transformer论文作者
在Attention is all you need论文中提出的Transformer。它的一个TensorFlow实现可以作为Tensor2Tensor包的一部分。哈佛大学的NLP小组创建了一个使用PyTorch实现注释该论文的指南。在
这是继电保护的 这个是变压器的希望能帮助你
摘要。主流的序列转换模型都是基于复杂的循环神经网络或卷积神经网络,且都包含一个encoder和一个decoder …1 Introduction(简介)RNN,LSTM,GRU,Gated Recurrent Neural Networks 在序列建模和转换任务上,比如语言 …2 Background(背景)减少序列计算的目标也成就了 Extended Neural GPU [16],ByteNet[18],和ConvS2S[9] …3 Model Architecture(模型结构)大多数有竞争力的序列转换模型都有encoder-decoder结构构。这 …
这里面有一篇看看合适不
transformer论文解读
transformer 的并行化主要体现在self- attention 模块上,在encod er 端其可以并 论文 名: Attention Is All You Need 论文 作者:Ash is h Vaswani 等期刊/会议名
文摘:post-set短路试验方法和预置 讨论了电力变压器局部放电检测经验,负责的 特别注意到预置方法,inrushcurrents和 premagnetization,强调了大量涌入,通过pre-magneti-zation电流是可以避免的,较大程度。 饱和的变压器导致供应 supplyside电压畸变,从而防止饱和度 这个测试对象。不同的模式下的饱和变压器试验中所提及的关系不久的动态应力绕组。 关键词:电力变压器、短路试验、预置的短 电路中,电流,pre-magnetization大量涌入,磁饱和
2019年11月16日论文《Attention Is All You Need》简称Transformer,作者Ashish Vaswani(Google Brain),经典的自注意力论文。 摘要
你能否补充一下论文的题目。有论文的全文更好。这是一篇荷兰凯玛(KEMA)实验室关于变压器做突发短路试验方法的一篇论文。有点意思,如果不方便,给出论文题目也行。三楼的意思已经差不多了,文字上再组织一下(更专业、更通顺一些)就可以了。
transformer论文复现
在Attention is all you need论文中提出的Transformer。它的一个TensorFlow实现可以作为Tensor2Tensor包的一部分。哈佛大学的NLP小组创建了一个使用PyTorch实现注释该论文的指南。在
你能否补充一下论文的题目。有论文的全文更好。这是一篇荷兰凯玛(KEMA)实验室关于变压器做突发短路试验方法的一篇论文。有点意思,如果不方便,给出论文题目也行。三楼的意思已经差不多了,文字上再组织一下(更专业、更通顺一些)就可以了。
transformer 的并行化主要体现在self- attention 模块上,在encod er 端其可以并 论文 名: Attention Is All You Need 论文 作者:Ash is h Vaswani 等期刊/会议名
The graduation to the design plan, based on the principle of national economic development, policies, technical requirements criteria, combined with the actual construction to ensure reliable power supply, scheduling flexibility to meet the technical In the analysis of raw data based on the 110KV substation electrical design engineering on several comparative analysis of the connection modes of operation, first elected to meet the 110KV substation safe, reliable quality, following the security requirements of economic operation and the best connection mode as normal 110KV substation run main electrical On the development of the main electrical connection, to short-circuit current calculation, to choose a reasonable electrical Finally, a part of the wiring and the configuration of relay protection requirements to ensure safe and economic operation of the substation to prevent the occurrence or expansion, to the purpose of safe and economic Substation automation is the secondary substation equipment (including measuring instruments, signal systems, relay protection, automatic devices and remote devices, ) through a combination of functions and optimize the design, use of advanced computer technology, modern electronic technology, communication technology and signal processing technology, on all major substation equipment and transmission and distribution lines of automatic monitoring, measurement, automatic control and computer protection, and integrated communications and scheduling automation
transformer论文下载
在Attention is all you need论文中提出的Transformer。它的一个TensorFlow实现可以作为Tensor2Tensor包的一部分。哈佛大学的NLP小组创建了一个使用PyTorch实现注释该论文的指南。在
