英语论文3000字免费下载中文

英语论文3000字免费下载

【摘要】兴趣是最好的老师。对学生来说，兴趣能推动他们去探究事物研究问题，充分发挥学习的主动性，克服各种困难，取得最佳的效果。中学英语教学的关键就是要使学生有兴趣，兴趣的培养就是教师能用各种各样生动活泼的教学法吸引学生的兴趣，调动他们的学习积极性、主动性，激发他们的求知欲，最终提高英语学习效率。【关键词】中学生；英语教学；学习兴趣 How to cultivate the students’ English learning interest in high schools Luo Jian-jun 【Abstract】Interest is the best To the students， interest can promote them to explore things and research into It can also develop the students’ initiative of learning adequately， help them overcome all Therefore， the students would achieve the best The key to ELT in high schools is to foster and train the students’ English learning In order to arouse their learning initiative and stimulate their motivation， the teacher must use a variety of vivid and lively teaching methods to attract students’ attention to E Finally， the students will improve their English learning 【Key words】High school students；English Language Teaching；Learning interest 俄国文学家托尔斯泰说：“成功的教学所需的不是强制，而是激发学生的学习兴趣。”在学习过程中，许多学生不愿学英语，只是为了考试而学习，毫无兴趣可言，这使英语教学面临很大的阻力。目前，中学英语教学改革取得了巨大的成绩，但应试教育的现象还是比较严重，教学中以教师讲授为主，忽视了启发学生积极思维和培养学生运用语言的能力，结果呈现低效教学。那么，在英语教学中，怎样才能调动学生的学习兴趣，使每一个学生都能从英语课中充分感受到学习的乐趣呢? 本文将尝试探讨激发中学生学习英语的兴趣的看法。 1．注重学生对学习英语的重要性的认识英语已成为国际性的语言，这已是不争的事实。在我国，英语作为国际语言的作用日益显现。一方面，在教学中，我们要让学生理解国家把英语学科作为三大主科之一的原因，明确英语的主要性和学好英语的必要性。21世纪是一个社会生活信息化与经济体系全球化的新时代。英语在社会生活和国际交往中成为不可或缺的重要工具。从某种意义上说，掌握了英语实际就意味着把握了参与和发展的机会；另一方面，瑞典心理学家皮亚杰说：“我们之所以对一个对象发生兴趣，是由于它能满足我们的需要。”作为教师要让学生觉得学好英语，对自己以后的择业，事业生活等方面都大有益处。只有思想认识深刻，才能让学生对英语产生很大的求知欲，从而对英语感兴趣。 2．帮助学生树立正确的学习观，培养学生的自信心 2．1 教师应该从一开始就重视培养学生正确的学习心态，树立正确的学习观。这一环节，可以从分析国际国内形势着手，也可以从个人前途切题，培养学生“首先为自己而学”的心态；回报父母和国家的心态；谦虚的心态；成功的心态；“每天进步百分之一”的积累的心态，激发学生“做学习的主人翁”意识，使他们产生“我能学好英语”的信心，从而坚定他们学好英语的信念和克服困难的意志，使他们在学习过程中能够排除万难，奋勇拼搏。 2．2 多表扬赞美。对每个学生来说均很重要，要特别注重给学生成功感，因为“成功越大，兴趣越大，动力越大”。尤其对后进生更应如此，凡是他们有一点进步，即使他们的成功只不过写对了一个句子，教师均以不失时机地表扬，以鼓励他们学英语的信心。调查发现：当学生在某一方面获得了一次成功后，也会像完成了一个重大使命一样感到高兴，继而对英语产生亲切之感，此时必反馈出巨大的内驱力，驱使他们向着第二次、第三次……的成功迈进，从而形成稳定而持续的兴趣。总之，教师在英语教学过程中要重视学生自信心的培养，对于学生的成绩、优点以及思维中的合理因素要尽力给予肯定和赞赏。 3．建立新型的师生关系，培养学习兴趣在英语教学中，轻松、愉快、和谐的课堂氛围能使学生以愉快的心情去接受新知识。现代教学研究证明，建立融洽的师生关系是顺利开展教学的必要条件，是调动学生学习兴趣的重要前提。为此，教师要努力做到以下两点。首先，教师要努力营造良好的课堂生态氛围。教学是师生双方感情和思想交流的过程，即情感互动。要较好地实现情感互动，需要教师创设宽松的课堂气氛，融洽的师生关系，所谓“亲其师而信其道”。大量事实表明：如果学生对某个老师喜欢，他们便对这位老师的课感兴趣并分外重视，兴趣就随之提高，成绩也就大有进步。如果师生不能产生情感互动，学生容易产生逆反心理，甚至放弃学习，这样的例子是屡见不鲜的。英语作为一门外来语言，学生在学习时肯定会遇到困难。因此，作为教师，在教学中应以鼓励为主，全力肯定学生的努力，激励他们的创造欲，增强他们的成就感。以不同的标准评价不同层次的学生，如：“Very good! You are so clever! You are excellent!”等，让学生感受到教师对他们的关爱，让他们体会到成功的喜悦，树立参与英语课堂活动的信心。如此一来，便激活了全班每一位学生，轻松愉快的课堂气氛也就建立起来了。其次，教师要主动建立情感沟通的正常渠道。中学生正处于心理发展的过度期，他们学习时不但选择学习内容，而且选择师生感情。针对这一心理特点，教师应关心学生的生活，多参加学生的集体活动。比如，教师要经常深入到学生中去，了解他们的兴趣、爱好和情绪变化，为他们解答学习和生活中一切难题，有的放矢地帮助学生。使学生认识到老师的一切努力都是为使他们更快更好掌握英语这门未来实际不可缺少的语言艺术。思想上的共识，必然强化师生之间的相互兴趣与信任，创造良好的师生关系和积极主动的双向配合教学关系相互促进的良性循环局面。 4．利用多媒体现代化设备进行教学录音机是常用的电化设备。21世纪的今天，作为视听媒体与电脑组合的多媒体教学相对于传统教学而言，它具有图文并茂、有声有色的特色，生动逼真的教学环境，使得枯燥乏味的学习变得趣味横生，使复杂抽象的知识变得形象易懂。它改变了以教师讲授为主的单一模式，既突出了学生的中心作用，又强化了教师的主导作用，在教学中用途比较广泛。这样做能有效吸引学生的注意力，提高学生参与课堂的积极性。同时，也可以节约时间，增加学生的实践量，扩大学生的视野，有力促进语言知识的巩固，提高课堂效率，增强学生的兴趣。 5．尽量使用英语来组织课堂教学，激发学生的学习兴趣英语教学的目的是培养学生运用英语的能力。这种能力只有在大量接触英语，并沉浸到使用当中去，才能较快地培养起来。目前，课堂仍是我国学生接触外语的主要场所。平时我们坚持用英语组织教学，从最简单的日常用语开始，并伴以适当的体态动作、表情等以加深理解。如：Good morning，everyone! What day is it today? What’s the weather like today? Are you ready? Read after 学习语言最好在一定的语境和气氛下进行，在课堂上用规范、简洁、流利的口语组织教学，可以烘托课堂气氛。同时，尽量多组织合作、交流性语言训练活动，以此来训练学生分析、概括和表达语言信息的能力，从而激发兴趣，激活思维，提高语言感悟和输出的能力。 6．注重中西文化的渗透，以差异求兴趣由于不同的民族所处物质、社会及宗教等环境不同，因而产生和发展了根深蒂固的具有民族特色的文化。教师在适当的时候要有意识地把西方国家的社会文化、风土人情、风俗习惯等知识渗透到课堂教学中来，这样既培养了学生的跨文化交际的意识和能力，又满足了学生的好奇心理与求知欲望。事实上，许多学生正是由于对外国文化背景缺乏了解，从而体会不到英文故事的幽默感。讲英语的国家一些习俗与文化往往跟我们的差异很大，所以当老师在授课过程中，注重中国文化和英语国家文化的比较，学生心理往往充满了乐趣，并带着喜悦的心情接受了新的东西，兴趣也就是在这样的氛围中应运而生。教学实践证明，教师要培养学生的积极的自我观念，合理地选择教学策略和方法，给学生创设一定的语言环境，在教学中让学生在多样化的活动语境中学习语言。学生每节课都能在融洽、轻松的气氛中获取知识，感到学习英语是一种乐趣，同时也能提高教学效率。

Published in 1847， WUTHERING HEIGHTS was not well received by the reading public， many of whom condemned it as sordid， vulgar， and unnatural--and author Emily Bronte went to her grave in 1848 believing that her only novel was a It was not until 1850， when WUTHERING HEIGHTS received a second printing with an introduction by Emily's sister Charlotte， that it attracted a wide And from that point the reputation of the book has never looked Today it is widely recognized as one of the great novels of English Even so， WUTHERING HEIGHTS continues to divide It is not a pretty love story; rather， it is swirling tale of largely unlikeable people caught up in obsessive love that turns to dark It is cruel， violent， dark and brooding， and many people find it extremely And yet--it possesses a grandeur of language and design， a sense of tremendous pity and great loss that sets it apart from virtually every other novel The novel is told in the form of an extended After a visit to his strange landlord， a newcomer to the area desires to know the history of the family--which he receives from Nelly Deans， a servant who introduces us to the Earnshaw family