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简单的日语论文文献

发布时间:2024-07-03 10:07:42

简单的日语论文文献

首先,标注方法采用上标上标[1][2]这种方法就可以了。参考文献用你举例子的那种样子没问题。 我当年就是这么写论文的。。。。

关于红白歌会的文献我没有,不过敝人曾经看过《新编日本语 高级 人民教育出版社》的一篇文章就讲过红白歌会的议论。其实做学问就应该自己弄,在日本,日本的学者(化学研究生,以及博士等等)从来不查CA(学化学的应该知道CA是什么,非常权威的美国化学文摘)因为他们已经自信到自己研究了。而事实就是:这种从来不查CA让日本的化学研究领先中国不知多少年!若贝尔化学奖拿了不知多少个!(现姑且不讨论拿若贝尔奖能代表什么。但人家就是拿到了,中国没有拿到,不管中国有没有这个实力)因此建议你的论文用自己的观点来写,你可以上日本网站、看日本报纸、听日本新闻中关于红白歌会的介绍,别看别人的论文了,天下文章一大抄!自己综合实时考察到的真实信息然后总结成论文才是好的!这也许对你来说会花费很多时间,可能你的论文等级比别人差,但请记住:做学问要严谨。

语言是一种文化现象,不同民族的文化反映在不同民族的语言之中,离开语言所依赖的文化背景,就很难真正学好一门外语。下文是我为大家整理的关于日本文化日语论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!

论从日语构造和日语运用看日本文化

摘要:“人的思考习惯”是指说同一种语言的人们共同拥有的一种认知习惯的总和,它是人们每天无意识的习惯性的思考和行为模式的基本,这些集合起来就成了文化。总之,用某种语法构造说出来话的意思是以说话人的认知习惯为前提在文脉中产生的。在这里面,又是和作为文脉的文化联系在一起的。要弄清楚作为文化基本要素的人们的思考习惯,一个很重要的线索就是语言。

关键词:言语文化学;言语意识;言语表现;日本文化

牧野成一说过,言语文化学既不是用文化来解释言语,也不是用言语来解释文化。假定可以显示某种言语现象和文化现象有某种必然的联系,那就要通过明确地提出具体是在什么时候来证明言语与文化的有机性,有缘性。总之,所谓言语文化学,是一门以已经作为社会习惯确定下来的言语的,文化的各个特征为研究对象,通过和两者有关系的普遍的媒介物,达到科学的记述的目的。本文即从日语的言语文化分析的视点,弄清楚日语和日本文化是如何联系在一起的。

一、日语构造里的文化

(一)词汇与日本文化

作为单词的总和的词汇,可以说在相当程度上反映了使用者所处的自然环境,社会文化,以及生活在里面的人们的思考方式。

1.词汇中反映的日本的传统文化和外来文化的交错

日语词汇里,反映了日本固有的要素和外来要素混合的文化。例如:和语•汉语•洋语混在一起。比如我们仅限于衣食住方面的话,衣方面,有「着物」「ゆかた」「帯」「寝巻」和「シャツ」「パンツ」「パジャマ」等,食方面,有「米」「汁」「豆腐」「すき焼き」「酒」和「スープ」チーズ」キャンディー」等,住方面,有「玄関」「ふすま」「縁侧」和「ドア」「ベランダ」等。所有的都包含三种语种,这三种语种的竞争,正反映了日本传统文化和外来文化交错的姿态。正是这种二重构造才是日本文化的特征。

2.特殊的一群――拟情词(拟声词•拟态词)

金田一春彦教授认为,在很多言语的词汇体系中都是空白部分的拟情词的存在是日语词汇独特的一个特点。都说日语里拟声词和拟态词多,虽然不能说这是日语独有的特色,但是这种单词的多用是感觉的,非分析性的事物认识的一个例证。例如:イライラ•ムシャクシャ•ヤキモキ…等等,对外国人来说很难理解吧。ホットする•ハレパレとした気分•スッキリした•(胸の中が)モヤモヤしている•ウンザリだ•ガッカリだ……等等,总是把感情状态分得特别细,有时描写很激烈的动作的状态的语句非常丰富,被经常和频繁地使用。ショゲル•フサギコム•ムクレル•ムカツク•ジレル•イラダツ•侘ビル……等等,对于把这种不断地感情的摇摆的心情分得如此之细的日本人来说,如果让他们生活在没有拟情词的“意思世界”里的话,他们一定会感觉到非常痛苦。

(二)语法里的文化

1.语序

日语是所谓的SOV(主语+宾语+动词)的语序。即:不仅是句子的信息,句子基本的意思构造不到句末是不能理解的。例如:

彼女は日本语教师になりました。

彼女は日本语教师になりませんでした。

彼女は日本语教师になりたかったんです。

彼女は日本语教师になりましたか。

句子是记叙句,否定句,还是疑问句不到句末是不知道的。可以说一直到句末都有悬念。如果把句子的信息当作是内部的话,像日语这种语序的语言,到达内部的过程就不显得唐突,比较缓和。从听者来看,不能从句首就能把握整个句子,而是从外部慢慢地到达内部。

2.自动词和他动词的使用选择

(1)不使用“他动词句”而选择使用“自动词句”

お茶が入りましたよ。(自动词句)

お茶を入れましたよ。(他动词句)

这是说话人给对方倒完茶之后的场景。这个时候,不用他动词句「お茶を入れましたよ」,而是多用自动词句「お茶が入っていますよ。」通过用说“茶已经倒好了”这个显示结果的句子,来抹掉主语“我”,这是一种不涉及到是“我把茶倒好了”的说法。如果使用他动词的话,就成了包含有“我为了你把茶泡好了”这种自己的行为给对方带来恩惠的说法,会让对方不愉快。

(2)取代使用“自动词句”而选择使用“他动词句”

部屋を散らかしていて、すみません。(他动词句)

部屋が散らかっていて、すみません。(自动词句)

前者和后者都经常被使用。前者的他动词句子是说明把房间弄的很乱的是自己,有一种给对方带来不愉快而道歉的表达方式。后者的自动词句子只是说明“房间很乱”这个状态,至于是谁的责任则比较暧昧的说法。这种情况下,比起用自动词句,用他动词句对道歉的心情更强烈些,会给对方更好的印象。

使用自动词句还是使用他动词句有以下的倾向:

自己(动作主人)直接或间接的会给对方带来负面的影响的情况,如果使用自动词句,容易招来“回避责任”的误解,所以为了确实的给带来麻烦的对方传达道歉的心情,比起用自动词句,有更多的会选择使用他动词句的倾向;

自己(动作主人)特意采取给对方带来正面效果的行为的情况下,如果使用他动词句,可能会给对方一种“强加于人的好意”“自我主张”等的印象,所以更倾向于使用自动词句,而不是他动词句。

二、日语运用中的文化——言语

意识和言语行为(一)定型化的寒暄语――人际关系的润滑剂

所谓寒暄是指人和人见面的时候或分开的时候互相交换的礼貌的行为或语言。通过说这些话语向对方显示敬意或亲近的心情,使人际关系和社会生活顺畅。

说到寒暄语,包括:①人跟人见面的时候,“おはようございます”“お元気ですか”等;②表示欢迎的时候,“いらっしゃいませ”等;③分开的时候,「さようなら」「おやすみなさい」等;④回家的时候,“ただいま”“お帰りなさい” ;⑤出门的时候,“いってきます」”“いってらっしゃい”等;⑥吃饭的时候,“いただきます”“ごちそうさま”等。

