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轨道交通运输论文范文英文版高中

发布时间:2024-07-08 05:18:20

轨道交通运输论文范文英文版高中

据前瞻产业研究院《2016-2021年中国城市轨道交通行业市场前瞻与投资战略规划分析报告》显示,2015年末,全国22个城市共开通城市轨道交通运营线路长度3173公里。其中,地铁2361公里,占4%;轻轨239公里,占5%;单轨89公里,占8%;现代有轨电车141公里,占4%;磁浮交通30公里,占9%;市域快轨308公里,占7%;APM 4公里,占1%。  前瞻产业研究院报告显示,2014年末,全国城轨交通运营城市22个,比上年增加3个(长沙、宁波、无锡);当年新增运营线路长度427公里,其中地铁305公里,占4%,其它制式122公里,占6%。2014年末累计运营线路长度3173公里,提前一年实现并超过2015年末运营线路长度3000公里的预测目标值。其中:地铁2361公里,占4%;其它制式812公里,占6%。  22个运营城市中,大体形成了五种不同类型的制式结构:一是长春、大连2市,首先发展轻轨和有轨电车。长春56公里运营线路中,轻轨48公里,占7%;有轨电车8公里,占3%。大连127公里运营线路中,轻轨104公里,占9%;有轨电车23公里,占1%。二是重庆、武汉2市,先建单轨或轻轨,后建地铁。重庆202公里运营线路中,单轨89公里,占1%;地铁113公里,占9%。武汉96公里运营线路中,轻轨35公里,占5%;地铁61公里,占5%。三是上海、广州、天津、南京4市,已同时拥有三、四种制式,上海643公里运营线路中,地铁548公里,占2%;市域快轨56公里,占7%;磁浮交通30公里,占7%;有轨电车9公里,占4%。广州247公里运营线路中,地铁235公里,占1%;有轨电车8公里,占2%;APM4公里,占6%。天津147公里运营线路中,地铁87公里,占2%;轻轨52公里,占4%;有轨电车8公里,占4%。南京187公里运营线路中,地铁98公里,占4%;市域快轨81公里,占3%;有轨电车8公里,占3%。四是北京、沈阳、成都、苏州4市,在重点发展地铁同时,也发展了其它制式,北京和成都除地铁外还有市域快轨,沈阳和苏州除地铁外还有有轨电车。五是其它十市,仅有地铁一种制式。

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题名又称题目或标题。题名是以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合。论文题目是一篇论文给出的涉及论文范围与水平的第一个重要信息,也是必须考虑到有助于选定关键词不达意和编制题录、索引等二次文献可以提供检索的特定实用信息。论文题目十分重要,必须用心斟酌选定。有人描述其重要性,用了下面的一句话:“论文题目是文章的一半”。对论文题目的要求是:准确得体:简短精炼:外延和内涵恰如其分:醒目。(二)作者姓名和单位(Authoranddepartment)这一项属于论文署名问题。署名一是为了表明文责自负,二是记录作用的劳动成果,三是便于读者与作者的联系及文献检索(作者索引)。大致分为二种情形,即:单个作者论文和多作者论文。后者按署名顺序列为第一作者、第二作者……。重要的是坚持实事求是的态度,对研究工作与论文撰写实际贡献最大的列为第一作者,贡献次之的,列为第二作者,余类推。注明作者所在单位同样是为了便于读者与作者的联系。(三)摘要(Abstract)论文一般应有摘要,有些为了国际交流,还有外文(多用英文)摘要。它是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。其他用是不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。摘要应包含以下内容:①从事这一研究的目的和重要性;②研究的主要内容,指明完成了哪些工作;③获得的基本结论和研究成果,突出论文的新见解;④结论或结果的意义。(四)关键词(Keywords)关键词属于主题词中的一类。主题词除关键词外,还包含有单元词、标题词的叙词。主题词是用来描述文献资料主题和给出检索文献资料的一种新型的情报检索语言词汇,正是由于它的出现和发展,才使得情报检索计算机化(计算机检索)成为可能。主题词是指以概念的特性关系来区分事物,用自然语言来表达,并且具有组配功能,用以准确显示词与词之间的语义概念关系的动态性的词或词组。

