英文科技论文常用句型有哪些初中

英文科技论文常用句型有哪些初中

英语写作中的常用句型汇总-113491-1-html第一部分 常用于引言段的句型的2类表达方式一、议论文常用句型 Itisafactthat… Itiswell-knownthat… Thereisnodoubtthat… Ithinkthat… Contrarytothepopularthought，Iprefer… Somepeoplesay/believe/claimthat… Itisgenerallybelievedthat… Itiswidelyacceptedthat… Itisargued/heldthat… Whileitiscommonlybelievedthat…，Ibelieve… Itcanbeconcludedthat… People’

引用数据（图表、表格）：常用的动词：show， present， illustrate， summarize， demonstrate， contain， provide， list， report， give， reveal， display， indicate， suggest， describe， …as从句：As shown in…/As can be seen in…/As revealed by…引用/简述他人的研究/观点：XXX + V + /that…其中Verb可以为：state， claim， argue， maintain， suggest， assert， hypothesize， conclude， describe， develop， propose， find， show， report， use， study， demonstrate， note， discuss， observe， explain， expand， publish， give， examine， analyze， focus， presume， speculate， assume， support， theorize， contend， recommend其它：Based on…/In the view of…/According to…表达可能性：It is certain that …It is almost certain that …It is very probable/ highly likely that …It is probable/likely that …It is possible that …It is unlikely that …It is very/highly unlikely that …用于表达可能性的另一种途径：There is a definite possibility that …There is a strong possibility that …There is a good possibility that …There is a slight possibility that …There is little possibility that …

英语作文常用的是开头语：Hello，everyone!要想表达步骤的话，可以用first、next、then、finaly来表示。用来表示过渡的话可以用连词来表示：but、notonly…butalso、either…nor等。用来总结的句子可以是：LI

定语从句，宾语从句。应该就可以了哈。要注意通篇时态要一致。否则会被扣得很惨。

英文科技论文常用句型有哪些类型

事实上只有五种基本句型，很复杂的句子不过是在上面多加装饰罢了

引用数据（图表、表格）：常用的动词：show， present， illustrate， summarize， demonstrate， contain， provide， list， report， give， reveal， display， indicate， suggest， describe， …as从句：As shown in…/As can be seen in…/As revealed by…引用/简述他人的研究/观点：XXX + V + /that…其中Verb可以为：state， claim， argue， maintain， suggest， assert， hypothesize， conclude， describe， develop， propose， find， show， report， use， study， demonstrate， note， discuss， observe， explain， expand， publish， give， examine， analyze， focus， presume， speculate， assume， support， theorize， contend， recommend其它：Based on…/In the view of…/According to…表达可能性：It is certain that …It is almost certain that …It is very probable/ highly likely that …It is probable/likely that …It is possible that …It is unlikely that …It is very/highly unlikely that …用于表达可能性的另一种途径：There is a definite possibility that …There is a strong possibility that …There is a good possibility that …There is a slight possibility that …There is little possibility that …

英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning In this paper。。 This paper proceeds as The structure of the paper is as In this paper， we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are Details on xx and xx are discussed in later In the next section， after a statement of the basic problem， various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first， an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly， fuzzy service rule are Review This review is followed by an A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section In the next section， a brief review of the is In the next section， a short review of is given with special regard to Section 2 reviews relevant research related to Section 1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action， while 2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility

1、With the society moving forward，more and more ……随着社会的发展，越来越多的……（你可以把社会换成其他的）2、Recent years have witnessed the fact It goes without saying that No one can deny the fact There is absolutely no reason to refuse As the coin has two sides，this thing is not an Young as she is，Only in this way can we It's obvious To one's delight/astonishment，As is known to us，I can assume 这些是我自己总结出来的比较常用的，基本上什么文体都能用上的。和你分享分享

英文论文常用句型有哪些初中

以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式，每组句式的功能相同或相似，考生可根据自己的情况选择其中的1－2个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。 1．表示原因 1）There are three reasons for this． 2）The reasons for this are as follows． 3）The reason for this is obvious． 4）The reason for this is not far to seek． 5）The reason for this is that．．． 6）We have good reason to believe that．．． 例如： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life． 注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。 2．表示好处 1）It has the following advantages． 2）It does us a lot of good． 3）It benefits us quite a lot． 4）It is beneficial to us． 5）It is of great benefit to us． 例如： Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us． 3．表示坏处 1）It has more disadvantages than advantages． 2）It does us much harm． 3）It is harmful to us． 例如： However，everything divides into two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television． 4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能 1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb．to do sth． 2）We think it necessary to do sth． 3）It plays an important role in our life． 例如： Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon， computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age． 5．表示措施 1）We should take some effective measures． 2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties． 3）We should do our utmost in doing sth． 4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with． 例如： The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it． 6．表示变化 1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years． 2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications． 3）The computer has brought about many changes in education． 例如： Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins． 7．表示事实、现状 1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．． 2）No one can deny the fact that．．． 3）There is no denying the fact that．．． 4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in． 5）However，that’s not the case． 例如： We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment． 8．表示比较 1）Compared with A，B．．． 2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV． 3）There is a striking contrast between them． 例如： Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise． 9．表示数量 1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．． 2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000． 3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％ compared with that of January． 例如： With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased． 再如： From the graph listed above，it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000． 10．表示看法 1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth． 2）People have different opinions on this problem． 3）People take different views of（on）the question． 4）Some people believe that．．．Others argue that．．． 例如： People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success． Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers． 再如： Do “lucky numbers really bring good luck？Different people have different views on it． 注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。 11．表示结论 1）In short，it can be said that ．．． 2）It may be briefly summed up as follows． 3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ．．． 例如： From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved． 注：例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3则多用文章结论段的第一句。 12．套语 1）It’s well known to us that ．．． 2）As is known to us，．．． 3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about． 4）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that ．．． 5）As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way． 例如： As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus． The reason for this is obvious．Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an “ivory tower ．As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus．Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate． 再如： Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it．