日语中说这种固定的寒暄语是非常普通的习惯。 “毎度ご来店くださいまして有难うございます”“毎度ご乗车有难うございます” 像这种固定的寒暄语在日本社会中也是非常广泛地使用。而在很多其他语言中这种固定的句子是一个空白的部分。但是,对日本人来说,根据用不用寒暄语,用什么样的寒暄语,可以显示对人关系的很大的不同。有可能出现只是因为没有用寒暄语而导致人际关系的不和谐,而相反,也有只是一句寒暄语而成为点亮了对方心里的暖灯的情况。总之,寒暄语作为人际关系的润滑油被使用,如果没有寒暄语,就会成为一个很难居住的世界。

(二)支配敬语行为的心理

谁都知道,日语的敬语非常发达。尊敬人的心情在哪个国家都能见到,但是把它发展到整个语法和词汇里形成了完整的体系不能不说是日语的一个特色。在日语里,除了身份,地位等社会地位以外,职业以及相关的业务里自己从属的社会、年龄、性别等的差别等等这些要素规定了当事人的用语。不仅如此,这种不同,在谈话双方之间产生了落差的时候,必须选择可以均衡这种关系的话语。

一般使用的敬语的规则是,根据对方或话题中出现的事物跟自己的关系(上下•亲疏•利益关系),使用相适应的词句。当然也会考虑“待遇表现”或“品格语”。支配日本人言语行为的条件有很多,最主要还是由“敬意” 的表达方式和微妙的对人意识里的“心里距离”的拿捏这两种来决定的。总之,就是是否把对方和对象纳入“自己人”的范围,根据这种和自己心里距离的远近来决定采用何种用词。

三、结语

日语和日本人的意识互相影响,成为一体,形成了日本列岛上独自的一个精神空间。可以被称作“民族的精神空间”。这也同时可以称作“民族的言语空间”。“日本人像”也好,“日语像”也好都可以从中得到反映。本文以日语的言语文化分析为视点,从日语构造和日语运用这两个方面分析了“日语像”和“日本人像”。可以说通过一些词汇,语法和几个言语表达方面,一定程度上弄清楚了日语和日本人的认知习惯及日本文化是如何联系在一起的。当然,日语和日本文化的联系仅就在以上两个方面也都远远不止这些。例如,还包括日语中反映日本这个民族擅长和不太擅长的方面,日语中可以反映喜欢用自动词发想的日本人,授受动词的多用,被动语态的妙用,沉默的日本人,人称代名词的省略,暧昧表现,婉转的拒绝等等。这些都当作今后的课题来讨论。

参考文献

[1]佐竹秀雄, 西尾玲见.『敬语の教科书』[M]. ベル, 2005.

[2]田洼行则. 『视点と言语行动』[M]. くろしお出版, 1997.

[3]彭飞. 『日本语の配虑表现に関する研究』[M]. 和泉书院, 2004.

[4]彭飞. 『外国人を悩ませる日本人の言语惯习に関する研究』[M]. 和泉书院, 1990.

[5]牧野成一. 『ウチとソトの言语文化学』[M]. アルク, 1996.

[6]水谷信子. 『心を伝える日本语讲座』[M]. 研究社, 1999.

[7]森田良行. 『日本语の视点』[M]. 创拓社, 1995.

[8]森山卓郎. 『コミュニケーションの日本语』[M]. 岩波书店, 2004.

[9]芳贺绥. 『日本人らしさ构造』[M]. 大修馆书店, 2004.

[10]渡辺実. 『日本语概说』[M]. 岩波书店, 1996.

浅析日本文化对日语成语的影响

摘 要: 成语是民族语言发展的产物,承载了丰富的文化信息,是语言词汇的精华。它就像一面镜子,清晰地反映出一个民族的文化特色。民族文化会在语言中留下深深的烙印,促使成语的形成。本文从自然环境、风俗习惯、宗教信仰三个方面论述日本文化对日语成语的产生、发展及形成所具有的重要意义。

关键词: 日本文化 日语成语 意义

“语言是文化的载体,是文化的积淀,更是文化的映像”[1]。语言中存在丰富的文化内涵。任何一种语言的产生、变化和发展都与其民族和国家的自然地理环境、社会文化和风土人情息息相关。正如日本语言学家森田良行先生所说:“言叶はそれを生み出した社会的文化であり、文化的视点を离れて言叶を考えることは生きた本当の言叶を眺めることにはならないであろう。”[2](语言是社会文化的产物,离开文化视点考虑语言就无法看到真正的语言)成语作为语言文化中文化性最强的一个部分,更是民族文化精华的体现。它就像一面镜子,清晰地反映出了一个民族的文化特色。

民族文化势必在语言中留下深深的烙印,促使成语的形成。学习和掌握成语既能提高语言表达能力又能增强文化能力,文化能力的增强必将有助于语言能力的提高。日本文化纷繁复杂,并且吸收多国文化的精华,拥有大量的成语。本文从自然环境、风俗习惯、宗教信仰三方面简述日本文化对日语成语的形成、发展的影响,引起人们对成语和文化之间关系的重视,进而更好地学习和理解日语成语,并在语言实践中准确地表达成语的意义,避免由于不了解日语成语的文化背景而产生令人啼笑皆非的错误。日本权威词典《国语大辞典》这样解释成语:“古人が作って、昔から屡々用いられて来た语句、合成语、熟语など二语以上が缠まってきた言叶。”(从古至今一直沿用的词句、复合语、熟语等由两字以上构成的语言)可见日语成语包括汉语中的二字四字词组、谚语、惯用语句、格言、歇后语等。

一、自然环境

“自然环境作为人类的生存空间,必将与该民族的文化特征有密不可分的关系”[3]。日本人自古以来生活在四面环海的岛国,盛产各种鲜鱼,从而形成了独特的“鱼文化”。从最普通廉价的「鰯」到最稀少昂贵的「鲷」都大量出现在成语中。「鰯の头も信心から」(精诚所至);「鲷の尾より鰯の头」(宁为鸡头,不为凤尾);「鲭を読む」(故弄玄虚);「鳗登り」(扶摇直上);「鲍の具の片思い」(一厢情愿);「虾で鲷を钓る」(抛砖引玉);「山芋が鳗となる」(鸡窝里飞不出金凤凰);「鲈庖丁」(尔虞我诈);「鼈が时を作る」(异想天开)等。正是因为“鱼”是日本民族饮食的主角,所以在日语成语中鱼的种类被详细地划分,各类鱼的形象特点也被刻画得淋漓尽致。因为日本的海产资源丰富,一年四季都能吃到新鲜的海产品,所以日本民族对食品调料便不像大陆民族那样急切和讲究。在日本很长时间只把「塩」和「味噌」作为调料品。「塩」是从海水中提取的,因此各家各户味道都一样。但是用大豆做的「味噌」每个人做的味道都不相同。如果自己做的「味噌」比别人的都香,就是非常自豪和骄傲的。于是便有了日语成语「出前味噌」和「味噌が上がる」(自吹自擂);「味噌を擂る」(阿谀奉承)。但是如果配方比例出了问题,「味噌」就会做失败,所以「味噌を付ける」就是“丢人现眼”的意思。此外,「味噌もくそも一绪にする」(好坏不分);「味噌が腐る」(指嗓音太坏)等。