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轨道交通运输论文范文英文版

你的论文准备往什么方向写,选题老师审核通过了没,有没有列个大纲让老师看一下写作方向?  老师有没有和你说论文往哪个方向写比较好?写论文之前,一定要写个大纲,这样老师,好确定了框架,避免以后论文修改过程中出现大改的情况!!  学校的格式要求、写作规范要注意,否则很可能发回来重新改,你要还有什么不明白或不懂可以问我,希望你能够顺利毕业,迈向新的人生。        开题报告作为毕业设计(论文)答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一此报告应在指导教师指导下,由学生在毕业设计(论文)工作前期内完成,经指导教师签署意见审查后生效          课题名称  课题名称就是课题的名字。这看起来是个小问题,但实际上很多人写课题名称时,往往写得不准确、不恰当,从而影响整个课题的形象与质量。这就是平常人们所说的“只会生孩子,不会起名字”。那么,如何给课题起名称呢?  1、名称要准确、规范  准确就是课题的名称要把课题研究的问题是什么,研究的对象是什么交待清楚,比如“小学语文指导自主教学模式研究”,这里研究对象就是小学语文教学,研究的问题就是指导自主教学法。有时候还要把研究方法写出来,例如“小学生心理健康教育实验研究”,其研究的对象是小学生,研究的问题是心理健康教育,研究的主要方法是实验法,这就说得很清楚,别人一看就知道这个课题是研究什么。而有些课题名称则起得不是很准确。如,“集中识字,口语突破”这个名称,别人只看题目,就无法看出研究的是什么问题,好象是语文,又象是英语,是中学或是小学,是小学高年级还是小学低年级更没办法看出来。若改为“集中识字,口语突破——小学英语教学模式研究”,这样就一目了然了。总之,课题的名称一定要和研究的内容相一致,要准确地把你研究的对象、问题概括出来。  规范就是所用的词语、句型要规范、科学。如“培养学生自主学习能力,提高课堂教学效率”,这个题目如果是一篇经验性论文,或者是一个研究报告,笔者觉得不错,但作为课题的名称就不是很好,因为课题就是我们要解决的问题,这个问题正在探讨,正开始研究,不能有结论性的口气。  2、名称要简洁,不能太长  不管是论文或者课题,名称都不能太长,要简明扼要,通俗易懂,能不要的文字就尽量不用,一般不要超过20个字。但要尽可能表明三点:研究对象、研究问题和研究方法。    课题研究的目的、意义  首先,要阐明课题研究的背景,即根据什么、受什么启发而进行这项研究的。因为任何课题研究都不是凭空来的,都有一定的背景和思路。其次,要阐明为什么要研究这个课题、研究它有什么价值,能解决什么问题。第三,要认真、仔细查阅与本课题有关的文献资料,了解前人或他人对本课题或有关问题所做的研究及研究的指导思想、研究范围、方法、成果等。把已有的研究成果作为自己的研究起点,并从中发现以往的不足,确认自己的创意,从而确定自己研究的特色或突破点。这样既可以更加突出本课题研究的的价值、意义,也可以使自己开阔眼界,受到启发,拓展思路。一般可以先从现实需要方面去论述,指出现实中存在这个问题,需要去研究,去解决,本课题的研究有什么实际作用,然后,再写课题的理论和学术价值。这些都要写得具体,有针对性,不能漫无边际地空喊口号,写成诸如坚持党的教育方针、实施素质教育、提高教育教学质量等一般性的口号。有位老师在课题申请表中对它的课题意义是这样说的:“高考实施3十X方案后,化学学科作为一门选考科目,其教育、教学必将受到一定影响。如何在当前的形势下进一步提高高中化学教学和教育水平,这是化学工作者所面临的一个急待解决的问题。本课题正是以3十X对高中化学教学的影响为引线,以1999届至2001届为观察样本,运用观察、统计、访问等现代教育科学研究方法,……研究如何在3十X实施过程中调整教学模式,提高学生综合素质等问题,为在教学改革的新形势下提高高中化学教学水平进行有益的探讨”。这样有针对性地写使别人一看就觉得科学性、实用性比较强,的确有价值。  课题研究的目标  课题研究的目标就是通过研究,要达到什么目标?要解决哪些具体问题?研究的目标是比较具体的,不能笼统地讲,必须清楚地写出来。只有目标明确而具体,才能知道工作的具体方向是什么,才知道研究的重点是什么,思路就不会被各种因素所干扰。下面是“学科教学与素质教育”研究实验方案所写的课题研究目标:  1、通过实验研究,总结出中小学各学科实施素质教育的特点和规律;2、提出在中小学学科教学中实施素质教育的意见;3、制定中小学各学科教学中实施素质教育的目标和评价方案;4、初步形成素质教育机制下的中小学学科教学基本理论;5、全面提高实验学校学生的素质,促进实验学校教育质量的大面积提高;6、促进实验学校教师素质的提高,造就高水平的科研队伍。  确定课题研究目标时,一方面要考虑课题本身的要求,另一方面要考虑课题组实际的工作条件与工作水平。    课题研究的基本内容  有了课题的研究目标,就要根据目标来确定这个课题要研究的内容,研究内容要比研究目标写得更具体、明确。目前在这方面存在的主要问题是:1、只有课题而无具体研究内容;2、研究内容与课题不吻合;3、课题很大而研究内容却很少;4,把研究的目的、意义当作研究内容。    课题研究的方法  任何科学研究除了要应用哲学方法和一般科学方法之外,还要有具体的研究方法、技术手段。“研究方法”这部分,主要反映一项课题的研究通过什么方法来验证我们的假设,为什么要用这个方法?以及要“做什么”、“怎么做”。教育研究的方法很多,包括历史研究法、调查研究法、实验研究法、比较研究法、理论研究法、行动研究法等。一个大的课题往往需要多种方法,小的课题可能主要是一种方法,但也要利用其它方法。我们在应用各种方法时,一定要严格按照每一具体科研方法的要求,不能凭经验、常识去做。比如,我们要通过调查了解情况,我们如何制订调查表,如何进行分析,不是随随便便发一张表,搞一些百分数、平均数就行了。这是在今后的科研工作中必须解决的问题。    课题研究的步骤和计划  课题研究的步骤,就是课题研究在时间和顺序上的安排。研究的步骤要充分考虑研究内容的相互关系和难易程度,一般情况下,都是从基础性问题开始,分阶段进行,每一阶段从什么时间开始,至什么时间结束都要有规定。每一阶段的工作任务和要求,不仅要胸中有数,还要落实到书面计划中。从而保证课题研究按时保质保量完成,课题研究的管理也可据此对课题研究进行检查、督促和管理。                    没有科学周密的开题报告,没有对研究设计的精心准备,就没有科研活动的发生,更不会有什么真正意义上的学术突破。