使用率高的英文写作中常用句式1．表示原因1）There are three reasons for this．2）The reasons for this are as follows．3）The reason for this is obvious．4）The reason for this is not far to seek．5）The reason for this is that．．．6）We have good reason to believe that．．．例如：There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life．注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。2．表示好处1）It has the following advantages．2）It does us a lot of good．3）It benefits us quite a lot．4）It is beneficial to us．5）It is of great benefit to us．例如：Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us．3．表示坏处1）It has more disadvantages than advantages．2）It does us much harm．3）It is harmful to us．例如：However，everything divides into two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television．4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb．to do sth．2）We think it necessary to do sth．3）It plays an important role in our life．例如：Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon， computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．5．表示措施1）We should take some effective measures．2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties．3）We should do our utmost in doing sth．4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with．例如：The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it．6．表示变化1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications．3）The computer has brought about many changes in education．例如：Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．7．表示事实、现状1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．．2）No one can deny the fact that．．．3）There is no denying the fact that．．．4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in．5）However，that’s not the case．例如：We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．8．表示比较1）Compared with A，B．．．2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV．3）There is a striking contrast between them．例如：Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise．9．表示数量1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．．2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000．3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％ compared with that of January．例如：With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased．再如：From the graph listed above，it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000．10．表示看法1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth．2）People have different opinions on this problem．3）People take different views of（on）the question．4）Some people believe that．．．Others argue that．．．例如：People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success．Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers．再如：Do “lucky numbers really bring good luck？Different people have different views on it．注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。11．表示结论1）In short，it can be said that ．．．2）It may be briefly summed up as follows．3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ．．．例如：From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved．注：例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3则多用文章结论段的第一句。12．套语1）It’s well known to us that ．．．2）As is known to us，．．．3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about．4）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that ．．．5）As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way． 例如：As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus．The reason for this is obvious．Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an “ivory tower ．As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus．Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate．再如：Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it．

上面各位的回答都不错，我给你找的是专门针对考研用的，因为看你的年纪应该不是为了考四六级这么简单了吧。 写作是语言的重要环节，看看英语考试中对作文的重视就明白了。在考研中，写作意义极其重大，其性价比（即投入的时间和提高的幅度）非常高，在我看来，如果你的阅读水平还可以的话，写作将是你的突破口。 提高写作只有一个字——“恒”，绝对的熟能生巧。我在网上看过高手写的文章，简直可以用恐怖来形容，完全是阅读理解的水平，而作者的诀窍就是每天写每天练！只要不断的写不断的改，你的文章会让你自己吃惊。套用一句：写作恒久远，练习永流传。 然而备考的时间是很紧的，不可能每天保持大量的练习，好在其要求也不高，从现在开始，到考前完全可以达到要求，但千万不要间断！很多同学都有一个情况，越不写，越怕写；越怕写，越不写。万事开头难，所以开始的练习尤为重要，而练习应以词句为主+阅读好文章，我就有一本记录本，专门收集好的词句，效果很好。这里列其中一些较简单实用的，希望能对大家有所帮助（不过，建议同学们最好自己写，自己收集，印象会深很多，每天花10分钟过过，绝对值得。另外，我列的句子很有限，多半是骨架，大家要学会扩展，并且在记忆的时候多联想一下。举例来说，一篇你的文章，用心改一下，好好套用几个句式，改些档次较高的词和词组，可以提高不少哦）： 一． 总结句型 1) ***in general/above all/with the result that/as a result/consequently， *** 2) As far as I am concerned/as for me， *** 3) This truth above seems to be self- 4) Whether we examine the ***above， such things can happens anywhere anytime to 5) In my point of view， I like/prefer A much more than B 6) I still prefer A， however， for they teach me not only to be ***but also to be*** ，both in ***and in*** 7) There is no doubt that*** 8) In order to make our world a better place in which to live we should efforts to*** 9) To a large extent， ***， therefore， reflects*** 10) If all above mentioned measures are achieved， *** 11) Wherever you are and whatever you do， ***is always 12) So clear/evident/obvious it is that there are quite different opinions on 13) Now， which one do you prefer-----the one***or the one***? Were it left to me to select， I should not hesitated a moment to choose the former/ 二． 开首句型 1) Have you ever gone***? Have you ever been to***? If you have no experience like these， your life is an inadequate 2) Are you***? Are you***? We are， 3) In large part as a consequence of***， somebody have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on 4) We expect the day will come when A with its characteristic of*** 5) Being is one of the virtues that people must possess (not only in***but also in***/during***/when***) 6) What A to B， that C to D 7) Currently， there is a widespread/serious concern over that*** 8) The reasons for the***are manifold， for instance， *** 9) Several factors contribute to this***， such as***， as for as I’m concerned， however， ***is the most significant ingredient/ 10) ***is more violent than what we thought it should be 11) There are intimate relations between the 三． 并列句型 1) Some people like A due to*** However， there are many young people， including me， especially like B 2) There might be two reasons， I think***， for the 3) A and B are both important， they are attribute which are equally necessary for a person to achieve success in his 4) Different people have different attitudes towards***， some believe that***others， however， argue that***still others maintain that*** 5) First***besides， in addition***what’s more*** 6) For one thing***nevertheless， for another*** 四． 转折句型 1)***Such defects as mentioned above can be prevented by the other way of *** 2) Except for ***’s sake 3) Perhaps A is the wrong word， however， B might be 4) First***last but not least*** 5) Shall we do this? Not necessary the 6) ***， and vice versa indeed 7) On the contrary， in spite of these increase*** 8) Compared with A， B has many advantages such as*** 9) Not so much*** as he had talked 10) ***， the truth of the matter， however， is that*** 11) For some， the way maybe right， nevertheless， for many others*** 12) As everything going to the extreme has its negative aspects， so has*** 13) It is fairly well know that***however， it is less know that*** 14) ***， but this was not always the 15) At first， ***different in their opinions， on second thoughts， however， all of them agree to*** 16) None the less(尽管如此)*** 17) When people succeed， it is because of hard work， however， luck has a lot to do with it 18) ***， sometimes it isn’t totally the case， 19) Do some A else but B 五． 名理句型 1) It is usually the case that *** 2) It is plain common sense---the more/less***the more/less*** 3) The serious reality had taught us a lesson: not being environment friendly will be avenged 4) As a proverb says/as is known to all/as a popular saying goes， *** 5) I can think of no better illustration than an English poem/adage which goes like this:*** 6) The old story of***can serve as a good illustration that*** 六． 强调句型 1) With/due to/spurred by***we can certainly cope with any task we are faced with， that is， *** 2) The reason why***is no other than***as I 3) The same thing is true with*** 4) What I want to point out is that， for a person who wants to be successful in life and to be useful in society， he will have to learn to be both A and B 5) What a wonderful picture? Especially for we students always swimming in the sea of books! 6) It’s high time that immediate measures were taken to better the strength and face the 7) Before everything else， ***is the secret of 七． 图表句型 1) From the figures/statistics given in the table it can be seen/noticed that*** 2) From the graph/table/diagram/chart above， we can see that*** 3) As show in the chart/by the graph*** 4) Have you ever anticipated the prospects of***in the coming decades? Let us just take a look at the figures of***as shown in the graph 5) The gap between***and***will be further 6) In face of increasingly serious shortage of energy， we should take effective measures/which of the measures we should take? 7) It is clear that the increase of percentage gets greater and 8) By***， the number of***had less/more than doubled/tripled compared with that of*** 9) 短语：made up about***/the figure amounted to/will rise to/will reach/will double that/will tripled that 另外，文章结尾也很重要，它的作用是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意义表达得更加深刻。 文章结尾的形式也是多种多样的，常见的有以下几种： 1．首尾呼应，画龙点睛 在文章的结尾，把含义较深的话放在末尾，以点明主题，深化主题，起到画龙点睛的效果。如"I Cannot Forget Her" (我忘不了她)的结尾： After her death， I felt as if something were missing in my I was sad over her passing away， but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the 2．重复主题句 结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到强调的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”(我爱家乡)的结尾： I love my home town， and I love its They too have They are going all out to do more for the good of our 自然结尾 随着文章的结束，文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”(钓鱼)的结尾： I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours， but my brother caught many Tired from fishing， we lay down on the river bank， bathing in the We returned home very 4．含蓄性的结尾 用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法，而是让读者自己去领会和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”(收割的日子)的结尾： Evening came before we realized We put down our sickles and looked at each Our clothes were wet with sweat， but on every face there was a 5．用反问结尾 虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，并具有特别的强调作用，引起读者深思。如 "Should We Learn to Do Housework?" (我们要不要学做家务?) 的结尾。 Everyone should learn to do Don’t you agree， boys and girls? 6．指明方向，激励读者 结尾表示对将来的展望，或期待读者投入行动。如“Let’s Go in for Sports”(让我们参加体育运动)的结尾： As we have said above， sports can be of great They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work A sound mind is in a sound Let’s go in for 文章的结尾没有一定的模式，可以根据表达主题的需要灵活创造。一般的习惯是，一些记叙文和描写文经常采用自然结尾的方法；但说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文则往往都有结束语，以便使文章首尾呼应，结构完整。