Along with the our country economic development rapid development, the lives of the people level unceasing enhancement, the city uses to be day by day anxious, urges the building to face the direction is This kind of high level civil construction repair needed materials and the way also more hasten the diversification, and along with uses electricity the load and coal gas consumption quantity enlarging, proposed to the fire auto-alarm system design is higher, a stricter In order to guarantee the people life and property the security, the fire auto-alarm system design has become in the high level civil construction design one of most important design Presently based on the author fire of auto-alarm system design overseeing work in the high level civil building experience, proposed in present national related standard and standard unclear true detail shallow opinion, by for the colleagues to discuss and to point out First, design basis The fire auto-alarm system design is a specialized very strong technology work, at the same time also has the very strong policy- Therefore, first should be clear about the following design basis: 1st, must grasp the architectural design fire protection standard, the system design standard, the equipment manufacture standard, the installment construction approval standard and the administration laws and regulations and so on five big aspects fire laws and regulations, and in practical understanding present country related standard and standard positive word: "Must", "be supposed", "to be suitable", "may" and the reverse side word: "Strictly prohibits", "should not", "not have", "not to be suitable" the 2nd, must aim at high level civil building function, use and the protection object fire protection rank, earnestly carries out the present national related standard and the standard, earnestly treats the public security fire prevention surveillance department the examination and approval Second, fire auto-alarm system equipment establishmentFire detector establishmentOpens wide either the seal or the stair hall should alone divide the search coverage, and each 2 ~ 3 establish a fire The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against the front room which smoke stair hall comes in handy) and the aisle should distinguish alone to divide the search coverage, specially front the room and the lift well, the scattered stair hall and the aisle are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be easier to gather or to flow, is the personnel disperses which saves goal with the fire prevention, therefore should install the fire Regarding common elevator in front of room although is not the personnel disperses , but this front room and the lift well are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be also easy to gather or to flow, suitably alone divides the search coverage and installs the fire The electric cable shaft therefore is easy to form pulls out the smoke inflammation the channel; Has when the fire the fire intensity not easily extends along the electric cable burns, for this, "the high level civil construction design fire protection standard" and "the civil construction electricity design standard" separately proposes the detailed specific stipulation in the construction and in the electric wire or on the electric cable But considered implements specifically the difficulty and the present situation, the electric cable shaft installs the fire detector is extremely essential, and coordinates the shaft the fire protection separation request, each 2 ~ 3 or each level The elevator machine room should install the fire detector, its elevator is the important vertical transportation vehicle; Its two elevator machine room has has the fire risk; Its three lift well existence essential opens the hole, like the level gate opens between the hole, the air vent, the between permanence opens the hole with the elevator machine room or the pulley and so on; Its four