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交通工程论文3000字外文翻译怎么写的呀

发布时间:2024-07-16 00:16:52

交通工程论文3000字外文翻译怎么写的呀

Field ElementsA number of different technologies can be utilized in the field to monitor traffic conditions, control traffic access and lane utilization, manage incidents, and communicate with Within certain elements, a variety of hardware technologies can be For example, vehicle detection within the surveillance function can be accomplished through inductive loop detection, microwave or radar sensors, video imaging, automatic vehicle identification or location, or other technologies, depending on the type of data Similar alternatives exist for information dissemination, lane use control, and incident management Communications Element Communications can be thought of as the backbone of freeway The communications element transfers information from the field elements back to the traffic control In some cases, instructions and other data are transferred out from the center to the field Reliability and performance are critical issued related to communications system The communications element consists of a number of hardware components and supporting Again, a number of hardware technologies are available upon which to base The two basic categories that exist are buried or aerial cable (fiberoptic, coaxial, twisted pair) or airwave transmission (microwave, radio (including narrow band or spread spectrum), cellular telephone, and citizen-band radio)Communications infrastructures (and continuing system operational and maintenance costs) are typically the most expensive part of a freeway management FMS functional design must include the communications system concurrently with field devices and central control elements to ensure compatibility and economies of system Control Center Elements The traffic control center is the hub or nerve center of a freeway management It is where information about the freeway system is collected processed, and It can also be the location where decisions about control strategies are made, coordinated with other agencies, and Information dissemination is also typically coordinated and implemented from the The major elements of the control center are the display and control interfaces that link the center to the various field elements through the communications The other major elements of a center are the human operators who monitor conditions and make the adjustments in control and management strategies needed to maximize the efficiency of the freeway Ultimately, the degree to which a traffic control center meets the objectives of the freeway management system depends on how well the human operators are able to interface with the system Relation to National ITS ArchitectureGrowing out of the National ITS Architecture development is the concept of Intelligent Transportation System The term “Infrastructure” has been in common use for a number of years to describe the supporting roadways, bridges, water and sewer lines, and other public works structural items that allow the truck or car; it is the roadway and It is not the water; it is the pipes or conduits that carry the A logical extension of the infrastructure terminology is its application to flow and delivery of information in Intelligent Transportation SMany of the functions needed for ITS implementation are already being provided or supported by a broad variety of ITS infrastructure features, which can serve as the building blocks of a full ITS ITS infrastructure refers to those portions of ITS-related hardware, software, that today and increasingly in the future will manage and support the transportation-related This is typically happening first in the metropolitan areas, but is expanding to include commercial vehicle and rural Freeway management, along with traffic signal control, forms the hub of an integrated transportation The traffic signal control and freeway management components exchange data with each other, allowing the traffic management strategies on the freeways, the freeway entrance ramps, and the surface street network to act as an integrated These data define the actions to be taken by the system when a particular signal timing plan is in effect on the road network, and when a particular sign plan is in effect on the For example, ramp meter timings and traffic signal controls can be coordinated to ensure that queues do not back into When traffic is diverted off the freeway to bypass an incident, the traffic signals timings can be adjusted to handle the increased flow on the At the same time, dynamic message signs can be updated along the arterials to give directions on how to return to the freeway beyond the incident In addition, both the freeway management and traffic signal control components can provide critical information to other components of the transportation Both the freeway management and traffic signal control components are responsible for the surveillances, monitoring, device control and management of the road These components provide information on the status of the roadway system, including link travel times, traffic volumes and speeds currently flowing on the road and These data can be passed to the other components in the overall transportation system, such as incident management and transit management components, and information from these other systems can be channeled through the freeway management and traffic control Although it may be possible for some transportation management subsystems to affect and be affected by the other transportation subsystems to operate in an isolated or independent manner, their operation and functions will affect and be affected by the other transportation This will be particularly evident in an urban For optimal efficiency, the various transportation subsystems must operate in a cohesive, integrated Multiple agencies must maintain open communication and cooperation to achieve the goal of a truly integrated transportation HIGHWAY O2008