日本列岛山多地少,自然环境特别恶劣,以种植水稻谋生。引水灌溉是种植水稻的重要必备条件,因此各家各户经常发生水源纠纷,成语「水挂け论」(争论不休)。日本民族以大米为主食,相关成语有:「他人の饭は白い」(家花不如野花香);「花より団子」(舍华求实);「朝饭前」(一蹴而就);「冷や饭を食う」(坐冷板凳);「饼は饼屋」(无论做什么事情还得依靠行家);「同じ釜の饭を食う」(亲密无间)等。

日本频繁受到台风、地震、海啸等多种自然灾害的袭击,古代日本民族对一切自然现象都十分恐惧、敬畏,他们认为人世间的一切都是有灵魂的,都是神的化身。日本民族信奉「神」「霊」「鬼」,认为「鬼」是「神」从天上、海上、山上派遣来到地上后的变形,它力大无穷、冷酷无情,非常可怕。由此产生「鬼に金棒」(如虎添翼);「鬼の空念仏」(虚情假意);「鬼の井沼に洗濯」(山中无老虎猴子称霸王);「心の鬼にする」(横下一条心);「鬼を酢にして食う」(天不怕地不怕)等。在威力无比的神和大自然面前,人要生存下来就必须祈求神灵的庇佑。日本全国各地遍布大大小小的「神社」,里面供奉着不同的「神様」,每年都要举行各式隆重的祭祀活动,日语称之为「祭り」。「最初の祭り」指非常隆重、热闹;而「後の祭り」指错过了时机,毫无意义。

自古以来,日本民族就在日本列岛上生存繁衍,岛国文化是日语成语的生命源泉。

二、风俗习惯

“风俗习惯是一个民族在特定的历史发展过程和地理环境中逐渐形成的,是文化形态的象征,涉及社会生活的各个领域”[4]。作为文化载体的语言必然会反映该民族的风俗习惯,并形成具有本民族特色的成语。

日本民族自古以来信仰「言霊」,认为语言具有不可思议的灵验力。这种灵验力既能带来吉祥,又会招致灾祸。心里期盼的吉祥如果随便说出来,「言霊」就会失效。日本民族对自己的语言慎之又慎,主张「言叶多きは悪し」(言多必失);「沈黙は最大雄弁なり」(沉默是最佳的雄辩);「口は祸の门」(祸从口出);「言わぬが花」(不说为妙)。由动词「言う」构成的成语绝大部分带有贬义:「言い落とす」(信口开河);「言いふらす」(散布谣言);「言いまくる」(口若悬河)等充分反映日本民族对发言的消极认识。

「花道」「茶道」在日本民族的生活中占据非常重要的地位,是闻名世界境界极高的艺术。成语「草花三年」指学习插花是从最一般的插草花开始练习的,但是要插得好至少要勤练三年,以此成语强调苦练基本功的重要性。「茶道」的礼仪作法非常难,但是早晨吃的普通的「お茶の子」是谁都会做的最简单的事,由此便有了成语「お茶の子さいさい」(轻而易举)。茶艺不精,随随便便泡茶有了成语「お茶を浊す」,指含糊其辞、马马虎虎。以茶为题材的成语还有「茶にする」(爱理不理);「灭茶苦茶」(乱七八糟);「番茶も出花」(旧貌换新颜)等。日本民族丰富多彩的生活是日语成语生存的肥沃土壤。 人类与动植物共同生活在地球上,朝夕相处。

某些动植物的特性在表达人的思想感情上有意想不到的效果,日语中就有很多以动植物设喻的成语。樱花是日本的国花,自古以来深受日本民族的喜爱。樱花花期极短,但它齐开齐落、绚丽缤纷、轰轰烈烈的“集团主义美”,在凋谢前依然保有高尚风范,这些都是日本民族毕生所追求的崇高品质。在日语中有许多以樱花为主题的赞美的成语:「桜は花に现れる」(才华横溢);「桜は七日」(在短暂的一生中也要干出宏伟的事业);「三日见ぬ间の桜」(世事无常)等。日本两大重要的节日五月五日的端午节一定要插「菖蒲」,九月九日的重阳节一定要装饰「菊」。但是节日第二天六日的「菖蒲」和十日的「菊」就没有任何用处。成语「六日の菖蒲」「十日の菊」就表示错失了良机,没有任何价值,意同汉语的“雨后送伞”。

「河童」是日本神话故事中虚构的动物形象,擅长游泳,也可以生活在陆地上,深得日本人的喜爱。「陆に上がった河童」(虎落平川);「河童に水泳に教える」(班门弄斧);「河童の川流れ」(淹死会水的人)。「鹈」是专门吃鱼的,它吃鱼时是一口将鱼整条吞下。借用这种现象成语「鹈呑みにする」比喻不求甚解,或是上当。「亀」是日本民族非常喜爱的动物,人们认为「亀の甲より年の功」(姜是老的辣),希望「亀は万年」(像龟一样长寿)。日本民族认为自己的体内都栖息着「虫」,这些「虫」长得什么样、藏在体内什么地方谁都不知道,平常这些「虫」潜伏在体内某个地方一动不动,让人没有任何感觉,但是一有时机它们就会行动起来令人难以对付。这些「虫」操纵指挥着每一个日本人的思想和行为,于是产生了很多以「虫」设喻的成语。「虫の居所が悪い」(心中不快);「腹の虫が纳まらぬ」(怒气难消);「虫すが走る」(令人作呕);「虫の知らせ」(事前预感);「泣き虫」(爱哭的人);「弱虫」(胆小鬼)。而「虫がいい」指体内的虫子在洋洋得意地任意摆布着人的行为,不管别人的感受,意同汉语的“自私自利”。此外,日语中还有很多以日常生活中常见的动物如猫、狗、牛、马等设喻的成语,在此就不一一列举。总之,动植物是日语成语取之不尽的丰富资源。对于这些带有特殊民族文化烙印的成语,一定要在了解民族文化内涵的基础上学习和运用,才能避免误解、误译、误传。

三、宗教信仰

宗教信仰作为一种社会意识形态,会给人的思维产生具有渗透性、持久性的动力。思想文化渗透同时伴随着语言渗透,不同的宗教信仰形成不同的文化特色,再现不同的文化传统。

日本民族的宗教信仰较为复杂,经历多个时期。中国的“道教”最早传入日本,日语成语「六神主なし」(六神无主),「六神」就是指道教中的“心、肺、肝、肾、脾、脏”六脏之神。随着中国汉字传入日本,中国古代提倡的“修己治人”的儒学也传入日本。儒教所推崇的“仁义礼智信”成为日本民族为人处世的原则,并对日本文化产生深远的影响,产生很多蕴含儒教思想的成语如:「孔子の倒れ」(人无完人);「犬に论语」(对牛弹琴);「男は松女は藤」(男尊女卑)等。公元六世纪佛教传入日本后,很大程度上改变了日本人的人生观,成了日本民族的精神支柱。在佛教中把善恶世界分为“欲界”、“色界”、“无色界”三界,最高的无色界称“有顶天”,能登上这一最高境界当然是欣喜若狂,于是有了日语成语「有顶天になる」(得意忘形、忘乎所以)。僧人们每天赤脚行乞,晚上回到寺院一定要洗净脚才给信徒们讲经说法,所以「足を洗う」表示洗手不干。和佛教有关的成语还有「仏顶面」(板着面孔、绷着脸);「仏の颜も三度」(事不过三);「お释迦に経を闻かせる」(班门弄斧);「有为转変は世の习い世」(世事无常)等。这些带有浓郁宗教色彩的日语成语已深入日本人的生活。宗教信仰给日语成语提供充足的养分。

综上所述,日语成语丰富多彩,充满智慧和创造力,是蕴含日本文化最丰富的语言单位,更是日本文化的精华和核心的体现,在文章和交流中使用率极高。我们必须重视对日语成语的学习和掌握,只有这样才能加深对日本文化的理解,并不断提高日语水平。

参考文献:

[1]苏金智.语言·社会·文化[M].北京:北京语言出版社,1994.