who once resided in the house known as Wuthering H It was once a cheerful place， but Old Earnshaw adopted a "Gipsy" child who he named H And Catherine， daughter of the house， found in him the perfect companion: wild， rude， and as proud and cruel as But although Catherine loves him， even recognizes him as her soulmate， she cannot lower herself to marry so far below her social She instead marries another， and in so doing sets in motion an obsession that will destroy them WUTHERING HEIGHTS is a bit difficult to "get into;" the opening chapters are so dark in their portrait of the end result of this obsessive love that they are somewhat off- But they feed into the flow of the work in a remarkable way， setting the stage for one of the most remarkable structures in all of literature， a story that circles upon itself in a series of repetitions as it plays out across two Catherine and Heathcliff are equally remarkable， both vicious and cruel， and yet never able to shed their impossible love no matter how brutally one may wound the As the novel coils further into alcoholism， seduction， and one of the most elaborately imagined plans of revenge it gathers into a ghostly tone: Heathcliff， driven to madness by a woman who is not there but who seems reflected in every part of his world--dragging her corpse from the grave， hearing her calling to him from the moors， escalating his brutality not for the sake of brutality but so that her memory will never fade， so that she may never leave his mind until death Yes， this is madness， insanity， and there is no peace this side of the grave or even Many people in the world are trying to find a perfect Some of these may marry and not know what their new husband or wife is This kind of situation often leads to separation or Other situations may develop between two friends that stem from jealousy， desire for revenge， uncaring parents， Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights displays several characteristics of destructive Three of these are uncaring parents， marriage without knowing the person， and Uncaring or unsympathizing parents are shown throughout this story to be an element of destructive Because Heathcliff gained all the attention from M Earnshaw， Hindley became disassociated from his This separation continued until after M Earnshaw had Another example is between Hindley and H Hindley became such a drunk and a gambler that he could not properly care for young H This led to a separation between Hareton and his father as One primary example of an uncaring parent is shown between Heathcliff and his son LHeathcliff did not even want his son for anything except enacting a part of his This is shown by Linton's fear of Heathcliff and Heathcliff's enmity toward his Linton even says " my father threatened me， and I dread him - I dread him!"(244) to express his feeling about HThe hostility and separation between father and son in this book shows that uncaring parents can cause serious damage in relationships with their This element of destructive behavior may stem from an unhappy marriage in which the husbands or wives don't know each This had happened between Isabella and H Isabella did not really know Heathcliff when she married him， but after she had married him she saw that Heathcliff was not a gentleman at To declare her feelings she wrote "Is Heathcliff a man? If so， is he mad? And if not， is he a devil? I shan't tell my reasons for making this inquiry; but I beseech you to explain， if you can， what I have married "(125) Another example of this is when Catherine married Edgar L Although she had been happy at the beginning of the marriage， she thought having parties all the time was going to be Yet， after a while， she became She also realized that she loved Heathcliff more than Edgar and would always love HThis enlightenment created separation between Edgar and Catherine during the final hours of Cathy's An additional marriage which was made that was doomed was the one between Catherine and L Because this was a forced marriage， Cathy had not yet learned all she could about LBecause she did not know until after the marriage that Linton was selfish and inconsiderate， she became distressed and grew isolated in the These three failed marriages described in this novel show that knowing the person you will marry is very While these marriages took place， jealousy also took a hold in some One example of this is when M Earnshaw starts to favor Heathcliff over his own son， H Because of this， Hindley becomes jealous of young Heathcliff and sets out to make Heathcliff's life a Hindley's jealousy becomes evident when he says ，" be damned you beggarly interloper! and wheedle my father out of all he has; only afterwards show him what you are， imp of S"(35) Jealousy was also found very notably in the relationship between Heathcliff and Edgar L The jealousy between them is expressed when Heathcliff and Edgar start