沥青玛蹄脂碎石混合料是一种由沥青、纤维稳定剂、矿粉及少量的细集料组成的沥青玛蹄脂,填充间断级配的粗集料骨架间隙而形成的眼挤型密实结构混合料。SMA改性沥青及SMA路面是一种新型的路面结构,改性沥青及SMA混合料冷却后非常坚硬,强度高。本文结合上海城市外环线(浦东段)环南一大道工程的施工,谈谈如何对改性沥青及SMA路面的施工进行控制。  一、工程综述  本工程北起张扬路立交东至环东一大道,路幅红线宽度100米,为城市Ⅰ级主干道,双向8车道,总长2387米。车行道结构形式为沥青柔性路面,结构层组成为路基+15厘米砂砾垫层+40厘米二灰碎石基层+15厘米三层式沥青混凝土面层。面层组合如下:表面层为改性沥青玛蹄脂碎石混合料(SMA-16)4厘米;中面层为中粒式改性沥青砼(LH-25)6厘米;底面层为粗粒式改性沥青砼(CLH-35)6厘米;下封层1厘米。  二、改性沥青施工质量控制的难点  改性沥青混合料粘度较高,各工序的施工温度均比普通沥青混合料的施工温度要求高,贮存、运输期间的降温不应超过10℃,生产厂至施工现场的距离较长,上海交通繁忙,气候变化大,混合料贮藏温度控制难。  沥青路面施工质量与摊铺机械的性能密切相关,沥青摊铺机械型号多种,性能不一。如何选择性能良好的施工机械,是工程质量控制的重点。  沥青摊铺时,必须均匀、连续,工人素质必须高,要能正确判断摊铺界面。  三、SMA沥青的拌合及施工  沥青混合料拌合。由于SMA与普通密级配沥青砼最大不同之处是SMA为间断级配,粗集料粒径单一、量多、细集料很少,矿粉用量多。细集料包括石屑和砂一共只需15%左右,给混合料的供料拌和带来不少困难。为此,料斗、料仓要重新安排,增加粒径为5~10毫米的骨料仓,以保证冷料数量,而细集料用量很少,冷料仓门开启很少,供料过程中要保持细集料干燥,以保证细集料顺利供料。主皮带把粗配料送入滚洞,通过燃烧器对骨料加热,有热电偶检测料温,自动调节燃烧器的风油比,使骨料温度达到190℃~200℃。热料经提升机进入振动筛,把热料按目标配合比的规格要求分筛到不同的热料仓(筛网尺寸可根据要求更换),有计算机控制各热料仓拉门,按输入的生产配合比自动配料、计量,由于SMA粗料粒径单一,细料很少,热料可能会发生粗集料仓经常不足(亏料),而细集料仓经常溢仓的不正常情况,控制室的操作人员不可调整放料的数量,使SMA的配合比不准。然后将木质素纤维加入到搅拌锅与骨料共同进行干拌,再添加经计算机控配比控制计量的石粉及沥青,拌和后,完成成品料的生产。SMA的干拌时间为4秒~5秒,湿拌30秒~45秒。  各种材料加热温度控制:沥青加热温度160℃~165℃,现场制作温度165℃~170℃,加工最高温度175℃,集料加热温度190℃~200℃,混合料出场温度175℃~185℃,混合料最高温度(废弃温度)195℃,摊铺温度不低于160℃,初始开始温度不低于150℃,复压最低温度不低于130℃,碾压终了温度不低于130℃,开放交通温度不高于60℃。  运输。由于SMA沥青混合料的沥青玛蹄脂的粘性较大,运输车的车厢底部要涂较多的油水混合物,而且为了防止运输车表面混合料结成硬壳,运输车运输过程中必须加盖油布,同时车量要适当增加。  摊铺。沥青必须缓慢、均匀连续不间断地摊铺。摊铺过程中,不得随意变换速度或中途停顿,摊铺速度应根据拌和机产量,施工机械配套情况及摊铺层厚度、宽度确定。摊铺速度为5米/分钟。  碾压。碾压过程是面层施工中的重要环节,碾压SMA的八字方针为“紧跟、碾压、高频、低幅”,并合理地选择压路机组合方式及碾压步骤。  接缝。  (1)纵缝:根据本工程特点,我单位在沥青混合料摊铺过程中采用一台德国产ABG423摊铺机并排摊铺,采用此方式可以一次整幅摊铺,纵缝热接提高了路面的平整度,美化了路面的视觉效果。  (2)横缝:SMA路面的接缝处理要比普通混合料困难一些,因此,摊铺时在边部设置挡板,也可以在沥青SMA层每天施工完工后,在其尚未冷却之前,即切割好,并利用水将接缝冲洗干净。第二天涂刷粘层油,即进行摊铺新混合料。  SMA沥青混合料施工中容易产生的问题:  (1)过碾压:由于SMA路面的集料嵌挤作用,压实程度不大,压实度较易达到,但是随着碾压遍数的增加,集料不断地往下走,玛蹄脂一点点地向上浮,造成构造深度减小。在碾压过程中,特别注意表面构造保持在1~5毫米,以便有适宜的构造深度。  (2)出现油斑:SMA路面通车后出现油斑也是常见的一种病害,这是由于SMA的纤维拌合不均匀造成的。因此在拌合时,要严格控制纤维的投放数量和投放时间,并延长干拌时间,确保纤维拌合均匀。还要注意储藏期间纤维干燥,防止纤维受潮成团。  (3)碾压成型温度不够高是常见的毛病。SMA在130℃碾压的效果就很差了。在低温时碾压,容易出现不平整。在行车过程中出现车辙,是因为碾压不足造成的。  Asphalt of Stone Mastic is a mixture of asphalt from the fiber stabilizing agent, slag and a small amount of the fine aggregate composed of lipid Mastic Asphalt, filled with intermittent level of coarse aggregate skeleton space formed by squeezing eye-density Structure SMA modified asphalt road and SMA is a new type of pavement, and SMA modified asphalt mixture cooled very hard, high Based in Shanghai, Link (Pudong), a South Central Avenue construction project, talk about how the modified asphalt road construction and SMA   I Review of projects  The project has publicized the North Road interchange east to Central Avenue East a road width of 100 meters pieces of red, as cities Ⅰ-level main road, two-way lane 8, the chief of 2,387 Carriageway of the form of flexible asphalt pavement, structural layer of gravel for the roadbed +15 cm layer of grey rubble +40 cm grassroots +15 cm three asphalt concrete Surface composition is as follows: for the modified asphalt surface layer of Stone Mastic mixture (SMA-16) 4 centimeters of the surface of tablets for-modified asphalt concrete (LH-25) 6 centimeters for the bottom layer Coarse-modified asphalt concrete (CLH-35) 6 centimeters under the closure of one   Second, the modified asphalt construction quality control difficult   Modified asphalt mixture viscosity higher, the process of construction than the general temperature of the asphalt mixture of high-temperature requirements, storage, transportation during the cooling should not exceed 10 ℃, manufacturing plant to the construction site of the long distance Shanghai heavy traffic, climate change, mixture storage temperature control    Asphalt road paving machinery and construction quality is closely related to the performance, a variety of types of asphalt paving machinery, mixed How to choose the good performance of construction machinery, is the focus of project quality    Asphalt paving, it must uniform, continuous, workers must be of high quality, must be able to correct judgement paving   3, SMA asphalt mixing and Construction   Asphalt mixture As with the SMA Miji with ordinary asphalt concrete is the biggest difference between the SMA for intermittent graded, coarse aggregate single particle size, quantity, fine aggregate small amount of slag and Stone Chip fine aggregate and sand, including a total of only around 15 percent, to the mixture of materials for mixing brought about many To this end, the hopper, silo to re-arrangements, to increase the diameter of 5 to 10 mm aggregate positions, to ensure that the expected number of cold, fine aggregate amount of very few, very few cold silo door open for materials to maintain the course of Fine Aggregate drying, to ensure smooth for fine aggregate The main ingredients into the thick belt of the roll-through on aggregate heating burner, a thermocouple detection feed temperature and automatically adjust the oil burner than the wind so that the aggregate temperature reaches 190 ℃ ~ 200 ℃ Heat expected to enter the elevator shaker, thermal materials on target to meet the specifications than the sub-screen to a different thermal bin (screen size can be replaced upon request), a computer control of the Silo flamenco, according to enter the Auto production mix ingredients, measuring, as a single SMA rough material particle size, small little material, thermal materials may be rough sets in less than regular hopper (deficit expected), while small-hopper often overflow warehouse is not the normal situation, control Room operators can not adjust the amount of discharge, the SMA not allowed to Lignin fiber and then added to stir the pot with the aggregate common dry mix, then add the computer-control measures the ratio of powder and asphalt, mixing, the expected completion of the finished SMA mix the dry time of four seconds to five seconds, 30 seconds wet mix to 45   Heating temperature control of various materials: asphalt temperature 160 ℃ ~ 165 ℃, the temperature at the scene produced 165 ℃ ~ 170 ℃, the highest temperature of processing 175 ℃, aggregate heating temperature 190 ℃ ~ 200 ℃, the temperature mixture out 175 ℃ ~ 185 ℃ , The highest temperature mixture (abandoned temperature) 195 ℃, paving the temperature of not less than 160 ℃, the initial starting temperature of not less than 150 ℃, repressing the lowest temperature of not less than 130 ℃, RCC ended temperature of not less than 130 ℃ Open transport temperature no higher than 60 ℃   T As SMA asphalt mixture of asphalt Mastic more viscous resin, the carrier at the bottom of the compartment to the oil-water mixture Tu more, and in order to prevent the carrier surface mixture form a hard shell, the carrier during transport to be decked Tarpaulin, it is necessary to appropriately increase the volume of    P Asphalt must be slow, even for uninterrupted Paving process, not free to transform the speed or stop half-way, paving the speed of production should be based on mixing, matching and construction machinery paving thickness, width Paving a speed of 5 m /    RCC RCC is the process of construction of an important link in the RCC SMA eight-character principle for the "keeping up, rolling, high-frequency, low-rate" and a reasonable choice roller composition and RCC    J  (1) longitudinal seam: According to the engineering features, I unit in the asphalt paving mixture used in the course of a Germany-ABG423 paver paving side-by-side, this method can be a whole paver, longitudinal seam to increase the heat The smoothness of the road and beautify the road of visual   (2) Joints: SMA road handling the joints than ordinary mixture difficult, therefore, paving set at the edge of the baffle, can also SMA layer of asphalt a day after the completion of construction, not yet in its cooling, That is, cutting good, and joint use of water will be The next day Tushua viscosity of the oil, that is paving the new   SMA asphalt mixture construction of the easy questions:  (1) the RCC: As the road aggregate SMA embedded crowded, not degree of compaction, the degree of compaction easier to achieve, but with the RCC to increase the number of times, the aggregate continue to go down, Mastic A little bit of fat to the floating, resulting in reduced structural RCC in the process, with particular attention to the surface structure remained at 1 to 5 millimeters in order to have appropriate structural   (2) in the oil spot: SMA opening of the road after the oil spot is a common disease, which is due to the SMA fiber caused by uneven Therefore, in mixing, it is necessary to strictly control the number of fibers running and running time and extended dry mix, to ensure uniform mixing We must pay attention to storage during the dry fiber to prevent the fibers exposed to moisture into   (3) RCC forming a high enough temperature is a common SMA in the 130 ℃ RCC effect on the In the low temperature at RCC, is not prone to the In the lane in the process of rutting, is inadequate because of the RCC  你可以试下这个《road and bridge》——美刊  可以看一些行内的核心期刊,比如《中国公路学报》《力学》等,也可以看看各个学校的学报,比如《同济大学学报》《哈工大学报》《长安大学学报》等,或者有些教材也可以作为参考文献。

英文摘要吧,一般自己根据中文摘要翻译的,不要用网上的翻译软件,错误百出,最好找个英语老师改改。

论文中的外文翻译难道不就是翻译你自己写的东西么?又不是让你直接拿外文写作。而且写论文急什么急?