[2]孙满绪.日语和日本文化[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2007.

[3]顾嘉祖.跨文化交际[M].南京:南京师范大学出版社,2002.

[4]王秀文.日本语言文化与交际[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2007.

[5]尚学図书辞书编集部.故事·俗信ことわざ大辞典[M].日本:小学馆,1982.

[6]古学谦,刘鸿鳞.汉日成语谚语对译[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1981.

简单好写的日语毕业论文题目

大致方向有要求吗?

提供一些日语毕业论文的题目,供参考。 1 对日本高速成长期的研究——以国民意识变化为中心 2 对日中韓三国饮食文化的考察 3 从依赖心理看日本文化 4 关于日中“食文化”中人性的研究 5 探索日本动漫对世界的影响 6 论日本女性的意识変化 7 中日动漫文化的比较研究 8 对日本“欺负人现象”的意识分析 9 探讨日韓两国传统服饰的差异性 10 试论日语中的“和制英语” 11 浅论太宰治“奔跑吧,梅洛斯”的“人性善” 12 从日语的暧昧表现探讨日本人的性格 13 关于村上春树的“挪威的森林”人气浅论 14 日语“国字”初论 15 议日本谚语的中译 16 从介川的“鼻子”析介川的人生观 17 论日本贫富分化的现象 18 关于中日两国惯用语的考察 19 关于日本人名的考察 20 关于日语汉字读音的考察 21 关于日本人集团意识的考察 22 日语书面语及口语的异同分析 23 关于中日同形词的比較研究 24 关于日语外来语的考察 25 从宮崎骏的动画片看日本人的自然观 26 关于日本語女性语特性的考察 27 对日本人服务意识的分析—商品的售前和售后服务 28 关于日语句型的语法作用的分析 29 试析语言行动中的日语特点 30 关于日语流行语的研究 31 通过“寒暄”观察日本的文化特点 32 日中敬语表达对比研究 33 日本「职业女性文化」分析――以日中职业女性为中心 34 根据樱花观察日本国民性 35 电视剧台词中日语性差别现象分析

这些选题你参考下:似合うより违う――志贺直哉の小说から私小说と心境小说についての比较 川端康成の作品『雪国』によると「物哀」について――日本の美意识の一面をたずねて 丑松は真の「眼醒めたる者」なのか――岛崎藤村の『破戒』の主人公の分析 辉いている双璧――「西游记」と「桃太郎」の长い伝承 敬语について――谦譲语の误用分析 日本人名に用いられる汉字の特徴 経済のグローバル化に直面する日本企业の対応 日本ゲーム产业二十年の発展と展望 日本のバブル経済へのアプローチ 日本的経営の课题と展望 日本企业の経営システムの歴史とその特色について 日本中小企业の発展 危机管理と日本人の意识改革 中国へ进出した日本企业――経営思想から见る松下电器产业の例 中日年金制度の违い 中日関系の歴史と未来 日本の南京大虐杀と広岛原爆についての态度比较――歴史态度から日本を见る 合则両利、闘则倶伤――21世纪の中日関系について 反日デモから见る中日の将来 50年代の女流文学から女性意识の転换を见る

英语简单文章

I started training my dog everyday when Icame home from school. It began to calm down more everyday! I taught the dog how to sit,run,walk and be quiet when I tell it week later ,the dog did not make any parents were very happy and so was I. 我每天放学回家以后,就开始训练小狗。我叫他怎样坐,怎样跑,怎样走路,并旦训练它能听懂我的命令,而小狗也变得越来越温顺了,越来越听话了。一周以后,小狗再也不闯祸了,不调皮了。爸爸妈妈看了都非常高兴,而我则更高兴。

