americans couldn't live without cars!Most Americans would find it hard to imagine life without a car. However, some have realized the serious problem of air pollution caused by cars. The polluted air becomes poisonous and dangerous to way to get rid of the polluted air is to make a car without pollution. But to build a clean car is easier said than done. Progress in this field is way is to replace car engines with something else. Inventors are now working on steam cars as well as electric cars. Many makers believe that it will take years to develop a practical model for prevent the world from being polluted by cars, we have to make some changes in our lives. Americans, for example, have to cut down on the number of their total are encouraged to use bicycles, which are thought to help keep the air this change does not come easily. A large number of workers may find themselves without jobs if a car factory cioses down. Thus the problem of air pollution would become less important than that of unemployment. Although cars have led us to a better life, they have also brought us new problems.汽车污染上路的汽车数量逐年增长,同时,每年都会生产出几百万辆新车。在美国,每六个人中就有一个从事与汽车相关的工作:造车、开车、修路、加油等等。离开汽车,美国人无法生活!大部分美国人简直无法想象没有车的生活会是什么样子。但是一些人也已经意识到汽车造成的空气污染已成为严重的问题。被污染的空气具有毒性,并且危害健康。解决空气污染的方法之一就是制造无污染汽车。但是生产清洁汽车说来容易做来难。目前,这一领域的进展十分缓慢。另一个方法就是使用其他东西替代汽车发动机。发明家正在研制蒸汽汽车和电车。但是许多厂家认为我们可以使用的实用型汽车的诞生可能还需要几年时间。要想阻止全球化的汽车污染,我们需要对自己的生活方式做出适当的改变。例如,在美国,需要缩减汽车总量。鼓励人们使用有助空气清洁的自行车。但这种改变不能一蹴而就。一旦汽车工厂关闭,就会有大量工人失去工作。与失业相比,空气污染似乎就不再那么重要了。尽管汽车为我们带来了更加舒适的生活,同时,它也带来了新的问题。

The automobile electronic control system by the sensor, the electronic control module, the actuator three major part is composed, divides into the engine electrically controlled technology, the chassis electrically controlled technology, the automobile body safe electrically controlled technology approximately by its development's new technology. The electrically controlled system has made the important contribution in modern automobile various aspects various domains. This article take the chassis electrically controlled technology's in security aerocyst technology as an example, has conducted the research to the auto safety domain in take the electrically controlled technology as the core safety device. The security aerocyst takes in the automobile passive safety device an important item of equipment, has protected personnel riding on the vehicle's safety effectively. Indicated through the massive statistics and the actual material, when the automobile bumps into, can use the safety belt and the security aerocyst correctly may cause the head injury rate reduction 30%-50%, face being injured rate reduction 70%-80%. This article through has the safekeeping of security to the security aerocyst movement the time process and related actual carries on the sketchy research analysis to verify the security aerocyst the feasibility.

