介绍俄罗斯的论文格式要求怎么写

介绍俄罗斯的论文格式要求

从几个方面去写写俄罗斯的历史背景写现代俄罗斯的发展现状写未来俄罗斯的发展前景。4小结观点，笔者俄罗斯的印象可以了吧，有了提纲就可以填充内容了

太棒了，对我帮助太大了，多写这样的文章，可以再写一个美国或埃及或日本。

可以写俄罗斯国酒伏特加酒文化。

介绍俄罗斯的论文格式要求怎么写

字数大概在1000字左右，可以引用!分享到: “东正教在俄罗斯历史上、俄罗斯精神和文化形成与作品，是拜占庭传统中的一篇光辉的宗教哲学论文。

帮你找到下面一篇参考文章，希望对你的论文有所借鉴　　俄罗斯报业改革发展及受众分析　　苏联十月革命的胜利推翻了俄资产阶级的统治，建立起世界上第一个社会主义国家。并创建了庞大的社会主义新闻出版体系。截止到1986年，苏联已有各类报纸8000多家；其中日报713种，发行量为一亿多份　　，位居世界前列。随着1991年苏联的解体，前苏联的新闻出版体系迅速瓦解。俄罗斯的新闻媒体开始由新闻出版部统一管理。由于俄罗斯政治体制和社会体制的变革，新的新闻出版体系也逐渐形成。俄罗斯民主自由的新闻出版观念在大众中已经十分普及。从苏联解体直到今天，虽然新闻出版业经历了不少坎坷的道路，但它还是在碰撞中吸取经验，不断发展。　　新的政治体制下的报业改革　　1991年12月，俄罗斯联邦通过了《大众传播媒介法》。该法给俄罗斯报业带来“民主”和“自由”，并拓宽了报业的活动领域。但是所谓“自由”出版，并不代表报纸媒体可以完全自由，毫无顾虑的发表自己的意见。因为报刊想要生存下去，就必须以强大的财政，经济基础作为支撑。苏联时期的党报，机关报依靠苏共中央的财政拨款。苏联解体以后，报刊不在享有拨款，他们必须自负盈亏。于是，党报，机关报纷纷改成民营的独立报纸，向社会寻求经济支持。他们艰难地自筹资金，惨淡经营；其它专业报刊更是在市场经济中颠簸挣扎。财经问题已经成为俄罗斯新闻出版业自由发展的最大障碍。　　新闻出版业在经济上遇到的困难是由苏联时期开始形成的。在苏联时期，虽然出版报刊有很大的利润，但是其利润流入到党组织，共青团，工会，以及其他社会组织中，最后汇入国家财政部门。苏联政府并没有在发展大众传媒的经济基础设施上投入资金。经济问题一直拖延，始终没能得到彻底解决。现在的俄罗斯新闻出版业处在缺乏信息资本，没有资金保障的状态中。当前俄罗斯经济发展面临很多困难，自然也影响到了大众传媒业。由于缺乏投资，纸张和印刷的价格过高，广告市场发展过于缓慢等原因，造成了报业盈利上的困难。但是以上这些只是客观因素，现存的主观问题是：许多报社为了拥有更多读者，盲目扩大报纸版面，而其质量标准下降。刊物中出现许多空洞，肤浅的消息。他们希望刊物上刊登的新闻能在读者中引起强烈反映，但是这些新闻往往并不真实。总而言之，目前俄罗斯新闻出版业自由发展所面临的考验不仅是经济问题，还有新闻伦理标准的问题。　　书刊检查机构被取消，刊物能够自由出版发行。这对新闻工作的伦理性提出了严峻考验。很多新闻工作者不能严格遵守职业道德，使报道经常缺乏准确性。这些报道使读者失去了对刊物的信任。读者对刊物的失望加深了报业危机。失去读者的信赖就意味减少了报纸发行量。这个问题在俄罗斯民主发展的第一年就已经出现了。　　值得我们关注的是，报纸发行量下降的同时，报刊的种类明显的增加了。在俄罗斯报业的发展过程中出现了独特的“数量爆炸”。80年代末期，苏联的报刊只有几百种。90年代初期，全苏联有8000多种刊物发行。其中报纸4863多种，杂志3353多种。而今天，有27000多种刊物在俄罗斯境内（不包括独联体国家）发行。苏联时期的中央级报刊基本上都保留下来了。但是不论是从内容上，形式上，还是经营管理方式上，都发生了天翻地覆的变化。　　