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日语论文提纲范文样本

发布时间:2024-07-03 09:45:24

日语论文提纲范文样本

以下是我的毕业论文提纲 绝对原创,翻版必究~~论文以“『伊豆の踊子』の美について”为题,全文共分为五大部分:一、引言二、川端康成と『伊豆の踊り子』の简単な绍介 21 川端康成の简単な绍介 22『伊豆の踊り子』の简単な绍介三、日本の伝统的な审美意识を顾みる四、「伊豆の踊子」の美意识について 、物の哀れの美 、自然の美 、女性の美 、幽玄の美五、结论

论文提纲范文样本如下:

1、确定论文提要,再加进材料,形成全文的概要论文提要是内容提纲的雏型。一般书、教学参考书都有反映全书内容的提要,以便读者一翻提要就知道书的大概内容。我们写论文也需要先写出论文提要。在执笔前把论文的题目和大标题、小标题列出来,再把选用的材料插进去,就形成了论文内容的提要。

2、原稿纸页数的分配写好毕业论文的提要之后,要根据论文的内容考虑篇幅的长短,文章的各个部分,大体上要写多少字。如计划写20页原稿纸(每页300字)的论文,考虑序论用1页,本论用17页,结论用1—2页。

3、本论部分再进行分配,如本论共有四项,可以第一项3—4页,第二项用4—5页,第三项3—4页,第四项6—7页。有这样的分配,便于资料的配备和安排,写作能更有计划。毕业论文的长短一般规定为5000—6000字,因为过短,问题很难讲透,而作为毕业论文也不宜过长,这是一般大专、本科学生的理论基础、实践经验所决定的。

4、编写提纲论文提纲可分为简单提纲和详细提纲两种。简单提纲是高度概括的,只提示论文的要点,如何展开则不涉及。

中日食文化の比较研究-中日料理の作り方に関する分析を通して[日语论文]要旨世界では、中国人がいる所であれ、中国人がいない所であれ、中国饮食文化の影响が见られる。特に中国と一衣帯水の日本では、その影响は少なくない。鉴真は东征した时、中国の饮食文化は日本に伝わった。日本料理を中华料理と比べると、同じ所が少なくないが、相违もたくさんある。本文は中日の饮食観念や中日料理の作り方に対する対比研究を通じて、中日の饮食文化における相违と形成原因を分析して、日本の饮食文化への了解を深めて、日本文化の理解をもっと深めていく。それは中日の文化交流にとって、重要な意义がある。キーワード:中日文化;饮食観念;中日料理;相违;形成原因目次1. はじめに2. 中日の饮食観念の相违3. 中日料理の作り方の相违 食材选択 调理の方法 食器4. 中日の饮食文化における相违の形成原因5.结论 参考文献 谢辞共11页易水寒论文为您您提供参考

论文提纲范文样本:

一、论文基本思路:

1、论题的研究意义。

2、论题的研究目的。

3、论题的研究内容。

4、论题的基础:人力资源的概念、人力资源管理的概念、需要层次论、双因素。

二、人力资源管理中风险管理的现状分析

1、人力资源管理风险管理的概念。

2、人力资源管理风险管理的现状分析、国外人力资源管理的现状分析、国内人力资源管理的现状分析。

3、人力资源管理风险管理的类型分析。

①招聘风险。

②绩效考评风险。

③薪金管理风险。

④员工招聘风险。

⑤劳资管理风险。

三、人力资源管理中产生风险的原因

①员工个人原因。

②企业原因。

③市场原因。

四、人力资源管理中的风险驾驭。

1、人力资源管理中风险管理驾驭的概念。

2、人力资源管理风险驾驭的步骤。

①根据人力资源管理风险管理的类型进行有针对性、有效的调查研究。

②根据调查结果和经验进行风险管理预测(衡量化,以百分比的形式呈现)。

③根据预测结果对风险进行相关的排定,针对排定草拟针对风险的消除方案。

④上报草拟方案给上级部门。

五、人力资源管理的风险监控。

1、人力资源管理风险监控的概念。

2、人力资源管理风险监控的步骤:风险调查、风险识别与认识、拟定防范风险的方案、执行并随时调整方案、评估、建立风险数据库。

六、总结

七、主要参考文献

俄语论文提纲范文样本

俄国文学的文学成就,主要通过浪漫主义文学、现实主义文学和现代主义文学表现出来的。下面是我为大家整理的俄国文学论文,供大家参考。

俄国文学论文 范文 一:俄罗斯文学论文——论《大师与玛格丽特》

摘 要:

米哈伊尔·阿法纳西耶夫维奇·布尔加科夫(1891-1940)是20世纪初俄罗斯著名小说家、戏剧家。他的作品被苏联政府“默藏”多年,直到60年代才重获出版。之后,苏联乃至世界文坛掀起了“布尔加科夫热”,对他的研究成为俄罗斯现代文学的一个重要课题,其代表作《大师和玛格丽特》更成为瞩目的焦点。这部小说被赋予了无以计数的封号:神话小说、情感小说、宗教教诲录、传奇小说,甚至是超小说,因其复杂性和多释性至今仍被认为是个难解的谜。本论文以《大师和玛格丽特》为主要分析文本,旨在探讨它的多重风格与文体杂糅现象,从叙述学的角度对这部20世纪俄国经典小说的特色及主题进行探讨。

关键词:

布尔加科夫、《大师与玛格丽特》、小说创作主题、艺术风格、人物特点

目 录

一、 布尔加科夫生平简介········································2

二、 《大师与玛格丽特》内容简介································3

三、 《大师与玛格丽特》小说主题································3

四、 《大师与玛格丽特》艺术风格································3

五、 《大师与玛格丽特》人物特点································4

正 文

一、布尔加科夫生平简介

米哈伊尔·阿法纳西耶维奇·布尔加科夫 (俄语: Михаил Афанасьевич Булгаков; May 151891, 基辅 – March 10, 1940, 莫斯科) 是二十世纪上半叶的一位俄罗斯小说家、剧作家。