a hostile conversation after Cathy's homecoming at Christmas near the beginning of the As the story progresses these two become bitter enemies who will not speak to one Another relationship which jealousy ruined is the one between Hareton and L These two become jealous of each other over Cathy's This relationship ends as Hareton and Linton hating each These relationships show that jealousy can ruin a relationship very The housekeeper Ellen Dean， or we can call her Nelly， tells most of the She witnesses the life of the three-generations in the two She is a good storyteller but we mustn’t believe all of what she She always thinks and considers things in a simple She couldn’t understand the deep love between Catherine and H She thinks it is a kind of She is a limited In a certain way， this helps readers to understand Heathcliff better because he has no chance to defend An outsider will see the whole thing more However， we should pay more attention not to be affect by her opinions and try to find the truth between the As a main character Catherine is a She is attracted by Linton but doesn’t love She knows that clearly but she marries Linton without listening to the call of her Many critics believe that what makes her marry Linton is only his high social status and I think this comment is In fact， she folly thinks to marry Linton will help Heathcliff “to rise and place him out of my brother’s ” Her decision ruins herself， Heathcliff and the two She has to endure serious suffering because she knows clearly she love Heathcliff whole-heartedly but can’t become his She confesses to Nelly her own thoughts: “…I am Heathcliff—he’s always， always in my mind—not as a pleasure， any more than I am always a pleasure to myself—but as my own being…” She loves Heathcliff because he is more like her than His existence is natural to her for they are the same in They could understand each other without Talking about Heathcliff， he is an evil person but I admire him because his love and hate is Everyone has a devil in his The one in Heathcliff’s heart is especially In spite of this， I believe and can read between the lines that Amily Bronte also has her favor to H She wants to tell us evil and love are deeply planted in everyone’s heart and it is human

In the 20th century， bridge construction technology evolved and was fueled by the Industrial R At the turn of the century， steel bridges were riveted together， not bolted; concrete bridges were cast in place， not precast; and large bridge members were built from lacing bars and smaller sections， not rolled in one Plastic had not yet been Construction techniques such as post-tensioning， slurry walls， soil freezing， and reinforced earth walls had not yet been Surveying was performed mechanically since infrared， optical technology was still 75 years Bridge construction is changing as the new millennium New construction techniques and new materials are There are also new issues facing the bridge building industry relative to the research needs associated with these new techniques and LONG-SPAN BRIDGES Suspension Bridges While suspension bridge building was conducted at a modest pace throughout the 20th century， an unprecedented number of spans of remarkable record lengths were built in the Far East and D Both the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan and the Great Belt Bridge in Denmark were completed in The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge is the largest suspension bridge in the world， with a span of 1991 m， and the Great Belt Bridge is the second largest， with a span of 1624 While spans lengths have increased nearly fivefold during the course of this century， they may have reached their physical limits with today’s Research will be necessary to develop the new， ultra-high-strength steel wire or carbon fiber wire required to build the longer main suspension cables that will make it possible to increase span lengths to beyond 2000 As we enter the new millennium， rehabilitation and ongoing maintenance of the existing suspension bridges must continue as Recent rehabilitation measures for the main cables and suspension systems of these bridges have uncovered degradation through corrosion and hydrogen Research is needed to determine the remaining useful service life of suspension bridge cables and what measures can be taken to slow or halt the degradation Transportation in the New Millennium 2 Other components of long-span bridges， existing and new， are being revolutionized as technology moves Advances in deck technology are producing stronger， lighter Orthotropic and exodermic decks are becoming increasingly popular on long-span structures as a means of reducing dead Bearings， joint systems， and seismic retrofitting components are becoming increasingly efficient as more large-scale testing facilities are 在20世纪，桥梁施工技术，是由进化而来的工业革命。随着新世纪的到来，钢桥受到铆接在一起，而不是螺栓、混凝土桥梁被扔在的地方，不是预制、大型桥梁成员从系酒吧和小的部分，不卷在一块。塑料尚未发明了。制作等施工工艺、浆墙、土壤冻结，加筋土墙尚未怀了孕。测量进行机械自从红外、光学技术仍然是75年。大桥建设是新千年开始转变。新建筑技术和新材料正在浮出水面。也有新的解决面临的桥建筑行业的相关研究的需要，这些新技术材料。大跨度桥梁悬挂的桥梁虽然悬索桥建设进行了整个20速度不快世纪，前所未有的跨越了卓越的长度是建在记录远东和丹麦。双方在日本明石海峡大桥正式通车，伟大的带桥在丹麦是在一九九八年完成。这个明石海峡大桥正式通车是世界上最大的悬架在这个世界上，与桥梁的m，1991年是中国的第二大带桥，用一段1624)。虽然已经增加了近5倍长度的跨世纪的过程中，他们已经达到了他们的物理极限与今天的材料。研究将必须发展新的、ultra-high-strength钢丝、碳纤维丝要求建立了悬索，将不再主要可能增加到跨度的长度超出2000米。当我们进入新千年、康复和持续的维护现有的悬索桥必须继续。最近的戒毒措施为主要电缆悬架系统与这些桥梁发现退化氢脆腐蚀，。研究还剩下的寿命悬索桥电缆和什么措施可以减缓或停止退化的过程。在新千年的运输其他组件的大跨度桥梁，现有的和新的，正在发生了革命性的变化技术的进步。提出了在甲板上技术生产强的，更轻的甲板。正交各向异性和exodermic牌是大跨度越来越受欢迎作为一种手段，降低结构自重荷载。轴承、联合系统和抗震能力越来越多的有效成分是更大规模的测试设备建造。