苏联时期的中央机关报《真理报》在苏联解体以后和一家希腊的公司(Steelite Holdings Ltd)合作，并组建了“真理报国际有限公司”。希腊公司拥有55%的股份，报社只持有45%股份《真理报》就这样生存了下来。但是报社和希腊公司很快就产生了矛盾，报纸也分成两家。由真理报社有限公司出版发行的还是叫《真理报》。它是俄罗斯共产党和左翼力量的报纸，由俄罗斯的一些大型商业，企业机构支持。由真理报国际股份公司出版发行的报纸叫做-《真理报-5》。《真理报-5》的政治倾向自由，仍然是由外国的财政资本支持。　　苏联解体以后，原来的最高苏维埃机关报《消息报》得到俄罗斯最大的石油公司-卢科依尔公司的财政支持。该公司买下了《消息报》41%的股份。是《消息报》的最大股东。在卢科依尔公司的经济支持下，《消息报》的出版发行一直比较稳定。在受众中的影响也比较大。　　苏联时期的共青团中央机关报《共青团真理报》。它从内容，版式，风格上都有极大的变化。唯一不变的只是报纸的名称。　　《莫斯科共青团员报》是目前最受莫斯科受众青睐的都市报了。它的前身是莫斯科团市委机关报。　　苏联解体后，新的刊物大量涌现。在俄罗斯现代受众中影响比较大的报纸有《独立报》，《今日报》，《生意人报》等；杂志有《总结》等。《独立报》和《今日报》主要是对时事，政治，经济等进行分析和评论。《生意人报》属于商业报纸，深受商业和金融界人士的喜爱和认同。　　俄罗斯报业的发展进程　　在俄罗斯社会，经济整体发展不平均的情况下，可以把俄报业的发展粗略的分成几个阶段。　　1989-1991年，新闻出版业开始从旧的传统形式中挣脱出来。在这以前，刊物曾是为苏联共产党服务的工具。苏联解体后，新闻出版业自由地从外界压力中解脱出来。这标志着新的新闻工作形式已经形成了。这段时期，刊物成为官僚，行政管理部门的评论工具。新闻出版业有一定的自由，但是国家政党保持了领导的角色。1990年6月12日，关于新闻事业的新立法被通过了。苏联共产党无权再干涉新闻业的自由出版。新闻出版业从国家机构中挣脱出来，获得独立。　　1991-1993年，俄罗斯新闻出版业经历了自由的黄金时期。苏联时期对报业实行的是垂直管理。在这种垂直管理模式下，报刊一般被分为若干等级——中央的；加盟共和国的；边疆区、州、自治共和国的；一般城市和地区的；工矿、学校、农庄等企事业单位的。各级报刊均处于苏共中央的统一领导之下，并接受各级党委（或党领导的企事业组织）的管理和监督。全苏新闻社——塔斯社为这些报刊提供消息，主要的中央报纸通过传真传递到全国各个城市。现在这种金字塔式的结构不存在了。每一家报社都以自己的利益为重，他们不用听命于任何外界的命令。在报业发展中所存在的主要问题是需要新的投资。俄罗斯经济垄断后的纸张价格过高，印刷费用相对增加。这样报社赢利很困难。甚至有报社干脆不赢利。国家曾试图给报业，印刷业发放补助金作为援助。但这是远远不够的。为了在竞争中生存，许多报社不得不大量刊登广告，并争取外来的资本投资。1993年12月，俄罗斯联邦会议对“大众传播媒介法”进行了修改，使新闻传播更加民主，自由。并走上了商业化的道路。　　1995-1996年，在俄罗斯总统大选前夕，新闻业寡头们联合起来支持总统候选人叶利钦。使俄罗斯再次出现了享有特权的新闻出版形式。（以前是在苏维埃政权的操纵下，现今是被大财团所掌握。）但是统一战线并没维持很久，私有制破坏了新闻业的统一战线，新闻界的垄断者们不得不开始进行信息战。这样的政治战争一直持续着。　　1998-1999年，新一轮总统大选使新闻垄断者之间的战争在一定程度上加剧了。从2000年总统大选结束以后直到现在，由于新闻业的发展越来越趋向于商业化和政治化，刊物在俄罗斯人民心中的声望再次下降。总统普京提出了必须加固国家新闻传播事业的要求。为了加强国家对新闻传播业的监督管理，专门成立了管理刊物，广电，大众传播的部门。