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旅游英语标识语论文开题报告

发布时间:2024-07-05 13:02:17

旅游英语标识语论文开题报告

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英语论文开题报告范文参考

下面是一篇由我为您整理的英语论文的开题报告范文,虽然不是特别好,但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法,有一定的.借鉴价值。

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies

1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

2 Outline

Development and major concepts of DTS

In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

Methodolgy

I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

DTS in contrast to other theories

A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.

Case study

In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

Conclusion

Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)

附录1- 引文范例

“It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)

“噢,这就是恐水病吧?你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦?真够呛的!费芬斯小姐,您喝点茶大概没关系吧!”’(张南峰,1990:59-60)

附录2- 参考文献范例

Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation – Problems and Methods. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.

Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.

Delabastita, Dirk. Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies. Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.

这个是我的论文开题报告,已经会议通过了的论文(设计)题目 Translation of Public Signs From Pragmatic Perspective从语用角度看公示语翻译课题目的、意义及相关研究动态:目的:随着我国经济的发展和对外开放步伐的加快,国际间的友好往来及经济合作日益增多,对外联系和国际交流日益频繁。公示语是国际化都市、旅游目的地的语言环境和人文环境的重要组成部分。因此,汉语公示语的英译日趋重要。但现在在我国各大城市的公示语翻译中存在着参差不齐的错误,意义:现在在我国部分城市的公示语中,由于没有正确把握语用等效的原则,出现了信息偏差、信息错误和信息交际障碍,即语用失误,包含语用语言方面的失误和社交语用方面的失误。本文拟从语用角度分析在我国部分公示语的翻译问题,通过探讨公示语的语言特点和语用功能,提出公示语的翻译原则和方法。研究动态:吕和方指出了公示语的四种应用功能特征:指示性、提示性、限制性、强制性,分析了公示语的“动态”和“静态”信息,并对公示语独特的语言风格进行了阐述。王银泉、万正方、金龙等剖析了我国城市公共场所公示语英译中存在的失误现象,提出具体的可行性改进意见,探讨了公示语翻译的方法和规律。于秋、黄小明认为由于语言和文化的不同,汉语公示语在英译时经常出现语用失效问题,这些问题主要表现在语用语言失误和社交语用失误两方面。2003年8月,北京第二外国语学院开通了“汉英公示语研究在线”(http://www•;e-signs•info•com), 2004年9月负责主编了《汉英公示语词典》,系统总结了目前的公示语翻译,并成立了“汉英公示语研究课题组”。课题的主要内容(观点)、创新之处:主要内容:本文从语用的角度来讨论公示语的翻译,分析了公示语的分类及其特点,并引用大量例证说明我国现在在公示语翻译方面所存在的问题。提出在公示语的翻译中,应根据关联理论,充分考虑语境,运用语用等效的原则来进行翻译。创新之处:我国现有的研究公示语翻译的论文有很多,但本文提出公示语的翻译应该重视语境的作用,增加关联度,扩大认知环境,以达到语用等效目的。研究方法、设计方案或论文撰写提纲:研究方法:采用演绎法和文献资料法相结合的方法,运用事例型论据与理论型论据,提出在公示语的翻译中应遵循语用等效的原则。论文撰写提纲:引言一、公示语概述(一)公示语的定义及特点(二)公示语的分类(三)公示语的实用功能二、从语用等效角度看公示语汉英翻译中存在的问题(一)中式英语对语用语言等效的影响(二)文化因素对社交语用等效的影响三、关联理论与语用等效翻译(一)源语与语境之间的关联(二)相关的公示语言不同地位(三)如何达到语用等效四、语用等效在公示语翻译中的应用(一)逆向选择措辞或表达方式(二)熟知目标公示语习语表达(三)精简目标语中长句翻译(四)确定公示语所处语境(五)充分考虑目标公示语的文化因素结语完成期限和预期进度:1、选题:2008年10月15日以前2、下达任务书:2008年10月31日以前3、开题:2008年11月30日以前4、中期检查:下期开学以后,3月31日前5、答辩与成绩评定:2009年5月20日主要参考资料:Eugene A Nida. Language, Culture and Translating [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1993Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation [M].Halliday, M. A. K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar [M]. London: Edward Arnold, 1994Leo Hickey. The Pragmatics of Translation何自然.语用学与英语学习[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1997.李怀奎,李怀宏.景观标识名称汉译英的语用等效研究[J].上海科技翻译,2004.刘建刚,闫建华.论告示的语用等效翻译[J].上海翻译,2005.王银泉.汉英公示语翻译及其译学理据[J]. 北京第二外国语学院学报(外语版),2007魏海波,刘全福.公示语英译中的语用关联分析[J]. 绍兴文理学院学报,2007杨丽波.国内公示语汉英翻译研究现状[J]. 怀化学院学报,2007指导教师意见:我可以帮你写,再联系