英语论文常用句型有哪些初中

）There are three reasons for this． 2）The reasons for this are as follows． 3）The reason for this is obvious． 4）The reason for this is not far to seek． 5）The reason for this is that．．． 6）We have good reason to believe that．．． 例： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life． 注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。 2．表示好处 1）It has the following advantages． 2）It does us a lot of good． 3）It benefits us quite a lot． 4）It is beneficial to us． 5）It is of great benefit to us． 例： Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us． 3．表示坏处 1）It has more disadvantages than advantages． 2）It does us much harm． 3）It is harmfulto us． 例： However，everything dividesinto two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion． 4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能 1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb．to do sth． 2）We think it necessary to do sth． 3）It plays an important role in our life． 例： Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon， computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age． 5．表示措施 1）We should take some effective measures． 2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties． 3）We should do our utmost in doing sth． 4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with． 例： The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it． 6．表示变化 1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years． 2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications． 3）The computer has brought about many changes in education． 例： Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins． 7．表示事实、现状 1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．． 2）No one can deny the fact that．．． 3）There is no denying the fact that．．． 4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in． 5）However，that’s not the case． 例： We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．结尾万能公式： 一 结论 Obviously(此为过渡短语)， we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for 二 建议 Obviously， it is high time that we took some measures to solve the (虚拟语气用得经典) 更多句型： Accordingly， I recommend that some measures be Consequently， to solve the problem， some measures should be 检查四个重点部位，把好最后一关 1) 是否切题(主题句) 2) 是否连贯 检验的标准主要是句子是否通顺，该用连接词的地方用了没有，以及所用的连接词是否合适。 3) 是否有语法错误 主谓是否一致，动词的时态、语态、语气的使用是否正确，词组的搭配是否合乎习惯。为避免不必要的语法错误，对把握性不大的词组、句型绝不要用。而应使用那些自己熟悉的词组、句型来表达相同或相近的意思。 4)是否有大小写、拼写、标点错误 在这些细枝末节上，谨慎细心地处理，无疑会进一步提高文章的整体质量。在检查、改错的过程中，切忌乱涂乱抹。保持卷面清洁，会给阅卷者留下好印象。 Advantages and Disadvantages of…题型 套路 Nowadays， …plays an important part/role in … //… has become a household Like everything else， it has both merits and Generally speaking， the positive aspects can be listed as follows: First，… In addition，… Above all，… But every coin has two // But every advantage has its The negative aspects are also To begin with，… To make matters worse，… Worst of all，… But obviously， the advantages of … outweigh its disadvantages， which speaks for its Application Letters Express your interest in the post you are applying for give reasons for your State personal qualifications and experience related to the References//Requests for further