并在互连网上建立了代表官方看法和意见的消息社-《国家RU》。目前俄罗斯发行的报刊不仅由国家控制，还有一部分是各政党的舆论工具。　　俄罗斯主要发行的报纸有：《真理报》发行量19万份；《消息报》61万份；《今日报》5，6万份；《独立报》5，7万份；《劳动报》158万份；《俄罗斯报》53万份；《共青团真理报》166万份；《文学报》26万份。　　俄罗斯报业受众分析　　苏联解体后，俄罗斯报业经历了风风雨雨，一步步走到了今天。在市场经济的推动下，俄报业逐渐走向了商业化的发展模式。分析，研究报业市场和受众也成了现代报业必修的一课。　　俄罗斯领土面积为1110万平方公里，是个地广人稀的国家，平均人口密度底。约有人口14850万。我们可以按年龄可以把俄罗斯人划分成五代人。1）民主革命的一代（生于1900-1923年）。他们经历了1917年的十月革命，卫国战争等。这一代人是苏联初期国家的建设者。他们对国家有很强的责任心和自我牺牲精神。2）缄默的一代（生于1923-1943年）。他们经历了第二次世界大战，战争给苏联的经济带来巨大损失。这一代人大多都奉公守法，默默忍受物资的匮乏。3）积极的一代（生于1943-1963年）。他们积极，果断，上进。为战后苏联的恢复性建设作出了很大贡献。比较典型的例子就是宇航员尤里加加林。4）生于1963-1983年的一代。他们经历了苏联和美国的冷战，经历了苏联政府更换新一代领导人。5）生于1983年以后的一代。这代人出生在苏联时期，经历了苏联的衰败和解体。他们面对的是俄罗斯今天新的社会体制。目前的报纸受众群体主要集中在第三，四五代人中。下面我们对这几部分受众进行逐一分析。　　经历了社会体制的巨变，俄罗斯报业受众的思想观念和行为也有相当大的变化。影响受众行为的首要因素可以说是文化因素和年龄差异。　　俄罗斯人民的文化程度较高。苏联早在1952年就基本普及了七年制义务教育；70年代初，已经普及了八年制义务教育；而从80年代到现在，俄罗斯一直在努力普及公民义务教育。到现在为止，基本上已经普及了十一年制义务教育。　　由于受众年龄差较大，对报纸消费行为也存在很大的差异。出生于1943-1963年的那代人相对保守。他们长时间生活在前苏联社会主义体制下，并经历了从苏联到俄罗斯的社会巨变。他们不太接受国家政治体系的变迁，面对急剧变动的社会，对新的社会体系表示怀疑和不满。这类受众有读报的习惯，但是对现代报刊的报道不太感兴趣，尤其是对五花八门的社会新闻，各种奇闻逸事，小道消息比较反感。他们能接受的是具有民族爱国主义倾向的新闻报道。生于1963-1983年的俄罗斯人则比较开放。他们从小学到中学接受的都是苏联社会主义基础教育。苏联解体以后接受的是西方化，资本主义化的高等教育。这一代人是报刊的积极受众。他们对政治，经济，外交，时事新闻及评论等内容的报纸杂志很感兴趣。并经常订阅和自己专业有关的业内刊物。他们普遍向往西方人的生活方式，追求完美。希望从媒介的报道中获取自己感兴趣的信息。出生于1983年以后的俄罗斯人是一代年轻的新闻受众。总体来说，这类受众接受新事物的能力很强，有思想和行动力。他们积极进取，特别喜欢接受大量的新闻和信息。但这类受众中有一小部分人喜欢讲排场，盲目追求奢饰的生活方式。他们对政治，经济，国际新闻及评论不太敏感，而对社会名流，演艺界，体育界明星的生活新闻感兴趣。这类受众经常购买关于明星生活的昂贵杂志，然后对其进行模仿。　　面对不同年龄，不同职业，不同经济状况和生活方式的报刊受众，随着俄罗斯报业市场竞争日趋激烈，俄罗斯现代报刊越来越重视对受众的调查分析。并根据调查结果进行改革和创新。　　今天的俄罗斯报业在市场经济体制下面临着很多新的课题和挑战。报刊必须以受众的利益为主，公正客关的面向群众。以多元化的表现手段来吸引受众。积极发挥媒体的宣传作用