交通工程论文3000字外文翻译怎么写的

你现在在学校么?建议你到学校的图书馆去查(一般每个学校都会买网站使用权,这些特定的网站才有学术型的论文或者期刊的,一般我们自己网进不去这些网站),上中国知网,你将你论文题目输入,选择相似查找,和你论文题目一样或者相似的论文就会罗列出来了,然后你根据自己需要选择就可以。

去百度搜索,需要什么语言直接在线翻译就OK啦

沥青玛蹄脂碎石混合料是一种由沥青、纤维稳定剂、矿粉及少量的细集料组成的沥青玛蹄脂,填充间断级配的粗集料骨架间隙而形成的眼挤型密实结构混合料。SMA改性沥青及SMA路面是一种新型的路面结构,改性沥青及SMA混合料冷却后非常坚硬,强度高。本文结合上海城市外环线(浦东段)环南一大道工程的施工,谈谈如何对改性沥青及SMA路面的施工进行控制。  一、工程综述  本工程北起张扬路立交东至环东一大道,路幅红线宽度100米,为城市Ⅰ级主干道,双向8车道,总长2387米。车行道结构形式为沥青柔性路面,结构层组成为路基+15厘米砂砾垫层+40厘米二灰碎石基层+15厘米三层式沥青混凝土面层。面层组合如下:表面层为改性沥青玛蹄脂碎石混合料(SMA-16)4厘米;中面层为中粒式改性沥青砼(LH-25)6厘米;底面层为粗粒式改性沥青砼(CLH-35)6厘米;下封层1厘米。  二、改性沥青施工质量控制的难点  改性沥青混合料粘度较高,各工序的施工温度均比普通沥青混合料的施工温度要求高,贮存、运输期间的降温不应超过10℃,生产厂至施工现场的距离较长,上海交通繁忙,气候变化大,混合料贮藏温度控制难。  沥青路面施工质量与摊铺机械的性能密切相关,沥青摊铺机械型号多种,性能不一。如何选择性能良好的施工机械,是工程质量控制的重点。  沥青摊铺时,必须均匀、连续,工人素质必须高,要能正确判断摊铺界面。  三、SMA沥青的拌合及施工  沥青混合料拌合。由于SMA与普通密级配沥青砼最大不同之处是SMA为间断级配,粗集料粒径单一、量多、细集料很少,矿粉用量多。细集料包括石屑和砂一共只需15%左右,给混合料的供料拌和带来不少困难。为此,料斗、料仓要重新安排,增加粒径为5~10毫米的骨料仓,以保证冷料数量,而细集料用量很少,冷料仓门开启很少,供料过程中要保持细集料干燥,以保证细集料顺利供料。主皮带把粗配料送入滚洞,通过燃烧器对骨料加热,有热电偶检测料温,自动调节燃烧器的风油比,使骨料温度达到190℃~200℃。热料经提升机进入振动筛,把热料按目标配合比的规格要求分筛到不同的热料仓(筛网尺寸可根据要求更换),有计算机控制各热料仓拉门,按输入的生产配合比自动配料、计量,由于SMA粗料粒径单一,细料很少,热料可能会发生粗集料仓经常不足(亏料),而细集料仓经常溢仓的不正常情况,控制室的操作人员不可调整放料的数量,使SMA的配合比不准。然后将木质素纤维加入到搅拌锅与骨料共同进行干拌,再添加经计算机控配比控制计量的石粉及沥青,拌和后,完成成品料的生产。SMA的干拌时间为4秒~5秒,湿拌30秒~45秒。  各种材料加热温度控制:沥青加热温度160℃~165℃,现场制作温度165℃~170℃,加工最高温度175℃,集料加热温度190℃~200℃,混合料出场温度175℃~185℃,混合料最高温度(废弃温度)195℃,摊铺温度不低于160℃,初始开始温度不低于150℃,复压最低温度不低于130℃,碾压终了温度不低于130℃,开放交通温度不高于60℃。  运输。由于SMA沥青混合料的沥青玛蹄脂的粘性较大,运输车的车厢底部要涂较多的油水混合物,而且为了防止运输车表面混合料结成硬壳,运输车运输过程中必须加盖油布,同时车量要适当增加。  摊铺。沥青必须缓慢、均匀连续不间断地摊铺。摊铺过程中,不得随意变换速度或中途停顿,摊铺速度应根据拌和机产量,施工机械配套情况及摊铺层厚度、宽度确定。摊铺速度为5米/分钟。  碾压。碾压过程是面层施工中的重要环节,碾压SMA的八字方针为“紧跟、碾压、高频、低幅”,并合理地选择压路机组合方式及碾压步骤。  接缝。  (1)纵缝:根据本工程特点,我单位在沥青混合料摊铺过程中采用一台德国产ABG423摊铺机并排摊铺,采用此方式可以一次整幅摊铺,纵缝热接提高了路面的平整度,美化了路面的视觉效果。  (2)横缝:SMA路面的接缝处理要比普通混合料困难一些,因此,摊铺时在边部设置挡板,也可以在沥青SMA层每天施工完工后,在其尚未冷却之前,即切割好,并利用水将接缝冲洗干净。第二天涂刷粘层油,即进行摊铺新混合料。  SMA沥青混合料施工中容易产生的问题:  (1)过碾压:由于SMA路面的集料嵌挤作用,压实程度不大,压实度较易达到,但是随着碾压遍数的增加,集料不断地往下走,玛蹄脂一点点地向上浮,造成构造深度减小。在碾压过程中,特别注意表面构造保持在1~5毫米,以便有适宜的构造深度。  (2)出现油斑:SMA路面通车后出现油斑也是常见的一种病害,这是由于SMA的纤维拌合不均匀造成的。因此在拌合时,要严格控制纤维的投放数量和投放时间,并延长干拌时间,确保纤维拌合均匀。还要注意储藏期间纤维干燥,防止纤维受潮成团。  (3)碾压成型温度不够高是常见的毛病。SMA在130℃碾压的效果就很差了。在低温时碾压,容易出现不平整。在行车过程中出现车辙,是因为碾压不足造成的。  Asphalt of Stone Mastic is a mixture of asphalt from the fiber stabilizing agent, slag and a small amount of the fine aggregate composed of lipid Mastic Asphalt, filled with intermittent level of coarse aggregate skeleton space formed by squeezing eye-density Structure SMA modified asphalt road and SMA is a new type of pavement, and SMA modified asphalt mixture cooled very hard, high Based in Shanghai, Link (Pudong), a South Central Avenue construction project, talk about how the modified asphalt road construction and SMA   I Review of projects  The project has publicized the North Road interchange east to Central Avenue East a road width of 100 meters pieces of red, as cities Ⅰ-level main road, two-way lane 8, the chief of 2,387 Carriageway of the form of flexible asphalt pavement, structural layer of gravel for the roadbed +15 cm layer of grey rubble +40 cm grassroots +15 cm three asphalt concrete Surface composition is as follows: for the modified asphalt surface layer of Stone Mastic mixture (SMA-16) 4 centimeters of the surface of tablets for-modified asphalt concrete (LH-25) 6 centimeters for the bottom layer Coarse-modified asphalt concrete (CLH-35) 6 centimeters under the closure of one   Second, the modified asphalt construction quality control difficult   Modified asphalt mixture viscosity higher, the process of construction than the general temperature of the asphalt mixture of high-temperature requirements, storage, transportation during the cooling should not exceed 10 ℃, manufacturing plant to the construction site of the long distance Shanghai heavy traffic, climate change, mixture storage temperature control    Asphalt road paving machinery and construction quality is closely related to the performance, a variety of types of asphalt paving machinery, mixed How to choose the good performance of construction machinery, is the focus of project quality    Asphalt paving, it must uniform, continuous, workers must be of high quality, must be able to correct judgement paving   3, SMA asphalt mixing and Construction   Asphalt mixture As with the SMA Miji with ordinary asphalt concrete is the biggest difference between the SMA for intermittent graded, coarse aggregate single particle size, quantity, fine aggregate small amount of slag and Stone Chip fine aggregate and sand, including a total of only around 15 percent, to the mixture of materials for mixing brought about many To this end, the hopper, silo to re-arrangements, to increase the diameter of 5 to 10 mm aggregate positions, to ensure that the expected number of cold, fine aggregate amount of very few, very few cold silo door open for materials to maintain the course of Fine Aggregate drying, to ensure smooth for fine aggregate The main ingredients into the thick belt of the roll-through on aggregate heating burner, a thermocouple detection feed temperature and automatically adjust the oil burner than the wind so that the aggregate temperature reaches 190 ℃ ~ 200 ℃ Heat expected to enter the elevator shaker, thermal materials on target to meet the specifications than the sub-screen to a different thermal bin (screen size can be replaced upon request), a computer control of the Silo flamenco, according to enter the Auto production mix ingredients, measuring, as a single SMA rough material particle size, small little material, thermal materials may be rough sets in less than regular hopper (deficit expected), while small-hopper often overflow warehouse is not the normal situation, control Room operators can not adjust the amount of discharge, the SMA not allowed to Lignin fiber and then added to stir the pot with the aggregate common dry mix, then add the computer-control measures the ratio of powder and asphalt, mixing, the expected completion of the finished SMA mix the dry time of four seconds to five seconds, 30 seconds wet mix to 45   Heating temperature control of various materials: asphalt temperature 160 ℃ ~ 165 ℃, the temperature at the scene produced 165 ℃ ~ 170 ℃, the highest temperature of processing 175 ℃, aggregate heating temperature 190 ℃ ~ 200 ℃, the temperature mixture out 175 ℃ ~ 185 ℃ , The highest temperature mixture (abandoned temperature) 195 ℃, paving the temperature of not less than 160 ℃, the initial starting temperature of not less than 150 ℃, repressing the lowest temperature of not less than 130 ℃, RCC ended temperature of not less than 130 ℃ Open transport temperature no higher than 60 ℃   T As SMA asphalt mixture of asphalt Mastic more viscous resin, the carrier at the bottom of the compartment to the oil-water mixture Tu more, and in order to prevent the carrier surface mixture form a hard shell, the carrier during transport to be decked Tarpaulin, it is necessary to appropriately increase the volume of    P Asphalt must be slow, even for uninterrupted Paving process, not free to transform the speed or stop half-way, paving the speed of production should be based on mixing, matching and construction machinery paving thickness, width Paving a speed of 5 m /    RCC RCC is the process of construction of an important link in the RCC SMA eight-character principle for the "keeping up, rolling, high-frequency, low-rate" and a reasonable choice roller composition and RCC    J  (1) longitudinal seam: According to the engineering features, I unit in the asphalt paving mixture used in the course of a Germany-ABG423 paver paving side-by-side, this method can be a whole paver, longitudinal seam to increase the heat The smoothness of the road and beautify the road of visual   (2) Joints: SMA road handling the joints than ordinary mixture difficult, therefore, paving set at the edge of the baffle, can also SMA layer of asphalt a day after the completion of construction, not yet in its cooling, That is, cutting good, and joint use of water will be The next day Tushua viscosity of the oil, that is paving the new   SMA asphalt mixture construction of the easy questions:  (1) the RCC: As the road aggregate SMA embedded crowded, not degree of compaction, the degree of compaction easier to achieve, but with the RCC to increase the number of times, the aggregate continue to go down, Mastic A little bit of fat to the floating, resulting in reduced structural RCC in the process, with particular attention to the surface structure remained at 1 to 5 millimeters in order to have appropriate structural   (2) in the oil spot: SMA opening of the road after the oil spot is a common disease, which is due to the SMA fiber caused by uneven Therefore, in mixing, it is necessary to strictly control the number of fibers running and running time and extended dry mix, to ensure uniform mixing We must pay attention to storage during the dry fiber to prevent the fibers exposed to moisture into   (3) RCC forming a high enough temperature is a common SMA in the 130 ℃ RCC effect on the In the low temperature at RCC, is not prone to the In the lane in the process of rutting, is inadequate because of the RCC  你可以试下这个《road and bridge》——美刊  可以看一些行内的核心期刊,比如《中国公路学报》《力学》等,也可以看看各个学校的学报,比如《同济大学学报》《哈工大学报》《长安大学学报》等,或者有些教材也可以作为参考文献。