米哈伊尔·阿法纳西耶维奇·布尔加科夫出生于乌克兰基辅市的一个俄罗斯家庭。他是家中的长子,父亲是神学教授。自幼喜爱文学、音乐、戏剧,深受果戈理、歌德等的影响。

1913年,布尔加科夫和Tatiana Lappa结婚。第一次世界大战爆发后,他报名参加了红十字会。1916年,他从基辅大学医疗系 毕业 后,参加了白军。他还曾被短暂征入乌克兰民族军。1919年,他决定弃医从文,成为一个记者。他的兄弟们也都参加了白军,在内战结束后,除了米哈伊尔以外,都流落到巴黎。布尔加科夫从未被允许去西方探望他们。

1921年,布尔加科夫与第一个妻子离婚,与Lyubov' Belozerskaya结婚。在20年代早、中期,他发表了一系列作品,但从1927年开始,他被批评为作品严重反对苏维埃。到1929年,他的任何作品都无法通过审查。 1931年,布尔加科夫与Elena Shilovskaya结婚。Elena即是《大师与玛格丽特》中玛格丽特的原型,本姓Sergeevna,Shilovsky是她前夫的姓。她和前夫离婚后,第二天就和布尔加科夫结婚。在布尔加科夫生命的最后十年里,他继续写作《大师与玛格丽特》和其他戏剧、评论、小说、翻译,但无一得到发表。

布尔加科夫和苏维埃政权之间的关系一直很紧张。1930年,他给斯大林写了封信,请求说:如果苏联不能使用他的讽刺文学才能,请让他移民国外。斯大林本人给他回了电话,拒绝了他。但由于斯大林比较欣赏他的戏剧《图尔宾一家的日子》(根据《白军》改编),便给他在莫斯科一家小剧院找到了工作,后来又调到莫斯科艺术大剧院。然而他在剧院的工作并不成功。他还曾短暂地在Bolshoi歌剧院当词作者,但很快离开了。 1940年,布尔加科夫因家族遗传的肾病而去世。

二、《大师与玛格丽特》内容简介

小说从表面上看就是讲了一个魔王撒旦访问莫斯科的魔幻 故事 :沃兰德(Warland,撒旦的化身)想了解莫斯科的世道人心,就带着几个随从去到那里,用的魔法设置了很多,以检验世道人心的败坏,但几乎所有人都在这场游戏中丑态百出,展现了自己缺陷的人格。主人公大师是一个历史学家,因为幸运地彩票中奖得到一笔巨款,便辞职开始写一本关于圣经中犹太总督彼拉多的小说,无奈小说不为人接受,心情郁闷,住进了精神病院。但很幸运的是,在最困难的时光里,大师遇到了美丽的玛格丽特,她理解他,欣赏他,支持他,与他一起完成心中的愿望。最终在沃兰德的帮助下,他们获得了超越现实的另一种意义上的“永生”(最后都死了)。

三、《大师与玛格丽特》小说主题

《大师和玛格丽特》主题广博,线索纷繁,人物众多,小说故事时间延展两千多年,空间横跨天堂、地狱、人间、古代城邦和现代社会,人物囊括神、魔、妖、人、兽。与这种多重叙事线条交错、在不同时空穿行的复合型文体结构相适应,小说的叙事话语也不是单一的,包含着风格迥异的多重话语层次,它们彼此之间对立矛盾,仿佛每种风格层次均出自不同作者之手,但又完美地交融在一起,如同各种风格的大聚会。

小说体现了作者独特的艺术个性和对当时社会现实的深沉思索。作品采取怪诞的手法、非现实的人物,诠释了现实生活的本质,赞美了真诚的爱情,对善与恶,现实与理想的关系进行了俄罗斯民族特有的哲理探索,并表达了作者对历史和未来的辩证思考,以及对肉体与灵魂关系的深刻透视。

四、《大师与玛格丽特》艺术风格

1、幽默风趣

由沃兰德担当主角的讽刺寓言式小故事系列贯穿整部小说,这些故事里充满着“笑”的元素,随处可见极富喜剧性的细节。布尔加科夫施展让人惊叹的讽刺天赋,极尽嘲讽、夸张、逗乐之能事,用犀利的笔撕破腐朽虚伪的社会现实。

2、庄重肃穆

与沃兰德故事轻松幽默的风格相对立,在彼拉多故事叙事语言的运用上,布尔加科夫突出了一种阴森、恐怖的气氛和灰暗的色调。在环境描写上他反复写到耶路撒冷正面临“黑云压城城欲摧”的危险,灾难正向这座古老的城市袭来。在人物刻画方面,布尔加科夫将他的重点放在彼拉多的内心描写上,用了大量篇幅来刻画彼拉多的内心矛盾,洞悉他细微的情绪转变。

五、《大师与玛格丽特》人物特点

魔鬼沃兰德

布尔加科夫笔下的魔鬼沃兰德不同于《失乐园》与《浮士德》中的魔鬼,他是属于布尔加科夫的。当布尔加科夫招来魔鬼打乱了整个莫斯科的生活秩序时,我们可以看见布尔加科夫躲在魔鬼背后对莫斯科小市民善意的嘲笑。

大师与玛格丽特

小说进行到一半,小说的主人公大师和玛格丽特才姗姗来迟。从一开始,布尔加科夫就不打算让他的主人公处于现实之中。大师第一次遇见玛格丽特,“爱情就在他们面前蹦了出来,就好像小巷里的地底下蹦出来个凶手,一下子让他们惊呆了。”在布尔加科夫笔下,大师与玛格丽特的爱情具有某种纯粹性。它不是托尔斯泰笔下那种宗教式的爱情,又或者是屠格涅夫笔下那种莫名的冲动,它只是爱情。布尔加科夫需要爱情,于是爱情出现了。在这里,布尔加科夫抛弃了之前他对细节谨慎的关注,他表现出来的自由让人着迷。