介绍俄罗斯的论文格式怎么写

一个民族的风俗习惯是展现其民族文化特征和内涵的主要内容之一。俄国是个多神教的国家，988年罗斯受洗，基督教取代多神教，而基督教三大教派之一的东正教在俄罗斯则是最大和最有影响的宗教，俄罗斯人主要信奉东正教。据统计，目前全世界约有东正教徒一亿五千万人，仅前苏联就有八千多万人，占前苏联人口的30%以上。因此，在多神教，东正教及古罗斯人的神话传说的共同影响下，在俄罗斯民间流传着各种征兆和俗信，这些都具体反映在俄罗斯人的言语、行为和习惯方面。隔着门槛不握手当我们去俄罗斯人家里做客时，主人一开房门，我们会很自然地伸出手去握手以示问好，而俄罗斯人站在门口从来不向客人伸手，而是要等客人进门后才握手。一些上了年纪的主人会解释说:"隔着门槛不握手，这是我们的规矩。"古时，斯拉夫人把夭折的孩子、亡故的长辈埋在自家门槛下，认为死者的灵魂会保佑全家平安无事。在俄罗斯人的心目中，门槛是极为重要的地方，所以不能站在门槛上，不能坐在门槛上，尤其是外人不能踩门槛。由此而产生了新郎在婚礼迎接新娘时必须把新娘抱进家门的习俗，假如新娘自己跨过婆家的门槛，会惹得祖宗的灵魂发怒的。迷信虽然已成过去，但这一习俗在许多地方保留了下来。在俄罗斯，关于"门槛"有很多不祥的说法:在自己的家门口绊了一脚，家里准遭不幸、出门时绊了一脚，办事不会顺利、不能隔着门槛送东西否则会不幸临头、隔着门槛问好，是不祥之兆:要么会和人吵架，要么孩子将是哑巴、必须迈右脚跨门槛，假如迈左脚过门槛，则办事不顺等等。呸，呸，呸，消灾驱邪求吉利在与俄罗斯人交往中，有时会遇到这样的情况:我们夸对方"气色不错"或者"诸事如意"等，对方会发出二三声 (呸，呸!)。假如我们不了解这其中缘由，会流露出疑惑的神情。在俄罗斯按旧时的说法，眼睛集中了一个人的力量，因此歹毒的人只要看人一眼，就能毁坏他的生活。换句话，用毒眼看人，就会使其遭遇不幸，在俄语中有 (毒眼)这个说法。古时的人担心被这种眼睛看过之后会遭不幸，就吐三次唾沫以达到驱邪的目的。后来，意思引伸到姻听到夸奖、赞美等好话而担心引起不吉利的后果，人们担心魔鬼听到这些好话以后，会伤害人。比如，古时候，俄罗斯人常常给孩子起一些难听的名字，如: (麻子)， (斜眼)等，认为魔鬼是不会对有这些名字的孩子感兴趣的，从而可以使他们免遭不幸。见人打喷嚏，要祝身体好与俄罗斯人交往时，常常会遇到这样的情况:突然有人打了一个喷嚏，这时俄罗斯朋友肯定会说一句祝你(您)身体好!，这已经成了一条人人遵循的惯例了。这是因为，古时的罗斯人认为喷嚏有特别的魔力，民间中有许多关于打喷嚏的预兆如: (星期一、空着肚子打喷嚏"有人送礼来;星期二打喷嚏"有外人来;星期三打喷嚏。有消息到;星期四打喷嚏，有人夸;星期五打喷嚏:有约会;星期六打喷嚏，心想事成;星期日打喷嚏"有客人上门。的传说有关:上帝造了人，往人的脸上吹了口气。于是人就有了生命。由此就有了一个说法:吸气时，气给人生命，出气时。气就会跑出去。人就有大病临头(俄语成语表示"死，咽气")而人在打喷嚏时，先吸气，后喷气，通常是张大嘴巴，魔鬼会乘虚而人。就是死期临近。在这种情况下，人们就必须运用语言保护的方式，在熟悉的同龄人中间(通常是年轻人)，当女人打喷嚏时。可能听到一种不带恶意的、开玩笑的问候:祝你身体好。就这样，俄罗斯人一代接着一代，遵循这个传统的惯例向打喷嚏的人问好，尽管许多人并不信教或者不知道上面提到的说法。无端发笑是傻瓜俄罗斯人在公共场合，如上班时或公交车中很少微笑。他们认为笑必须是真诚的。出自内心的，而莫名其妙、无缘无故的笑是不可取的。俄语谚语云; (无端发笑是傻瓜。)我们的学生有时在课堂上突然笑声一片，俄罗斯教师很不埋解，称之为 (傻笑)，使我们的学生常常感到委屈。在俄罗斯的餐厅、公交。剧院等公共场合。我们的同胞常常会爆发出一阵朗朗的笑声。招来俄罗斯人的异样目光。