英语论文3000字免费下载中文

A virtual world is an interactive simulated environment accessed by multiple users through an online Virtual worlds are also called "digital worlds，" "simulated worlds" and "MMOG'" There are many different types of virtual worlds， however there are six features all of them have in common: Shared Space: the world allows many users to participate at Graphical User Interface: the world depicts space visually， ranging in style from 2D "cartoon" imagery to more immersive 3D Immediacy: interaction takes place in real Interactivity: the world allows users to alter， develop， build， or submit customized Persistence: the world's existence continues regardless of whether individual users are logged Socialization/Community: the world allows and encourages the formation of in-world social groups like teams， guilds， clubs， cliques， housemates， neighborhoods， --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Virtual worlds have been created for many different The largest and most common type of virtual world is the "MMORPG" which stands for "Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing G" But virtual worlds have also been built for purposes other than The following section summarizes a few ways in which virtual worlds are currently used: Commercial GamingCommercial gaming worlds tend to focus on a singular fictional theme and consistently follow formal conventions such as character-focused avatars， progression through an interactive narrative storyline， and a series of competitive Strongly influenced by fantasy， science fiction， and anime genres of literature and film， the majority of sizable virtual worlds in existence today are commercial gaming Examples include Everquest， Lineage 2， and World of W While Virtual Worlds Review includes several top-quality gaming worlds on the review list， we mostly feature worlds that fall outside the traditional gaming Fortunately there are many other great sites that contain comprehensive lists of commercial gaming Here are a few: MPOGD Gamespot Gamespy Socializing / Online Community BuildingIn addition to the traditional fantasy RPG worlds， there are many commercial community-focused virtual worlds that emphasize socializing rather than These worlds offer a more open-ended experience and are strongly influenced by the cultures of text-based chat Although small-scale， casual games may be incorporated into a social world， participants are not necessarily there to win or play a game， but rather to socialize with others and， in many cases， create and decorate a personal space such as a home， room， or Social worlds tend to use settings based on idealized versions of Most provide some basic building tools and the ability to host activities and events that revolve around a wide variety of EducationSome virtual worlds have been created for educational In most cases， educational worlds are sponsored by academic institutions or nonprofit organizations， although some educational worlds are sponsored by Educational worlds come in a wide variety of forms， including 3D recreations of museum and gallery spaces， computer programming tutorials， virtual libraries， and meeting spaces for online university Active Worlds Educational Universe is one of the oldest and largest networks of educational Adobe Atmosphere is also being used to build virtual worlds for educational A great example of a corporate-sponsored educational world is M Political ExpressionVirtual worlds can serve as forums for political expression and While real-world political issues can crop up in gaming， social， and educational worlds， there are a few cases in which completely separate virtual worlds have been built for the purpose of political debate or even experiments in various types of self-governing online A great example of a virtual world with a political focus is AgoraX Military TrainingVirtual world technologies are also being used in some interesting ways by the US America's Army is being used as a tool to recruit potential soldiers， while companies like Forterra Systems are working with military groups to develop training And this is just the As these technologies develop further over the next several years， virtual worlds will be used for all types of purposes as more people begin spending more time in If you're new to the "world