初中英语作文常用句型、连词常用句型 1、be worth doing 值得做…… 2、be busy doing 忙着做…… 3、too…to do 太……而不能做…… 4、so+/ as to do 如……以致于做 5、It takes some time to do 花某人……时间做某事 6、spends some time doing 某人花……时间做某事 7、It is++for to do 某人做某事是…… 8、It's up to to do 应由某人做某事 9、 have some difficulty/ trouble in doing 某人做某事很费劲 I have some difficulties in finishing this 12、an do nothing but do =have no choice but to do 别无他法，只能做某事 17、It is said that… 据说…… 18、not…until/till… 直到……才 I didn’t go to sleep until my parents came 20、主语+find/consider/think+it+形容词或名词+不定式 I find it interesting to see this 21、so+/+that 如此……以致于 such++that… The lady is so happy that she can’t say a It is such a wonderful day that we’re going out for 22、why not do sth 为什么不做……呢？ Why not proctect the world together?24、It's time to do 到做某事的时间了 25、 devote oneself/one's life to / 致力于做某事 27、It is/ was+被强调部分+that/who… 28、I don't think/believee/suppose/expect+that 从句否定前移 I don’t think he will win the 29、would like to do 愿做某事 feel like doing 想做某事 had better (not) do sth 最好（不）做某事 would rather do 宁愿做…… 30、There is no doing 没必要做…… 31、主语+have no idea+从句 不知道…… 33、no matter when/where/what/who/whether/how+从句+主句 无论…… 35、used to do 过去常做某事 be used to doing 习惯于做某事 as soon as…从句+主句 I will call you as soon as he comes 38、It is possible/probable/likely that… 可能…… 39、Do you mind if I do?/Would you mind if I did? 我做某事你介意吗？ 40、wish +/abj 祝愿某人…… I wish you good I wish you I hope + that I hope you can （三）注意以下过渡词的用法 1、表示时间的 af first 起初 next接下来 then 然后 after that 那以后 later 后来 soon 不久 soon/shortly after ……之后不久 finally 最后 in the end 最后 eventually 最终at last 终于 lately 近来 recently 最近 since then 自从那时起 after that 那以后 in no time 不一会儿 after a while 一会儿 afterward 后来 to begin/start with=in the first place 首先、第一点 immediately 立即、马上 until now 直到现在meanwhile=in the meantime=at the same time 在此期间、同时 suddenly=all of a sudden 突然 as a young man 当…… 是个年轻人的时候 at the age of… 在……岁的时候 as early as 早……的时候 as soon as 一……就…… before， the other day 几天前 early in the morning 大清早 after/before dark 天黑后/前 one day 有一天 one afternoon 一天下午 one morning 一天早晨 3、表示列举和时序 first， second， third…finally firstly， secondly， thirdly… finally first of all， next then， lastly for one thing…for another… at the same time at first at last 4、表示列举 for example+ that 例如：…… for instance+that 例如：…… such as+短语 如…… such as playing football5、表示比较或对比 like 像 unlike 不像 similarly 同样地 in the same way 以相同的方式 compared to 与……相比 while 而 I like coffee while he likes still=nevertheless 然而 on the contrary 正相反 be different from 与……不同 on (the) one hand…on the other hand 一方面……另一方面 6、表示增补 and 而且 both…and 不但……而且 Both Jane and Jack like watching only…but also 不但……而且 Not only Jane but also Jack likes watching as well as 不但……而且 Jane， as well as Jack likes watching also=besides=furthermore=more over 此外、而且 in addition 并且 apart from 除了……之外 what's more 而且、更重要的 including 包括worse still=what's worse=to make matter worse 更糟糕的是 7、表示因果 because 因为 since 既然 as 由于 now that 既然 therefore 因此 thus 这样 so 所以 as a result (of) 结果 because of=on account of 因为 thanks to 多亏、由于 for this reason 由于这个原因 if so 如果这样 if not 如果不是这样 8、表示目的 for this purpose+that 为了这个目的 so as to doin order to do In order to get a good mark， I work so that… I work hard so that I can get a good 9、表示让步 though/although 虽然、尽管 even if/ even though 尽管 in spite of whatever/however/whoever 无论/不管……10、表示递进或强调 besides 况且 what's more 更重要地是 above all 首先 particularly 特别地in other words 换句话说 in that case 那样的话 11、表示转折 but 但是 still 然而 however 然而 while 而 12、表示总结 that is (to say) 也就是说 in a/one word 简言之、一句话、总之 generally speaking 一般说来 in short=in a few words 简言之 in conclusion=lastly 最后地 so 所以 therefore 因此 thus 这样 as has been mentioned 正如所提到的 it is quite clear that 很显然 there is no doubt that 毫无疑问 it is well-known that 大家都知道 as we all know=as is known as/so far as I know 据我所知 to sum up=to summarize=in summary 总之 13、表示转折话题 by the way 顺便说 I am afraid 我恐怕 in my opinion 依我看来 to tell the truth 说实话 to be honest 诚实地说 in fact/ as a matter of fact 事实上

哎 自己多写拉 初中作文OK的啊 认识些外国朋友啊 i think it's important for us to **** what's your opione? what about you ， please write to me these days we did a **about 作文很多地方叫你写 什么自己感受啊．你就写i think it's ．．i don;t 就是写满字 没错字 语法OK 意思OK 时态OK 就OK拉．． 要么像我们老师这样叫我们背 不过我没背过．应为能写出来啊．．加油．