Car partsEngine The engine is a power plant, which provides power to drive the automobile. In most automobile engines,the explosive power of the mixture of air and gasoline drives the pistons.The pistons turn a crankshaft to which they are attached The rotating force of the crankshaft makes the automobile’s wheels turn.Some automobiles are powered by another kind of engine,known as the rotary valve,rotating combustion engine or Wankel engine The rotary valve engine also draws in a mixture of air and fuel, which is then compressed and burnt.A motor revolving in an elliptical chamber is connected to a shaft,Which finally drives the rear wheels.In most automobiles.the engine is mounted at the front end of the car,with the clutch and gearbox immediately behind it;the engine, clutch and gearbox are assembled into a single unit Suspension System The function of the suspension system is to absorb vibrations due to the up and down motion of wheels.caused by the irregularities in the road surface . The springs, connecting linkages.and shock absorber comprise the suspension system of a vehicle.The suspension system is of two types: (1)Rigid system(2)Independent systemIn the rigid system, the road springs are attached to a rigid beam axle. It is mostly used in the front axle of commercial vehicles and in the car axle of all types of independent system does not have a rigid axle. Each wheel is free to move vertically without any reaction on its mating wheel. The independent system is mostly used in small cars Power TrainThe power train carries the power that the engine produces to the car wheels. It consists of the clutch (on cars with a manual transmission), transmission (a system of gears that increases the turning effort of the engine to move the automobile ),drive shaft, differential and rear clutch is required with the manual transmission system to temporarily disconnect the engine from wheels. Such disengagement of the power train from the engine is essential while changing the gear ratio or while stopping the main function of the transmission is to provide the necessary variation to the torque applied by the engine to the wheels. This is achieved by changing the gearing ratio between the engine output shaft and the drive ShaftThe drive shaft or propeller connects the gearbox and the differential unit. The drive shaft has universal joints at its ends.DifferentialThe function of the differential is to split the power received from the propeller shaft to the rear axle shaft. It allows the rear wheels to be driven at different speeds when the vehicle takes a bend or falls into a ditch. AxlesAxles are the shafts on which road wheels are mounted. The road wheels are provided with the required drive through these axles.WheelThe automobile wheels take the load of the vehicle and also produce tractive force to move the vehicle. The wheels are also used for retardation and for stopping the SystemThe steering system is used for changing the direction of the vehicle .The major requirements in any steering mechanism are that it should be precise and easy to handle, and that the front wheels should have a tendency to