when has the fire, the lift well often becomes the fire intensity spread the channel, is easy to threaten the elevator machine room the Therefore, the elevator machine room establishes the fire detector is necessary, crown of also suitable establishment fire detector lift 2nd, the manual fire reports to the police the button establishment(Including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in view of various floors front room in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, should report to the police the button first choice spot as the establishment manual In addition, the room also should establish the manual fire to the common elevator in front of to report to the police the In the public active place (including hall, hall, dining room, multi-purpose hall and so on) and the main thoroughfare and so on place, the personnel very is all centralized, and mainly disperses the Therefore should report to the police the button in these public active places main access establishment manual fires; The manual fire establishes which in the main thoroughfare reports to the police the button to guarantee "to a manual fire which most is close to reports to the police the button distance from a fire protection district any position not to be supposed to be bigger than 30 meters"3rd, the fire emergency broadcasts the speaker the establishmentThe aisle, the hall, the dining room and so on the public place personnel very are all centralized, and mainly disperses the Therefore should press in these public places "to a recent speaker distance is not bigger than 25 meters from a fire protection district any spot" and "in the aisle last should not be bigger than 5 meters the speaker to the aisle terminal distance" the establishment fire emergency to broadcast the speaker; Next also should establish the fire in the public bathroom place emergency to broadcast the The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, also has the fire door separation and the sounds of people is confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the In front of the common elevator the room also should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the Disperses the stair hall also is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with the fire prevention, also the sounds of people are confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker, by favors the fire emergency broadcast to disperse the 4th, fire alarm installment establishmentThe establishment fire emergency broadcast fire auto-alarm system, the author thought also should install the fire alarm installment, but its control procedure should be: The alarm apparatus should confirm after the fire, uses manual or the automatic control mode unification to the fire correlation region transmission warning, stops the alarm apparatus work in the stipulation time, the rapid linkage fire emergency broadcast and broadcasts to the people disperses the The fire alarm installment establishment position, the author thought should report to the police the button position with the manual fire to be same, its wall surface installment should for be apart from the ground 8 meters highly5th, fire special use telephone establishmentInstalls the fire special use telephone extension telephone, should be located the engine room which related also some people is on duty frequently with the fire linkage control (including fire water plant, spare electricity generation engine room, matches substation, mainly ventilates with air