俄罗斯联邦（俄语：Российская Федерация，英语：Russian Federation），又称俄罗斯（俄语：Россия，英语：Russia）、简称俄联邦、俄国。是由22个自治共和国、46个州、9个边疆区、4个自治区、1个自治州、3个联邦直辖市组成的联邦半总统制共和国。位于欧亚大陆北部，地跨欧亚两大洲，国土面积为82万平方公里，是世界上面积最大的国家，也是一个由194个民族构成的统一多民族国家，主体民族为俄罗斯人，约占全国总人口的7%。

介绍俄罗斯的论文格式怎么写的

字数大概在1000字左右，可以引用!分享到: “东正教在俄罗斯历史上、俄罗斯精神和文化形成与作品，是拜占庭传统中的一篇光辉的宗教哲学论文。

太棒了，对我帮助太大了，多写这样的文章，可以再写一个美国或埃及或日本。

介绍俄罗斯的论文格式要求英文

Russia (Russian: Росси́я， Rossiya; pronounced [rʌ'sʲjə])， also[1] the Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция， Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; pronounced [rʌ'sʲskəjə fʲɪdʲɪ'ʦɪjə]， listen (help·info))， is a country that stretches over a vast expanse of E With an area of 17，075，400 square kilometres， it is the largest country in the world by land mass， covering almost twice the territory of the next-largest country， C It has the world's eighth largest Russia shares land borders with the following countries (counter-clockwise from NW to SE): Norway， Finland， Estonia， Latvia， Lithuania， Poland， Belarus， Ukraine， Georgia， Azerbaijan， Kazakhstan， China， Mongolia， and North K It is also close to the United States and Japan across relatively small stretches of Formerly the dominant republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)， Russia is now an independent country and an influential member of the Commonwealth of Independent States， since the Union's dissolution in December During the Soviet era， Russia was officially called the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) Russia is considered the Soviet Union's successor state in diplomatic Most of the area， population， and industrial production of the Soviet Union， then one of the world's two superpowers， lay in R After the breakup of the Soviet Union， Russia's global role was greatly diminished compared to that of the former Soviet U In October 2005， the federal statistics agency reported that Russia's population has shrunk by more than half a million people dipping to 143 million， although Russia became the second country in the world by the number of immigrants from [2]Ancient RusPrior to the Christian Era， the vast lands of Southern Russia were home to un-united tribes， such as Proto-Indo-Europeans and S Between the third and sixth centuries Common Era， the steppes were overwhelmed by successive waves of nomadic invasions， led by warlike tribes which would often move on to Europe， as was the case with Huns and Turkish A A Turkic people， the Khazars， ruled South Russia through the eighth They were important allies of the Byzantine Empire and waged a series of successful wars against the Arab CAn approximative map of the cultures in European Russia at the arrival of the VarangiansThe Early East Slavs constituted the bulk of the population in Western Russia from the seventh century onwards and slowly assimilated the native Finno-Ugric tribes， such as the Merya， the Muromians and the M In the mid-ninth century， a group of Scandinavians， the Varangians， assumed the role of a ruling elite at the Slavic capital of N Although they were quickly assimilated by the predominantly Slavic population， the Varangian dynasty lasted several centuries， during which they affiliated with the Byzantine， or Orthodox church and moved the capital to Kiev in AD In this era， the term "Rhos" or "Rus" first came to be applied to the Varangians and later also to the Slavs who peopled the As well as one of the rulers who contributed to the name "rus" [] In the tenth to eleventh centuries this state of Kievan Rus became the largest in Europe and one of the most prosperous， due to diversified trade with both Europe and A The opening of new trade routes with the Orient at the time of the Crusades contributed to the decline and fragmentation of Kievan Rus by the end of the twelfth In the eleventh and twelfth centuries common era， the constant incursions of nomadic Turkish tribes， such as the Kipchaks and the Pechenegs， led to the massive migration of Slavic populations from the fertile south to the heavily forested regions of the north， known as Z The medieval states of Novgorod Republic and Vladimir-Suzdal emerged as successors to Kievan Rus on those territories， while the middle course of the Volga River came to be dominated by the Muslim state of Volga BLike many other parts of Eurasia， these territories were overrun by the Mongol invaders， who formed the state of Golden Horde which would pillage the Russian principalities for over three Later known as the Tatars， they ruled the southern and central expanses of present-day Russia， while the territories of present-day Ukraine and Belarus were incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland， thus dividing the Russian people in the north from the Belarusians and Ukrainians in the Similarly to the Balkans and Asia Minor， long-lasting nomadic rule retarded the country's economic and social However， the Novgorod Republic together with Pskov retained some degree of autonomy during the time of the Mongol yoke and was largely spared the atrocities that affected the rest of the Led by Alexander Nevsky， the Novgorodians repelled the Germanic crusaders who attempted to colonize the MuscovyMain article: MuscovyUnlike its spiritual leader the Byzantine Empire， Russia under the leadership of Moscow was able to revive and organized its own war of reconquest， finally subjugating its enemies and annexing their After the fall of Constantinople in 1453， Muscovite Russia remained the only more or less functional Christian state on the Eastern European frontier， allowing it to claim succession to the legacy of the Eastern Roman EWhile still under the domain of the Mongol-Tatars and with their connivance， the duchy of Moscow began to assert its influence in Western Russia in the early fourteenth Assisted by the Russian Orthodox Church and Saint Sergius of Radonezh's spiritual revival， Muscovy inflicted a defeat on the Mongol-Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380) Ivan the Great eventually tossed off the control of the invaders， consolidated surrounding areas under Moscow's dominion and first took the title "grand duke of all the Russias"In the beginning of the sixteenth century， the Russian state set the national goal to return all Russian territories lost as a result of the Tatar invasion and to protect the southern borderland against attacks of Crimean Tatars and other Turkic The noblemen， receiving