return to the straight-ahead position after a turn. A gear mechanism, which is known as steering gear, is used in this system to increase the steering effort provided by the driver. This system makes the vehicle steering very easy as the driver does not have to put in much effort.Vehicle steering is not only required on a curved road but also while maneuvering on the busy traffic roads.The steering system allows the vehicle to be guided i.e.to be turned left or right. Braking SystemBrakes are required for slowing down or stopping a moving vehicle.The braking system may be operated mechanically or hydraulically. 95 percent of the braking systems in use today are of the hydraulic brake consist of two members.one rotating and the other stationary.There are various means by which the two member call be brought in contact,thus reducing the speed of the major components of the braking system are:brake pedal, master cylinder, wheel Cylinder, brake pipe,brake shoes.brake packing plant and linkages.As the load on the vehicle and the vehicle speed has increased according to recent trends.in modem days, the importance of the braking system has also increased and power brakes are now being preferred.Power brakes utilize vacuum and air pressure to provide most of the brake————applying effort.汽车部件发动机发动机是一种动力机械设备.它为汽车提供动力。在大部分汽车发动机中.空气和汽油的混合气体产生的爆炸性能量驱动活动活塞运动。活塞使它们所连接的曲轴转动。曲轴的转动力量使汽车的车轮转动。一些汽车是由另外一种发动机提供动力的,这种发动机被认为是旋转气门、旋转燃烧或汪克尔发动机。转子发动机也是吸入空气和燃料的混合气,混合气被压缩和燃烧•在一个椭圆形的室内旋转的发动机连接着一个轴,这个轴将最终驱动后面的车轮。大部分汽车中,发动机是架在汽车的前面末端的,离台器和变速箱在它后面,发动帆、离台器和变速箱被装配成一个整体。发动机工作时有很多系统都是必要的。润滑系统可以减少摩擦并减轻发动机磨损。冷却系统被用来保持发动机的温度在安全范围内。发动机必须有燃油系统保证适当数量的空气和燃料供给。空气和燃油混合物必须由点火系统在适当的时间在气缸内被点燃。最后,电子系统被用来控制启动发动机用的电动机和为发动机附件提供电能。润滑系统发动机有许多最终会被磨损的运动部件,因为它们是相对运动的。发动机使润滑油在这些运动的部件间循环,以避免因金属与金属之间的接触而导致磨损。被润滑过的部件能够因为摩擦减少而容易运动,因摩擦导致的能量损失是最小的。润滑油的第二个功能是作为冷却液和防止泄露。最后,气缸壁上的润滑油薄膜有助于活塞环密封并因此提高发动机的压缩性。冷却系统 由于燃料与空气在气缸内燃烧,从而使发动机部件温度升高。温度升高直接影响发动机的性能和发动机部件的寿命。冷却系统使发动机工作保持在有效的温度。不管驾驶条件如何,发动机系统被设计成既能防止过热又能防止过冷。燃料供给系统燃料供给系统的主要功能是以一定的比例和压力给化油器或喷射系统提供燃料,并在汽车遇到的所有情况下,满足发动机对负载、速度和坡度的需要。燃料系统也必须为汽车行驶几英里保留足够的燃料。身提供了一个安装框架。车架用方刚或盒形钢铁制造,有足够的强度支撑车身和其他构件的重量。汽车车架通常由一些焊接或铆接在一起的零件构成,从而形成最后的形状。发动机和橡胶垫被圈定在车架上。橡胶垫可以吸收振动,也可以提供这些振动的阻尼减轻乘客由于振动产生的不适。悬架系统悬架系统的功能是吸收由于路面不平使车轮上下运动所产生的振动。弹性元件、连接装置和减振器组成了汽车的悬架系统。悬架系统有两种类型:(1)刚性悬架系统(2)独立悬架系统在刚性悬架系统中,弹簧被系在刚性横梁上,这种系统主要被用在商用车辆的前轴和所有类型车辆的车轴上。独立悬架系统没有一根坚硬的轴。每个车架可以自由做垂直运动而相对应的另一侧车轮没有任何反应。独立悬架系统主要用在小汽车上。传动系统传动系把发动机产生的能量传递给车轮。它包括离台器(汽车上用手动变速器)、传动系(一系列的齿轮,把由发动机产生的转矩增强.推动汽车)、驱动轴、差速器和后挢。离合器离合器用于手动变速的传动系统。用它暂时把发动机和车轮之间的动力传递分开。当换档或停车时,把传动系和发动机的连接断开是很必要的。变速籍变速箱的主要功能是通过发动机把各种必需的扭矩提供给车轮,这是通过改变发动机输出轴和驱动轴两者之阃的传动比来实现的。驱动轴驱动轴或叫推动轴与齿轮箱和差动器相连。驱动轴通常在末端具有万向节。差速器差速器的功能是把来自传动轴的能量分给后轿。当汽车转弯或掉沟时,它允许后轮以不同的逮度驱动。车轿车桥是指用来安装车轮的轴,通过这些车桥向车轮提供必需的驱动力。 车轮车轮支承着整辆车.并产生牵引力来驱动汽车。车轮也用于减速和停车。转向系统转向系统是用来改变汽车方向的,在任何转向机构中最主要的就是转向精确且容易控制,同时前轮在转向后又能自动回正。一个齿轮机构,通常认为是转向齿轮,在这个系统内用来增强由驾驶员提供的转向力,这个系统使得汽车转向非常容易,驾驶员不用费报大的力。不仅仅是在弯曲的公路上需要汽车转向,在交通拥挤的路上也需要巧妙地控制。转向系统使得汽车可以被控制向左或者向右转向。制动系统制动用来使车辆放慢速度或者停车。制动系统可以是机械制动或者液压制动。现在用的制动系统95%都是液压型的。所有的制动系统都包含两种元件,一种是旋转零件,另一种是固定零件,有各种各样方法使得这两个元件相接触而使车辆减速。制动系统的主要组成部分:制动踏扳、主制动缸、车轮制动、制动鼓、制动管路、制动蹄、制动装备和联动装置。随着汽车负载和车速的增大,目前制动系统的重要性也在增大,并且现在人们更喜欢助力制动。助力制动利用真空和空气压力来提供更好的制动力。