摘要:人类社会发展正面临着人口膨胀、资源超前消耗、环境急剧恶化的空前挑战,可持续发展理念指导下的的现代城市规划,决定了我国的大部分地区只能追求以公共交通为基础的高质量的可达性。具有多项显著优点的轨道交通(尤其是地铁运输模式),是解决大城市中心区域交通拥堵问题的最佳途径,但必须在依托改善既有公交系统、并通过优化网络便捷换乘而达到相互协调配合的前提下,注意降低它的建造运营成本。 关键词:可持续发展;城市规划;轨道交通;建造运营成本 作为文明历史发展中的崭新时代,城市的诞生宣告了人类生存方式的彻底变革,也由此开创了城市建设与规划的初始形态。今天,伴随全球化的大潮,中国正经历着前所未有人口迁移与国土城市化过程,充满中国特色的城市规划实践,越来越体现出面向未来可持续发展的先进理念。交通是现代城市规划中一个不可或缺的方面,对于中国这样一个各方面处于跳跃式发展的人口大国,科学地制定切合实际又具有前瞻性的城市交通规划,意义尤其重大深远。 本文以当前城市化加速背景下城市交通规划面临的重大选择作为切入点,对如何解决轨道交通与现存城市公交系统的协调发展,特别是如何经济、优化地建造与运营城市轨道交通,提出自己的看法与建议。 1 轨道交通是我国城市交通规划的重大选择 城市交通规划面临的一切问题起源于三个基本因素:人口剧增、城市化加谜与出行方式机动化。为此,规划者们必须在各种可能的决策方向之问慎重取舍。国外专业杂志《世界城市化展望》2004年载文指出,全世界人口从1950的25亿左右增长到2000年60多亿,只用了半个世纪的时间,预计再过30年将达到80亿以上。作为世界最大的发展中国家,中国改革开放二十多年来的社会经济发展带动了1亿3千万农村人口流入城市,一般城市居民的交通出行方式也在过去二十多年里发生了根本性的变化。城市出行方式机动化日益加速,造成了今日中国主要大中城市里司空见惯的“出门难行路难”问题。专业人士称之为严重的城市道路交通拥挤。 一般而言,城市交通方式大致可分为步行、自行车、摩托助动车、小汽车与公共交通国内外的城市交通基本上都经历过从步行、自行车到摩托、小汽车大体相同的发展过程。但是,当人类普遍进入小汽车时代后,美国和欧洲选择了不同的交通方式和城市形态。美国以小汽车为主要交通工具,城市多数呈现分散、蔓延的形态。欧洲大陆则十分重视公交、特别是轨道交通,大城市通过轨道交通将市中心、近郊生活就业区与远郊卫星城镇连结起来,形成多中心的城市形态[1]。轨道交通系统的诞生,使城市的发展从中心聚集型向离心分散型转变成为可能,也因此造就了城市中心的“职住分离”现象。应该承认,私人小汽车和轨道交通是目前发达国家城市中具有代表性的两种交通方式,分别突出地体现着更优的生活质量与更高的运输效率。改革开放前,这两种交通方式在我国大城市中的数量少到几乎可以忽视不计的程度,近年来,它们已分别迈出了从无到有的第一步,表现_出强大的生命力。 城市的功能和社会活动的多样化是大城市的基本特征,由此决定了大城市的交通需求必然是多种多样的,人们可选择的出行方式也应该是多种多样的,并且所有的出行方式都可以在各自适用的范围内发挥出最大优势口[2]。我国的城市交通机动化正处于起步状态,自行车等非机动车仍是目前大部分城市中居民出行的主导方式。随着社会经济持续、快速增长与人民物质文化水平不断提高,建立多层次、立体型多元化的交通体系,是我国数量迅速增长的大城市的唯一发展方向。在此目标之下,科学规划的轨道交通理论上提供了最大限度满足可持续发展要求的可能性。 城市交通拥挤现状,决定了各级政府部门在宏观决策过程中,理当重点考虑规划在环境系统、资源系统、社会系统等多方面具有可持续发展优势的城市轨道交通公共交通系统[3],这方面国内刊物近来论著颇多,本文不欲在此重复赘述。以下谨从技术与经济的角度,探讨进一步解决轨道交通建设面临的一些具体问题,加速走向它的现实可行性。 2 轨道交通需重视与城市公交系统的和谐 一般而言,轨道交通规划工作的核心内容是要充分实现路线选址与转乘配套两者的最优化,与现有的公交系统在各个环节上达到最大限度的互相补充协调运作。 首先,城市轨道交通是一项涉及面广泛复杂、需要许多专业协调配合的大型系统工程,必须与城市建设发展中长期规划密切结合起来进行。作为城市规划的有机构成部分,轨道交通的规划与整个城市交通的线网规划实为一体。为了避免客流稀少,线路走向应尽可能合理,否则,小客流低运量必然导致轨道交通无法发挥预期的骨干作用。总之,结合城市的总体客运需求合理规划布局,是保证城市轨道交通主导地位的必要条件。当然,这种合理布局要充分考虑不同城市的用地空间总体规划。北京地铁线明显采用了沿城市道路走向布局的方式,轨道交通网络形态与市区道路棋盘式格局高度一致,恰恰体现了保护北京古城的特殊要求。这方面类似的例子,还有南京地铁1号线采用高架方式从中华门附近跨越古城,也充分考虑了地下车站与周围环境、高架线路与地面景观的协调需要。 其次,在以轨道交通为主导编制城市公交综合规划时,要十分注意加强交通换乘枢纽的建设,将轨道交通与现有的常规公交体系统一安排、有序调整,保证轻轨、地铁等轨道交通与城市公共汽车、出租车、轮渡等多种交通工具的方便转接,以及与机场、火车站、港口等其他运输场所的顺利衔接。前文所举的欧洲发达国家的大城市,面对小汽车交通的冲击,纷纷寻求一种新的交通发展模式,在通向郊区的沿线地铁站大量修建小汽车停车场,引导小汽车乘客换乘后进入中心城区,使轨道交通的大运量优势得以发挥。国内方面新近建成的上海火车南站,则成功地将铁路与两条城市轨道交通与几十路近、远郊公交汽车线的零距离换乘需要融入规划设计中,成为一个值得学习借鉴的样本。 最后,我们不能不充分注意轨道交通与整合改善城市常规公交之间的互动关系。世界上绝大多数国家的轨道交通都是在既有城市公交体系形成后逐渐发展起来的。在未来相当长一段时间内,公共汽车/电车仍将是人们出行使用较广泛的交通工具之一。根据我国许多城市目前的经济发展水平与人口规模及交通总量需求,常规公交的整体地位短期内变化不大。但是,常规公交系统效率低下的现状应该在逐步发展轨道交通的过程中加以综合整治与改善。除了科学制订线网布局,修建港湾式停靠站台,合理编制车辆运行图,建设服务查询显示信息系统等具体措施外,从规划立法角度保障公交的道路优先使用权的思路也有待于细化落实。 近来,在轨道与公交配套发展背景如何建设大容量快速公交系统(BRT)引起了专业规划人员的高度关注。BRT是一种利用现代化大容量专用车辆、在专用道路空间快速行驶的一种公交方式。它具有接近轨道交通的运力与快捷,建造和运营成本又相对低廉,而且很大程度上可以利用改造提升现有的城市公交道路系统,在某些人口规模不是很大的城市中甚至可以考虑作为轨道交通的替代方式。 2003年国务院81号文件出台后,国内许多城市马上把发展BRT项目推到了缓解城市交通拥堵的前台。北京市新近编制的中心城区公共汽/电车厂线网规划中包含了18条BRT线路,总长约300多km,在强调机动性与可达性高度协调的前提下,首次将BRT作为一个功能层次融人公交线网整体结构中。