英语作为一门国际通用语,在21世纪已经向着多元化、多功能化的方向发展。下面就是我给大家整理的短小的英语 文章 ,希望大家喜欢。短小的英语文章:The art of living What is it like to be old in the United States? What will our own lives be like when we are old? Americans find it difficult to think about old age until they are propelled into the midst of it by their own aging and that of relatives and friends. Aging is the neglected stepchild of the human life cycle. Though we have begun to examine the socially taboo subjects of dying and death, we have leaped over that long period of time preceding death known as old age. In truth, it is easier to manage the problems of death than the problem of living as an old person. Death is a dramatic, one-time crisis while old age is a day-by-day and year-by-year confrontation with powerful external forces, a bittersweet coming to terms with one's own personality and one's life. Old age is neither inherently miserable nor inherently sublime-like every stage of life it has problems, joys, fears and potentials. The process of aging and eventual death must ultimately be accepted as the natural progression of the life cycle, the old completing their prescribed life spans and making way for the young. Much that is unique in old age in fact derives from the reality of aging and the imminence of death. The old must clarify and find use for what they have attained in a lifetime of learning and adapting they must conserve strength and resources where necessary and adjust creatively to those changes and losses that occur as part of the aging experience. The elderly have the potential for qualities of human reflection and observation which can only come from having lived an entire life span. There is a lifetime accumulation of personality and experience which is available to be used and enjoyed. But what are an individual's chances for a "good" old age in America, with satisfying final years and a dignified death? Unfortunately , none too good. For many elderly Americans old age is a tragedy, a period of quiet despair, deprivation , desolation and muted rage. This can be a consequence of the kind of life a person has led in younger years and the problems in his or her relationships with others. There are also inevitable personal and physical losses to be sustained, some of which can become overwhelming and unbearable. All of this is the individual factor, the existential element. But old age is frequently a tragedy even when the early years have been fulfilling and people seemingly have everything going for them. Herein lies what I consider to be the genuine tragedy of old age in America -- we have shaped a society which is extremely harsh to live in when one is old. The tragedy of old age is not the fact that each of us must grow old and die but that the process of doing so has been made unnecessarily and at times excruciatingly painful, humiliating, debilitating and isolating through insensitivity, ignorance and poverty. The potentials for satisfactions and even triumphs in late life are real and vastly under explored. For the most part the elderly struggle to exist in an inhospitable world. 短小的英语文章:The lowest animal Man is the only animal that robs his helpless fellow of his country-takes possession of it and drives him out of it or destroys him. Man has done this in all the ages. There is not an acre of ground on the globe that is in possession of its rightful owner, or that has not been taken away from owner after owner, cycle after cycle, by force and bloodshed. Man is the only Slave. And he is the only animal who enslaves. He has always been a slave in one form or another, and has always held other slaves in bondage under him in one way or another. In our day he is always some man's slave for wages, and does the man's work; and this slave has other slaves under him for minor wages, and they do his work. The higher animals are the only ones who exclusively do their own work and provide their own living. Man is the only Patriot. He sets himself apart in his own country, under his own flag, and sneers at the other nations, and keeps multitudinous uniformed assassins on hand at heavy expense to grab slices of other people's countries, and keep them from grabbing slices of his. And in the intervals between campaigns he washes the blood off his hands and works for "the universal brotherhood of man"-with his mouth. Man is the Religious Animal. He is the only Religious Animal. He is the only animal that has the True Religion-several of them. He is the only animal that loves his neighbor as himself, and cuts his throat if his theology isn't straight. He has made a graveyard of the globe in trying his honest best to smooth his brother's path to happiness and heaven. He was at it in the time of Caesars, he was at it in Mahomet's time, he was at it in the time of the Inquisition, he was at it in France a couple of centuries, he was at it in England in Mary's day, he has been at it ever since he first saw the light, he is at it today in Crete-as per the telegrams quoted above*-he will be at it somewhere else tomorrow. The higher animals have no religion. And we are told that they are going to be left out, in the Hereafter. I wonder why? It seems questionable taste. Man is the Reasoning Animal. Such is the claim. I think it is open to dispute. Indeed, my experiments have proven to me that he is the Unreasoning Animal. Note his history, as sketched above. It seems plain to me that whatever he is he is not a reasoning animal. His record is the fantastic record of a maniac. I consider that the strongest count against his intelligence is the fact that with that record back of him he blandly sets himself up as the head animal of the lot: whereas by his own standards he is the bottom one. In truth, man is incurably foolish. Simple things which the other animals easily learn, he is incapable of learning. Among my experiments was this. In an hour I taught a cat and a dog to be friends. I put them in a cage. In another hour I taught them to be friends with a rabbit. In the course of two days I was able to add a fox, a goose, a squirrel and some doves. Finally a monkey. They lived together in peace; even affectionately. 短小的英语文章:Living a solitary life The other day an acquaintance of mine, a gregarious and charming man, told me he had found himself unexpectedly alone in New York for an hour or two between appointments. He went to the Whitney and spent the "empty" time looking at things in solitary bliss. For him it proved to be a shock nearly as great as falling in love to discover that he could enjoy himself so much alone. What had he been afraid of, I asked myself? That, suddenly alone, he would discover that he bored himself, or that there was, quite simply, no self there to meet? But having taken the plunge, he is now on the brink of adventure; he is about to be launched into his own inner space to the astronaut. His every perception will come to him with a new freshness and, for a time, seem startlingly original. For anyone who can see things for himself with a naked eye becomes, for a moment or two, something of a genius. With another human being present vision becomes double vision, inevitably. We are busy wondering, what does my companion see or think of this, and what do I think of it? The original impact gets lost, or diffused. "Music I heard with you was more than music." Exactly. And therefore music itself can only be heard alone. Solitude is the salt of personhood. It brings out the authentic flavor of every experience. "Alone one is never lonely: the spirit adventures, walking in a quiet garden, in a cool house, abiding single there." Loneliness is most acutely felt with other people, for with others,even with a lover sometimes, we suffer from our differences of taste, temperament,mood. Human intercourse often demands that we soften the edge of perception, or withdraw at the very instant of personal truth for fear of hurting, or of being inappropriately present, which is to say naked, in a social situation. Alone we can afford to be wholly whatever we are, and to feel whatever we feel absolutely. That is a great luxury! For me the most interesting thing about a solitary life, and mine has been that for the last twenty years, is that it becomes increasingly rewarding. When I can wake up and watch the sun rise over the ocean, as I do most days, and know that I have an entire day ahead, uninterrupted, in which to write a few pages, take a walk with my dog, lie down in the afternoon for a long think (why does one think better in a horizontal position?), read and listen to music, I am flooded with happiness. I'm lonely only when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when from the time being I feel empty and need filling up. And I am lonely sometimes when I come back home after a lecture trip, when I have seen a lot of people and talked a lot, and am full to the brim with experience that needs to be sorted out. Then for a little while the house feels huge and empty, and I wonder where my self is hiding. It has to be recaptured slowly by watering the plants and perhaps,by looking again at each one as though it were a person. It takes a while, as I watch the surf blowing up in fountains at the end of the field, but the moment comes when the world falls away, and the self emerges again from the deep unconscious, bringing back all I have recently experienced to be explored and slowly understood, when I can converse again with my hidden powers, and so grow, and so be renewed, till death do us part.