conditioning engine room, discharges fume engine room, fire prevention elevator machine room and other), the fire fighting control system operates the equipment place or the control room, the fire duty officers observation room, the security manages spot and so on public Sedan of theater box the fire elevator and in the ordinary elevator all should suppose the special use telephone, requests the elevator machine room and the elevator sedan theater box, the elevator machine room and the fire control room, the elevator sedan theater box and the fire control room and so on three compositions is reliable to speaks the correspondence telephone Usually in fire control room; The establishment elevator monitoring demonstration plate (including position indicator, direction indicating lamp, to speaks correspondence telephone, trouble lamp and so on), in order to carries on the necessity to the elevator running status which in the surveillance and the emergency case Is equipped with the manual fire to report to the police position and so on button, fire hydrant button also should install the fire special use telephone Third, fire linkage control 1st, the fire linkage control should include the control fire pump to open, to stop, also should demonstrate opens pumps the button the position and the fire pump work and the When the fire hydrant is equipped with the fire hydrant button, its electric installation work spot also should demonstrate the fire pump the working mode active status (namely establishment fire pump work indicating lamp) 2nd, the fire linkage control should include the control spraying of water and the water atomization fire fighting system opens, stops, also should demonstrate the fire pump the work and the malfunction and the fluent display, reports to the police the valve, the safety signal valve working mode active In addition, to the basin, the water tank water level also should carry on the demonstration monitor; In order to prevent the overhaul signal valve is shut down, the author thought should use the belt electric signal the control signal valve by to demonstrate it opens the 3rd, the fire linkage control other controls and the demonstration function, should carry out the present national related standard and the standard specific Fourth, fire auto-alarm system wiringIn order to prevent the fire occurs when the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line severance, causes the fire fighting work to be unable to carry on, creates the bigger economic loss; Also for the suppression electronmagetic interference (for example transformer, electric motor, electric cable and so on) the influence which produces to the fire auto-alarm The fire auto-alarm system transmission line and the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line should use the being flame-resistant electric cable, and should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking The fire manual positive governing installment line should use the fireproof electric cable, its electric cable also should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking Uses Ming Fushi, should takes the fire protection protective measures on the metal tube or the enclosed metal Fifth, concluding remarkThe author rests on the concrete project to implement the experience, elaborated the design basis, fire auto-alarm design actual problem and so on system equipment establishment, fire linkage control and its wiring pulls out some shallow opinions, its goal is enhances the fire auto-alarm system the design quality, discovered early and the notification fire, prevented and reduces the fire to harm, by protects the person and the property 随着我国经济发展快速发展,人民生活的水平不断提高,城市使用是每天着急,敦促建设面临着发展的方向。