of virtual worlds" we hope that Virtual Worlds Review will serve as a user-friendly， informative place to learn a bit about For those who are already familiar with virtual worlds， we hope the site will let you know about other types of worlds you may not have heard of In either case， welcome and enjoy the -------------------A virtual world is a computer-based simulated environment intended for its users to inhabit and interact via These avatars are usually depicted as textual， two-dimensional， or three-dimensional graphical representations， although other forms are possible[1] (auditory[2] and touch sensations for example) Some， but not all， virtual worlds allow for multiple The computer accesses a computer-simulated world and presents perceptual stimuli to the user， who in turn can manipulate elements of the modeled world and thus experiences telepresence to a certain [3] Such modeled worlds may appear similar to the real world or instead depict fantasy The model world may simulate rules based on the real world or some hybrid fantasy Example rules are gravity， topography， locomotion， real-time actions， and Communication between users has ranged from text， graphical icons， visual gesture， sound， and rarely， forms using touch and balance Massively multiplayer online games commonly depict a world similar to the real world， with real world rules and real-time actions， and Communication is usually textual， with real-time voice communication using VOIP also [clarify]Virtual worlds are not limited to games but， depending on the degree of immediacy presented， can encompass computer conferencing and text based HistoryThe concept of virtual worlds predates computers and could be traced in some sense to P[5] The mechanical-based 1962 Sensorama machine used the senses of vision， sound， balance， smells and touch (via wind) to simulate its Among the earliest virtual worlds to be implemented by computers were not games but generic virtual reality simulators， such as Ivan Sutherland's 1968 virtual reality This form of virtual reality is characterized by bulky headsets and other types of sensory input Contemporary virtual worlds， multi-user online virtual environments， emerged mostly independently of this virtual reality technology research， fueled instead by the gaming industry but drawing on similar [6] While classic sensory-imitating virtual reality relies on tricking the perceptual system into experiencing an imersive environment， virtual worlds typically rely on mentally and emotionally engaging content which gives rise to an immersive The first virtual worlds presented on the Internet were communities and chat rooms， some of which evolved into MUDs and MUSH MUDs， short for “Multi User Dungeons，” are examples of virtual worlds that consist of virtual space inhabited by representations of data and other users [7] Early virtual worlds were text-based， offering limited graphical representation， and often using a Command Line IMaze War (also known as The Maze Game， Maze Wars or simply Maze) was the first networked， 3D multi-user first person shooter Maze first brought us the concept of online players as eyeball "avatars" chasing each other around in a ” (-VCF7-MazeWar/html， 29th Feb) According to the website this was in 1974， it was played on Arpanet (the initial internet)， however it could only be played on an Imlac， as it was specifically built for this type of Then in 1978 MUD was released， it however was not 3D， it was text-based and used a TELNET program， by following the link you will be able to play the game， and understand just how far virtual worlds have come since -/ You can understandably argue whether or not this is a “virtual world” and that Maze War was more sophisticated (being 3D)， but you must understand that MUD could be played by anyone， Maze War was computer Perhaps in today’s senses it is not a true virtual world， but the idea of a virtual world in those days were different (see Neuromancer link in bibliography for more information)Some early prototyptes were WorldsAway， a prototype interactive communities featuring a virtual world by CompuServe called Dreamscape， Cityspace， an educational networking and 3D computer graphics project for children， and The Palace， a 2-dimensional community driven virtual However， credit for the first online virtual world usually goes to Habitat， developed in 1987 by LucasFilm Games for the Commodore 64 computer， and running on the Quantum Link service (the precursor to America Online)[citation needed]In 1996， the city of Helsinki， Finland with Helsinki Telephone Company (since Elisa Group) launched what was called the first online virtual 3D depiction intended to map an entire The Virtual Helsinki project was eventually renamed Helsinki Arena 2000 project and parts of the city in modern and historical context were rendered in 3D[citation needed][edit] Virtual world conceptsOne perception of virtual worlds