汽车电控系统检测及诊断论文

摘 要:能源和环保是当今世界与汽车有关两大热点问题。现代汽车的发展趋势是动力好、操作方便、行驶安全、乘坐舒适,并且更重要的是节能、环保,汽车制造技术的发展必然要适应这一发展方向。汽车电子控制技术的是现代汽车新技术的核心正在快速发展中,呈现了电脑化、智能化、多样化态势。现代汽车被喻为“四个轮子的电脑”。汽车维修企业作为汽车后市场的服务者,应该主动适应汽车技术的发展,才能在的激烈竞争中保持旺盛的生命力。 关键词:汽车;电控;新技术;维修行业 中图分类号: 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1672—545X(2007)02— — 一、汽车电控新技术 现代汽车是典型的机、电、液一体化产品。其中的电子控制技术已成为衡量现代汽车发展水平的重要标志。汽车上的电控系统主要有:电子燃油喷射系统(EFI) 、电控点火装置(ESA)、废气再循环控制(EGR)、怠速控制(ISC)、制动防抱死控制系统(ABS)、防滑控制系统(ASR)、电子控制悬架系统(ASS )、电子控制自动变速器(AT)、电子助力转向(EPS) 、巡行控制系统(CCS)等。 汽车电控系统主要由传感器、电子控制中枢(ECU)、驱动器和控制程序软件等组成,大体可分为发动机电子控制系统,底盘综合控制系统,车身电子安全系统,信息通讯系统四个部分。 (一)发动机电控新技术 1、电控汽油喷射系统 发动机电控燃油喷射装置是根据各传感器测得的空气流量、进气温度、发动机转速及工作温度等参数,适时调整供油量,保证发动机始终在最佳工作状态,提高发动机的综合性能。分为单点喷射(SPI)、多点喷射(MPI)和缸内直接喷射3种型式。缸内直喷当前电控燃油喷射中的前沿技术,其喷油器安装在气缸盖上,工作时直接将汽油喷入气缸内进行混合燃烧。直喷技术的实现大大降低了汽油机的油耗,动力性能更为优越;配合其他机构使高空燃比稀燃技术得以实现。 2、电子点火控制系统 由微处理机、传感器及其接口、执行器等构成。该装置根据传感器测得的发动机参数进行运算、判断、点火时刻的调节,使发动机保证在最佳点火提前角(ESA)下工作,输出最大的功率和转矩,降低油耗和排放。目前出现了一种无分电器微机控制点火系统(DLI),改由 ECU内部控制各缸配电。点火线圈产生的高压电不需经过分电器分配,直接就送至火花塞发生点火,可消除分火头与分电器盖边电极的火花放电现象,减少电磁干扰。 3、怠速控制系统 怠速性能差将导致油耗增加,排污严重,现代轿车中一般都设有怠速控制系统。主要执行元件是怠速控制阀(ISC)。ECU根据从各传感器的输入信号所决定的目标转速与发动机的实际转速比较,根据比较得出的差值,确定相当于目标转速的控制量,驱动控制空气量的执行机构,使怠速保持在最佳状态附近。怠速控制系统中的执行器—怠速控制阀的发展较快,有步进电机型、旋转电磁阀型、占空比型和开关控制型等。 4、排气再循环电控系统 是目前降低废气中氧化氮排放的一种有效措施。主要执行元件是数控式EGR阀。ECU根据发动机的转速、节气门开度、冷却水温等信号,计算最佳再循环排气率,通过真空调节阀将ECU输出的电信号转换为气压变化,控制 EGR阀的开度来实现。真空调节阀一般是电磁式的。ECU还通过压力传感器测量再循环排气率信号来进行反馈控制,一般是独立式压力或压差传感器,现在出现了与EGR阀共为一体的EGR位置传感器,提高了控制精度。 5、增压电控系统 发动机中增压系统的安装目的是为了提高进气效率。