此外,昆明市在园艺世博会期间开通的国内首条位于道路中央的公交专用道,即将升级为规范的现代BRT系统。杭州根据城市发展模式与空间功能布局制订的中远期公交规划,也确立以轨道与BRT为骨干,东西走向穿城而过的首条28 km BRT今年已基本开通。 3 轨道交通应解决低成本建造运营问题 作为城市中最大的基础建设项目之一的城市轨道交通投资巨大,京、沪、穗前几年修建地铁的综合造价平均每千米超过了6亿元人民币。显然,大多数国内城市的经济能力很难承受起如此高昂的成本。因此,不解决轨道交通的造价问题,城市轨道交通难以实现。综合考虑轨道交通的建造与运营费用,笔者以为解决成本问题拟应围绕以下三个方面认真思考。 3.1 轨道交通的用地空间应体现预留渐进原则 一般轨道交通建设成本中,包括拆迁费用在内的占用土地成本是其中不可忽视的一个组成部分,并不因为某些国家无偿划拨方式而改变它的社会成本性质。为了降低这方面的成本,许多城市在已经完成的公交总体规划中,都为轨道交通的线路场站建设预留了用地空间。然而,线路建设的具体时机取决于城市发展的不同进程,某些线路的客流形成需要一个长期渐进的过程。 因此,如何既能适应逐渐增长的客流需要,又能合理有效地利用预留土地空间,是低成本发展轨道交通中必须慎重规划考虑的现实问题。在巴西的大多数城市里,市政当局大都在轨道交通近期没有开发的走廊上发展前文介绍的快速公交,将BRT专用道建在道路中央,初衷就是为了降低轨道交通项目的初期投资与运营费用[4]。实际上,北京2005年全线通车的第一条BRT线路,正是敷设在预留的M8轨交走廊上,完全满足了近期单向8 000人次/h的客流需求。 经济合理地使用土地空间,不仅需要作为城市规划中发展轨道交通的指导原则加以确立,更应当具体落实在轨道交通系统工程的每一个子项目的设计图纸上。根据《上海市城市总体规划1999—2020》,到2020年将建成800 km左右轨道交通线,如果全都继续采取目前的集中供电模式,届时仅该项子系统就需建造50多座主变电所。 暂且不论一座主变电所动辙上亿元的巨额投资,仅建造变电所及电缆通道所需占用消耗的土地资源就将十分惊人。有鉴于此,最近上海相关部门已组织专家进行优化方案论证,将2020年前全网18条线路原先计划建造的51座主变电所减少为39座,更可节约投资10亿元人民币以上。 3.2 轨道交通的建造模式要体现经济合理原则 世界城市轨道交通近百年的历史展现了丰富多彩的发展模式,为我们提供了地铁轻轨、导轨、有轨电车、郊区铁路、磁悬浮等多种选择模式,线型电机牵引系统则被公认为最有发展前途的一种在我国百万以上人口的城市中,因地制宜地利用现有条件低成本发展轨道交通,已有了一些成功的经验。上海的明珠轻轨一期有3/4长度是改造利用原先的铁路内环线,这对武汉等其他一些存在废弃或利用率很低的铁路既有线路城市,不啻是一种有益的启发与示范。另外,东北沈阳、长春、哈尔滨等城市,还存有部分有轨电车线路[5],在此基础上统一规划发展现代轨道交通,应该也能够达到节省一部分费用成本的目的。 其实,国内城市轨道交通建设成本居高不下的原因之一,还在于脱离国情片面追求豪华档次。表现在规划设计上就是大量采用类似于公共汽车系统的高线网密度、小站间距、低负荷强度。需知,轨道交通本质上属于快速大量运送中长距离乘客的交通工具,依靠其他交通工具为它输送客源,达到大运量高负荷。由于低线网密度、大站间距模式能够明显提高运行速度、缩短旅行时间,所以不但可以降低工程造价,而且还可以降低运行成本。正因为如此,将BRT系统规划为轨道交通线路两端的延伸段,或选择“轨交+BRT”的混合网络模式,都有助于达到适当降低轨道线网敷设密度的低成本目标。 另外,国内轨道交通运营成本高的部分原因,还与计划经济遗留下的传统思维方式与条块分割的管理模式密切相关。直到今天,许多城市在申请轨道交通立项时,每条线路都规划有独立使用的车辆段、控制中心、主要变电站,这套小而全的空间与管理体系必然造成资源的极大浪费。在轨道交通十分发达的日本,帝都高速交通营团运营管辖着8条线路总长183.2 km,但是所属16个车站统共只设置了1座综合控制中心。反观国内,即使在资源共享程度较高的上海地铁系统,已建和待建的控制中心仍有8座,另加1座轨道交通运营协调及应急中心。 3.3 轨道交通的管理配套要体现因地制宜原则 如前所述,城市轨道交通的规划不应盲目追求高标准,该建地面、高架的绝不钻入地下、该建轻轨的绝不建地铁,因为后者的造价往往是前者的3倍以上。此外,对地铁建设成本影响甚大的土建工程中,其地下车站底板的埋置深度与车站建筑高度是决定造价大小的两个关键因素。因此,合理设计基坑深度与车站建筑高度对降低总成本的意义,无论如何也不应低估。 如果说轨交模式、建造标准的选择较多地影响到土建工程造价部分,轨道工。程总造价的另外一半(45%~50 %)则取决于技术装备等硬件的建设、购置、安装费用。以地铁车辆为例,目前国产价格仅为进口产品的1/2~1/4。因此,降低成本费用的关键之一,是提高构成技术装备主要部分的车辆、牵引、供电、信号的国产化水平。这方面,较晚竣工投入使用的南京地铁为我们提供了很有说服力的例证。据有关杂志介绍,该项目通过车辆项目的合同谈判与国产化方案的慎密调整,大大减少了进口部件和材料,降低了进口设备的国际运输成本,在成功实现70 国产化率的情况下,车辆项目合同价从最初的每辆约135万美元降低到116.5万美元,与设计概算相比节约投资4 000多万人民币。 当然,轨道交通总体上属于公共产品领域,单纯的票务收入远远不足以偿付开通后的日常性运营支出,中长期的财务收支平衡对世界各国都是一个需要艰难应对的挑战。笔者了解到的香港地铁总收入中,票务收入约占60 ,其余40 9,6中广告与物业管理各占一半[6],这一香港较为成功的地铁和物业综合发展经营模式,今年初已通过成立中港合营公司引入北京地铁4号线的管理,各方都期待着它能为国内轨道交通建设运营展示一种令人鼓舞的前景。 参考文献 1 邹胜勇.面向可持续发展的城市总体交通结构优化[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2006,6(2):108. 2 David BAYLISS.世界范围的城市交通可达性现状(英文)[J].TRI杂志(交通版),2006(2):17—18. 3 樊颖玮.城市交通可持续发展问题的思考[J].交通与运输,2006(2):67. 4 全永棠,孙壮志.关于BRT与轨道交通的理性思考[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2006,6(2):117. 5 孙章.城市轨道交通的世纪回眸[J].上海交通运输,2006(3):14. 6 P.Y.Loo,L.Y.Chow.可持续城市交通:理念,政策与方法(英文)[J].ASCE,2006(6):76—77