引用数据（图表、表格）：常用的动词：show， present， illustrate， summarize， demonstrate， contain， provide， list， report， give， reveal， display， indicate， suggest， describe， …as从句：As shown in…/As can be seen in…/As revealed by…引用/简述他人的研究/观点：XXX + V + /that…其中Verb可以为：state， claim， argue， maintain， suggest， assert， hypothesize， conclude， describe， develop， propose， find， show， report， use， study， demonstrate， note， discuss， observe， explain， expand， publish， give， examine， analyze， focus， presume， speculate， assume， support， theorize， contend， recommend其它：Based on…/In the view of…/According to…表达可能性：It is certain that …It is almost certain that …It is very probable/ highly likely that …It is probable/likely that …It is possible that …It is unlikely that …It is very/highly unlikely that …用于表达可能性的另一种途径：There is a definite possibility that …There is a strong possibility that …There is a good possibility that …There is a slight possibility that …There is little possibility that …

英文科技论文常用句型结构有哪些

(Abstract) 也成为内容提要，通常在学士论文中都必须附有摘要，其位置应放在论文的正文之前，对整个论文内容的概述无论对专业读者还是对非专业读者而言，摘要都是一个非常重要的文件　　摘要如果和论文一起发表，则被称为一次性出版物摘要，主要用于帮助读者评价文章内容及其潜在作用，使读者不必阅读全文就可以了解论文的内容除此之外，摘要也可以被单独收入文摘机构出版的摘要期刊如:生物学文摘(Biological Abstract)、化学文摘(Chemical Abstract)等、称为二次性出版物摘要此类脱离论文独立成篇的摘要主要用于方便读者检索文献、收集信息，帮助研究者寻找新的研究领域　　一、 摘要的定义　　摘要的英文术语:有两个词汇，一个是 abstract， 一个是 根据美国国家标准学会(American National Standard Institute)于1971年通过并颁布的《美国国家文摘写作标准》(American National Standard for Writing Abstracts)规定，Abstract 不应与 summary 混同　　Abstract 对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度概括，使读者不必阅读全文即可了解论文内容，或者让读者对即将阅读的文章有思想准备，或者让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要文中只对论文信息进行浓缩，而不加主观评论或解释，可以脱离原文而独立成篇字数通常在100~150个词左右，更确切地说，约为原文长度的1% ~ 5%(有的杂志规定摘要平均为全文的3% ~ 5%)现在越来越多的用法是 　　尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用 abstract 这个术语，在论文的题目下也通常要用这个词　　Summary (概要) 与 abstract 无明显差别严格地说，summary 一般附在论文的后面，对论文的主要结论和成果进行再叙述其前提是读者已经通读过全文，通过 summary 来巩固论文的主要论点和成果在某些论文中，用 summary 取代正文中的 conclusion 部分 Summary 是论文的"缩影"，可以概括论文的全部内容，只是在删繁就简上下功夫，字数长短不一，少则两三句话，多则500个单词甚至更长美国的一些高等学校规定，硕士论文提要(summary)以250词左右为宜，而博士论文题要以350词左右为宜国际会议论文的提要一般规定为300 ~ 500 词或 1000 个印刷符号　　至于究竟要采用什么形式，要根据征稿而定　　一般说来，国际学术会议论文及要求按 Summary 方式来写摘要，而正式出版发行的刊物要修不尽一致对于个别论文还见有前面为 Abstract， 结尾又有一个Summary ， 这多半是由于文章过长，内容有多，后面的 Summary 相当于该文的缩写　　二、 摘要的种类　　摘要分为两类，一类是说明性摘要(Descriptive/ Indicative Abstract)，一类是资料性(Informative Abstract)摘要　　 说明性摘要 (Descriptive / Indicative Abstract)　　如同迈克尔艾利 (Michael Alley)所说，"一篇说明性摘要是段落形式的目录，使读者手中的一份简要地图"从这句话中可以清楚地了解说明性摘要的作用说明性摘要指向读者指出论文的主要议题是什么，不涉及具体的研究方法和结果，但无法给读者提供更多的详细信息它一般是用于综述性文章，也用于讨论、评论性文章，尤以介绍某学科近期发展动态的论文居多，常出现"… is studied"、 "…is discussed" 字样时态多用现在时或现在完成时其篇幅也较短，大多在100 ~ 150 字之间以下是一篇说明性摘要的样例　　Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies， mosquitoes and rats， and by killing their adult 由于说明性摘要仅限于陈述论文的主要论题且篇幅较小，主要用于评述性的论文　　 资料性摘要 (Informative Abstract)　　资料性摘要的优点是比说明性摘要能提供多的多的信息，它应该尽量完整和准确地体现原文的具体内容，特别强调指出研究的方法和结果、结论等其篇幅较长，大多在150 ~250 字之间根据原文长度，也有多达500字的通常，这类的摘要反映了论文的基本面貌，能够代替阅读论文全文　　Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies， mosquitoes and rats， and by killing their adult The breeding of flies is controlled by proper disposal of decaying organic matter， and of mosquitoes by destroying or draining pools， or spraying them with For rats， only the indirect methods of rat-resistant houses and protected food supplies are Control of adult forms of both insects and rodens requires use of Screens are used for Minnows can be planted to eat mosquito 　　三、 如何写摘要　　 摘要的位置 摘要的位置是确定的，一般在作者工作单位的下方如:　　Cultural Differences Between China and USA (标题)　　Xu Ying (署名) Hunan University (Changsha， Hunan， 410082) (工作单位) Abstract: (摘要) Key words: (关键词)　　 写作要点　　(1) 长度:有专家认为150 ~ 200 个词之间;文章长度的五分之一 有些刊物会规定摘要的篇幅不能超过一定的字数，如:在80 ~ 100 之间，在投稿前应查询 若刊物没有规定长度时，可以参阅已发表的文章长度参加国际会议的论文摘要有字数限制，一般要求200 ~ 500 个词之间，约1000个印刷符号(美国化学文献、医学文献的论文摘要规定在200个词以内)　　(2) 不要重复论文中的句子　　(3) 避免列举大堆数据　　(4) 一般只是一个段落，不要将其分为数段　　(5) 不要使用祈使句、感叹句、公式、表格等　　(6) 完成论文后在写摘要　　(7) 一般使用第三人称或被动语态　　(8) 语言需简明扼要　　下面请看一段论文摘要:　　This paper deals with the English syllabus for graduate students in C The paper first reviews the history of the graduate English teaching， then discusses the shortcomings in the syllabus and finally proposes some suggestions for its 　　(本回答由学术堂整理提供)