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轨道交通运输论文范文英文翻译版

Take off to want] the state-owners enterprise reform has been socialism market economy the focus of[with] concern in the construction, this not only is an economics, manage to learn concern of topic, and is also a government management of topic, state-owners enterprise reform's managing realm in the economic realm and the industry and business business enterprise have already hadn't a few research results, but at public management then the realm is opposite With public management theories for foundation, is a thesis the stateowned business enterprise attribute theories research of point of departure, from public management the angle carry on explaining to stateowned business enterprise non- business the content of the function, making money to relate to the analysis that the existent problem carries on a deep time with not-for-profit dialectical to the stateowned business enterprise, this text dint diagram chase domestic and international latest of concerning stateowned business enterprise of related development theories, make use of a business enterprise to manage physically in the work, put forward exertive the function function of the business enterprise non- business of the policy suggest and strengthen the management measure that this function state-owners enterprise should adopt, reforming at the non- business function for the state-owners enterprise can develop to do a beneficial quest [Keyword] stateowned function social responsibility of the public and economic of the business enterprise non- business

Intangible assets accountant theory and reality are sure to be in recent years financial accounting field hot spot discussing In the times competing for gradually fierce economy currently,gigantic change happened in the intangible assets accountant for every aspect such as conforming to the requirements of the times , revealing in meterage , the The financial affairs headquarter has announced new "enterprise system of account " on February 15 , 2006 , 6th number intangible assets criterion and accountant in 2001 criterion among them have compared, to the intangible assets accountant handling big modification having been in Special behaviour has removed goodwill on definition , has loosened to studying the capitalization developing cost's has appeared on problem, no longer blindly aspect such as handling , handling as well as amortizing to intangible assets being in progress cost-Besides, think that ceaselessness to economic globalization course accelerates , the new intangible assets criterion tends towards step by step with international accounting standards a The main body of a book is discussed specifically for new intangible assets relevance problem is in progress, the thought embodying the new intangible assets criterion with the high limit , actual business condition , change and effect revealing the new intangible assets criterion and according to every famous

After experiencing a steel war, auto war and beef war respectively, global trade war has evolved into a tug of war over textiles in China assumes a key role in the ongoing trade war due to its increasing participation in the exports of textile Chinese producers'' sophisticated ability to manufacture and export textiles gives rise to every-growing trade friction as well as every-rising vigilance from their American China Daily quoted an article (China''s rise raises questions about free trade) in an American newspaper on June 16, This article adopts the pragmatic American view and argues that the United States should adjust its policy on free trade in view of China''s rapid

Abstract: This paper is mainly divided into four parts, the first part is a simple understanding of the credit policy related to accounts receivable related to the theoretical knowledge, which is the full text of the content of The second part mainly wrote the Henan Jin Xinyuan door industry C, L in accounts receivable credit policy aspects of the status quo, enable us to understand some of the problems and The third part is through the company's credit policy re design, illustrates the importance of credit policy in practice, the advantages and disadvantages of using, can be more specific understanding of the credit policy to do the The fourth part is mainly based on the relevant analysis of this paper and the social reality, analyzes the problems of the credit policy of the accounts Through the understanding of this paper several duty, we can account receivable credit policy have a preliminary understanding, of our country should be accounts receivable are facing an understanding of the problem of today'  【关键词】:中小企业; 信用政策;信用风险  Key words: small and medium enterprises; credit policy; credit risk