交通工程论文3000字怎么写的好

字数多少具体的有什么要求。

一、纸型、页面设置、版式和用字。毕业论文一律用国际标准A4型纸(297mmX210mm)打印。页面分图文区与白边区两部分,所有的文字、图形、其他符号只能出现在图文区内。白边区的尺寸(页边距)为:天头(上)25mm,地脚(下)20mm,订口(左)25mm,翻口(右)20mm。文字图形一律从左至右横写横排。文字一律通栏编辑。使用规范的简化汉字。除非必要,不使用繁体字。忌用异体字、复合字及其他不规范的汉字。二、论文封面封面由文头、论文标题、作者、学校、年级、学号、指导教师、答辩组成员、答辩日期、申请学位等项目组成。文头:封面顶部居中,占两行。上一行内容为“河南广播电视大学”用小三号宋体;下一行内容为“汉语言文学专业(本科)毕业论文”,3号宋体加粗。文头上下各空一行。论文标题:2号黑体加粗,文头下居中,上下各空两行。论文副题:小2号黑体加粗,紧挨正标题下居中,文字前加破折号。作者、学校(市级电大)、年级、学号、指导教师、答辩组成员、答辩日期、申请学位等项目名称用3号黑体,内容用3号楷体,在正副标题下适当居中左对齐依次排列。占行格式为:作者:XXX学校:XXX 年级:XXX 学号:XXX指导教师:XXX 职称:XXX答辩组成员:XXX(主持人) 职称:XXXXXX 职称:XXX……答辩日期:X年X月X日申请学位:学士(不申请可省略此项)由于论文副题可有可无,学位可申请可不申请,答辩组成员可以是3、5、7人,封面内容占行具有不确定性,为保持封面的整体美观,可对行距做适当调整。三、论文论文由论文目录(提纲)和题目、作者姓名、完成日期、摘要、关键词、正文、注释、参考文献、附录等项目组成。需要列目录的论文,目录要独占一页。“目录”二字用3号黑体,顶部居中;以下列出论文正文的一、二级标题及参考文献、附录等项及其对应页码。用小4号宋体。论文题目用3号黑体,顶部居中排列,上下各空一行;作者姓名:题目下方居中,用四号楷体。完成时间:作者姓名下方居中,字样为“X年X月”,用四号楷体。摘要:作者姓名下空一行,左起顶头,写明“摘要”字样加粗,点冒号,接排摘要内容。一般用五号字,字体用楷体。关键词:摘要下方,左起顶头,写明“关键词”字样加粗,点冒号,接排关键词。词间空一字。字型字体同摘要。正文:关键词下空一行开始。正文文字一般用5号宋体,每段起首空两格,回行顶格,单倍行距。正文文中标题:一级标题。标题序号为“一、”,4号黑体,独占行,末尾不加标点。如果居中,上下各空一行。二级标题,标题序号为“(一)”,与正文字体字号相同,独占行,末尾不加标点;三、四、五级序号分别为“1.”、“(1)”和“①”,与正文字体字号相同,一般不独占行,末尾加句号。如果独占行,则不使用标点。每级标题的下一级标题应各自连续编号。注释:注释采用脚注形式。加注符号以页为单位排序,标在须加注之处最后一个字的右上角后,用带圈或括弧的阿拉伯数字依次标示。同时在本页留出适当行数,用横线与正文分开,左起空两字后写出相应的注号,再写注文。每个注文各占一段,用小5号宋体。

交通管理可以写道路拥堵、交通运输、海运等等。交通运输的论文写作思路有别于传统的论文,你需要确定自己的设计,以及要实现的效果。并在文章中提及这些设计的理论基础,设计流程,效果展示等。当时也不会,还是学长给的文方网,写的《基于博弈论的交通管理政策效用分析》,非常专业城市交通管理公众参与机制的要素集美区交通管理体制改革研究城市公共交通管理体制研究公安交通管理信息系统集成技术应用研究面向城市的智能交通管理系统公安机关交通管理行政强制制度研究西安市城市交通管理问题及其对策研究城市交通管理规划理论体系框架设计高速公路交通管理系统社会经济影响评价研究西安市城市道路交通管理策略研究城市智能交通管理系统方案研究与设计天津市城市交通拥挤问题及道路交通管理对策研究整体性治理的实践探索——深圳一体化大交通管理体制改革案例分析 优先出版城市交通管理规划方案设计技术基于GIS-T的交通管理综合信息平台的架构设计基于多智能体技术的交通管理系统的研究大型活动期间的交通管理策略与评价研究西安市城市交通管理问题及其对策研究西安市智能交通管理指挥系统关键技术研究基于可拓学的城市交通管理可持续发展综合评价智能船舶交通管理系统关键技术的研究与应用城市道路网络容量、交通规划和交通管理基于WebGIS的智能交通管理指挥调度系统长沙市道路智能交通管理研究基于道路交通事故预防的城市道路交通管理规划研究静态交通管理的内涵研究空中交通管理风险分析系统城市道路交通管理规划大型活动交通管理措施及在十运会开幕式中的运用基于C/S与B/S混合体系结构的智能交通管理信息系统的设计城市公交管理系统的设计与实现成都市酒驾治理效果解析及对城市交通管理的启示