电控增压系统的研制开发使增压技术又跨上了一个新台阶。目前,应用较普遍的是电控废气涡轮增压系统。 增压技术所带来的一个不可忽视的负面影响就是燃烧爆震倾向增加了,为此,专门用爆震传感器对点火系统进行反馈控制(即爆震控制)。 6、故障自诊断系统 现代轿车发动机电控系统的ECU中的故障自诊断系统,可自行监测、诊断发动机控制系统各部分的故障。当各控制系统出现故障时,仪表板上的故障指示灯闪烁报警,同时将故障信息以代码的形式保存在微机的存储器中,维修时可以通过故障指示灯间断闪烁来显示,也可以通过专用的检测仪器以数字的形式显示故障代码,通过手册可查出故障原因。 7、故障保险系统及故障备用控制系统 当自诊断系统检测出传感器及其电路故障后,ECU中的故障保险系统自动启动,用程序设定的数据取代故障部分输入的非正常信号直接控制。 而当微机或主要传感器出现故障时,ECU立即将主控权由微机切换至故障备用系统中,由其代替微机工作,保证轿车“缓慢回家”以便修理。 9、进气涡流电控系统 电控进气涡流技术在某些轿车(特别是采用稀燃技术的轿车)上应用较多。其结构是在进气口附近增设一涡流控制阀,通过ECU采集转速、节气门开度、冷却水温等信号,并加以处理后控制其旋转角度,引导气流偏转产生涡流,调节涡流比,实现涡流控制,促进汽油蒸发以及与空气的均匀混合,提高燃烧效率。 10、可变进气控制系统 可变进气控制系统从增加进气量、提高进气效率的角度出发提高发动机动力性和经济性。有两种类型:可变流通面积控制方式通过ECU控制安装在进气管道中的控制阀的旋转角度来改变其进气流通截面,满足不同工况对进气量的需求;可变流通长度控制方式由ECU控制进气管道中的控制阀来调整进气管的长度。 11、进气温度预热控制系统 进气温度预热控制系统通过调节低温起动时的进气温度来促进汽油蒸发,改善排放性能。预热方式主要有排气管预热、水温预热和正温度元件(PTC)预热3种型式。 12、燃油蒸发电控系统 广泛应用的是活性炭罐蒸发电控装置。停车期间,利用活性炭罐吸收汽油蒸气,防止向大气扩散;发动机运行后,ECU控制活性炭罐与进气管之间的导通,利用进气真空度将活性炭罐中吸附的汽油蒸气吸入进气管,这样可有效防止汽油蒸气的外逸,降低 HC的排放污染。 13、曲轴箱强制通风电控系统 曲轴箱强制通风电控系统由ECU根据节气门位置信号、转速信号等控制强制通风阀,从而实现曲轴箱内气体与进气管之间的导通,将气缸中经活塞环间隙渗入曲轴箱内的气体再次循环进入进气管中,以减少该部分气体直接排向大气造成的污染。 14、二次空气喷射系统 二次空气喷射由ECU控制二次空气喷射气道的导通,将空气引入催化转换器中,实现对NOx、CO、HC的转变。目前与催化转换器配合使用。随着研究的深入,出现了许多新技术。如停缸控制可根据负荷的不同要求,停止部分气缸的燃油供给与点火控制,减少浪费,提高发动机效率;再如加速踏板电控系统,可避免机械式加速踏板因为磨损而产生的误差,增加控制精度。 (二)汽车底盘、车身电控技术的发展 汽车底盘作为汽车的重要组成部分,其性能的好坏直接影响到整个汽车的综合性能。底盘综合控制系统包括电控自动变速器(ECAT)、防抱死制动系统(ABS)与驱动防滑系统(ASR)、电子转向助力系统(EPS)、自适应悬挂系统(ASS )、巡行控制系统(CCS)等。 1、电控自动变速器 电控自动变速器可以根据发动机的载荷、转速、车速、制动器工作状态及驾驶员所控制的各种参数,经计算、判断后自动地改变变速杆的位置,按照换档特性精确地控制变速比,从而实现变速器换挡的最佳控制,得到最佳挡位和最佳换挡时间。