英语是国际经济、技术、信息等交流中应用最广泛的语言,下面就是我给大家整理的英文小 文章 ,希望大家喜欢。英文小文章:爱如鲜花盛开 I was nine when my father first sent me flowers. I had been taking tapdancing(踢踏舞) lessons for six months, and the school was giving its yearly recital. As an excited member of the beginners' chorus line, I was aware of my lowly status. So it was a surprise to have my name called out at the end of the show along with the lead dancers and to find my arms full of long-stemmed red roses. I can still feel myself standing on that stage, blushing furiously and gazing over the footlights to see my father's grin as he applauded loudly. Those roses were the first in a series of large bouquets(花束,宴会) that accompanied all the milestones in my life. They brought a sense of embarrassment. I enjoyed them, but was flustered by the extravagance. Not my father. He did everything in a big way. If you sent him to the bakery for a cake, he came back with three. Once, when Mother told him I needed a new party dress, he brought home a dozen. His behavior often left us without funds for other more important things. After the dress incident, there was no money for the winter coat I really needed--or the new ice skates I wanted. Sometimes I would be angry with him, but not for long. Inevitably he would buy me something to make up with me. The gift was so apparently an offering of love he could not verbalize that I would throw my arms around him and kiss him--an act that undoubtedly perpetuated(保持) his behavior. Then came my 16th birthday. It was not a happy occasion. I was fat and had no boyfriend. And my well-meaning parents furthered my misery by giving me a party. As I entered the dining room, there on the table next to my cake was a huge bouquet of flowers, bigger than any before. I wanted to hide. Now everyone would think my father had sent flowers because I had no boyfriend to do it. Sweet 16, and I felt like crying. I probably would have, but my best friend, Phyllis, whispered, "Boy, you're lucky to have a father like that. As the years passed, other occasions--birthdays, recitals(朗诵), awards, graduations--were marked with Dad's flowers. My emotions continued to seesaw between pleasure and embarrassment. When I graduated from college, though, my days of ambivalence(矛盾情绪) were over. I was embarking on a new career and was engaged to be married. Dad's flowers symbolized his pride, and my triumph. They evoked only great pleasure. Now there were bright-orange mums for Thanksgiving and a huge pink poinsettia at Christmas. White lilies at Easter, and velvety red roses for birthdays. Seasonal flowers in mixed bouquets celebrated the births of my children and the move to our first house. As my fortunes grew, my father's waned, but his gifts of flowers continued until he died of a heart attack a few months before his 70th birthday. Without embarrassment, I covered his coffin with the largest, reddest roses I could find. Often in the dozen years since, I felt an urge to go out and buy a big bouquet to fill the living room, but I never did. Often in the dozen years since, I felt an urge to go out and buy a big bouquet to fill the living room, but I never did. I knew it would not be the same. Then one birthday, the doorbell rang. I was feeling blue because I was alone. My husband was playing golf, and my two daughters were away. My 13-year-old son, Matt, had run out earlier with a "see you later," never mentioning my birthday. So I was surprised to see his large frame at the door. "Forgot my key," he said, shrugging. "Forgot your birthday too. Well, I hope you like flowers, Mum." He pulled a bunch of daisies from behind his back. "Oh, Matt," I cried, hugging him hard. "I love flowers!" 英文小文章:适应力的 故事 Don't worry if you have problems! Which is easy to say until you are in the midst of a really big one, I know. But the only people I am aware of who don't have troubles are gathered in little neighborhoods. Most communities have at least one. We call them cemeteries(墓地). If you're breathing, you have difficulties. It's the way of life. And believe it or not, most of your problems may actually be good for you! Let me explain. Maybe you have seen the Great Barrier Reef, stretching some 1,800 miles from New Guinea to Australia. Tour guides regularly take visitors to view the reef. On one tour, the guide was asked an interesting question. "I notice that the lagoon(环礁湖) side of the reef looks pale and lifeless, while the ocean side is vibrant and colorful," a traveler observed. "Why is this?" The guide gave an interesting answer: "The coral around the lagoon side is in still water, with no challenge for its survival. It dies early. The coral on the ocean side is constantly being tested by wind, waves, storms -- surges of power. It has to fight for survival every day of its life. As it is challenged and tested, it changes and adapts. It grows healthy. It grows strong. And it reproduces." Then he added this telling note: "That's the way it is with every living organism." That's how it is with people. Challenged and tested, we come alive! Like coral pounded by the sea, we grow. Physical demands can cause us to grow stronger. Mental and emotional stress can produce tough-mindedness and resiliency. Spiritual testing can produce strength of character and faithfulness. So, you have problems -- no problem! Just tell yourself, "Here I grow again " 英文小文章:放弃是一种美丽 One of tests used by a company to enroll fresh blood helps you know whether you stand the trial from yourself. In a stormy night, you drive your car through a stop where three people are waiting for a bus: a dying and poor old man, a doctor who is your benefactor(恩人) because he saved your life so that you are eager to render back, and a woman or a man who is your dreamgirl or your dreamboy and likely dissapears from your life once you miss the chance. Unfortunately, there is just room for one person in your car. Which one would you pick up? Then give your reasons. Think it over before looking at the following text. I have no idea whether it is a characteristic test, because every answer has its reason. The dying old man should be first helped,however, his final destination is death. It's reasonable for you to pick up the doctor first--your benefactor and is a good chance to reciprocate(报答,互换) what he did for you. Meanwhile, some people think it available to render the doctor back in someday in future. And if you miss the chance, you will never meet such an attractive person. Only one of two hundred people was hired. He wrote his answer without providing his reason: "Give the key of my car to the doctor, and let him take the old man to the hospital. But I wait in the stop for the bus with my dreamboat(梦中人,爱人) together." Every acquaintance of mine regarded it as the best answer but nobody (including me) realized it at first. It is caused by our idea of not giving up the advantage (the car key) we have had? Sometimes, if we abandon some of our parochialism(狭隘), advantages, and intransigence(不妥协), we can get more.

英语现在已经发展成为一个在世界范围内使用最广泛的语言。下面是我带来的一篇简单的英语 文章 ,欢迎阅读!

一篇简单的英语文章1

为生活而奋斗Strive for Life

生活就是要奋勇前进。所以,为什么不好好地利用上帝赋予我们的能力,尽量变成一个最优秀的人呢?生活、接受、面对、奋斗,这就是真实的生活。

Knowing that life truly is short and can only be lived once is probably the best line of thinkingfor inspiration. All humans live on a large planet, filled with exciting new experiences,adventures, knowledge, and a wealth of resources to help one with gaining wisdom andknowledge. To realize this and to allow life to take place in this is to responsibly live life. Are allhumans bound for foreign lands, foreign thought, or foreign experiences? No. Should allhumans hope to experience foreign lands, foreign thought, and foreign experiences?

Without question. Having a responsible, reasonable, and mature grasp, mentally, of all that isout there to enhance one’s experience in life, is one of the greatest blessings one can bestowupon himself. For knowing that the tools one has through birth need to be used and practicedwith; sharpened and prepared for more difficult and challenging use, does one truly andactively approach living life from a strong foundation.

Why should anyone try to live life in a constant motion towards becoming greater, becomingstronger, and becoming wiser and more educated? Why not? For facing life with arms crossed,brow furrowed, and expectation as a rule is, without question, a waste. Living life is all aboutstriving forward. So why not do what one can, utilizing one’s God-given tools, to become thegreatest individual one can be? Live. Accept. Face. Strive. Truly live.

为生活而奋斗

懂得生命短暂,而且只有一次,就会对生活充满热情。人们生活在一个巨大的星球上,每天都充满着新的历程,学到新的知识,掌握到大量的资源,并以此来获得智慧与知识。认识到这一点,并且如此生活,才是有质量的生活。是不是每个人都要去外国,了解外国人的想法,体验外国的生活呢?不是。但是不是每个人都应当有去外国,了解外国人的想法,体验外国的生活的想法呢?

毫无疑问,是的。作为一个有责任心、有理智、有思想、成熟的人,去增长见识无疑是对自己最好的奖赏。因为人天赋的能力应当被使用、被锻炼、被磨砺,为日后所面临的困难和挑战做准备,这就为他积极和真实地面对生活打下坚实的基础。

为什么一个人要变得更伟大、更强壮、更聪明、更有知识呢?为什么不呢?因为如果抱着手、皱着眉地对待生活,那么所有的期望都会化为泡影。生活就是要奋勇前进。所以,为什么不好好地利用上帝赋予我们的能力,尽量变成一个最优秀的人呢?生活、接受、面对、奋斗,这就是真实的生活。

一篇简单的英语文章2

日常生活中最简单的幸福小事

They say the best things in life are free。

人们常说,生命中最美妙的事情都是无价的。

A Reddit user asked people from around the world what life's most simple pleasures were, oneof which was getting in your own bed after a long journey。

一位Reddit网(超火社交新闻网站)的用户向世界各地的人们问了这样一个问题,即,你的生活中最让你感到幸福的小事是什么?有人回答说,是在长时间的旅行后躺在自家的床榻上。

Unsurprisingly, many pleasures that came out top on the list were ones that resulted in a senseof physical relief after solving annoyances or irritations。

并不出人意料的是,在人们列出的这张幸福小事清单上,许多带来幸福感的小事都与焦虑、愤怒等情绪消除后感到的身体舒松感有关。

These included extracting a popcorn kernel lodged in the teeth, back and head scratches, andalso the satisfying first sip of a drink when thirsty。

清单上的幸福小事还包括从牙齿缝里挑出了一颗吃爆米花时卡住的玉米壳,在背心上挠痒痒或者搔搔头,还有非常干渴的时候喝下第一口饮料时沁爽的感受。

Reddit users also agreed that freshly baked bread was another simple pleasure in life that madethem happy。

Reddit网上的用户们还表示,刚出炉的面包的香气也是让他们感到开心的幸福小事之一。

A shower with good water pressure was another comfortable life pleasure that Reddit userspraised。

还有网友表示,在适合的水压之下冲淋浴也是一件令人感到惬意的幸福小事。

LIFE'S SMALLEST SIMPLEST PLEASURES

生活中最微小、最简单的幸福小事

asleep while it's raining outside

窗外下着雨,安然入睡

or head scratches

挠挠背、搔搔头

shower with good water pressure

在舒适的水压下冲澡

in your own bed after a long journey

长途旅行后躺在自己的床上

baked bread

刚出炉的新鲜面包

first sip of a drink when you're thirsty

干渴的时候呷下一口饮料

goosebumps from a song

听到一首歌深受感动

someone to laugh that you admire or look up to

让一位你崇敬或敬仰的人开怀大笑

a task and finishing it

有始有终的完成一件事情

up for work, only to realise it's Saturday

早起准备上班,忽然想起今天是周六

一篇简单的英语文章3

How to Answer the Interview Question, 'Tell Me About Yourself'

如何回答 面试 问题“简单介绍一下自己”

It's often the first thing hiring managers ask candidates in job interviews, and the firstopportunity to really screw things up. Unsurprisingly, most of us have a really hard timesummarizing our careers, skills, and interests in the conversational equivalent of a tweet. Buthaving a job search "elevator pitch" is a really important part of acing the interview.