requires an online persistent world， active and available 24 hours a day and seven days a week， to qualify as a true virtual [citation needed] Although this is possible with smaller virtual worlds， especially those that are not actually online， no massively multiplayer game runs all day， every All the online games listed above[clarify] include downtime for maintenance that is not included as time passing in the virtual While the interaction with other participants is done in real-time， time consistency is not always maintained in online virtual For example， EverQuest time passes faster than real-time despite using the same calendar and time units to present game As virtual world is a fairly vague and inclusive term， the above can generally be divided along a spectrum ranging from:massively multiplayer online role-playing games or MMORPGs where the user playing a specific character is a main feature of the game (World Of Warcraft for example) massively multiplayer online real-life/rogue-like games or MMORLGs， the user can edit and alter their avatar at will， allowing them to play a more dynamic role， or multiple Some would argue that the MMO versions of RTS and FPS games are also virtual worlds if the world editors allow for open editing of the terrains if the "source file" for the terrain is Emerging concepts include basing the terrain of such games on real satellite photos， such as those available through the Google Maps API or through a simple virtual geocaching of "easter eggs" on WikiMapia or similar mashups， where [edit] BoundariesVirtual worlds are well-known as being fantasy spaces sealed off from the real world， but more careful analysis reveals that the boundaries between the real and virtual worlds is quite Participants constantly arrive and depart from the world， carrying with them their unique set of behavioral assumptions and attitudes that cannot be disentangled from their interactions in the virtual [8][clarify] For example， in virtual worlds which bring together players from multiple cultural backgrounds， a participant in a virtual world brings their own cultural preconceptions about those other cultures across the boundary into the world while The term magic circle has been used to describe the imaginary barrier between the virtual world and the real The fantasy environment of the virtual world is protected from the intrusion of real life by this magic circle， but practices such as the sale of virtual items and virtual currency for real life currency challenges this separation while reinforcing the notion that objects in the virtual world have real life In a 2001 study by Edward Castronova， the value of the currency in the MMORPG Everquest was evaluated based on its exchange rate at USD 0107， making this unit of virtual currency of higher value than the Yen or the LEven though Virtual Worlds are most of the time seen as 3D Games， there are many different kinds of it: forums， blogs， wikis and chatrooms where communities Places which have their own world， their own rules， topics， jokes， members， Each person who belongs to these kinds of communities can find like-minded people to talk to， whether this be a passion， the wish to share information about or just to meet new people and experience new Some users develop a double personality depending on which world they are interacting Depending on whether that person is in the real or virtual world can impact on the way they think and It is not all about video games and communities， virtual world also plays a part in the social as it can allow people to speak or share knowledge with each Best examples are instant messaging and visio-conferences which allow people to create their own virtual It can also be used to help hospitalized children (suffering from painful disease or autism for example) to create a comfortable and safe environment which can help Although Virtual Worlds can be seen as a new way for people to socialize， they are said to be at the heart of a lot of anti-social People playing video games online and more precisely， MMORPG are sometimes so addicted to the game that they cannot live without playing Such people are called “No Life” or Otaku and spend most of their time in their house not leaving it for They are often wrongly treated like insane people and also represented as dangerous when criminal cases imply links with video The thing is that video games played online are most of the time designed to be played for a long period of time (and even in the case of World Of Warcraft indefinitely – programmers provide updates and new things to discover regularly) People who abuse this kind of video games end up living most of their live in their bedrooms， do not develop any social life or skills: they communicate with friends mostly via the game or the internet， they create their own life on the internet with a specific name， image and The example of Second Life is totally unique because players develop communities and businesses in this Second Life is a game where the player has to create his/her own character with a human aspect and live a second life in a virtual The thing is that some people are so involved in this game (and created their “own self” in this game) that they have a double