这种高层次的民间建筑维修所需的材料和方式也更加多样化加快,而且随着使用电力负荷和煤气消费量扩大,提议消防自动报警系统设计较高,更严格的要求。为了保证人民生命和财产的安全,消防自动报警系统的设计已经成为在高级别民间建筑设计的一个最重要的设计内容。目前的基础上撰文火灾自动报警系统设计监督工作的高层次的民间建设的经验,建议在目前国家相关标准和标准不清楚真正详细浅见解,为同事们的讨论,并指出错误。 首先,设计依据 火灾自动报警系统的设计是一家专业非常强的技术工作,同时还具有很强的政策性。因此,首先应明确以下设计依据: 第一,必须紧紧抓住的建筑设计防火标准,该系统的设计标准,标准的设备制造,安装施工审批标准和管理的法律和规章等五大方面的消防法律法规,并在实际了解国家有关本标准和标准积极字: “必须” , “必须假定” , “不适合” , “可能”和反面词: “严格禁止” , “不应该” , “没有” , “不适合“的含义。 第二,必须着眼于高层次的民间建筑的功能,利用和保护对象的防火等级,认真开展本标准和国家有关标准,认真对待公安防火监督部门的审批意见。 其次,火灾自动报警系统设备的建立 建立火灾探测器 要么全打开的印章或楼梯大厅应单独划分搜索范围,每个2 〜 3建立火灾探测器。 第一个房间(包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室,消防电梯间,消防电梯防前面房间烟雾楼梯大会堂来用场)和过道应区分单独划分搜索范围,特别是前面的房间,以及电梯,分散楼梯大厅和走道都是相互关联的,有时间的火灾烟雾比较容易收集或流动,是人员分散保存目标与防火,因此,应该安装火警探测器。关于共同电梯前室虽然不是人员分散,而且这方面的空间和良好的电梯是相互关联的,有时间的火灾烟雾也很容易被收集或流动,适当地划分为单独的搜索覆盖面和安装消防探测器。 电缆轴因此很容易形成掏出烟炎症渠道,拥有火灾时的火强度不容易延伸沿电缆燃烧,为此, “高级别民间建筑设计防火标准”和“民用建筑电气设计标准“分别提出了详细具体的规定,在建筑和在电线或电缆塑造。但认为具体实施的难度和目前的情况下,电缆竖井安装了火灾探测器是非常必要的,坐标轴的防火分隔要求,每2 〜 3或每一级安装。 电梯机房应安装火灾探测器,它的电梯是重要的垂直交通工具,其两个电梯机房已具有火灾危险性,其存在的三个基本解除以及打开洞,像打开闸门的水平之间的球洞,在气孔,持久的关系打开了洞与电梯机房或滑轮等,其时,有四个火,升降机以及往往成为火灾强度传播渠道,很容易危及电梯机房设施。因此,电梯机房建立了火灾探测器是必要的,也适用于皇冠建立火灾探测器举井。 2 ,手动火警报警按钮建立 (包括防前面的烟雾楼梯大厅鉴于各层前房间前面的房间,消防电梯间,消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室)是有火灾时人员驱散节省目标,防火,应立即向警方举报的按钮,首选地点设立手动火警。此外,该室也应建立防火手册的共同电梯前,向警方报案的按钮。 在公共活动场所(包括会堂,礼堂,餐厅,多功能厅等)和主要通道等场所,是所有工作人员非常集中,主要是分散的渠道。因此,应立即向警方举报的按钮,在这些公共活动场所主要通道设立手册火灾;该手册规定的火灾中的主要通道报警按钮,以保证“ ,以手动火警最接近报警按钮距离防火区的任何位置不应该超过30米。 “ 第三,消防紧急广播喇叭建立 走道,大厅,餐厅等公共场所的工作人员都非常集中,主要是分散的渠道。因此,应该按这些公共场所的“最近的一项发言距离不超过25米的防火保护区的任何位置”和“在走道上不应大于十二点五米扬声器的过道末端距离”建立消防应急广播喇叭;下一步还应当建立消防在公共浴室的地方紧急广播喇叭。 第一个房间(包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室,消防电梯间,消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室)是有火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火,也有分离和防火门的声音,人民的混乱和嘈杂,因此,应建立消防应急广播喇叭。在前面的共同电梯房也应建立消防应急广播喇叭。分散大厅楼梯也已经火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火,也是人民的声音和嘈杂的混淆,因此应建立消防应急广播喇叭,由主张消防紧急广播驱散指令。 第四,建立火灾报警装置 建立消防应急广播火灾自动报警系统,笔者认为还应该安装消防报警装置,但它的控制程序应该是:该报警器应确认火灾后,利用手动或自动控制模式统一消防相关区域传输预警,报警器停止工作时间的规定,迅速联系消防应急广播和电视节目,并且分散了人们的指示。 火警警报装置建立的立场,笔者认为应该向警方报案的按钮位置的手动火警是相同的,它的墙面安装应为距地面8米高度 第五,消防专用电话设立 安装消防专用电话分机电话,应设机房其中也涉及一些人是在工作地点经常与消防联动控制(包括消防给水设备,备件发电机房,火柴变电站,主要ventilates空调引擎室,排放烟气轮机室,防火电梯机房及其他) ,消防控制系统的经营场所或设备的控制室,消防责任人员观察室,现场的安全管理等公共空间。轿车的影院中消防电梯和普通电梯应假设所有使用的特殊电话,请电梯机房和电梯轿车影院中,电梯机房及消防控制室,电梯轿车影院方块和消防控制室等三个成分是可靠的讲通信电话系统。通常在消防控制室;建立电梯监测演示板(包括位置指示器,显示方向灯,以讲信函电话,麻烦灯等) ,以进行必要的电梯在运行状态的监视和紧急情况下的控制。 配备了手动火警报警位置等按钮,消火栓按钮,还应该安装消防专用电话插座。 第三,消防联动控制 第一,消防联动控制应包括控制消防泵开启,停止,也应表现出的按钮,打开泵的位置和消防泵的工作和故障。当消火栓设有消火栓按钮时,其电气安装工程现场也应表现出的消防泵的工作模式有效状态(即建立消防泵工作表明灯) 。 第二,消防联动控制应包括控制喷洒水和水雾化灭火系统打开,停止,也应表现出的消防泵的工作和故障和流利显示,报警阀,安全信号阀工作模式积极的地位。此外,该盆地,水箱水位也应进行示范监测;为了防止检修信号阀关闭,作者认为应该使用带电信号控制信号阀证明它打开条件。 第三,消防联动控制其他控制和示范作用,应进行本标准和国家有关标准的具体规定。 第四,火灾自动报警系统布线 为了防止火灾发生时,消防控制,通信和警戒线遣散,使灭火工作无法进行,造成了更大的经济损失,也为抑制electronmagetic干扰(例如变压器,电电机,电缆等)的影响而产生的火灾自动报警系统。火灾自动报警系统的输电线路和消防控制,通信和预警线应使用被阻燃电缆,并应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。消防手册积极理事分期付款行应使用防火电缆,其电缆也应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。使用明复,应采取防火保护措施的金属管或封闭金属Fifth ,结论备注 作者取决于具体的项目实施经验,阐述了设计依据,火灾自动报警设计和实际问题,以便建立系统设备,消防联动控制及其接线拿出一些肤浅的意见,其目的是增强了火灾自动报警系统的设计质量,早期发现,并通知消防,预防和减少火灾危害,通过保护个人和财产安全。
ABBYYPDFTransformer+ 下载ABBYY中文版本 您好! 请下载这个版本使用,装这个程序才是带全功能的。 如果你在使用过程中遇到什么问题导致的停止工作解决。 下载链接(WM) 在发现停止工作问题之后,请下载对应的修复包安装!