在布尔加科夫让魔鬼与现实开了一个玩笑后,大师和玛格丽特的出现共同组成了布尔加科夫所需要的真实。作为主人公,大师只占去了全篇很少的几章篇幅。与大师相反,玛格丽特则统领了整个第2部。余华认为,大师是布尔加科夫在现实中伤痕累累的影子。事实上,在大师身上,布尔加科夫始终有着隐痛。大师传达了布尔加科夫与现实关系的暧昧。大师坚信自己的作品是有价值的,而在其作品被否定后,他一度陷入彷徨。大师始终在现实与内心之间若即若离。而最后,他在魔鬼的帮助下找到了自己所需要的安宁。与大师身上的暧昧不同,在玛格丽特身上,布尔加科夫的写作不再受到任何束缚。强劲的 想象力 冲进每一条缝隙与现实拥抱。现实不再成其为现实,或者说,所有的一切都成为了现实。玛格丽特是真正属于布尔加科夫内心的。当布尔加科夫寻找世界的真实时,她成了布尔加科夫的眼睛。可以说,是玛格丽特为布尔加科夫打开了那扇通向世界的门。

无论我们怎么样对待布尔加科夫的创作,接受或是不接受他,我们都应该向他鞠躬致敬,因为这是一名作家,一个以全部的思想和身心忠诚于祖国及其艺术事业的人,他真诚地、从不背叛自我地度过了自己并不轻松的一生。

俄国文学论文范文二:《死魂灵》

一、作者简介 伟大的俄国作家尼古拉·华西里耶维奇·果戈理,是俄国十九世纪前半页最优秀的讽刺作家、讽刺文学流派的开拓者、批判现实主义文学的奠基人之一。一八零九年出生于乌克兰米尔格拉德县的索罗庆采镇的一个地主家庭里,果戈理一家居住乡间,父亲管理着自己的田庄,平时爱写些文学作品,诸如诗歌与喜剧;母亲信仰宗教,是一个虔诚的宗教徒。果戈理从小就生活在受文学熏陶很强的家庭环境里,同时乌克兰淳朴浓郁的乡村习俗以及古老的 传说 与庄园生活,都对他的文学素养的培养起到了潜移默化的影响。由于父亲早逝,促使他较早的就去外地打工谋生,中学毕业后,果戈理来到彼得堡,曾经在国有财产及公共房产局和封地局先后供职,薪俸微薄,生活拮据。正是在打工的生活中,果戈理亲身体验到了社会下层民众的生活艰辛与困苦,饱尝了人世间的冷暖与心酸,使他看到了社会的本质,官场的腐败与黑暗,以及对广大人民群众处于水深火热生活痛苦的理解。

十九世纪初,沙皇俄国在卫国战争中打败了拿破仑,国内早期的资本主义日益发展,随之俄国的农奴解放运动声势日益高涨,迫使反对沙皇专制的自由思想十分盛行,涌现了许多知名的作家,其中普希金的诗作广为流传,歌唱自由、反抗暴政、颂扬献身精神对果戈理的思想影响很深,种种的这些社会经历与社会思想的发展,促使果戈理积淀了日后文学创作的大量素材和动力。1831年,果戈理开始专门从事文学创作。

1831~1832年他的处女作短篇小说集《狄康卡近乡夜话》问世,这部小说集是浪漫主义与现实主义创作相结合的产物,被普希金誉为“极不平凡的现象”,从而奠定了果戈理在文坛的地位。作品笔调幽默、清新,结合了优美的传说、神奇的幻想和现实的 素描 ,描绘了乌克兰大自然的诗情画意,讴歌了普通人民勇敢、善良和热爱自由的性格,同时鞭挞了生活中的丑恶、自私和卑鄙。之后一改在《狄康卡近乡夜话》中对恬静的田园生活的迷醉之情,而将讽刺的笔触转向了揭露社会的丑恶、黑暗和不平,对社会底层的小人物的命运寄予了深切的同情,标志着他的创作走上了一个新阶段。 特别是1837年普希金不幸逝世之后,他将批判现实主义的创作 方法 推向了新的高度,无愧地站在普希金遗留下的位置上,共同成了俄国批判现实主义文学的奠基人。 在写作小说的同时,果戈理也开始了讽刺喜剧的创作。1836年4月,著名喜剧《钦差大臣》在彼得堡亚历山德拉剧院上演,轰动了整个京城。该剧逼真地反映了俄国专制社会的种种弊端和黑暗,从而深刻地揭露了官僚阶级的丑恶和腐朽。

由于远离祖国,脱离生活,果戈理的创作思想发生了危机。他的世界观中根深蒂固的宗教赎罪思想、神秘主义和害怕革命变革的情绪迅速膨胀起来。他竟然要回到宗教迷信和宗法制度中去拯救自己的灵魂和寻找社会的出路,并对过去发表的揭露社会矛盾的作品表示了公开的忏悔。这一切迷误与倒退行径理所当然地受到了以别林斯基为代表的革命民主主义朋友们的严厉批评。果戈理终身未娶,几乎是在穷困中度过了短暂的一生。于1852年3月4日溘然长逝,终年43岁。

二、作品简介 《死魂灵》这部小说这要描写了主人公乞乞科夫,作为一名六等文官,一名看似君子而实际是的投机取巧爱财之人,他来到省会N市,结交政府里的各种高官权贵地位显赫的官员,来打通与他们的关系。他为了发财致富,想起一套买空卖空、巧取豪夺的发财妙计,他走访了一个又一个地主,经过激烈的讨价还价,在市周围的郊区低价购买地主花名册上的尚未注销的死农奴,并以移民为借口,向国家申请无主荒地,然后再将得到的土地和死农奴名单一同抵押给政府,从中获取巨额财富。当他兴高采烈地办完手续后,他的种种购买农奴的罪恶行径被人发觉,继而开始了他的逃亡生涯,后来又被政府公爵逮捕,重重的罪行袒露无遗,他为了活命,为了自己的那笔巨额财富,苦苦哀求摩拉佐夫,后来在旁人关系的协助下,他得以被释放,重新获得自由。