内容要求毕业论文一般应包括以下九个主要组成部分(注意此次序即为装订次序): 1.封面 采用全校统一制作格式,填写的内容为:论文题目(包括英文和中文题目)、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名、毕业论文完成日期。 2. 英文摘要 英文摘要应是毕业论文的中心内容,应具有独立性和自含性,即读者不需要阅读全文,就能获得必要的毕业论文信息。摘要内容涉及本项科研工作的目的和意义、研究方法、研究成果、结论。要注意突出毕业论文中具有创造性的成果和具有新见解的部分。 3. 中文摘要 中文摘要应与英文摘要相对应。 4.目录 目录作为毕业论文的提纲,是其各组成部分的小标题,应简明扼要。 5. 毕业论文正文 毕业论文正文是主体,一般由引言开始,以结论结束。毕业论文的内容可因研究课题的性质不同而变化,一般可包括文献综述,理论框架、研究方法、数据分析和讨论,以及本研究方法与已有研究方法的比较等。毕业论文正文应不少于6000英文词。 6.参考文献 参考文献是撰写毕业论文时引用的有关图书资料。应按作者姓氏的首字母顺序排列,英文文献在前,中文文献在后。 7.附录 研究中使用的问卷、重要的测试结果、图表、程序等可列在附录中。 8.致谢 对给予各类资助、指导和协助完成研究工作以及提供各种条件的单位和个人表示感谢。致谢应实事求是,切忌滥用浮夸庸俗之词。 9. 任务书 10. 开题报告 11.综合评定意见表

旅游翻译英语的论文开题报告

英语毕业论文开题报告本科一般一000-二000字吧,研究生多点。字数不是关键,主要是内容,当时我写了几次都没过,还是学长给介绍的莫文中国,高手就是不一般,一次性就通过了 经贸英语语篇翻译策略探析 旅游景点英语翻译中的跨文化意识探析 跨文化交际中的新闻英语翻译实践探讨 从功能角度研究商务英语翻译的原则和策略 大学英语翻译教学存在的问题及对策 浅谈科技英语翻译中的常见错误及应对技巧 论国际商务英语翻译的多元化标准 英语翻译中笔译要点分析 优先出版 大学英语翻译教学的问题与对策研究 文化视角下的旅游英语翻译 科技英语翻译的省译 商务英语翻译教学的探索与思考 国际科技交流中科技英语翻译存在的问题及技巧探析 语义翻译和交际翻译观下科技英语翻译研究 影响法律英语翻译的因素 商务英语翻译的文化适应性问题探析 国际商务英语翻译中的文化信息等值研究 构建任务型商务英语翻译课程教学的研究 旅游英语翻译与本土文化对接的思考 项目依托式EAP教学实践研究——以《科技英语翻译》教学为例 高中阶段英语翻译教学现状的调查研究 国际贸易中商务英语翻译的文化差异及应对策略 框架语义学视角下的英汉科技翻译研究 基于功能翻译理论的高职院校土木工程专业英语翻译与教学研究 中国职业男子篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译现状调查和改善对策研究 康巴藏区旅游英语翻译现状调查研究 商务英语翻译中文化意象的传递 高职英语专业英语翻译课教改初探 探讨中西文化差异对英语翻译的影响 论文化转向对商务英语翻译的启示 非英语专业硕士研究生科技英语翻译能力分析 航海英语翻译若干问题 商务英语翻译教材建构模式探微 国内英语翻译现状分析及产业化思考 从建构主义观点谈商务英语翻译教