采用电子技术特别是微电子技术控制变速系统,已经成为当前汽车实现自动变速功能的主要方法。 2、防抱死制动系统与驱动防滑系统 汽车防抱死制动系统是在汽车安全上的最有价值应用。通过感知制动轮瞬时的运动状态,控制防止汽车制动时车轮的抱死,以保证汽车在制动时维持方向稳定性和缩短制动距离,提高行车的安全性。驱动防滑系统是汽车制动防抱死系统的功能完善和扩展,两系统有许多共同组件。利用驱动轮上的转速传感器感受驱动轮是否打滑,打滑时控制元件便通过制动或油门降低转速,使之不再打滑。 3、电子转向助力系统 由转矩(转向)传感器、电子控制单元、电动机、减速器、机械转向器以及蓄电池电源等构成。采用电动机与电子控制技术对转向进行控制,利用电动机产生的动力协助驾车者进行动力转向,系统不直接消耗发动机的动力。电子转向助力系统提高了汽车的转向能力和转向响应特性,增加了汽车低速时的机动性以及调整行驶时的稳定性。目前国内中高档轿车应用助力转向较多。 4、自适应悬挂系统 自适应悬挂系统能根据悬挂装置的瞬时负荷,自动、适时地调整悬挂的阻尼特性及悬架弹簧的刚度,以适应瞬时负荷,保持悬挂的既定高度,极大地提高了车辆行驶的稳定性、操纵性和乘坐的舒适性。 5、定速巡航控制系统 巡航控制是让驾驶员在长途行驶无需操作油门踏板就能保证汽车以某一固定的预选车速行驶的控制系统。将根据行车阻力自动调整节气门开度以调整车速在恒速状态附近。若路况变化可调节节气门开度以调节发动机功率达到相应的转速。该系统可以减轻驾驶员长途驾驶之疲劳,同时也可以得到较好的燃油经济性。 (三)车身电子安全技术的发展 车身电子安全系统包括自适应前照灯系统(AFS)、汽车夜视系统(N VS)、安全气囊(SRS)、碰撞警示与预防系统(CWAS)、轮胎压力监测系统(TPWS)、自动调节座椅系统(AA S)、安全带控制系统等,提高了驾驶人员和乘客乘坐的舒适和方便性。 1、自适应前照灯系统 自适应前照灯系统可在前照灯照明范围内,根据车身的动态变化、转向机构的动作特性等计算和判断汽车当前的行驶状态并对前照灯近光进行调整,在会车时自动启闭和防眩,有效降低驾驶者在夜晚弯路上行车的疲劳。一些日本高档轿车(如丰田)中已标配AFS系统。 2、汽车夜视系统 夜视系统是全天候的电子眼,通过一个起摄影作用的传感器来探测前方物体热量,再集中可以通过各种红外线波长的探测器上,后将辐射依次变换为电信号和数字信号,转换成图像显示给驾驶者,使其视力范围达到近光灯照射距离的3到5倍,大大提高了汽车行驶的安全性。 3、安全气囊 是常见的被动安全装置。在车辆相撞时,由电控元件用电流引爆安置在方向盘中央(有的在仪表盘板杂务箱后边也安装)等处气囊中的渗氮物,迅速燃烧产生氮气,瞬间充满气囊,在驾驶员与方向盘之间、前座乘员与仪表板间形成一个缓冲软垫,避免硬性撞击而受伤。 4、碰撞警示和预防系统 该系统有多种形式,有的在汽车行驶中,当两车的距离小到安全距离时,即自动报警,若继续行驶,则会在即将相撞的瞬间,自动控制汽车制动器将汽车停住;有的是在汽车倒车时,显示车后障碍物的距离,有效地防止倒车事故发生。 5、轮胎压力监测系统 轮胎压力监测系统通过连续地监测轮胎的压力、温度和车轮转速,能够自动地为驾驶员发出警告,以保持适宜的轮压,可以减小轮胎的磨损、降低油耗、保证汽车的行驶稳定和安全性。 6、自动调节座椅系统 该装置通过传感器感知乘坐人员的体态,并使座椅状态与之相适应,满足乘客的舒适性要求。是人体工程技术与电子控制技术相结合的产物。