三、 读后感

我用了大约一星期的时间,断断续续的将这本小说读完,由于平时很少涉猎俄国的文学作品,因为作品里的人物名字很长,不便于记住,加之我不太喜欢俄国小说里的情节与环境,一种阴森的潮湿的令人很反感的氛围。读这部小说,我是抱着试试看的心态,以及一种新的阅读理念去读的。总的来看,小说给我的最大印象就是其中运用了大量描写,并辅之以一定的夸张荒诞成分。通过对人物形象及环境的大致掌握,了解了沙皇俄国社会的千型百态,农奴制将要土崩瓦解的那段历史,新的社会制度将要应运而生的社会转型形态。任何制度都是在不断的变化发展的,都有一个成长发展与成熟衰退的历史过程,我们不能抹杀某一段历史的积极存在性,也不能简单予以肯定弊端,要一分为二的看待事物发展。沙皇的农奴制起初有它存在发展的合理性,随着生产力的发展,它的被取代也将是一种不可挽转的趋势。 在这小说里,作者对沙皇俄国官僚、地主、仆人等的日常生活进行了大量描述,展现了他们贪图权势财富,贪婪愚昧的精神世界,以及资本原始积累者的欺冷酷的丑露行径,透露了农奴制的行将末路,定将要被新的社会制度所取代的信息。该小说在人物塑造和幽默讽刺的运用和抒情的结合方面,有所独树一帜。在塑造人物性格中,作者使用大量描写刻画人物的肖像,以揭露人物的精神世界,从而展现人物的鲜明性格,与此同时,作者还使用夸张的手法,荒诞的写法,来支配小说的情节故事发展,在荒诞离奇的故事中来突露人物性格特征。《死魂灵》是果戈理的一部批判现实主义的文学巨著,在俄罗斯文学的发展史上具有重要的里程碑作用。

俄国文学论文相关 文章 :

1. 文学论文提纲范文

2. 美术类学术论文:俄罗斯美术再认识

3. 语言教育论文:俄语语言教学与文化导入

4. 文学上的唯美主义与功利主义

5. 关于世界近代史的论文

6. 萨特的存在主义及文学观

论文提纲范文样本:

一、论文基本思路:

1、论题的研究意义。

2、论题的研究目的。

3、论题的研究内容。

4、论题的基础:人力资源的概念、人力资源管理的概念、需要层次论、双因素。

二、人力资源管理中风险管理的现状分析

1、人力资源管理风险管理的概念。

2、人力资源管理风险管理的现状分析、国外人力资源管理的现状分析、国内人力资源管理的现状分析。

3、人力资源管理风险管理的类型分析。

①招聘风险。

②绩效考评风险。

③薪金管理风险。

④员工招聘风险。

⑤劳资管理风险。

三、人力资源管理中产生风险的原因

①员工个人原因。

②企业原因。

③市场原因。

四、人力资源管理中的风险驾驭。

1、人力资源管理中风险管理驾驭的概念。

2、人力资源管理风险驾驭的步骤。

①根据人力资源管理风险管理的类型进行有针对性、有效的调查研究。

②根据调查结果和经验进行风险管理预测(衡量化,以百分比的形式呈现)。

③根据预测结果对风险进行相关的排定,针对排定草拟针对风险的消除方案。

④上报草拟方案给上级部门。

五、人力资源管理的风险监控。

1、人力资源管理风险监控的概念。

2、人力资源管理风险监控的步骤:风险调查、风险识别与认识、拟定防范风险的方案、执行并随时调整方案、评估、建立风险数据库。

六、总结

七、主要参考文献

论文提纲怎么写如下:

1.内容要求:

论文提纲是对整个课题研究内容的综合设计与阐述,也是对于课题相关研究内容与研究走向的一个框架性的阐述与设计,所以研究者列出论文提纲,可以总体把控论文的思路。

2.书写技巧:

论文提纲的设计需要按照论文原有的设计思路与逻辑顺序进行整体的设计与书写,其中提纲的逻辑调理与内容设计较为重要,.提纲的书写顺序如下:

(1)先拟标题;

(2)写出总论点;

(3)考虑全篇总的安排:从几个方面,以什么顺序来论述总论点,这是论文结构的骨架;

(4)大的项目安排妥当之后,再逐个考虑每个项目的下位论点,直到段一级,写出段的论点句(即段旨);

(5)依次考虑各个段的安排,把准备使用的材料按顺序编码,以便写作时使用;

(6)全面检查,作必要的增删。

二、论文写作范文模板样本(参考)

一、绪论

(一)选题背景、目的及意义

(二)系统开发环境介绍

二、系统分析

(一)可行性研究 ---------------------------------------------------必须有

(二)需求分析 ---------------------------------------------------必须有

三、系统总体设计

(一)系统功能模块设计

功能模块图-----------------------------------------------------必须有

(二)数据库设计

概念模型设计(ER图)-----------------------------------------必须有

逻辑模型设计(二维表)---------------------------------------必须有

英语论文提纲范文样本

英语专业论文提纲范文样本

下面是我整理的英语专业论文提纲范文样本,希望对大家有所帮助。

Class XXX Number XXX Name XXX

Abstract: Nida, a famous translator, says, "For truly successful translation, it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages, because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures."(Background information) This is to say, translation is closely related with not only languages but also cultures. Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete. In the last twenty years, idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication, but cultural differences were rarely involved in it.(Identify problem) This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms, then studies English-Chinese\Chinese-English idiom translation methods(Research subject) from the angle of culture(Method) and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation: pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life, when new culture emerges, new idioms also appear, therefore idiom translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)

Key Words: idioms; culture; translation

论英汉文化背景下的习语翻译

摘要: 著名翻译学家奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言,熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要,

因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景下才有意义。”也就是说,翻译不仅与语言有关也和文化有关。习语翻译中对文化差异的研究在中国的翻译领域中仍然较弱,专门对中英习语翻译的研究还不很完善。近20年来,习语翻译大多强调语际的交流,而很少涉及文化差异。本文通过分析中英习语的文化差异,进而从文化角度研究中英习语翻译方法,并指出中英习语翻译要注意的问题:联系上下文,选择与原文风格,意思相符的`翻译;文化是一种生活方式,文化在变化,出现新的习语,习语翻译要与时俱进。

关键词: 习语;文化;翻译

1. Introduction

Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression

that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)

2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms

The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms Geographical Conditions

The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.

Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of

Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping, 2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)

For example, "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼 An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 错过机会

Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进

A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples)

On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as "骨瘦如柴,对牛弹琴, 众人拾柴火焰高,竹篮打水一场空......". Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like "海角天涯,海枯石烂,海阔天空,海底捞针,海市蜃楼......". (Analysis)

History

The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms

Colours

Numbers

3. Methods of Idiom Translation

Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:

Literal Translation

Free Translation

Translation with Notes

Replacement with Similar Idioms

The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning

A Combination of Literal and Free Translation

4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation

5. Conclusion

One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others' feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)

References

[*] 作者. 书名(英语的斜体). (出版地:)出版社,年份:参考内容页码 [*] 作者. 文章名(英语的斜体). 刊物名称. (出版地:)出版社,年份

[1] Li Mei. Mother tongue and translation. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press,2008

[2] Li Qingming. A Comparison of the Cultures between the Chinese and English Language. Xi'an: Northwest University of technology Press, 2007

[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982

[4] Nida Eugene. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993

[5] Susan Bassnett, Andre Lefevere. Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1987

[6] Luo Shiping. A Research on English Idioms. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006

[7] Li Yuping. English Idioms and their Cultural Origin. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2008

[8] Yin Li. English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture. Beijing: Bejing university Press, 2007

[9] Zhang Yajun. A Kaleidoscope of Chinese Culture. Beijing: Sinolingua, 2008\

[10] 李云(Li Yun).《新编大学翻译教程》. 北京:世界知识出版社, 2007 [11] 马爱英(Ma Aiying).《中英文化翻译》. 北京:科学出版社, 2006

英语毕业论文提纲模板

紧张又充实的`大学生活即将结束,毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文,毕业论文是一种有准备的检验学生学习成果的形式,毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢?以下是我整理的英语毕业论文提纲模板,希望能够帮助到大家。

Acknowledgements 4-6

Contents 6-10

List of Figures 10-12

List of Tables 12-20

Abstract 20-22

摘要 23-25

Chapter 1 Introduction 25-32

Purpose of the study and research questions 28-29

Significance of the study 29-30

Organization of the study 30-31

A note on terminology 31-32

Chapter 2 Literature review 32-51

T/TP and coherence in English writing 32-35

Defining coherence 32-33

T/TP as means to realize coherence 33-35

T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 35-42

T/TP and coherence in EFL/ESL writing 35-37

T/TP in EFL/ESL writing as compared to NS writing 37-42

T/TP in English research articles by EFL/ESL scholars 42-44

The factors that influence T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 44-47

Training in T/TP 47-49

Summary 49-51

Chapter 3 Theoretical background 51-70

Systemic Functional Grammar 51-55

Five dimensions of language as a semiotic system 51-53

Three metafunctions of language as a functional system 53-54

Three lines of meaning from metafunctions 54-55

Theme and thematic progression 55-70

Theme 56-62

Thematic progression 62-70

Chapter 4 Research Design 70-88

The participants and the educational context 70-73

Background of the participants and the participating school 70

The allocation of participants to the training 70-71

The sample sizes 71-72

The pilot study 72-73

The interventional procedures 73-74

The questionnaire 74-75

The training 75-80

Considerations behind the training 75-76

The training material 76-79

The role of the researcher as the trainer 79-80

Data analysis 80-86

Analysis of the writing 80-86

Analysis of the questionnaire 86

Ethical considerations 86-88

Informed consent 86-87

Anonymity 87

Harm 87-88

Chapter 5 Results and analysis of pre-training writing 88-115

Comparison of Themes in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 88-102

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 88-91

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 91-95

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 95-100

Interpersonal Themes 100-102

Comparison of thematic progression in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 102-110

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 102-107

Back,contextual and new Themes 107-110

Summary 110-115

Chapter 6 Results and analysis of post-training writing 115-137

Comparison of Themes in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 115-129

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 115-117

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 117-121

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 121-126

Interpersonal Themes 126-129

Comparison of thematic progression in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 129-132

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 129-131

Back,contextual and new Themes 131-132

Summary 132-137

Chapter 7 Results and analysis of pre- and post- training writing 137-155

Comparison of Themes in pre- and post- training writing 137-147

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 137-139

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 139-142

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 142-145

Interpersonal Themes 145-147

Comparison of thematic progression in pre- and post- training writing 147-150

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 147-149

Back,contextual and new Themes 149-150

Summary 150-155

Chapter 8 Results and analysis of the questionnaire 155-165

Findings from closed questions 155-160

EEL participants' general attitude to training on T/TP 155-157

EEL participants' perception of the usefulness of the training on T/TP 157-158

EEL participants' perception of the learnability of T/TP 158-159

EEL participants' perception of the applicability of T/TP in writing 159-160

Findings from open questions 160-164

The changes that occurred 161-162

The perceived difficulty of applying the theory of T/TP in writing 162-163

The reasons for the perceived difficulty in learning 163

EEL participants' suggestions for future training 163-164

Summary 164-165

Chapter 9 Discussion 165-195

Findings with regard to research questions 165-187

Chinese college students' use of T/TP in pre-training writing 165-172

Chinese college students' use of T/TP in post-training writing 172-181

Effects of the training on T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 181-187