完整pdf下载地址_innovation_pdfBiomass compression equipment Biomass circulating fluidized bed gasification device Biomass gasification system equipment Biomass gasification power generation set Complete set of equipment for power generation using garbage Methane centralized-gas supply system Internal combustion machine-power generation set using methane Efficient methane-desulfurization equipment Complete set of equipment for power generation using terrestrial heat Complete set of equipment for power generation using wave tides Power generation device using waves Complete set of smart electric-power switch equipment Distribution network automatic-switch equipment High-voltage vacuum circuit breaker using permanent magnetic actuator Organic composite insulator Dry current transformer High-voltage direct-current converter transformer Smoothing reactorReference code* Highly energy-efficient products 07020001 High frequency induction-heating power supply 07020002 Epoxy resin dry-type transformer 07020003 Capacity-regulated transformer with winding core 07020004 Three-phase distribution transformer sealed with amorphous alloy 07020005 Smart reactive-power compensation device 07020006 Heat-pipe heat exchanger 07020007 Electronic ballast for high-power gas discharge lamps 07020008 Water heater (set) of air-source heat pump 07020009 Large device for recovery of heat from cement clinker on dry basis 07020010 Electronic expansion valve 07020011 Liquid rheostat starting-speed regulator 07020012 Energy-efficiency control device for centralized air-conditioning system 07020013 Blast-furnace top-pressure recovery turbine unit 07020014 Circulating fluidized bed boiler 07020015 Controllable atmosphere furnace 07020016 Pulverized coal burner exclusively for rotary kiln 07020017 Full-automatic burner 07020018 Heavy oil burner 07020019 Converting arc welder 07020020 Digital-control converting welder 07020021 Membrane separation plant for making nitrogen 07020022 High intensity infrared quick heating equipment *Note: Item code as listed in the 2006 National Catalogue of New and High-Technology P Source: Application Procedures for Indigenous Innovation Product Status, released by the PRC Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Science and Technology, and National Development and Reform C
transformer论文推荐
基于注意力机制的构造与基于RNN的不同,基于RNN的是在时间步上串联(在每个time step只能输入一个token),而基于注意力机制的是类似于桶状结构(一起将数据输入到模型中去)
在Attention is all you need论文中提出的Transformer。它的一个TensorFlow实现可以作为Tensor2Tensor包的一部分。哈佛大学的NLP小组创建了一个使用PyTorch实现注释该论文的指南。在
Three-phase short-circuit with is power system planning, design and operation of the calculation and analysis to At present, three-phase current short road condition has become a troubled many domestic electrical key However, in the three-phase short-circuit current calculation, the design, operation and the calculation method of the research department adopts each are not identical, this may cause short-circuit current calculation results and the difference of the judgment of short-circuit current exceeds differences, and short-circuit current If the