一、突出主题原则及修辞策略。标题是论文重要的信息浓缩点，是读者最先获取的直接信息，通常需要体现文章的主要观点和主要论点。因此，论文标题的写作，应当简明扼要、重点突出、反映文章主题，而且还要便于索引，利于论文广泛流通。　　为了体现主题，论文英文标题在修辞策略上通常需要注意两个方面，一是信息传递，要充分反映论文的创新内容，重要的内容尽量前置，同时准确使用题名的结构要素来完整表达学术论文主题，常见的结构类型是由研究对象、研究目的和研究方法组成的标题；二是表达方式，应多用名词、名词词组、动名词来表达，且文字安排应结构合理、选词准确、详略得当，重要的词放在文题的起始。　　二、准确规范原则及修辞策略。措辞准确、表达客观、逻辑严密、行文简洁、词义明确、含义固定是科研学术论文所共有的文体特征。而学术论文英文标题除了具备以上特征外，还有大量的专业词汇、术语以及特定的词汇结构体系、语法规则和语篇结构。因此，写作学术论文标题在语言表达上要合乎规范标准，翻译成英文标题时，要在正确理解原文的基础上进行，忠实地传达原文的内容，保持原文的风格。具体可采取以下方法：　　首先，格式要求规范。标题译文可采用首字母大写，其余的用小写(首字母缩略词全大写，专有名词的首字母大写)；也可采用标题首字母大写，其余实词首字母大写，虚词小写(4个字母以上的介词或连词的首字母大写)；排列时可根据具体学术期刊的规范分别采用居中排与左对齐的方式；书名应用斜体表示。　　其次，选词应强调专业化，这就需要作者熟知本专业的英语术语，选择专业词汇，避免使用通俗语是科研工作者治学严谨的表现。同时科技英语用词强调词义单一、准确，忌用多义词，所以应当根据科技英语的这一修辞特点，在英译时应用词义明确单一的词来代替词义较多的词。　　此外，用词也要准确，不使用非标准化的缩略语，所使用的缩略词语、代号、符号、公式等都应是公认的。由于在英语中有相当数量的动词、名词、形容词都有其固定的介词搭配，例如，逻辑动宾关系的名词性组合是学术论文英文标题的常见形式，所以在使用此类词语时应当要多加注意，以避免出现错误。　　三、简明有效原则及修辞策略。好的标题应是高度概括、言简意赅、便于检索。在完整、准确地概括全文内容的基础上，用尽量少的文字恰当反映所研究的范围和深度，不可夸大其词，以偏概全，也不可缩小研究范围，以偏代全。做到简明有效可以从两个方面着手，一是在信息处理上，用尽可能少的文字表述尽可能多的信息；二是在选词用语上，文题力求语言精炼，主题词突出。　　学术论文的英语标题通常可以用短语形式来表达，这样的结构言简意赅，内部组织严密，而且可以把更多的信息融于一体，使彼此的逻辑关系更明确，表达更细密，有利于达到交际目的。英语标题常见的短语结构有：名词+动词不定式、名词或名词短语+过去分词、现在分词短语、介词短语结构、名词或名词短语+介词短语、以动词形式开始的短语结构等。　　四、得体原则及修辞策略。一个修辞行为的有效性，还取决于它是否合乎语体的规范，是否符合言语交际环境的规定，是否符合社会交往的礼仪，是否符合文化的习俗，是否符合双方的审美倾向。科技论文的行文要符合科技文体的特点，保持文体的严肃性，是为得体。学术论文英语标题的写作要与中文标题内容协调一致，包括风格的一致，语言表达应符合英语习惯。　　英文标题的写作虽然可以不拘一格，但应突出主题，服从英语的表达习惯，避免使用中式的英语表达形式。例如，汉语论文主标题与副标题之间一般用破折号，而英文的主标题与副标题之间通常用冒号表示。名词化结构较多地使用抽象名词表达动作和状态，这也是英语表达和汉语表达上的主要差别之一。　　总之，标题在论文中起着至关重要的作用。论文的标题应能准确地概括论文的内容，提纲挈领、点明主题、吸引读者、便于检索。要写好英文标题，作者不仅要有严谨的治学态度，还要掌握专业英语知识，熟悉本专业英语文体的写作特点，熟记常用的句式结构及英语习惯表达方法，在正确理解论文主旨的基础上，力求重点突出，行文准确、规范、简洁、得体。　　（以上内容由学术堂整理提供）