Positioning the study within the literature 187-190

T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 187-189

Effects of training on Chinese college students' use of T/TP 189-190

Implications 190-194

Pedagogical implication 190-193

Methodological implication 193-194

Limitations 194-195

Chapter 10 Conclusion 195-200

Summary 195-197

Putting everything together 197-199

Suggestions for future work 199-200

Notes 200-202

References 202-214

Appendix 1: Plan for the interventional procedures 214-215

Appendix 2: The post-training questionnaire 215-217

Appendix 3: Training material 217-229

Appendix 4: Teachers' guide to the training 229-237

Appendix 5: Consent form for EEL group 237-238

Appendix 6: Consent form for CEL group 238-239

Appendix 7: Consent form for NS group 239

中文摘要 3-4

ABSTRACT 4

Chapter One Introduction 7-10

Motivation of the present study 7-8

Significance of this study 8

Composition of this thesis 8-10

Chapter Two Literature Review 10-19

Language production 10-14

L1 Production 10-11

L2 Production 11-12

Dimensions of language production 12-14

Theories on oral output 14-15

Skehan’s dual-model system 14

Swain’s Output Hypothesis 14-15

Task Repetition 15-17

Task 15-16

Task repetition 16-17

Relevant studies on effects of task repetition on L2 oral output 17-19

CHARPTER THREE THE CURRENT STUDY 19-25

Research justification and questions 19

Hypothesis 19-20

Methods 20-25

Participants 20-21

Material 21

Research design 21-23

Measures 23-25

Chapter Four Results and Discussion 25-41

Results and Analysis 25-34

Quantitative analysis 25-27

Qualitative analysis 27-34

Discussion 34-41

Fluency 34-36

Complexity 36-38

Accuracy 38-39

interlanguage development path of learner L 39-41

Chapter Five Conclusions 41-44

Conclusion and implication 41-43

Limitations and recommendations 43-44

Acknowledgements 44-45

References 45-49

Appendixes 49-54

A. Instructions of the experiment 49-50

B. The same-content task 50-51

C. The different-content task 51-52

D. Sample of oral pre-task 52-53

E. Sample of oral post-task 53-54

F. Sample of writing repetition task 54

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

Research Background

Significance of the Study

Research Goals and Questions

Data Collection and Methodology

Analysis Procedures

Organization of the Thesis

Chapter 2 Literature Review

Introduction to Appraisal Theory

Studies on Appraisal Theory

Studies on Appraisal Theory Abroad

Studies on Appraisal Theory at Home

Studies on Personal Statements

Introduction to Personal Statement

Summary

Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework

An Overview of Attitude System

Affect Resources

Judgment Resources

Social Esteem

Social Sanction

Appreciation Resources

Interactions of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation

Borders of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation

Summary

Appendix 1: Papers Published during Graduate Studies

Appendix 2: Some Samples of the Study

References

Acknowledgements

英文论文提纲范文

在各领域中,大家最不陌生的就是论文了吧,论文是讨论某种问题或研究某种问题的`文章。你知道论文怎样写才规范吗?以下是我精心整理的英文论文提纲范文,希望能够帮助到大家。

论文的规格:正文长度5,500-8,500单词。

使用的语言:英语

论文分题目、引言、正文、参考文献、致谢等部分。

引文要注明出处。直接引用要加引号,间接引文要以转述的方式出现。然后以括号把引文来源写清楚:(作者名,年份,引文所在页码)

论文正文部分:

1、题目大写,三号字,新时代罗马字,大写下面可写一个附标题,4号字;

2、作者名,5号字,班级,学号

3、指导教师名,5号字,职称

4、摘要:用300词,5号字,英文一页,中文一页

5、关键词:不能用专有名词,词与词之间空四格(或一个tab键),不加标点符号

6、正文:用5号字,

大部分标题用5号字黑体、小部分、小小部分。大部分用罗马字,小不分用一般数字符号:

引言:引入正题,不超过2段

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x.

ii. , , , , …

iii. , , , , , / . …

结论

7、参考文献(bibliography):先英文,后中文

作者名,出版年月,文章名/书刊名,出版社,地点

8、致谢(acknowledgement)

英语毕业论文提纲范例:

题目:基于语料库的英语不规则动词过去式的社会语言学变异研究

Contents

Introduction

Chapter 1 Literature Review

General Studies of English Irregular Verbs

Studies of the Variations of Irregular Verbs

Summary

Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework

Foundational Studies of Variationist Sociolinguistics

Variationist Sociolinguistics: Key Concepts and the Principle of Accountability

Analytical Methods in Variationist Sociolinguistics

Summary

Chapter 3 Diachronic Change of PTFs of Irregular Verbs in COHA

Methodology and Data Visualization

Data Analysis

Discussion and Conclusions

Summary

Chapter 4 Synchronic Variation of PTFs of Irregular Verbs

Introduction and Data

Principle Components Analysis

Register Variation of PTF of Irregular Verbs in BNCweb

User-related Variation of PTFs of Irregular Verbs in BNCweb

Discussion and Conclusions

Summary

Conclusion

Bibliography

Acknowledgements

论文提纲范文样本英语

英语专业论文提纲范文样本

下面是我整理的英语专业论文提纲范文样本,希望对大家有所帮助。

Class XXX Number XXX Name XXX

Abstract: Nida, a famous translator, says, "For truly successful translation, it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages, because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures."(Background information) This is to say, translation is closely related with not only languages but also cultures. Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete. In the last twenty years, idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication, but cultural differences were rarely involved in it.(Identify problem) This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms, then studies English-Chinese\Chinese-English idiom translation methods(Research subject) from the angle of culture(Method) and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation: pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life, when new culture emerges, new idioms also appear, therefore idiom translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)

Key Words: idioms; culture; translation

论英汉文化背景下的习语翻译

摘要: 著名翻译学家奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言,熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要,

因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景下才有意义。”也就是说,翻译不仅与语言有关也和文化有关。习语翻译中对文化差异的研究在中国的翻译领域中仍然较弱,专门对中英习语翻译的研究还不很完善。近20年来,习语翻译大多强调语际的交流,而很少涉及文化差异。本文通过分析中英习语的文化差异,进而从文化角度研究中英习语翻译方法,并指出中英习语翻译要注意的问题:联系上下文,选择与原文风格,意思相符的`翻译;文化是一种生活方式,文化在变化,出现新的习语,习语翻译要与时俱进。

关键词: 习语;文化;翻译

1. Introduction

Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression

that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)

2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms

The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms Geographical Conditions

The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.

Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of

Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping, 2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)

For example, "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼 An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 错过机会

Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进

A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples)

On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as "骨瘦如柴,对牛弹琴, 众人拾柴火焰高,竹篮打水一场空......". Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like "海角天涯,海枯石烂,海阔天空,海底捞针,海市蜃楼......". (Analysis)

History

The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms

Colours

Numbers

3. Methods of Idiom Translation

Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:

Literal Translation

Free Translation

Translation with Notes

Replacement with Similar Idioms

The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning

A Combination of Literal and Free Translation

4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation

5. Conclusion

One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others' feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)

References

[*] 作者. 书名(英语的斜体). (出版地:)出版社,年份:参考内容页码 [*] 作者. 文章名(英语的斜体). 刊物名称. (出版地:)出版社,年份

[1] Li Mei. Mother tongue and translation. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press,2008

[2] Li Qingming. A Comparison of the Cultures between the Chinese and English Language. Xi'an: Northwest University of technology Press, 2007

[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982

[4] Nida Eugene. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993

[5] Susan Bassnett, Andre Lefevere. Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1987

[6] Luo Shiping. A Research on English Idioms. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006

[7] Li Yuping. English Idioms and their Cultural Origin. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2008

[8] Yin Li. English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture. Beijing: Bejing university Press, 2007

[9] Zhang Yajun. A Kaleidoscope of Chinese Culture. Beijing: Sinolingua, 2008\

[10] 李云(Li Yun).《新编大学翻译教程》. 北京:世界知识出版社, 2007 [11] 马爱英(Ma Aiying).《中英文化翻译》. 北京:科学出版社, 2006

英语毕业论文提纲模板

紧张又充实的`大学生活即将结束,毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文,毕业论文是一种有准备的检验学生学习成果的形式,毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢?以下是我整理的英语毕业论文提纲模板,希望能够帮助到大家。

Acknowledgements 4-6

Contents 6-10

List of Figures 10-12

List of Tables 12-20

Abstract 20-22

摘要 23-25

Chapter 1 Introduction 25-32

Purpose of the study and research questions 28-29

Significance of the study 29-30

Organization of the study 30-31

A note on terminology 31-32

Chapter 2 Literature review 32-51

T/TP and coherence in English writing 32-35

Defining coherence 32-33

T/TP as means to realize coherence 33-35

T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 35-42

T/TP and coherence in EFL/ESL writing 35-37

T/TP in EFL/ESL writing as compared to NS writing 37-42

T/TP in English research articles by EFL/ESL scholars 42-44

The factors that influence T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 44-47

Training in T/TP 47-49

Summary 49-51

Chapter 3 Theoretical background 51-70

Systemic Functional Grammar 51-55

Five dimensions of language as a semiotic system 51-53

Three metafunctions of language as a functional system 53-54

Three lines of meaning from metafunctions 54-55

Theme and thematic progression 55-70

Theme 56-62

Thematic progression 62-70

Chapter 4 Research Design 70-88

The participants and the educational context 70-73

Background of the participants and the participating school 70

The allocation of participants to the training 70-71

The sample sizes 71-72

The pilot study 72-73

The interventional procedures 73-74

The questionnaire 74-75

The training 75-80

Considerations behind the training 75-76

The training material 76-79

The role of the researcher as the trainer 79-80

Data analysis 80-86

Analysis of the writing 80-86

Analysis of the questionnaire 86

Ethical considerations 86-88

Informed consent 86-87

Anonymity 87

Harm 87-88

Chapter 5 Results and analysis of pre-training writing 88-115

Comparison of Themes in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 88-102

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 88-91

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 91-95

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 95-100

Interpersonal Themes 100-102

Comparison of thematic progression in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 102-110

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 102-107

Back,contextual and new Themes 107-110

Summary 110-115

Chapter 6 Results and analysis of post-training writing 115-137

Comparison of Themes in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 115-129

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 115-117

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 117-121

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 121-126

Interpersonal Themes 126-129

Comparison of thematic progression in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 129-132

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 129-131

Back,contextual and new Themes 131-132

Summary 132-137

Chapter 7 Results and analysis of pre- and post- training writing 137-155

Comparison of Themes in pre- and post- training writing 137-147

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 137-139

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 139-142

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 142-145

Interpersonal Themes 145-147

Comparison of thematic progression in pre- and post- training writing 147-150

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 147-149

Back,contextual and new Themes 149-150

Summary 150-155

Chapter 8 Results and analysis of the questionnaire 155-165

Findings from closed questions 155-160

EEL participants' general attitude to training on T/TP 155-157

EEL participants' perception of the usefulness of the training on T/TP 157-158

EEL participants' perception of the learnability of T/TP 158-159

EEL participants' perception of the applicability of T/TP in writing 159-160

Findings from open questions 160-164

The changes that occurred 161-162

The perceived difficulty of applying the theory of T/TP in writing 162-163

The reasons for the perceived difficulty in learning 163

EEL participants' suggestions for future training 163-164

Summary 164-165

Chapter 9 Discussion 165-195

Findings with regard to research questions 165-187

Chinese college students' use of T/TP in pre-training writing 165-172

Chinese college students' use of T/TP in post-training writing 172-181

Effects of the training on T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 181-187