汽车发动机电控系统故障检测与维修 诊断是指对某个或某几个故障症状通过一定手段的检测从而做出正确判断的过程。而综合诊断技术则是指对复杂的故障症状,利用一切可能的和必要的检测手段进行检测,并通过对其检测的结果(包括各种数据参数)进行由此及彼,由表及里,由浅人深,去伪存真的认真分析,从而得出尽可能符合实际的判断并在进一步的拆解和修理中不断验证和修正原判断直至真正排除故障的全过程。通常包括下述几个部分: (1) 故障码分析; (2) 数据分析(含波形分析); (3) 点火分析(含波形分析); (4) 尾气分析(含波形分析); (5) 压力和真空分析(含波形分析)。 故障代码分析是在读取故障代码的基础上,结合其他检测结果对所读取的故障代码进行比较分析从而做出故障判断的一种方法。它是汽车电子控制系统故障诊断中最基本也是最简单的方法之一。故障代码分析的过程是对汽车控制电脑故障自诊断系统所纪录的故障代码进行读取、清除和鉴别分类的分析过程。通常故障代码分析是诊断汽车电子控制系统故障的第一步。 故障代码(简称故障码)是汽车控制电脑的自诊断系统对检测出的故障点所记录下的相应编码(数字或字母)。 根据各数据在检测仪上显示方式不同,数据参数可分为两大类型:数值参数和状态参数。数据参数是有一定单位、一定变化范围的参数,它通常反映出电控装置工作中各部件的工作电压、压力、温度、时间、速度等。状态参数是那些只有2种工作状态的参数,如开或关,闭合或断开、高或低、是或否等,它通常表示电控装置中的开关和电磁阀等元件的工作状态。 根据ECU的控制原理,数据参数又分为输入参数和输出参数。输入参数是指各传感器或开关信号输入给ECU的各个参数。输入参数可以是数值参数,也可以是状态参数。输出参数是ECU送出给各执行器的输出指令。输出参数大多是状态参数,也有少部分是数值参数。 数据流中的参数可以按汽车和发动机的各个系统进行分类,不同类型或不同系统的参数的分析方法各不相同。在进行电控装置故障诊断时,还应当将几种不同类型或不同系统的参数进行综合对照分析。不同厂牌及不同车型的汽车,其电控装置的数据流参数的名称和内容都不完全相同。 数据参数分析是诊断电子控制系统故障的重要方法之一。数据参数是控制电脑对所控制的系统正运行的控制状态的数量表现形式。数据参数分析是运用各种测试手段对控制系统的各类相关数据参数进行综合分析的过程。数据参数分析在测量结果显示方式上可分为数值显示和波形显示两种方式,在测量手段上又可以分为电脑通讯式测量和电路在线式测量以及元件模拟式测量三种。 电脑在分析某些数据参数时,不仅要考虑传感器的数值,而且要判断其响应的速率,以获得最佳的控制效果。如氧传感器的信号,不仅要求有信号电压和电压的变化,而且信号电压的变化频率在一定时间内要超过一定的次数(如某些车要求大于6~10次/10s),当小于此值时,就会产生故障码,表示氧传感器响应过慢。有了故障码的故障是比较好解决的。但当次数并未超过限定值,而又已经反应迟缓时,并不会产生故障码。此时如仔细体会,可能会感到一些故障症状。我们应接上仪器观察氧传感器的数据(包括信号电压和在上下的变化状态以判断传感器的好坏)。比如奥迪车,当氧传感器的响应迟缓时,往往在1600~1800r/min之间出现转速自动波动(加速踏板不动)约100~200r/min,甚至影响加速性。这往往是由于氧传感器响应迟缓,导致空燃比变化过大,造成转速的波动。还有对采用OBD—Ⅱ系统的车,催化转化器前后氧传感器的信号变化频率是不一样的。通常后氧传感器的信号变化频率至少应低于前氧传感器的一半,否则可能催化转化器的转化效率已减低了。 又如奥迪车的机油压力警报系统采用高低压报警。其规定在怠速时,当低压传感器(通常安装在缸盖后侧)处的压力小于30kPa时要报警,而在(2000±50)r/min时,主油道压力(传感器安装在机滤处)低于180kPa时高压要报警。有一个车却在怠速时,高压报警。经检查是转速信号错误。更换点火模块后,系统正常。因为报警控制系统是从点火模块处获得转速信号的,当在怠速时,实际转速为(800±50)r/min,而报警系统得到的转速信号却已接近2000r/min,可这时的机油压力不会达到180kPa以上,自然会报警了。 有故障码时 在进行故障码分析并确认有故障码存在时,可以直接找出与该故障码相关的各组数据进行分析,并根据故障码设定的条件分析故障码产生的原因,进而对数据的数值及波形进行分析,找出故障点。