翻译包括口译和笔译。在笔译中，又可分为科技翻译、文学翻译、政论文翻译和应用文翻译等等。翻译就是“把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来”(引自《现代汉语词典》)。因而，翻译本身并不是一门独立的创造性科学，它既带有创造性，又带有科学性，它是用语言表达的一门艺术，是科学性的再创作。随着国际学术交流的日益广泛，科技英语已经受到普遍的重视，掌握一些科技英语的翻译技巧是非常必要的。科技英语(English for Science and Technolgy ，简称EST)作为一种重要的英语文体，与非科技英语文体相比，具有词义多、长句多、被动句多、词性转换多、非谓语动词多、专业性强等特点，这些特点都是由科技文献的内容所决定的。因此，科技英语的翻译也有别于其他英语文体的翻译。 一、翻译人员必须了解相关科技领域的知识 在科技翻译中，要达到融会贯通，必须了解相关的科技，熟练掌握同一事物的中英文表达方式。单纯靠对语言的把握也能传达双方的语言信息，但运用语言的灵活性特别是选词的准确性会受到很大限制。要解决这个问题，翻译人员就要积极主动地熟悉这个科技领域的相关翻译知识。比如，要翻译“轧机牌坊”这个词汇，仅仅把字面意思翻译出来还远远不够，而且有时用词也不够准确。“轧机牌坊”按字面意思是“mill housing”， 但根据设备的实际情况，翻译成“window”更确切一些，工程技术人员也更习惯使用。因此，了解了生产工艺和设备，在翻译过程中对语言的理解能力和翻译质量就会大大提高。 二、科技英语翻译标准 关于翻译的标准，历来提法很多。有的主张“信、达、雅”，有的主张“信、顺”，有的主张“等值”等等，并曾多次展开过广泛的争论和探讨。但是，从他们的争论中可以看出，有一点是共同的，即一切译文都应包括原文思想内容和译文语言形式这两个方面；简单地说，符合规范的译文语言，确切忠实地表达原作的风格，这就是英语翻译的共同标准。为此，笔者认为，在进行英语翻译时要坚持两条标准： （一）忠实 译文应忠实于原文，准确地、完整地、科学地表达原文的内容，包括思想、精神与风格。译者不得任意对原文内容加以歪曲、增删、遗漏和篡改。 （二）通顺 译文语言必须通顺，符合规范，用词造句应符合本民族语言的习惯，要用民族的、科学的、大众的语言，以求通顺易懂。不应有文理不通、逐词死译和生硬晦涩等现象。 三、科技英语翻译过程中要体现语言结果特色 （一）大量使用名词化结构 《当代英语语法》（A Grammar of Contemporary）在论述科技英语时提出，大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实， 而非某一行为。例如：Archimeds first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid 阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实。 （二）广泛使用被动语句 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少1/3是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态，例如：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the 应当注意机器的工作温度。 （三）非限定动词的应用和大量使用后置定语 如前所述，科技文章要求行文简练，结构紧凑，往往使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式短语代替各种从句；介词+动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子，又比较醒目。 （四）大量使用常用句型 科技文章中经常使用若干特定的句型，从而形成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。例如It—that—结构句型；被动态结构句型；结构句型，分词短语结构句型，省略句结构句型等。举例如下：It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one 。显然，润滑好的轴承，比不润滑的轴承容易转动。 （五）为了描叙事物精确，要使用长句 为了表述一个复杂概念，使之逻辑严密，结构紧凑，科技文章中往往出现许多长句。有的长句多达七八个词，例句省略。 （六）大量使用复合词与缩略词 大量使用复合词与缩略词是科技文章的特点之一，复合词从过去的双词组合发展到多词组合；缩略词趋向于任意构词，例如某一篇论文的作者可以就仅在该文中使用的术语组成缩略词，这给翻译工作带来一定的困难。例如：full-enclosed 全封闭的（双词合成形容词）。 四、科技英语的翻译方法 要提高翻译质量，使译文达到“准确”、“通顺”、“简练”这三个标准，就必须运用翻译技巧。翻译技巧就是在翻译过程中用词造句的处理方法，如词义的引伸、增减、词类转换和科技术语的翻译方法等。 （一）引伸译法 当英语句子中的某个词按词典的释义直译不符合汉语修辞习惯或语言规范时，则可以在不脱离该英语词本义的前提下，灵活选择恰当的汉语词语或词组译出。例如：Jigang will fix this problem during the recent shut down of the finishing 济钢会在最近的精轧机停产时解决这一问题。“fix”字典意思为“固定、修理”，这里引伸译为“解决、处理”。 （二）增减词译法 增词就是在译句中增加或补充英语句子中原来没有或省略了的词语，以便更完善、更清楚地表达英语句子所阐述的内容。在英语句子中，有的词从语法结构上讲是必不可少的，但并无什么实际意义，只是在句子中起着单纯的语法作用；有的词虽有实际意义，但按照字面译出又显多余。这样的词在翻译时往往可以省略不译。 （三）词类转换 英语翻译中，常常需要将英语句子中属于某种词类的词，译成另一种词类的汉语词，以适应汉语的表达习惯或达到某种修辞目的。这种翻译处理方法就是转换词性法，简称词类转换。例如：In any case， the performance test have 不管怎样进行， 性能测试都要优先。这里将名词“priority”转译为动词“优先”。 （四）词序处理法 英汉两种语言的词序规则基本相同，但也存在着某些差别。不同的英语句子，在翻译中的词序处理方式也常常不同。例如：An insufficient power supply makes the motor 电源不足就会使马达停转。这里将“insufficient power”(不足电源)改序翻译为“电源不足”较为合理。 （五）科技术语的译法 工程英语中有大量的科技术语，而且科学性、技术性和专业性很强。科技术语的译法有意译、音译、象形译和原形译4种。例如Final as built drawings竣工图，first aid box急救箱，centrifugal force离心力，gear box齿轮箱、变速箱。 对你绝对有帮助哦！