Positioning the study within the literature 187-190

T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 187-189

Effects of training on Chinese college students' use of T/TP 189-190

Implications 190-194

Pedagogical implication 190-193

Methodological implication 193-194

Limitations 194-195

Chapter 10 Conclusion 195-200

Summary 195-197

Putting everything together 197-199

Suggestions for future work 199-200

Notes 200-202

References 202-214

Appendix 1: Plan for the interventional procedures 214-215

Appendix 2: The post-training questionnaire 215-217

Appendix 3: Training material 217-229

Appendix 4: Teachers' guide to the training 229-237

Appendix 5: Consent form for EEL group 237-238

Appendix 6: Consent form for CEL group 238-239

Appendix 7: Consent form for NS group 239

中文摘要 3-4

ABSTRACT 4

Chapter One Introduction 7-10

Motivation of the present study 7-8

Significance of this study 8

Composition of this thesis 8-10

Chapter Two Literature Review 10-19

Language production 10-14

L1 Production 10-11

L2 Production 11-12

Dimensions of language production 12-14

Theories on oral output 14-15

Skehan’s dual-model system 14

Swain’s Output Hypothesis 14-15

Task Repetition 15-17

Task 15-16

Task repetition 16-17

Relevant studies on effects of task repetition on L2 oral output 17-19

CHARPTER THREE THE CURRENT STUDY 19-25

Research justification and questions 19

Hypothesis 19-20

Methods 20-25

Participants 20-21

Material 21

Research design 21-23

Measures 23-25

Chapter Four Results and Discussion 25-41

Results and Analysis 25-34

Quantitative analysis 25-27

Qualitative analysis 27-34

Discussion 34-41

Fluency 34-36

Complexity 36-38

Accuracy 38-39

interlanguage development path of learner L 39-41

Chapter Five Conclusions 41-44

Conclusion and implication 41-43

Limitations and recommendations 43-44

Acknowledgements 44-45

References 45-49

Appendixes 49-54

A. Instructions of the experiment 49-50

B. The same-content task 50-51

C. The different-content task 51-52

D. Sample of oral pre-task 52-53

E. Sample of oral post-task 53-54

F. Sample of writing repetition task 54

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

Research Background

Significance of the Study

Research Goals and Questions

Data Collection and Methodology

Analysis Procedures

Organization of the Thesis

Chapter 2 Literature Review

Introduction to Appraisal Theory

Studies on Appraisal Theory

Studies on Appraisal Theory Abroad

Studies on Appraisal Theory at Home

Studies on Personal Statements

Introduction to Personal Statement

Summary

Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework

An Overview of Attitude System

Affect Resources

Judgment Resources

Social Esteem

Social Sanction

Appreciation Resources

Interactions of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation

Borders of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation

Summary

Appendix 1: Papers Published during Graduate Studies

Appendix 2: Some Samples of the Study

References

Acknowledgements

日语毕业论文提纲范文

日本温泉文化论文提纲

由于得天独厚的地理条件,日本全境有2600多座大大小小的温泉,因而有了“温泉王国”的美誉。超过千年历史的日本温泉,经过岁月的沉淀,愈发展现其独特的魅力。

关于日本温泉[日语毕业论文]日本の温泉について

要旨

豊かな温泉资源は、自然が日本―この小さな岛国への赠り物だ。古来、日本人は温泉に特别な感情を持ち、温泉を生活の一部として见てきた。日本では、温泉の歴史が曲折で长い。温泉の起源と発展は非常に伝奇的で、文化的,宗教的な色が浓く染められている。そして温泉は医疗の作用という利点があるので、その保健効果がますます多くの人に认められ、利用されてきた。日本の温泉产业は日本観光业と経済の発展に大きく贡献し、日本市场で大きなシェアを取っている。日本の人々が温泉を重要视し、大切にする行为も我々にとって、勉强すべきところだと思う。これは、日本人の温泉文化の表现だけではなく、自然を大切にする表现でもある。温泉は日本人の“心の故郷”だ。では、日本の温泉の特徴が何か、何の作用があるか、温泉が日本人にとって何の存在か、本文がそれらについて研究してみようと思う。

キーワード:温泉;発展;治疗;影响

目次

要 旨

はじめに 1

1温泉の起源と発展 2

温泉の起源 2

温泉の発展 3

2温泉の利点 5

医疗の作用の由来 5

物理的な医疗作用 6

化学的な医疗作用 6

3温泉の影响 8

日本経済への影响 8

日本人の生活への影响 9

日本の伝统文化の伝播への影响 10

おわりに 13

参考文献 14

谢 辞 15

扩展阅读:日本温泉文化

如果在中国告诉你某个地方是男女混浴,那不免令人跌掉眼镜,不过,在日本,男女混浴是颇为寻常的事情,这在日本传统的温泉浴来说,还算是一种文化呢。

在日本的温泉,直到今天男女混浴依然随处可见,就是一个热气腾腾的温泉池里男男女女聚集一堂,谈天说话可以,叫来清酒香茶品题也可以,不过下水前都要围一 条毛巾遮掩重要部位(当然下水以后就自便,我见到经常有日本女子下水后把毛巾一解,搭在身上的场面,姿态还颇为优雅),这在日本东北部尤其流行,反而是男 女分浴属于舶来品,算是出于对现代文明的.尊重。

这在中国无疑是不可思议的,很难想象大姑娘小媳妇和一帮大老爷们在一个池子里搓澡。

其实,这有一点文化的不同在里面,日本的温泉浴和中国一般的洗澡不同,不是在浴池里打肥皂搓澡,而是洗干净以后才下水,目的并不是真的洗澡,而是享受温泉 的好处。温泉池所在处往往在风景绝佳的露天地方,与其说是洗浴,倒不如说是一种社交活动。说到男女大防,日本人虽然深受儒家文化的影响,但这方面却保留着 日本的传统特色,比如,日本的宫廷不用太监,日本的厕所当年也是男女混用 -- 如果今天您到沈阳的辽宁宾馆,依然可以看到男女混用的厕所 -- 那里今天大厅一楼的公用厕所依然是男女混用的,可能全中国只此一号。这就是因为此建筑是日本侵华期间修建的,带有相当鲜明的日本特色。

日本人的用字比较古典,温泉里的热水他们不叫水,而叫做汤,乍一听,好像一帮日本人下了热汤锅,其实,古代中国人把热水也叫做汤的,比如鲁智深洗澡,就是让伙计“提一桶汤来”,假如这伙计是现代人,闹不好提一桶酸辣汤给老鲁,那就要当镇关西第二了。

不过在东京和大阪,现在混浴的现象就比较少,因为随着日本社会西化的进行,一部分日本人推崇西方文化中对于男女分别的观点,因此对传统的混浴文化提出了质疑。

日本人的毛病是对外来文化坚决的引进,即便有些盲目,不过,他们永远会打些折扣,来体现“和魂洋才”的特色。

就是论文的大纲和思路~一般都是总分式的

『 今どきのビジネスマナーについて 』ビジトレ「今どきのビジネスマナー」は、ビジネスパーソンにとって必要不可欠なビジネスマナーや作法を掲载しています。 ビジネスマナーを「知っている」人と「知らない」人では、社内外での行动・态度・言动に大きな差がつき、大事な商谈や接待、社内の人间関系构筑に様々な影响を与えるでしょう。 周囲の人々と円滑な人间関系を筑き、ビジネスパーソンとしての価値を上げるためにも、「今どきのビジネスマナー」をぜひご利用ください。 1.印象を変える「スーツコーディネート」 2.仕事に役立つ「ビジネス文书」 楼主看看行不?

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