招聘经理在求职面试中常常问的第一个问题就是“请简单介绍一下自己”,而且这实际上也是求职者将事情搞砸的第一次机会。不足为奇的是,实际上,大多数求职者都是很不容易才 总结 好面试中自己职业、技能和兴趣的介绍,就像一条微博似的。但是求职中的“电梯演讲”也是通过面试的重要因素。

"People screw it up all the time," says career coach Connie Thanasoulis-Cerrachio, in aninterview with Forbes. "They think they should walk you through their entire résumé."

职业顾问Connie Thanasoulis-Cerrachio在福布斯的采访中提到“人们总是把事情搞砸。求职者总是认为面试者应当浏览简历上面的所有信息。”

Thanasoulis-Cerrachio and the other career experts Susan Adams spoke with agreed that theshort, snappy pitch is important, and said that the whole spiel shouldn't take more than thetime it takes to ride an elevator -- 30 seconds or less, in other words.

Thanasoulis-Cerrachio与另一位职业专家Susan Adams很赞同的一点就是:简介明快的演讲很重要。而且整个演讲花费的时间不能超过乘坐一层电梯所需的时间——也就是30秒之内。

What else should you keep in mind?

还需要记住什么呢?

1. Focus on what they need.

1.集中注意用人单位的需求

When you're trying to sell yourself to a prospective employer, it's tempting to concentrate onwhat you think your greatest strengths are. In fact, you're probably better off if you figure outhow to tailor your description of your experience to what the employer actually needs. They'renot going to hire you just because you're impressive; they'll hire you because you solve aproblem or fulfill a desperately needed function.

当你试图将自己推荐给未来的雇主的时候,集中思考自己最大的优势是很富有吸引力的。实际上,如果你能够揣测用人单位的实际需求,并按照需求来修改工作 经验 介绍,那么你的机会可能会更大。他们不会因为你给人印象深刻而雇用你;他们雇用你是因为你能够解决问题或者能够履行急需的工作职责。

2. Edit yourself.

2.编辑自己

Be prepared to go through many iterations of your pitch before you hit on the right one. Thinkof the old Mark Twain quote, "I didn't have time to write you a short letter, so I wrote you along one instead." Brevity takes time and ruthlessness.

在你想出合适的 演讲稿 之前,你要做好不断修改稿子的准备。想一想老马克.吐温的一句 名言 “我没时间写出简洁的信,所以只好写一封长信给你。”简洁不但耗时长,而且没人情味。

3. Rehearse.

3.排练

Practice on your own in front of a mirror, or better yet, with a friend, until you can deliver yourpitch confidently and without a hitch. Ideally, it should sound organic and natural -- as if youjust happened to think it up on the spot, or as if it's always been a personal credo.

在你能够自信地、毫不费力地发表演讲之前,你需要对着镜子,最好是对着朋友练习。理想情况下,演讲应该条理清晰、比较自然——就像当场恰好刚想出来的一样或者像常用的个人信条一样。

Tell Us What You Think

告诉我们你的看法

Do you have an elevator pitch for interviews?

你为面试做过电梯演讲吗?

简单的法语论文题目

写中法对比,或者文化交流的好写。去年我毕业的时候也苦于写不出,还是学姐给介绍的莫文网,很专业的说,没几天就OK了中法宴饮“礼仪文化”比较研究关于里昂中法大学的几个问题论美国与中法建交的关系法国通用工程师培养模式在中国本土化的研究——北航中法工程师学院学生问卷分析中法奢侈品消费动机比较研究中法建交中的美台因素中法合资企业跨文化冲突管理研究中法高等工程教育体系中的毕业设计比较研究法国退还庚款与兴学——中法教育基金委员会研究中法庚款案中的无利债券问题中越历代疆界变迁与中法越南勘界问题研究通用工程师毕业生去向解析——基于北航中法工程师学院的案例中法青年旅游者出行决策对比研究中法奢侈酒电视广告的叙事比较中法越南交涉中的文化冲突中法建交过程中的阿尔及利亚问题和台湾问题中法著作权法律制度比较研究从隔阂到建交:一九四九年至一九六四年的中法关系仲景“建中法”的研究晚清清流派与中法越南交涉徐延旭与中法战争中法古典园林艺术比较时间序列分析在国际关系预测中的应用——以中法关系为例工程师法语教学在中国的探索与实践——以北航中法工程师学院为例民国赴法留学变迁研究——从勤工俭学到里昂中法大学中法关系50年:合作的基础和新型关系的构建中法奢侈品消费者行为比较分析与实证研究近代中法高等教育交流史研究

推荐几个我觉得比较法国化的东西,也值得一提1、奶酪; 在法国有句谚语:有多少个法国人,就有多少种奶酪。法国的奶酪已经成了法国的一种文化标志2、红酒;不妨写下法国的酒文化、红酒与法国人的日常生活及高档红酒产地波尔多。3、米其林集团;这个就可以写很多了,米其林涉及的范围实在是太广了,它的轮胎,它的黄页,它的餐饮等等。4、香颂;la chanson,不过这个估计有点难写,想写好需要费点心思了。5、高级定制;这个就是时尚圈里的东东了,资料收集要麻烦点吧6、环法/达喀尔7、法国人与罢工;哈哈,突然想到的,在法国,经常隔三差五的就来次罢工,这个还是蛮有趣也蛮有看点的我想到的就这么7点,你可以参考看下。或许其他人还有更好的点子,多多参考吧~~~Bonne chance~