一般实词（名词、动词、代词、形容词、副词等）首字母大写，虚词（介词、冠词、连词、感叹词）首字母小写 标题第一个单词、最后一个单词无论词性首字母应该大写超过5个字母的虚词，如between、without、alongside、underneath等应该大写如果是重要提示性标题，或者是专有名称标题，可以全部字母都用大写，但这种用法应慎重附：英文：标题 内容提要关键词参考文献 英文题名（标题）　　1) 题名的结构 英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语（ noun phrase ）最常见，即题名基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和（或）后置定语构成例如： Discussion About the Envy of Children an the Aged （儿童与老人之妒论略）， Principles to Follow in Enrolling Talents in Higher Education Institutions （高校人才引进应遵循的原则）短语型题名要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准题名一般不应是陈述句，因为题名主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义；况且陈述句不够精练和醒目，重点也不易突出少数情况（评述性、综述性和驳斥性）下可以用疑问句做题名，因为疑问句可有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣例如： Can Agricultural Mechanization be Realized Without Petroleum? （农业机械化能离开石油吗 ? ）2) 题名的字数 题名不应过长总的原则是，题名应确切、简练、醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下，题名词数越少越好，一般不宜超过 10 个实词 专家建议不要超过 15 个字，根据人的记忆特点，最好不超过 12 个字，否则不易记忆，最大限度一般不超过 20 个字 外文题名3) 中英文题名的一致性 同一篇论文，其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致，但不等于说词语要一一对应在许多情况下，个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动4) 题名中的大小写 题名字母的大小写有以下三种格式 A 全部字母大写例如： DISCUSSION ABOUT THE ENVY OF CHIDREN AND THE AGED B 每个词的首字母大写，但三个或四个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写例如： From Go-back-to-history to Non-history ---- A Criticism of New Historicism C 题名第一个词的首字母大写，其余字母均小写例如： Topographic inversion of interval velocities ．一般采用 B 格式 作者与作者单位的英译　　1) 作者中国人名按汉语拼音拼写中国作者姓名的汉语拼音采用如下写法：姓前名 后，中间为空格， 例如： Li Ping （李平） Li Xiaoping （李小平）2) 单位单位名称要写全（由小到大）例如： N 152， Xingan West Road， Guangzhou， Guangdong 地名的拼写方法是：第一个字的头字母大写，后面的字紧跟在后面小写，例如： Beijing， Nanhai 英文摘要　　原则上讲，中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要，摘要的内容主要是 ① 点明主题，解析文章的目的或意图； ② 介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌； ③ 提出结论或建议，以供读者参考但是，英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯，最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长，同样内容的一段文字，若用英文来描述，其占用的篇幅可能比中文多一倍因此，撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了，力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性对这个问题的认识存在两个误区，一是认为两个摘要的内容差不多就行，因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容，或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容，这样很容易造成文摘重心转移，甚至偏离主题二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译，对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏，这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复，显得拖沓、冗长英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容，不能随意增删，但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动，具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则，符合英文专业术语规范，并照顾到英文的表达习惯选择适当的时态和语态，是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提通常情况下，摘要中谓语动词的时态和语态都不是通篇一律的，而应根据具体内容而有所变化，否则容易造成理解上的混乱但这种变化又并非无章可循，其中存在着如下一些规律：1) 英文摘要的时态 英文摘要时态的运用以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一般过去时，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用A 一般现在时用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等例如： This study (investigation) is (conducted， undertaken) to ， The result shows (reveals) that ， It is found that ， The conclusions are ， The author suggests that ．涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，也要用一般现在时B 一般过去时用于叙述过去某一时刻（时段）的发现、某一研究过程（实验、观察、调查等过程）例如： The techniques of questionnaire and interview were applied to study women customers' demand for cosmetics in January and August， 需要指出的是，用一般过去时描述的发现、现象，往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的，而只是当时如何如何；所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹C 现在完成时和过去完成时完成时少用，但不是不用现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来，而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为例如： Concrete has been studied for many Man has not yet learned to store the solar 2) 英文摘要的语态 采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用在多数情况下采用被动语态采用被动语态的情况主要有：说明事实经过时，某件事是谁做的，无须一一证明；为强调动作承受者；有些情况必须用强调的事物做主语，例如： In this case， a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be 在某些情况下，特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时，又常使用主动语态，其优点是鲜明有力而且有时摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力例如： The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically 语感要强3) 英文摘要的人称 摘要的首句多用第三人称 This paper 等开头，或采用更简洁的被动语态，一般不用第一人称4 ）遣词造句 掌握一定的遣词造句技巧，简单、准确地表达作者的观点，减少读者的误解A 用词力求简单，在表达同样意思时，尽量用短词代替长词，以常用词代替生僻词但是当描述方法、步骤时，应该用狭义词代替广义词例如，英文中有不少动词 do， run， get， take 等，虽简单常用，但其意义少则十几个，多则几十个，用这类词来描述研究过程，读者难免产生误解，甚至会不知所云，这就要求根据具体情况，选择意义相对明确的词诸如 perform， achieve 等，以便于读者理解B 造句尽量使用短句，长句容易造成语义不清；但要避免单调和重复一是熟悉英文摘要的常用句型：尽管英文的句型种类繁多，丰富多彩，但摘要的常用句型却很有限，而且形成了一定的规律，大体可归纳为（ 1 ）表示研究目的，常用在摘要之首 In order toThis paper describesThe purpose of this study is （ 2 ）表示研究的对象与方法 The curative effect/function] of certain drug was observed/studied （ 3 ）表示研究的结果： The result showed/It proved/The authors found that （ 4 ）表示结论、观点或建议： The authors suggest/conclude/consider that 二是尽量采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语，少用关系代词 which ， who 等引导的定语从句由于摘要的时态多采用一般过去时，使用关系代词引导的定语从句不但会使句式变得复杂，而且容易造成时态混乱（因为定语和它所修饰的主语、宾语之间有时存在一定的 时间差，而过去完成时、过去将来时等往往难以准确判定采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语，在简化语句的同时，还可以减少时态判定的失误5) 注意事项 在英文摘要的写作过程中应避免一些常见的错误 A 冠词主要是定冠词 the 易被漏用 the 用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握，用于特指时常被漏用这里有个原则，即当我们用 the 时，听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么例如： The author designed a new The machine is operated with solar 由于现在缩略语越来越多，要注意区分 a 和 an ，如 an X B 数词避免用阿拉伯数字作首词，如： Three hundred samples are collected 中的 Three hundred 不要写成 C 单复数一些名词单复数形式不易辨认，从而造成谓语形式出错总之，多看英文文献，积累经验，摸索规律，提高英文写作水平，才能写好英文摘要英文摘要常见句型