英语毕业论文开题报告本科一般1000-2000字吧,研究生多点。字数不是关键,主要是内容,当时我写了几次都没过,还是学长给介绍的莫文网,高手就是不一般,一次性就通过了经贸英语语篇翻译策略探析旅游景点英语翻译中的跨文化意识探析跨文化交际中的新闻英语翻译实践探讨从功能角度研究商务英语翻译的原则和策略大学英语翻译教学存在的问题及对策浅谈科技英语翻译中的常见错误及应对技巧论国际商务英语翻译的多元化标准英语翻译中笔译要点分析 优先出版大学英语翻译教学的问题与对策研究文化视角下的旅游英语翻译科技英语翻译的省译商务英语翻译教学的探索与思考国际科技交流中科技英语翻译存在的问题及技巧探析语义翻译和交际翻译观下科技英语翻译研究影响法律英语翻译的因素商务英语翻译的文化适应性问题探析国际商务英语翻译中的文化信息等值研究构建任务型商务英语翻译课程教学的研究旅游英语翻译与本土文化对接的思考项目依托式EAP教学实践研究——以《科技英语翻译》教学为例高中阶段英语翻译教学现状的调查研究国际贸易中商务英语翻译的文化差异及应对策略框架语义学视角下的英汉科技翻译研究基于功能翻译理论的高职院校土木工程专业英语翻译与教学研究中国职业男子篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译现状调查和改善对策研究康巴藏区旅游英语翻译现状调查研究商务英语翻译中文化意象的传递高职英语专业英语翻译课教改初探探讨中西文化差异对英语翻译的影响论文化转向对商务英语翻译的启示非英语专业硕士研究生科技英语翻译能力分析航海英语翻译若干问题商务英语翻译教材建构模式探微国内英语翻译现状分析及产业化思考从建构主义观点谈商务英语翻译教学

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

旅游杂志英语

Travel Magazine 旅游杂志 ;"When times are difficult people are looking for something different. Afar is different," said Greg Sullivan, about the new travel magazine he will launch this month. “时代变了,人们现在想玩不一样的东西,《Afar》就会提供不一样的旅程,”Greg Sullivan谈到他将在本月推出的新旅游杂志《Afar》时说。

一本旅游杂志的英文 :a travel magazine

旅游杂志有哪些?

a travel magazine 补充: 你的采纳我的动力 很高兴能够帮助你

travel magazines

旅游景点标识语翻译研究论文

1. 公共场所标识语翻译错误分析及对策——以武汉市为例作者:耿殿磊;宋红波;摘要:本文分析了武汉市公共场所的标识语翻译质量不尽人意的现状及原因并提出解决办法。作者认为翻译标识语时,译者应熟悉汉英标识语的功能意义和语言特点,并遵循语用等效翻译原则,最后作者提出标识语翻译人员要专业化并建议有关部门组织有关专家成立“武汉市公共场所标识语翻译专家委员会”,审核全市公共场所标识语译文,从而规范武汉市标识语翻译,提升武汉市的国际形象。..2.公共英文标识语翻译--《昌吉学院学报》2007年04期 随着我国加入世贸组织和北京将举办2008年奥运会,越来越多的外国人到中国经商和旅游,英语被使用的越来越广泛。英语标识语在人们的生活当中越来越重要了,但目前我国有很多标识语使用不规范,这些都会给外国人造成一定的交际和沟通方面的障碍。所以,规范公共英文标识语翻译势在必行。【作者单位】:昌吉学院科研处 新疆昌吉8311003.从目的论视角谈医院标识语翻译 施维 方蓉 福州大学外国语学院 福州大学外国语学院 4.语用翻译学原理在旅游标识语翻译中的运用——以桂林旅游景点为例 苏安 桂林旅游高等专科学校大学外语部5.论中文公共标识语的翻译——以文化差异为视角 唐燕 【摘要】:城市公共场所的中英双语标识语被广泛使用,但由于思维方式、民族心理等文化因素的制约和影响,许多公共标识语的翻译极不标准、极不规范。本文重点探讨了公示语汉英翻译常见的误译类型,同时也对目前具有代表性的一些不规范、错误的公示语的翻译成因进行梳理和分析,分析了错误的原因,提出了相关的翻译原则,同时对具有中国特色的公示语的翻译做了一定的研究。【作者单位】: 武汉大学东湖分校外国语言文学学院 6.中英标识语的翻译:文本类型理论与语用翻译策略王琼 河南工业大学国际学院,河南郑州450052 摘 要:随着城市公共场所的双语标识的增多,各种英译标识语也存在语用错误和不规范现象。本文以纽马克的文本类型理论分析标识语的功能和文本类型,并根据不同类型的标识语从语用语言等效和社交语用等效角度探讨中英标识语的语用翻译策略。标识语的翻译不仅是翻译和语用问题,更是一个社会文化课题,值得进一步探讨。关键词:标识语 文本类型 语用翻译