a manor from the sovereign， were obliged to serve in the The manor system became a basis for the nobiliary horse In 1547， Ivan the Terrible was officially crowned the first Tsar of R During his long reign， Ivan annexed the Muslim polities along the Volga River and transformed Russia into a multiethnic and multiconfessional By the end of the century， Russian Cossacks established the first settlements in Western S In the middle of the seventeenth century there were Russian settlements in Eastern Siberia， on Chukchi Peninsula， along the Amur River， on the Pacific coast， and the strait between North America and Asia was first sighted by a Russian explorer in The colonization of the Asian territories was largely peaceful， in sharp contrast to the build-up of other colonial empires of the Imperial Russia View of Neva River in Saint Petersburg Three generations of a Russian family， 1910Main article: Imperial RussiaMuscovite control of the nascent nation continued after the Polish intervention of under the subsequent Romanov dynasty， beginning with Tsar Michael Romanov in Peter the Great (ruled in) defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War， forcing it to cede Ingria， Estland， and L It was in Ingria that he founded a new capital， Saint P Peter succeeded in bringing ideas and culture from Western Europe to a severely underdeveloped R After his reforms， Russia emerged as a major European Catherine the Great， ruling from 1762 to 1796， continued the Petrine efforts at establishing Russia as one of the great powers of E Examples of its eighteenth-century European involvement include the War of Polish Succession and the Seven Years' W In the wake of the Partitions of Poland， Russia had taken territories with the ethnic Belarusian and Ukrainian population， earlier parts of Kievan Rus' As a result of the victorious Russian-Turkish wars， Russia's borders expanded to the Black Sea and Russia set its goal on the protection of Balkan Christians against a Turkish In 1783， Russia and the Georgian Kingdom (which was almost totally devastated by Persian and Turkish invasions) signed the treaty of Georgievsk according to which Georgia received the protection of RIn 1812， having gathered nearly half a million soldiers from France， as well as from all of its conquered states in Europe， Napoleon invaded Russia but， after taking Moscow， was forced to retreat back to E Almost 90% of the invading forces died as a result of on-going battles with the Russian army， guerillas and winter The Russian armies ended their pursuit of the enemy by taking his capital， P The officers of the Napoleonic wars brought back to Russia the ideas of liberalism and even attempted to curtail the tsar's powers during the abortive Decembrist revolt (1825)， which was followed by several decades of political Another result of the Napoleonic wars was the incorporation of Bessarabia， Finland， and Congress Poland into the Russian EThe perseverance of Russian serfdom and the conservative policies of Nicholas I of Russia impeded the development of Imperial Russia in the mid-nineteenth As a result， the country was defeated in the Crimean War， 1853–1856， by an alliance of major European powers， including Britain， France， Ottoman Empire， and Piedmont-S Nicholas's successor Alexander II (1855–1881) was forced to undertake a series of comprehensive reforms and issued a decree abolishing serfdom in The Great Reforms of Alexander's reign spurred increasingly rapid capitalist development and Sergei Witte's attempts at The Slavophile mood was on the rise， spearheaded by Russia's victory in the Russo-Turkish War， which forced the Ottoman Empire to recognize the independence of Romania， Serbia and Montenegro and autonomy of BThe failure of agrarian reforms and suppression of the growing liberal intelligentsia were continuing problems however， and on the eve of World War I， the position of Tsar Nicholas II and his dynasty appeared Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in the Russo-Japanese War and World War I， and the consequent deterioration of the economy led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire， and ultimately to the overthrow in 1917 of the RAt the close of this Russian Revolution of 1917， a Marxist political faction called the Bolsheviks seized power in Petrograd and Moscow under the leadership of Vladimir L The Bolsheviks changed their name to the Communist P A bloody civil war ensued， pitting the Bolsheviks' Red Army against a loose confederation of anti-socialist monarchist and bourgeois forces known as the White A The Red Army triumphed， and the Soviet Union was formed in Russia as part of the Soviet Union S Basil's Cathedral and the Spasskaya Tower of the Kremlin in Moscow's Red SMain articles: History of the Soviet Union and Russian SFSRThe Soviet Union was meant to be a trans-national worker's state free from The concept of Russia as a separate national entity was therefore not emphasized in the early Soviet U Although Russian institutions and cities certainly remained dominant， many non-Russians participated in the new government at all LeninThis section is a You can help by expanding StalinOne of these was a Georgian named Joseph S After Lenin's death in 1924， a brief power struggle ensued， during which Stalin gradually eroded the various checks and balances which had been designed into the Soviet political system and assumed dictatorial power by the end of the Leon Trotsky and almost all other Old Bolsheviks from the time of the Revolution were killed or At the end of 1930s， Stalin launched the Great Purges， a massive series of political Millions of people whom Stalin and local authorities suspected of being a threat to their power were executed or exiled to Gulag labor camps in remote areas of Siberia or Central AStalin forced rapid industrialization of the largely rural country and collectivization of its In 1928， Stalin introduced his "First Five-Year Plan" for modernizing the Soviet Most economic output was immediately diverted to establishing heavy Civilian industry was modernized and many heavy weapon factories were The plan worked， in some sense， as the Soviet Union successfully transformed from an agrarian economy to a major industrial powerhouse in an unbelievably short span of time， but widespread misery and famine ensued for many millions of people as a result of the severe economic After the