很全很强大的网站

先说格式:两个封面,封面1用汉语(方便学校归档),封面2用法语。封面包含论文题目,名字,班级或学籍好,指导教师等。接下来是Remerciments(本科论文这部分也可以不写,但最好是有,会感觉比较专业)然后是Résumé(不宜太长,一页左右),包括下面几个内容:éthode(即简单说明一下编写论文你所采取的方式手法)ésentationdechaquepartie(从哪几个方面来说明主题,论文的意义何在等)紧接着Résumé,应该是motsclefs(不要多,三五个即可)然后是Sommaire(Tabledesmatières)即目录进入正文部分,一开始应该有个Introduction,包括:énérale(即关于你所选的主题都已经有过哪些研究成果,文学方面的论文一定要写)(针对这些已经有过的研究还哪些问题,可以是你不同意别人的观点,也可以是你认为可以扩展的,等等)ématique+méthologie(扩展你的主题)(尤其要指出你的立足点以及你这篇论文的重要性)Introduction完了之后,就是论文的主要部分了接着是Conclusion(1ou2pages)-unereprisedel'introduction,maisl'utilisationd'autreterme(其实也就是对Introduction的重述,但换一种表达方式)接下来是Notes,你的论文中一定有一些引用或者是需要说明的部分,在正文中加入批注(如①②③等)最后别忘了你的Bibliographie,你的参考书目。基本上就是这些东东了,我这个可能太理论化,其实你可以参考一下别人的论文,可能会更有体会。关于题目,本科生的话,我建议写文化方面的,资料比较多,论据也比较好找。比如中法之间的茶文化比较啊,酒文化比较啊之类的。当然如果有比较喜欢的法国作家,也可以分析他的作品什么的。或者选择语言文化方面的,比如说通过一些俗语或是成语的表达法,还有颜色词汇等的使用,说明文化差异对语言的影响等等,总之文化方面很多东西可以提出来写的啦。希望能对你有一点帮助。

简单的论文评语怎么写

选题符合专业的目标和特色,而且选题很具有针对性和现实意义。文章结构安排合理,层次清楚,写作是参考的相关文献资料与主题联系紧密,而且参考的资料比较新,在写作的过程中作者较好地运用专业知识来分析,再论证过程中,主要用理论论证和事实论证。但文章不足之处在于语句表达不清晰,论证还不够深刻充分,创新点还不够。总体上符合毕业论文要求。这是论文评语怎么写的范文。

论文的评价需要把论文都完之后,然后根据作者一些思想活着论文缺点做出评价如选题不适当;观点不正确;语法错误过多;抄袭现象严重;论文格式不符合规范要求;没有按时间要求完成论文等,具体范文如下:

论文题与论文的内容基本相符,结构完整,语言比较流畅。即或在初稿中除了分段过细外,也没有发现多少严重的语法或拼写错误。

作者试图从jack london的生平中寻找作家与其小说中某个人物的关联。从内容看,作者对原著比较了解,也收集到了相关的资料,但仅限于资料的罗列,如何通过分析资料得出自己的结论这是论文写作应达到的目的,而恰恰在这一点上,作者所下的功夫还不够。

扩展资料

注意事项:

1、论文摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容;切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要;一般也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。

2、不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。

3、结构严谨,表达简明,语义确切。摘要先写什么,后写什么,要按逻辑顺序来安排。句子之间要上下连贯,互相呼应。摘要慎用长句,句型应力求简单。每句话要表意明白,无空泛、笼统、含混之词,但摘要毕竟是一篇完整的短文,电报式的写法亦不足取。摘要不分段。

1.论文选题比较适当,观点正确,但缺少独创性的思想,论证内容比较充分,但缺乏论证深度。英语表达比较通顺,但存在少量语法错误。论文格式符合规范要求。2.语言表达一般,格式完全符合规范要求;参考了一定的文献资料,其时效性一般;未见明显抄袭现象。3.论文选题符合专业培养目标,基本能够达到综合训练目标,题目难度较小,工作量不大。论文选题一般。4.该生查阅文献资料能力较差,不能全面收集关于考试系统的资料,写作过程中综合运用考试系统知识,全面分析考试系统问题的能力较差强。 文章篇幅符合学院规定,内容不够完整,层次结构安排存在一定问题,主要观点不够突出,逻辑性较差,没有个人见解。 文题有偏差,论点不够突出,论述不能紧紧围绕主题。5.语言表达较差,格式符合规范要求;占有资料较少,其时效性较差;有部分内容与他人成果雷同。6.在为期三个月的毕业设计中,该同学能在老师的严格要求下顺利完成整个毕业设计工作和论文的撰写。程序能正确的运行,界面安排合理,论文符合要求。7.在整个毕业设计的过程,态度端正,学习也比较认真,时间安排也很合理,能按时到实验室,不存在无故早退或迟到的情况。能基本在每个阶段完成相应的任务,还能主动加班,做到时间上前紧后松。当然,在这其间也存在一些不足和需要提高的地方。

毕业论文的评语有两种:一是指导导师意见,二是答辩委员会意见。(一)指导导师意见的写法指导导师意见,主要是从写作角度对全篇论文作出评价。评价要点是:1.观点是否正确、鲜明;2.论据是否充分;3,分析是否全面;4.结构是否合理;5.语句是否通顺;6.有无现实指导意义。该文从对企业文化(Corporate Culture)的理解入手,讨论了企业文化的主要内容,然后着重论述了企业文化建设在hiring, training和assessing三个方面的问题,并强调创新在企业文化建设中的重要性。文章选题有一定的现实意义,说明作者平时比较注意资料和知识的积累,并善于总结。全文层次比较合理,条理基本清晰,说理过程中利用著名公司的案例来阐述论点,增强了文章的说服力。文章内容、形式和语言比较合乎规范。但是定稿中仍存在少量格式和语言错误,全文的逻辑性稍差,如果能提出具体建议会比较有参考价值。初稿评语:论文题与论文的内容基本相符,结构基本完整,语言也比较通顺,没有大的语法错误。问题是,全文引用的部分太多,自己的分析太少。应当说,完成这篇论文所需的材料已经具备,作者可以在此基础上对材料进行分析归纳以得出自己的结论[例二]初稿评语:论文涉及的内容对跨国公司内文化冲突的解决有一定的指导意义。论述比较充分,条理比较清晰。在东西方文化的对比中,作者举了很多有趣的例子,但对近在眼前的中国的例子却很少。东方文化的例子多取自日本文化,这是一个很大的缺陷。文章层次分得过细是另一个缺点,几乎一个自然段一层,如不仔细看反而更令人糊涂。在打印格式、拼写、用词上有不少错误,特别是论文的后半部分。参考文献部分尚缺出版社地点。定稿评语:论文结构完整,各部分基本符合英语论文的写作规范。作者试图从东西方文化对比的角度分析跨国公司内的文化冲突并寻找解决的途径。为了写好这篇论文作者显然查阅了大量的资料,论述比较充分,条理也很清晰。遗憾的是,由于作者本人没有跨国公司的工作经历,也没有去跨国公司作相应的考察,因此,她的论述只能基于阅读中获得的二手资料,而所谓东方文化又多以日本的资料为代表,要解决人们更为关心的在华跨国公司内的文化冲突问题,读者更需要的则是中西文化的对比,这方面作者虽然在以后各稿中补充了一些,仍显不足。[例三]初稿评语:论文的选题很好,有创意。作者对Maslow的心理学理论及Jack London的原著都有所研究。问题主要表面在:1:对英语论文的格式很不了解,Introduction部分又是图表又是分节。论文的后边没有结语,参考文献的排列也不规范;2:观点方面的错误在于竟然认为人类心理学的理论也适用于动物。其实杰克伦敦作品中的那条狗在某种程度上说是拟人化了的,是体现所谓权力意志的超人,或super dog。此外语法上也有一些错误。二稿评语:作者在一稿的基础上作了比较认真的修改。论文从内容到形式上都有很大的改进。从网上下载的两个与文章内容关系不大的流程图已被删除。前言中的部分内容已按要求移到了正文部分。添加了结论部分,尽管内容还有待充实。参考文献部分已重排但仍有不规范的地方。

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