浅谈高速公路养护管理  摘 要 以自己所从事的高速公路养护实际工作为例,谈一下对高速公路养护管理的一些看 法。 关键词 高速公路 养护 管理 近年来,我国高速公路建设得到了迅猛的发展,养护管理工作做为高速公路建设发展的一项重 要内容,却处于相对滞后的阶段,山东省高速公路里程位居全国首位,高速公路的养护管理工作就更 凸现其重要性,作为一名高速公路养护管理工作者,根据在实际工作中的经验,谈一下自己的一些 心得。 1 养护管理的重要作用 (1)正确了解及评价公路的运营状况及服务水平,根据实际情况安排养护维修,创建畅、安、舒、 美的良好行车环境。 (2)预防道路及设施病害的发生,及时修复随时出现的道路病害及设施损坏,尽可能延长道路及设施的使用寿命,延缓大修周期,降低运营管 理成本。 (3)发现并及时弥补由于设计或其他原因造成的道路及其设施的先天不足和使用缺陷,逐步形 成高速公路较完善的使用及服务功能。 (4)减少或杜绝由于道路及设施维护不当给用户及使用者带来的意外损害,避免为此引发的不 必要的法律纠纷。 2 高速公路养护的特点 (1)养护工作的经常性、及时性。由于我国高速公路既是国家基础设施又具有收费的特性,因此,必须经常保持高速公路的完整状态,及时修复损坏部分,保证行车安全、畅通、舒适,以提高运营经济效 益和社会效益。对养护工作的任何懈怠和疏忽,不仅会对道路及其设施本身造成潜在危害,也会对高速 行车的驾乘人员构成严重生命威胁。 (2)高速公路行车密度大、车速快,养护作用具有较大的危险性。 (3)养护对象的广泛性。高速公路的养护对象除道路、桥涵、隧道及其沿线附属设施之外,还应当包 括交通工程设施,监控、通信、照明设施,绿化、环保、园林设施,棚亭建筑设施,以及各种生活服务设 施等等。这些设施的养护和管理几乎涵盖了道桥、建筑、园林、机电、光电、机械、计算机等多种专业, 形成了一个内容广泛、互有联系、缺一不可的综合养护体系。 (4)养护的高成本性、复杂性及科技性。高速公路养护标准较高、机械规模及使用比例较大,成本较 高。同时施工工序复杂,并应不断探索和推行新材料、新设备、新工艺和新技术。 3 高速公路养护原则、方针 高速公路养护必须以“预防为主、防治结合”为方针,坚持“机械化养护为主,防止中断交通” 的原则。同时在养护技术措施中应遵循“调查研究、科技创新、协调发展”的原则。 4 目的和主要任务 采取正确有效的技术措施,提高公路的使用质量,延长公路的使用期限,保持公路及沿线设施的 完好状态。及时维修损坏的路产,达到行车安全、舒适、畅通,以提高公路的运营效益和社会效益。 5 现今高速公路养护管理中存在的问题 (1)养护信息化、机械化水平较低。 (2)职工总体素质不适应高速公路养护科学化、现代化水平要求。养护管理人员专业技术水平普遍 较低,一般从事养护的技术人员比例不足30%,掌握新材料、新技术、新工艺的能力差,直接影响了养护的质量和水平。 (3)缺乏对高速公路总体养护管理状况的研究、了解。 (4)规范建设不完善。目前还没有统一的养护管理办法、技术规范、质量评定标准等,使具体工 作内容不统一,标准不一致。 (5)内部体制建设不够完善。内部关系不理顺,工作效率低下,单位内部缺乏活力和竞争力,从而 影响到养护工作的总体水平。 6 需要做好的几点工作 鉴于养护管理工作中存在的问题,为使高速公路充分发挥其应有的经济效益和社会效益,日后应 做好以下几点重要工作: (1)加大资金投入,全面提升养护管理信息化、机械化水平,并在工作中合理运用信息管理系统、 养护机械设备,提高工作效率。 (2)提高养护职工素质,建立一支高素质、高水平的养护队伍。可以通过对职工进行教育、培 训等方式,使养护人员经过学习,增加专业技术知识及责任意识,达到高速公路养护对人员的要 求。 (3)在日常养护工作中多了解、多总结,在实际工作中掌握系统、全面的养护状况,为养护工作提 供有力的信息支持。 (4)尽快制定和完善高速公路有关养护管理规范和管理办法,使养护管理科学化、规范化。 (5)加强养护体制内部改革,理顺关系,提高工作效率。 总之,发展高速公路,必须坚持建、管、养并重原则,不能因等级高、质量好而放松正常养护管 理。实践证明,只有科学、严格的养护管理,才能提高高速公路的运行质量和经济效益。 参考文献: 1、康彦民 《谈高速公路的养护管理》 河北交通科技信息 2、JTJ073—96,公路养护技术规范 3、山东省高速公路养护管理办法

交通工程概论论文怎么写的呀

如果你已经有论文的大体想法了,那就很好写了。你可以写背景、现状、前沿、趋势、问题、不足、优势等。

大一新生要求写论文不需要很专业,毕竟都没学过达到几个标准就可以了,选题范围小,论点明显,论据充分,最后重复论点,把解决办法和未来前景分析一下。重要的一点是来源是正规书籍。最后的最后把自己对专业的想法和专业前景 就可以了。