Great Patriotic War started in 1941 the German army had considerable success in the early stages of the campaign， they suffered defeat when they reached the outskirts of M The Red Army then stopped the Nazi offensive at the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943， which became the decisive turning point for Germany's fortunes in the The Soviets drove through Eastern Europe and captured Berlin before Germany surrendered in 1945 (see Great Patriotic War) During the war， the Soviet Union lost more than 27 million [citizens] (including eighteen million [civilians])Although ravaged by the war， the Soviet Union emerged from the conflict as an acknowledged The Red Army occupied Eastern Europe after the war， including the eastern half of G Stalin installed loyal communist governments in these satellite During the immediate postwar period， the Soviet Union first rebuilt and then expanded its economy， with control always exerted exclusively from M The Soviets extracted heavy war reparations from the areas of Germany under their control， mostly in the form of machinery and industrial The Soviet Union consolidated its hold on Eastern Europe (see Eastern bloc) The United States helped the Western European countries establish democracies， and both countries sought to achieve economic， political， and ideological dominance over the Third W The ensuing struggle became known as the Cold War， which turned the Soviet Union's wartime allies， the United Kingdom and the United States， into its Stalin died in early 1953 presumably without leaving any instructions for the selection of a His closest associates officially decided to rule the Soviet Union jointly， but the secret police chief Lavrenty Beria appeared poised to seize dictatorial General Secretary Nikita Khrushchev and other leading politicians organized an anti-Beria alliance and staged a coup d'é Beria was arrested in June 1953 and executed later that year; Khrushchev became the undisputed leader of the Soviet UKhrushchev Yuri Gagarin， the first human in Under Khrushchev， the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite， Sputnik 1， and the Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to orbit the E Khrushchev's reforms in agriculture and administration， however， were generally unproductive， and foreign policy toward China and the United States suffered reverses， notably the Cuban Missile Crisis， when he began installing nuclear missiles in Cuba (after the United States installed Jupiter missiles in Turkey which nearly provoked a war with the Soviet Union) Over the course of several angry outbursts at the United Nations， Khrushchev was increasingly seen by his colleagues as belligerent， boorish， and The remainder of the Soviet leadership removed him from power in Following the ousting of Khrushchev， another period of rule by collective leadership ensued， lasting until Leonid Brezhnev established himself in the early 1970s as the pre-eminent figure in Soviet political Brezhnev is frequently derided by historians for stagnating the development of the Soviet Union (see "Brezhnev stagnation") In contrast to the revolutionary spirit that accompanied the birth of the Soviet Union， the prevailing mood of the Soviet leadership at the time of Brezhnev's death in 1982 was one of aversion to GorbachevIn the mid 1980s， the reform-minded Mikhail Gorbachev came to He introduced the landmark policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring)， in an attempt to modernize Soviet Glasnost meant that the harsh restrictions on free speech that had characterized most of the Soviet Union's existence were removed， and open political discourse and criticism of the government became possible Perestroika meant sweeping economic reforms designed to decentralize the planning of the Soviet However， his initiatives provoked strong resentment amongst conservative elements of the government， and an unsuccessful military coup that attempted to remove Gorbachev from power instead led to the collapse of the Soviet U Boris Yeltsin came to power and declared the end of exclusive Communist The USSR splintered into fifteen independent republics， and was officially dissolved in December of 1991 (see History of the Soviet Union)Since then， Russia has struggled in its efforts to build a democratic political system and a market economy to replace the strict centralized social， political， and economic controls of the Soviet Post-Soviet RussiaMain article: History of post-Soviet RussiaSee also: Politics of Russia Prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union， Boris Yeltsin had been elected President of Russia in June 1991 in the first direct presidential election in Russian In October 1991， as Russia was on the verge of independence， Yeltsin announced that Russia would proceed with radical market-oriented reform along the lines of "shock therapy"After the disintegration of the USSR， the Russian economy went through a Russia took up the responsibility for settling the USSR's external debts， even though its population made up just half of the population of the USSR at the time of its The largest state enterprises (petroleum， metallurgy， and the like) were controversially privatized for the small sum of $US 600 million， far less than they were worth， while the majority of the population plunged into Russia's Congress of People's Deputies， in which the Communist presence was the strongest， attempted to impeach Yeltsin on March 26， Yeltsin's opponents gathered more than 600 votes for impeachment， but fell 72 votes On September 21， 1993， Yeltsin disbanded the Supreme Soviet and the Congress of People's Deputies by decree， which was illegal under the On the same day there was a military showdown， the Russian constitutional crisis of With military help， Yeltsin held The conflict resulted in a number of civilian casualties， but was resolved in Yeltsin's According to different sources， the total number of deceased was between 300 and 2，000 Elections were held and the current Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted on December 12， Modern MoscowThe 1990s were plagued by armed ethnic conflicts in the North C Such conflicts took a form of separatist insurrections against federal power (most notably in Chechnya)， or of ethnic/clan conflicts between local groups (， in North Ossetia-Alania between Ossetians and Ingushs， or between different cla