short-circuit current calculation results rather conservative, may cause unnecessary waste of investment, If you tend to be optimistic, the safe and stable operation of the system of Buried Therefore, in the research of short-circuit current calculation standard based on the different condition of short-circuit current calculation of short-circuit current calculation results for grid, and the influence of short-circuit current calculation and limit to provide more practical methods and 1 short-circuit current calculation methodClassic short-circuit current calculation method for: change than 0, do not consider lines and parallel compensation capacitor recharge, don't consider the impact load and load current node voltages, take the 0, generator The standard of short-circuit current calculation are mainly IEC standard and the ANSI standard, China USES is the IEC Owing to the short-circuit current calculation method and calculation The standard recommends three-phase short-circuit current calculation method is equivalent voltage source, its calculation method for: 1) does not consider the rotating load operation data and generator excitation way, 2 lines and ignore the rotating electrical load of parallel admittance, 3 the transformer has tap-changer and its position as the position in the Lord, Regardless of the arc resistance; (4) 5 35 kV short-circuit current calculation system, the maximum equivalent voltage source, the nominal voltage from 1 (1) in the calculation of the rated voltage of the contributions of pu), but shall not exceed the maximum operating voltage For power grid planning and operation department, three-phase short-circuit with the biggest is main content of The grid computing, and electricity network in different departments may use different calculation Differences are mainly concentrated in transformer, node voltage Transformer has taken 0, have taken more than the actual operation change, Node voltage may take 0, also may take These two different combinations are adopted, obviously, this will affect short-circuit current calculation The root of the problem is calculated according to calculation program to staff the natural Settings to calculate and calculation program and lack of Actually, if you know a short circuit calculation and the requirement of personnel is calculated from the calculation results can be Some commercial software also provides flexible short-circuit current calculation conditions setting enterprise2 influence factors of short-circuit current calculation resultsAmerican PTI company PSS/E program provides short-circuit current calculation based on the trend of the classical method, and the ANSI standard or IEC standard of short-circuit current IEC standard, allows users to set arbitrary short-circuit current calculation of the initial Set of options include: (1) change than choice: 0 or normal variable ratio, 2 consider whether charging capacitance, 3 and parallel compensation or not, 4 node voltage, 5 generator power Therefore, using PSS/E procedures for its own example with different initial conditions of short-circuit current calculation results of analysis