汽车电控系统在线故障诊断方法的研究第一章 序论 12-20 1.1 汽车电控系统故障诊断简介 12-14 1.1.1 汽车电控系统故障诊断技术的发展 12-13 1.1.2 汽车电控系统故障诊断方式 13-14 1.1.3 汽车电控系统故障诊断的标准 14 1.2 汽车制动防抱死系统(ABS)简介 14-18 1.2.1 ABS的历史、现状及发展趋势 14-16 1.2.2 ABS的基本组成 16-18 1.2.3 ABS故障诊断概述 18 1.3 本文研究的目的和意义 18-19 1.4 本文研究的主要内容 19-20 第二章 汽车电控系统的故障诊断原理及其发展 20-29 2.1 故障诊断的基本概念 20-23 2.2 汽车电控系统故障诊断原理 23-24 2.3 汽车电控系统从传统诊断到智能诊断 24-28 2.4 本章小结 28-29 第三章 信息融合理论与汽车电控系统故障诊断 29-50 3.1 引言 29-32 3.1.1 信息融合的概念 29-30 3.1.2 汽车电控系统诊断——典型的信息融合利用过程 30-31 3.1.3 诊断信息融合面临的问题 31-32 3.2 信息融合原理 32-40 3.2.1 诊断信息的冗余性和互补性 32-35 3.2.2 信息融合的结构 35-39 3.2.2.1 信息融合的结构形式 35-36 3.2.2.2 信息融合的层次 36-39 3.2.3 诊断信息融合过程的一般框架 39-40 3.3 信息融合算法研究 40-47 3.3.1 Bayes推理方法 40-41 3.3.2 基于 Dempster-Shafer证据理论决策层信息融合方法 41-45 3.3.2.1 证据理论的若干基本概念 41-42 3.3.2.2 证据推理过程 42-43 3.3.2.3 故障识别框架和mass函数 43-45 3.3.3 诊断中的证据合成 45-46 3.3.4 融合诊断规则决策的建立 46 3.3.5 诊断决策置信度的表示 46-47 3.4 多传感器信息融合技术在汽车防抱死(ABS)系统故障诊断中的应用 47-49 3.4.1 轮速信号采集系统故障的原因分析 47 3.4.2 轮速信号采集系统的故障特征选择与提取 47 3.4.3 应用决策层信息融合方法诊断 ABS系统故障 47-49 3.5 小结 49-50 第四章 ABS故障诊断系统硬件电路设计 50-62 4.1 总体设计 50 4.2 故障诊断系统电路原理介绍 50-59 4.2.1 PIC系列单片机系统 51-57 4.2.2 故障码显示电路 57-59 4.3 印刷电路板的设计及组装 59-62 4.3.1 设计印刷电路板应具备的条件 59-60 4.3.2 印刷电路板的设计过程 60 4.3.3 印刷电路板的制作 60-62 第五章 ABS故障诊断系统软件程序设计 62-65 5.1 概述 62 5.2 控制 CPU程序 62-63 5.3 诊断系统程序的结构设计 63-65 第六章 结论与建议 65-67 6.1 结论 65 6.2 建议与不足 65-67 参考文献 这个是大纲,觉得对口,与我免费索取全文.

汽车上电控技术的应用,提高了汽车的动力性、经济性、环保性、舒适性,与此同时,需要大量的先进的检测设备对汽车进行故障诊断。我们培养的学生将来走上工作岗位要会利用检测设备对车辆进行检测,并根据检测结果进行故障分析的。...

汽车系统论文参考文献

汽车论文参考文献

在日常学习和工作中,许多人都有过写论文的经历,对论文都不陌生吧,论文是学术界进行成果交流的工具。写起论文来就毫无头绪?以下是我整理的汽车论文参考文献,欢迎大家分享。

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6、哈尔滨成功汽车维修有限公司发展战略案例 哈尔滨工程大学 2007 中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库

7、汽车齿轮工艺的研究与应用 哈尔滨工程大学 2007 中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库

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新能源汽车专业毕业论文参考文献

列出论文参考文献的目的是让读者了解论文研究命题的来龙去脉,便于查找,同时也是尊重前人劳动,对自己的工作有准确的定位。因此这里既有技术问题,也有科学道德问题。如下是我为大家收集的新能源汽车专业毕业论文参考文献,欢迎阅读!

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