Discover the Rich Russian Culture Russia has a rich cultural heritage that is expressed in the cities， the countryside and the small towns of this striking and proud While virtually every place you might visit during your travels here lives and breathes this culture， it is often most easily absorbed while visiting several of the country's The Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow， for instance， is filled with famous Russian The Heritage Museum and Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg are filled with brilliant art collections， while the many hamlets and small towns of the countryside exude a different sort of Old Cloisters and castles help visitors reflect on Russia's past and give the history of the country and interesting The more you travel the country， the more you will come to realize just how extensive the history and traditions of the country truly Russia is also a culturally diverse country， with dozens of ethnic groups each contributing their own languages， religious beliefs， customs and folk The rich blend that results from the cosmopolitan mixture is fascinating to discover and visitors will find that there is always something new to explore and learn Another aspect of Russian culture that you may consider investigating is its performing For centuries Russian theatres have been housing some of the top performances in the world in terms of ballet and There are a variety of other theatrical productions worth seeing - such as drama and musicals - and visitors may even consider visiting a cinema during their stay to discover a more youthful form of theatrical So come to this exquisite country and discover the rich cultural heritage that it has to Whether you enjoy art， theatre， history， architecture or local customs， Russia has it Make sure that you explore Russian culture the next time you visit this fascinating country!

Russia's customs， culture， and other characteristics of `` `` I would like to introduce a Require high school Simple is Thanks!