电力变压器是发电厂和变电站的主要电气设备之一,它们对电力系统的安全稳定运行至关重要。一旦发生故障遭到损坏,其检修难度大、时间长,要造成很大的经济损失;另外,发生故障后突然切除变压器也会对电力系统造成或大或小的扰动。因此,对继电保护的要求很高。 根据DF3200系列微机变压器保护装置近五年、上千套产品的运行经验,把它们在中、低压电网的成功方面和不足之处进行总结的基础上,研制了新一代的DF3300系列微机变压器保护装置。它们采用系统化设计思想,采用成熟可靠的保护原理,应用最先进的计算机网络通信和控制技术,采用先进可靠的硬件技术和美观适用的结构,保护、监控、通信网络整体化设计,保护功能相对独立,符合DF3300变电站自动化系统的分层、分布、分散式的面向对象的整体设计思想要求。以下简要介绍新一代DF3300系列微机变压器保护装置的设计方案等。2 保护设计方案 DF3300系列微机变压器保护装置主要是为满足大量的中、低压电网的变压器保护的需要而设计。它作为DF3300变电站自动化系统的有机组成部分,可以满足变电站自动化的全部需求,也可以作为独立的变压器保护系统工作。1 保护配置方案 在设计保护的配置方案时,充分注意到最新的《继电保护和安全自动装置技术规程》中提到建议和要求等,同时,考虑到中、低压电网中保护应用的实际情况,尤其是农用电网中保护的实际情况,而确定采用的保护配置方案。 高压电网的变压器重要程度等因素,要求变压器保护双重化配置,所以采用主后备一体化的双套变压器保护装置是比较好的方式。中、低压电网中,一方面要求变压器保护装置的可靠工作,另一方面并不要求变压器保护双重化配置,针对这种情况,如果将变压器的全部保护集中在一套保护装置,一旦保护装置故障将失去全部的变压器保护功能,所以采用主后备保护分配到完全独立的不同的保护装置,适当的保护功能独立分担方式是较好的配置方式。对于农用电网的小型变压器,对保护的要求简单、可靠、经济,而且经济性要求十分明显,采用简单的主后备保护一体化的保护装置是较好的配置方式。变压器的非电量保护,原则上应该与电气量保护相互独立,真正起到互为备用或补充。基于以上的设计思想确定的主要面向中、低压电网的变压器保护系列装置如下: 1)DF3330三圈变差动保护装置,满足四侧电流输入的差流速断保护和比率差动保护,中、低压侧及第四侧各配置过电流保护等,适用于中、低压电网的电力变压器的主保护; 2)DF3331A变压器接地侧后备保护装置,具有复压闭锁(方向)过流保护,零压闭锁零序(方向)过流保护,间隙零序过流保护等,作为变压器大电流接地侧的后备保护; 3)DF3331B变压器不接地侧后备保护装置,具有复压闭锁(方向)过流保护,零序过流保护,零序过压告警,过负荷保护等,作为变压器不接地侧的后备保护; 4)DF3333双圈变差动保护装置,满足两侧电流输入的差流速断保护和比率差动保护,低压侧配置过电流保护等,适用于中、低压电网的电力变压器的主保护; 5)DF3332变压器本体保护装置,具有六路跳闸回路和五路信号回路,适用于油浸式电力变压器的开关量保护; 6)DF3333A变压器保护装置。满足两侧电流输入的差流速断保护和比率差动保护等;高、低压侧的复压闭锁(方向)过流保护,高、低压侧零序过压告警,过负荷保护等,特别适用于农用电网的小型变压器的成套保护; 7)DF3331C变压器后备保护装置,具有复压闭锁(方向)过流保护,零序过流保护,零序过压告警,过负荷保护,三路独立的本体跳闸和信号回路及一路带延时的开关量保护,测控功能等,作为变压器不接地或小电流接地侧的后备保护和测控装置; 8)DF3332A变压器本体保护装置,具有三路跳闸回路和两路信号回路,三个独立的具有压力闭锁功能的操作箱回路,适用于油浸式电力变压器的开关量保护。 因此,以上的变压器保护装置可以根据需要灵活配置,完全可以经济、实用、可靠的完成中、低压电网及农用电网的各种变压器保护的需要。2.2 保护原理2.2.1 主保护原理 1)差动电流速断保护采用三相差动电流中任一相大于差动电流速断定值时,瞬时动作出口,它不受任何闭锁条件约束,快速切除变压器区内发生的严重故障。根据微机保护的特点,该保护判据采用可变数据窗的两种算法实现。一种用于保护启动后初始阶段的快速判断,加快出口动作速度;另一种计算准确,可以在启动一个周波后随时瞬动出口。整体效果类似“反时限”的性能。保护判据为:Idz ≥ ISD,ISD—差动电流速断定值。 2)比率差动保护该保护采用如下的保护动作判据公式(2-1),保护的动作特性曲线如图1所示。 Idz≥ICD (Izd Idz≥ICD +KB1(Izd -IGD ) (Izd ≥IGD )图1 比率差动动作特性 该保护识别励磁涌流采用了二次谐波制动和波形不对称制动两种判据。二次谐波制动判据有两种方案供选择:一种是按二次谐波和基波比值最大的相为制动判据;另一种是分别选取三相差动电流中二次谐波和基波的最大值,并以它们的比值为制动判据。 按最大比值相制动:max(Icda2 / Icda1,Icdb2 / Icdb1,Icdc2 / Icdc1) ≥ KXB (2-2) 综合相制动:max(Icda2、Icdb2、Icdc2) / max(Icda1、Icdb1、Icdc1) ≥ KXB (2-3)波形不对称制动判据只在DF3333A变压器保护装置中采用了,因此这里不再过多叙述。 3)CT饱和时的附加稳定特性 比率差动保护设有一个CT饱和时的附加稳定特性区,它的工作特性如图1所示。对于发生在被保护变压器区外的故障引起的CT饱和,可以通过高值的初始制动电流(ICT)检测出来,此电流会将工作点短暂的移至附加稳定特性区内。反之,当变压器区内故障时其工作点会立即进入动作区,不会进入附加稳定特性区。因此,利用故障发生的最初半个周期内,测量的量值引发的工作点是否在附加稳定特性区内,由此作出决定。一旦检查出外部故障引起CT饱和,装置自动闭锁了比率差动保护,并会在整定的时间(TCT)内一直有效闭锁,直到整定时间到时,才解除闭锁。在外部故障引起的CT饱和闭锁了比率差动保护期间,如果此后发生故障变化,变压器区内也发生故障,工作点稳定地连续两个周期工作在动作区内,闭锁会被立即解除,可靠地检查出被保护变压器发展中的故障而较迅速动作。检查出变压器区外故障引起CT饱和闭锁了比率差动保护的判据公式如下式(2-4)。 Izd ≥ ICT ICT —制动电流门坎值 Icd ≤ (KB1/2) Izd TCT—闭锁时间 (2-4) T ≤ TCT 4)CT断线判据 装置设有延时CT断线报警及瞬时CT断线报警功能。该瞬时CT断线判据只针对变压器各侧CT 接线均为Y形接法的回路。具体方案如下: 1)延时CT断线报警:当任一相差流大于12In的时间超过5秒时,采样异常告警信息并指示灯显示,但不闭锁比率差动保护。兼作为交流采样回路异常的自检作用; 2)瞬时CT断线采用比较变压器各侧电流的方法实现检测功能。判据如下: 只有一侧一相电流减小到零,其它各侧电流不变的情况下,判为CT断线。且在如下的条件下不进行CT断线判别:启动前某侧最大相电流小于1In ,该侧不判;启动后任一侧相电流增加;启动后相电流大于2Ie。瞬时CT断线功能可以通过配置字选择投/退,还可以选择是否闭锁比率差动[来源:论文天下论文网 ]