这个交通类说的太笼统了,不知道我回答的对不对,现在公路 铁路隧道发展迅速,我觉得你可以写写关于隧道工程类的论文,实用而且材料多,比较好写

土木工程论文3000字带翻译怎么写的

我把我写的那篇给你吧 反正我也交了C) Civil Engineering Research Institute of Gansu, opportunities and threat analysis The opportunity to analyze the external environment since 1992, China's construction market has expanded gradually standardized, project bidding system and the construction supervision system and gradually implement and perfect, engineering consulting With the new business development, engineering consulting industry policy and legal environment for continuous Shiliu Da Party clearly pointed out to encourage and develop the third industry, accelerate the development of services for the China Engineering Consulting provides policy Countries are committed to development of related laws and policies to build a fair, just, open and orderly market, so that the legal system and market standardized management processes faster, thus carrying out engineering consulting business to create a good competitive Whole range of services to increase market demand, "one-stop" service demand The previous range of various types of engineering consulting services to include only projects a certain stage, or even just for a single phase of the part of the project legal often require different stages of project construction to select a different consulting firm, which makes the whole project consulting services a lack of And now because of investment diversification and engineering service needs of the construction process is the all-round development of the whole process, Gansu Research Institute of Civil Engineering works as a comprehensive scientific consulting firms precisely to meet this "one-stop" service needs Construction market business With the national key project construction and other types of investors to increase investment, engineering consulting industry is faced with unlimited business Over the next 10 years, China's housing construction peak, 15 to reach 7 billion during the expansion, by 2005 China's urban per capita housing area will reach 22 o' To promote Well-known American economist, Nobel Prize winner Joseph E Stiglitz at the World Bank conference in terms of: the 21st century the most important influences on human process, there are two things: First, China's urbanization, the second is a new technological China's urbanization rate in 2020 should reach 50% Analysis of the external threats to the environment in adverse market Currently engineering consulting industry peers competition between the increasing pressure, with disorderly competition between the industry, mainly because: the industry access to the policy is relaxed, a large number of new entrants making a relatively large number of engineering consulting firm, and the annual increase rapidly, out of Engineering Consulting Company homogenization between the serious, obvious differences between Various types of engineering consulting fees difficult to implement, keep the prices down to compete very Market demand for those who choose engineering consulting firm conversion relatively Social identity degree of Engineering consulting industry in the whole community to the status and role of the lack of knowledge and its degree of recognition is also far from In developed countries (such as the United Kingdom, United States, Germany, ), engineering consulting services engineering staff are mostly the elite belong to the high intelligence and complex talent and their intelligence services to obtain from the value of knowledge consistent with their high However, the province's engineering consultants have not been duly recognized in society and the government, the most representative is the industry has called for an increase in fees and The relative concentration of In accordance with a small number of key principles, engineering consulting company's main business by a small number of key customers to provide these critical services to customers in the engineering consulting fees have greater bargaining power, can often presses is relatively Gansu Research Institute of Civil Engineering and is currently on the frequently encountered such a The threat of potential China's accession to WTO, with the entry into force of government commitment, China's engineering consulting industry is already beginning to confront the threat of international engineering consulting Many of the world-renowned large-scale engineering consulting organizations, are trying to expand their business in China through a variety of At present, the world's top 200 engineering consulting company, has more than 150 assigned to China, these companies market their operational capability, management level and in such aspects as funding account for a large With the further liberalization of China's engineering consulting market, the country's various protection measures for the gradual abolition, these companies will inevitably beings, with our engineering consulting firms to snatch the market, and thus by potential entrants to become The threat of In accordance with national laws and regulations to allow owners of long-term construction projects, such as a large business or real estate investment company that has a dedicated construction management team, a relatively sound institutional system, the quality of personnel was also higher under the premise of free to complete the construction certain stages of work, rather than entrusted to a professional engineering consulting (D) of Gansu Academy of Marketing Science in Civil Engineering Problems in the Civil Engineering Research Institute of Gansu Province in the development of engineering consulting industry, the market has done a lot of efforts and achieved some good results, but under the conditions of market economy, marketing, engineering consulting inadequate grasp of the activities of law, lack of scientific marketing Currently, Gansu Academy of Marketing Science Civil Engineering There are following problems: 1, senior marketing management in place, lack of marketing mechanism is currently the Civil Engineering Research Institute of Gansu high-level management positions, there is no marketing functions, shown in Figure 1, this senior management of absence has brought a lot of First of all, the lack of marketing mechanisms, the Gansu Research Institute of Civil Engineering, Engineering Consulting Marketing completely spontaneous marketing stage in order to survive, seemingly full of marketing, but in reality various departments like marketing, does not command a Secondly, the marketing advantages of individual secondary sector can not be used for the whole institution, the enterprise's overall marketing functions of the greatly Affect the efficiency of selling many of the problems can not be resolved at a high level of hospital-wide adverse impact on marketing performance, marketing, lack of direction Market positioning is unknown, competitive advantage can not play two different business units in different markets to develop a single business consulting market, internal conflicts, marketing resources can not be focused on the use of hospital-wide can not form a competitive Weak corporate brand awareness, organizational culture is not conducive to the development of enterprises due to the current practice of Gansu Research Institute of Civil Engineering, the project responsibility system, each employee in the market are the equivalent of an independent consulting firm, and sometimes criticize each other for personal gain or strife, organizational culture is not conducive to long-term development of enterprises and brand image of the The industry's products less competitive in Gansu Civil Engineering consulting services with scientific research institutes, consulting services for all single-qualification due to the low barriers to entry, the nature of a large number of private companies have joined, leading to homogenization of severe service products, is facing fierce competition in the market Consulting service quality due to the lack of unified management of organizations in the technical quality of sector work is usually routine in-house office, there is no technical management and quality management functions, and thus the two units of the depth of consulting services, lack of standard 可以的话采纳我的

土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直译是民用工程,它是建造各种工程的统称。它既指建设的对象,即建造在地上,地下,水中的工程设施,也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测,设计施工,保养,维修等专业技术。土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展,至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科,它已经出许多分支,如:建筑工程,铁路工程,道路工程,桥梁工程,特种工程结构,给水排水工程,港口工程,水利工程,环境工程等学科。土木工程共有六个专业:建筑学,城市规划,土木工程,建筑环境与设备工程,给水排水工程和道路桥梁工程。土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科,有其重要的属性:综合性,社会性,实践性,统一性。土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要的物质技术基础,对众多产业的振兴发挥了促进作用,工程建设是形成固定资产的基本生产过程,因此,建筑业和房地产成为许多国家和地区的经济支柱之一。古代的土木工程有很长的时间跨度,大致从公元前500年新石器时代出现原始的土木工程活动到16世纪末意大利的文艺复兴,导致土木工程走上迅速发展的道路为止,前后经历了两千多年。在这段时间内,由于科学理论发展及其缓慢,土木工程也没有突破习惯的发展。从17世纪中页开始到20 世纪40年代第二次世界大战结束为止的300年间,国外的建筑取得了长足的进步。土木工程进入了定量分析阶段。一些理论的发展,新材料的出现,新工具的发明,都使土木工程科学日渐完善和成熟。到了近代,二战结束之后,许多国家经济起飞,现代科学日益进步,从而为进一步发展提供了强大的动力和物质基础。人们生活水平的不断提高,必然要求越来越舒适的居住环境,在这种情况下,建筑的发展直接推动了土木工程的发展。总的来说土木工程是一门古老的学科,它已经取得了巨大的成就,未来的土木工程将在人们的生活中占据更重要的地位。地球环境的日益恶化,人口的不断增加,人们为了争取生存,为了争取更舒适的生存环境,必将更加重视土木工程。在不久的将来,一些重大项目将会陆续兴建,插入云霄的摩天大楼,横跨大样的桥梁,更加方便的交通将不是梦想。科技的发展,以及地球不断恶化的环境必将促使土木工程向太空和海洋发展,为人类提供更广阔的生存空间。近年来,工程材料主要是钢筋,混凝土,木材和砖材,在未来,传统材料将得到改观,一些全新的更加适合建筑的材料将问世,尤其是化学合成材料将推动建筑走向更高点。同时,设计方法的精确化,设计工作的自动化,信息和智能话技术的全面引入,将会是人们有一个更加舒适的居住环境。一句话,理论的发展,新材料的出现,计算机的应用,高新技术的引入等都将使土木工程有一个新的飞跃English is the Civil Engineering Civil Engineering, civil engineering is literally, it is the construction of the project It means building objects that the construction on the ground, underground, water works facilities, equipment and materials to use in surveying, design construction, maintenance, repair and other professional Civil Engineering with the progress of the human society, has been transformed into large integrated disciplines, it has a number of branches, such as : construction, rail projects, road projects, bridge projects, special project structure, water drainage works, the port project, water, environmental engineering A total of six professional Civil Engineering : architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, construction and environmental engineering equipment, water drainage works and road bridge Civil Engineering as an important foundation subjects, its important attribute : an integrated, social, practicality, Civil Engineering for the development of the national economy and improve the living standards of the people provided important material and technological foundation for the revitalization of many industries played a catalytic role in the construction of fixed assets is a basic production process, the construction and real estate in many countries and regions become a pillar of the economyAncient Civil Engineering has a long time span, roughly 500 years before Christ from the original date in civil engineering activities to the 16 century Italian Renaissance, resulting in the rapid development of the Civil Engineering on the road today, and has experienced more than 2,000 During this period, due to the development of scientific theories and slow, there is no breakthrough in civil engineering Century from 17 pages to 40 years in the 20th century end of the Second World War 300 years, foreign construction made great Civil Engineering has entered a phase of quantitative Some theoretical development, the emergence of new materials, new tools of invention, the Civil Engineering Science is perfection and In modern times, after the end of World War II, many countries economic takeoff, the increasing advances of modern science, so as to provide a powerful impetus to further development and material People's living conditions continue to improve, more and more comfortable living environment for the inevitable in the circumstances, the construction of development directly to the Civil Engineering

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