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你只能去外文的学术期刊上找，或者一些被国内杂志引进的才能在国内网站上找到。国外不同于国内，人家勤勤恳恳，讲究实事求是的彰显能力，很少有不要脸的抄袭（并无特制，楼主别联想）；国内以抄为荣，很少有要脸的……我想说的就是，外国文章只能去外文期刊或者期刊网站上找，一般地方不提供的。而且你写了，被采纳甚至刊登了。一旦被发现就会涉及侵权。国外的侵权讲究的是点滴的证据，而不像国内抄少就不算侵权，抄多也不会被法律追究。

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湖北师范学院外国语学院英语专业本科毕业论文　　撰写基本要求及格式规范　　本格式规范在参照《湖北师范学院本科毕业论文（设计）工作实施办法》的基础上、结合英语研究论文撰写的特点而制定，适用于湖北师范学院外国语学院英语专业全日制本科毕业论文的撰写。　　一、毕业论文（设计）打印页面设置　　1、页面设置：16开版面，单页打印。　　2、页边距及行间距：上5厘米，左5厘米，下2厘米，右2厘米，左侧装订，页眉5，页脚75。除一二级标题及特别注明外，行间距统一为25。　　3、页眉：目录、摘要、正文、参考文献每页页眉居中标注“湖北师范学院外国语学院**届英语系毕业论文（设计）”字样，五号宋体居中打印。　　4、字体和字号：按相应部分的要求分别设置。　　5．页码编号：从正文起每页页脚加注页码（宋体五号居中），封面页、目录页、英、汉摘要页不编页码。　　二、毕业论文（设计）构件及格式要求　　外国语学院本科生毕业论文应由以下几个部分构成：　　1、封面页：独立一页（具体格式见附件1）　　（1）学号：按学生成绩册的学号填写。　　（2）编号：按毕业年份+外国语学院编号+班级编号+学号的最后两位共十位填写。如：2008040122。　　（3）研究类型：按基础研究、应用研究、综合研究等类型填写。　　（4）分类号：按中国图书分类号填写。　　（5）封面中论文标题栏部分为Times New Roman三号。封面顶部项目为中文宋体小四号，其余部分用中文宋体三号填写。　　2、毕业论文诚信承诺书：　　本科毕业论文诚信承诺书见外国语学院网页提供的附件，按照要求格式填写，该页独立成一页，附于封面页后的第一页。　　3、目录页（英文）：独立一页，（具体格式见附件2）。　　（1）除“Contents”一词用Times New Roman三号加粗外，其他统一用Times New Roman小四号。　　（2）本页内的论文目录及页码部分由正文标题内容自动生成。请使用word的目录生成功能，具体操作为：分别选择正文中标题文字，用主菜单“格式”中的“样式与格式”功能定义正文中的标题级别，定义完毕后，再点击主菜单中“插入”→“引用”→“索引和目录”即可自动生成目录。　　（3）目录页只生成至二级标题。　　4、英文摘要页：独立一页（具体格式见附件3），本页主要由以下内容构成：　　（1）英文标题：英文标题一般不宜超过10个单词，可加副标题，Times New Roman三号加粗居中。该项与下项内容之间空一行。　　（2）作者及导师姓名的汉语拼音：例如：WANG Hui (Tutor：ZHANG Yanghong) ，Times New Roman小四号居中。　　（3）作者个人信息：用圆括号圈起，例如 (Class 0403， College of Foreign Studies， Hubei Normal University， Huangshi 435002， Hubei)，Times New Roman五号居中。该项与下项内容之间空一行。　　（4）摘要（Abstract）：一般150-200个单词，Times New Roman五号左对齐，abstract一词加粗后用冒号，第一个字母大写。　　（5）关键词（Key words）： 3～5个英文单词，Times New Roman五号左对齐，key words两词加粗后用冒号，第一个单词首字母大写，每个关键词之间以分号和空格分隔。　　5、中文摘要页：独立一页，但如果篇幅较少，可以与英文摘要页合并成一页（具体格式见附件4）。本页主要由以下内容构成：　　（1）中文标题：中文标题不得超过30个字，可加副标题，黑体三号加粗居中。该项与下项内容之间空一行。　　（2）作者及导师姓名：例如：王慧（指导教师：张阳红）。宋体小四号居中。　　（3）作者个人信息：用圆括号圈起，例如（湖北师范学院外国语学院 0203班，湖北黄石 435002）。宋体五号居中。该项与下项内容之间空一行。　　（4）中文摘要：论文内容不加评论的简短陈述，中文摘要200-300字。宋体五号左对齐。　　（5）关键词： 3～5个中文词组，每个关键词之间以分号和空格分隔。宋体五号左对齐。　　（6）分类号：填写中国图书分类号（见附件5）。　　6、正文部分：多页（格式见附件6）　　（1）标题与正文：论文题目不定义为标题级别，统一为Times New Roman三号加粗居中。正文内每部分均用一级编码加标题标识，各部分内可再设二级编码和三级编码表示文章层次（思路发展方向），即全文采用三级编码制，按如下格式定义：　　标题级别格式要求　　标题1 标题1：Times New Roman四号加粗，关键词首字母大写，段前5行左对齐　　1标题2 标题2：Times New Roman四号加粗，关键词首字母大写，段前5行左对齐　　1标题3 标题3：Times New Roman小四号加粗，第一个单词首字母大写左对齐　　正文正文： Times New Roman小四号段首行按Tab键　　自动缩进　　（2）表格：尽可能采用三线表，表中段落行距为单倍行距。　　（3）图形：直接插入的插图应有图标图号，不能直接插入的图应留出插图空位。插图宽度一般不超过10cm，用绘图纸绘制的，线条要均匀，主线与辅线粗细比例为2∶1。图中文字、符号书写要清楚，并与正文一致，尽可能采用电脑绘图。　　（4）文字表述：论文要求层次清楚，语言流畅，语句通顺，无语法和逻辑错误，无错字、别字、漏字。论文的表述应当以科学语言描述研究过程和研究结果，不要以口语化的方式表达，论文中科技术语和名词应符合规定的通用词语，并使用法定计量单位和标准符号。文字、图表、公式清晰准确。　　（5）论文注释（Notes）：论文可以有适量、适当的论文注释，用以注明所引资料的来源，或表达作者对文中某观点、某概念等的补充说明。正文内的直接引文和间接引文都采用夹注形式，放在括弧内，例如：（桂诗春，1985：25）或者（Selinger，1998: 29），其中，“桂诗春”和“Selinger”分别为中文学者姓名或英语作者的姓，“1985”和“1998”为著作出版年代，“25”和“29”为观点所在的页码。如果要对文中生僻术语进行说明或有其它说明，则采用附注形式，即在正文需注释处的右上方加注数码，然后在正文之后写明“注释”字样，最后依次写出对应数码和注文，回文时与上一行注文对齐；“Notes”一词居中。　　7、致谢（Acknowledgements）：（可选项）　　用于表达作者的写作心得及对有关人员的感谢，表述要求真实自然。致谢在正文结束后隔行排版；“Acknowledgement”一词居中。　　8、参考文献（Bibliography）：独立一页（具体格式见附件7）　　（1）数量要求：参考文献只选择最主要的列入，应不低于8种，其中，英文原文文献应不少于4种。　　（2）编排顺序：英文文献条目在前，中文文献条目在后；英文文献条目按学者姓氏的字母排列，中文文献按学者的姓氏音序排列。每个文献前用编号[1][2][3][4] 等等标出。　　（3）种类和标识符：参考文献的引用，可以是著作、论文、专利文献、会议论文等，不得引用未公开发表的资料和网络来源的资料。文献标识符号为：专著为[M]、期刊论文为[J]、论文集为[C]、论文集内的文章为[A]、未经出版的会议论文为[P]、博士论文为[D]、硕士论文为[MA]。　　（4）排版格式：Bibliography一词用Times New Roman 四号加粗居中，英文参考文献用Times New Roman 五号，中文文献用宋体五号；每条文献顶格写，回行缩进4个字符。　　（5）文献著录格式及示例：　　[1] 作者．书名[M]．出版地：出版者，出版年：起止页码．（著作图书文献）　　英语作者标注方法：作者姓，作者名首字母(大写)（＆作者姓，作者名首字母(大写）。如果三人或以上作者共著，其方法是：作者姓，作者名首字母(大写) et 例如：　　[1] Lakoff， G & Mark， J Metaphors We Live By [M] Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press， 1980: 24-　　[2] 作者．文章名[A]．论文集名[C]．出版地：出版者，出版年：起止页码．　　（论文集内文献）　　[3] 作者．文章名[J]．学术刊物名，年，卷(期)：起止页码．（学术刊物文献）　　英文著作、期刊名用斜体。　　9、附件或附录：（可选项）　　重要的测试结果、图表、设计图纸、源程序代码、大量的公式、符号、照片等不宜放入正文中的可以附录形式出现。　　三．篇幅要求　　英语专业毕业论文正文部分3000-5000单词。　　四．毕业论文装订要求　　本专业毕业论文按照下列顺序装订：　　封面　　承诺书　　目录页　　英文摘要页　　中文摘要页（如果篇幅不长，可以与“英文摘要”合并为一页）　　正文部分　　7．致谢（可选项）　　参考文献　　附录或附件（可选项）　　毕业论文（设计）评审表

语言与语言学类 01英语谚语的修辞手法 02英语中的缩略语 03 英语词汇中的外来语单词 04 英语新词新意探究 05 美国英语的特色 06 如何正确把握英语定语从句（或其他各种从句或语法形式）在句子中的确切含义语言教学类 01 扩大词汇量和提高英语阅读能力的关系 02 提高英语阅读速度的主要障碍 03 英语阅读能力和阅读速度的关系 04 通过扩大知识面提高英语阅读能力 05 如何在阅读实践中提高英语阅读能力 06 阅读英文报刊的好处 07 如何处理精读和泛读的关系 08 如何对付英语阅读材料中的生词 09 如何通过阅读扩大词汇量 10 提高阅读能力和提高英语听力的关系 11 英语听说读写四种技能的关系 12 原版电影与英语学习 13《疯狂英语》（或各种教学方式）的利与弊 14 如何杜绝中式英语 15 网络时代如何学好英语翻译类 01 英汉文化差异和翻译 02谈英语被动句的翻译 03英汉句法对比和翻译 04 谈合同（或其他各种类型文本）的翻译 05 英语否定句的翻译 06广告英语及其翻译 07中国特色词汇及其英译 08英语长句的理解与翻译 09 商号、商标、公司名称等的翻译文学类 01 英文作品中的人物分析 02英文作品的社会意义 03 英文作品的文体风格