轨道交通运输论文范文大全高中英语

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下面是某中学高中生20世纪90年代和2005年购买英语资料的对比表,请描述表格内容apes Reference books CD/DVD Internet 年人均投入20世纪90年代初 33% 67% 0% 0% ¥602005年 15% 47% 28% 10% ¥210 要求:解释发生的原因(可涉及学生对英语重视程度的加强,科技发展使新的学习产品不断涌现)字数:100左右参考词汇:对比comparison;购买purchase;支出expenditurePossible version:The diagram shows us the comparison of English materials purchase made by the senior students in our school in the early 1990s and in In 2005 there were more new choices for students, like Internet (10%) and CD/DVD (28%) While in the early 1990s there were only tapes (33%) and reference books (67%) At the same time, the average expenditure on English materials has increased from 60 yuan in the early 1990s to 210 yuan in From these, we learn that there are more choices of materials on English learning and that students spend more money on Some reasons can explain this (phenomenon) First, many students realize the importance of learning E English is widely used all over the Second, since China entered WTO, learning English has become more Third,as science and technology have been developing so fast / with the development of science and technology, these latest English learning facilities have already been proved far more useful and effective than traditional 假设你是李晓平,是江苏中学的学生。请你围绕“建设和谐社会”的主题,根据下面所给出的提示,用英语给全省中学生写一封倡议书。1.人与社会:祖国、家乡、学校,热爱关心;2.人与人:家人、师长、同学,诚信互助;3.人与自然:能源、环境、动植物,爱惜保护;4.你的态度:内容由考生自己拟定。注意:1.词数100左右;2.倡议书的开头、结尾以及提示句已为你写好,不计入词数;3.内容可适当发挥,注意行文连贯。Build a Harmonious SocietyDear fellow students,Our government is going to build a "harmonious society" I think it is everyone's duty to work hard to achieve this As high school students, what should we do ?First of all, we should love our Let's take a GREat interest in the development of our hometowns and take an active part in our school's Secondly, let's fill the world with We should show our respect for old people, our parents and our We should also care for each other and help those in Most important of all, all of us must be faithful and honest in our daily Finally, let's work together to save energy and protect our natural environment, including animals, trees, flowers and As for mysel f, I will study even harder and try my best to do all the Dear fellow students, let's start right now and spare no effort to do a little bit every day, every hour, and every minute! Li XiaopingFrom Jiangsu HighSchool2011年高考英语作文万能模板一、英语书信的常见写作模板开头部分:How nice to hear from you Let me tell you something about the I’m glad to have received your letter of A I’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in A 结尾部分:With best I’m looking forward to your I’d appreciate it if you could reply 二、口头通知常见写作模板呼语及开场白部分:Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to 正文部分:All the teachers and students are required to attend Please take your notebooks and make Please listen carefully and we’ll have a discussion in Please come on time and don’t be 结束语部分:Please come and join in Everybody is welcome to attend I hope you’ll have a nice time That’s Thank 三、议论文模板正反观点式议论文模板导入:第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we (导入话题)Our opinions are divided on this (观点有分歧) 正文:第2段:Most of the students are in favour of (正方观点)Here are the F S F(列出2~3个赞成的理由)第3段:However, the others are strongly against (反方观点)Their reasons are as In the first What’s In (列出2~3个反对的理由)结论:第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support (个人观点)オ“A或者B”类议论文模板:导入:第1段: Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many Others, however, argue that B is much Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more 正文:第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A The main reason is that Another reason is (赞同A的原因)第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some (列出1~2个B的优势)结论:第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that (得出结论) オ观点论述类议论文模板:导入:第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题As a student, I am strongly in favour of the (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对)The reasons for this may be listed as (过渡句,承上启下)正文:第2段:First of S B(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)结论:第3段:In conclusion, I believe (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构)"How to"类议论文模板:导入:第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题正文:第2段: Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most First of Another way to solve the problem is F(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法)结论:第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can But it should be noted that we should take action (强调解决此类问题的根本方法)四、图表作文写作模板The chart gives us an overall picture of the 图表主题 The first thing we notice is that 图表最大特点 This means that as (进一步说明)We can see from the statistics given that 图表细节一 After 动词-ing细节一中的第一个变化, the动词-ed+幅度+时间(紧跟着的变化) The figures also tell us that图表细节二 In the column, we can see that accounts for (进一步描述)Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that (结论) The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that (给出原因) / It is high time that we (发出倡议)五、图画类写作模板:2010年高考英语作文万能模板开头Look at this /The picture shows /From this picture, we can /As is shown in the /As is seen in the 衔接句As we all know, /As is known to all,/It is well known /In my opinion,/As far as I am concerned,/This sight reminds me of something in my daily 结尾句In /In /On the /In /In a /Generally /As has been

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