In 2002 will be implemented in three 10 X college entrance examination College entrance examination system in the reform of English teaching The key lies in establishing the class-based teaching system (1) listening and Against the status quo of poor listening and speaking ability of students to open every Monday of English listening and speaking Use the latest teaching listening "to the future"， "traveled the United States，" "expect English，" and other tapes， video tapes and newspapers， using advanced listening equipment in the classroom teaching through listening， speaking， dialogue， performances， lectures and other lively， interesting students heard about the form of training to improve the communication skills of students， training students in the level of oral expression， reversing the pre-existing "dumb-style" English teaching status (2) the addition of extensive reading classes， the establishment of Foreign Language Reading R Although the new textbooks to read the current increased， but far from what is In order to expand the scope of the students exposure to English， optional printing a variety of genres， subjects suitable for students to read the According to the requirements of content and reading test， teachers will be articles to classify each article in the post-coupled with an appropriate amount of reading comprehension In order to broaden the teaching of English extension， so that extensive reading in English from the curricular and extra-curricular extension to the establishment of foreign language reading acquisition have been published in a variety of domestic suitable for high school students to read English books， will be in English Extensive Reading from the classroom extended to Yuelan Shi to further stimulate students interest in reading and Subscribe for students in English newspapers and magazines， the establishment of English specialty health system， at any time to give them an open reading rooms and study Teaching through extensive reading， students can not only consolidate the textbooks and the basics， but also can improve the self-learning ability to develop intelligence， reading to be (3) The creation of writing Poor writing skills for students in English and Chinese-style English sentences in the written expression of uncommon situation， the school can fully use my existing computer software， according to the new textbooks written request， step by step training on the students "English written expression and training"， will be Practical， descriptive text， description text and carry out the purpose of discussion， sub-level guidance Writing Course opened for the entrance examination is not merely to prepare for the written expression， but also enable students to learn a variety of English style of writing methods and techniques to meet the future requirements of the community of foreign language (4) The implementation of the different levels of English teaching， the successful introduction of English classes and increase Students according to their actual English proficiency， the free selection of the successful lessons to enhance our School teachers to take a The basis of less successful lessons where students can make up for deficiencies in knowledge and a good grasp of double-base implementation， to develop their own non-intellectual factors， promote the improvement of performance and enjoy the joy of The basis of good students can participate in improving the high level of English classes comprehensive training to promote their own standard of English to the "high， precision and advanced the" development and outline the task ahead of schedule to prepare for the 2002年全国将实施3十X高考制度。高考制度在改革，英语教学改革势在必行。关键在于建立各课型教学体系（1）听说课。针对学生听说能力差的现状，开设每周一节次的英语听说课。选用最新听力教材“走向未来”，“走遍美国”，“希望英语”等录音带，录像带及报纸，利用先进的听音设备，在课堂教学中通过听，说，对话，表演，演讲等各种生动，有趣的形式对学生进行听说训练，提高学生的交际能力，训练学生的口语表达水平，扭转以前存在的“哑巴式”英语教学的现状。（2）增设泛读课，建立外文阅览室。现行新教材尽管阅读量增加，但远远不能满足需要。为了扩大学生对英语的接触范围，可选印各种体裁，题材适于学生阅读的文章。根据内容和阅读测试的要求，教师将文章进行分类，在每篇文章后配以适量的阅读理解题。为了拓宽英语课堂教学的外延，使英语泛读由课内延伸到课外，建立外文阅览室，购置国内现已出版发行的各种适合中学生阅读的英语读物，将英语泛读由教室扩展到阅览室，进一步激发学生的阅读兴趣和主动性。为学生订阅英文报刊和杂志，建立英语特长生制度，随时给他们开放阅览室和自修室。通过泛读课教学，学生不仅能巩固课本中出现的基础知识，而且能提高自学能力，开发智力，从阅读中得到乐趣。（3）开设写作课。针对学生英文写作能力差，中国式英语句子在书面表达屡见不鲜的状况，可充分利用我校现有的电脑软件，根据新教材写作要求，循序渐进地对学生进行写作训练。 “英语书面表达与训练”，将应用文，描写文，说明文和论述进行有目的，分层次的指导训练。开设写作课不仅仅是单纯为高考的书面表达做准备，也是让学生学会各种英语文体的写作方法与技巧，适应未来社会对外语人才的要求。（4）实施英语分层次教学，开设英语成功课与提高课。学生可以根据自己的实际英语水平，自由挑选上成功课还是提高课。教师采取挂牌上课。基础较差的学生可以在成功课里弥补知识的缺陷，抓好双基落实，开发自己的非智力因素，促进成绩的提高，享受成功的喜悦。基础较好的学生可以参加提高班的较高水平的英语综合训练，促使自己的英语水平向“高，精，尖”发展，提前完成大纲任务并为竞赛作好准备。

英语论文网免费下载初中英语

去这里啊新课标第一网其中初中英语的各个年级各本书各个单元都有下载的哦！或者可以去豆丁百度文库搜索后下载课件也是可以的！方法很多啦！

^_^，我这里有几个:Stanford 大学 Graduate School of Business 论文库: Term-paper， report and research paper database: -Research Paper Online: Science Research Network: (this is very famous， but some papers require fees here)Mendeley Research Network: 希望对你能有帮助 =)

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