给你推荐一个网站,中国知网,那里有些相关论文,你上去输入关键词“医院英语标识”,搜索一下就有了 1. 贵医附院英语标识误译多多 余胜映,文春梅,王方方,章雪苓 文献来自: 贵州省翻译工作者协会2006年会暨学术交流会论文集 2006年 CAJ下载 <正>公共标识是指在公共场所为大众提供指示、传递信息的标志物或指示牌。随着经济的发展和对外交流的日趋频繁,公共标识也出现了中英文对照的形式。走在贵阳的大街小巷,各种英语公共标识随处可见。然而,我们所接触到的涉外出版物、对外宣传小册子、商品广告、旅游景点介绍... 被引用次数: 0 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 2. 探访街头谈英语 张德禄 源自: 青岛日报/2005/11/02 CAJ下载 PDF下载 各种公共设施、公共场所、路标、大饭店、宾馆、公园、医院、机场等都有英语的标识和说明。英语的环境也大大改善,许多工作人员都能或多或少的说几句英语?... 被引用次数: 0 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 3. 蹩脚英语已成过街老鼠 匡丽娜 源自: 重庆经济报/2004/12/08 CAJ下载 PDF下载 公共场所标识,包括工厂、医院门口标牌上的不规范英语不归他们管,他们也管不了。$$ 其中,市市政设施管理局办公室人员告诉记者,他们的管辖范围是“210”国道上的交通标识(大街小巷的路牌则该交警管理),而且他们只是负责?... 被引用次数: 0 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 4. 旅游观光城市的公共标识 罗德启 文献来自: 时代建筑 1987年 第02期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 标识的分类 (1)道路空间的标识:包括附有英语指引标记和街道地图的标牌(图1、2) (2)交通机构的标识:在火车站、公共汽车站、出租汽车等场合使用(图3、4) (3)公共设施的标识:对国外旅游者经常使用的政府机 ... 被引用次数: 0 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 5. 但东医院信息系统的处方业务工作 赵平福 文献来自: 计算机应用 1983年 第03期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 显示药品名称安排表显示其它输入/输出信息申请操作员指导屏幕输入日语假名和英语字母式盘页键 按钮 〕笔磁卡阅笔输入医生的标识号在显示屏幕上选择项目读机 读操作员卡软存贮设备存贮操作员指导屏幕内容存贮药品名等等存贮终端控制程息4。设计考虑·4 ... 被引用次数: 0 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 6. 医院图书馆中文医学过刊的分类排架 冉萍 文献来自: 医学情报工作 1994年 第05期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 如《英语学习》分人H3 1。有的排在R前,有的排在R后: (四)讨论 1.索书号完整:上而我们详细讨论了各种期刊的排架情况。为了区分一种期刊的各卷次,我馆还给每一册合订本期刊一个流水号,即合订本人藏时的顺序号。这样 ... 的排架方法是比较适合医院图书馆的。 ... 被引用次数: 0 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 7. 自主学习理论与职校生英语自主学习能力的培养 严金波 文献来自: 上海师范大学 2006年 硕士论文 CAJ下载 在线阅读 分章下载 分页下载 由于工作的需要 和对英语的热爱,一直从事英语教学,自学了英语本科教程。2003年9月有幸跨入 上海师范大学攻读教育硕士学位。才疏学浅的我深感学业的艰辛,焦虑不安之中,外 国语学院的老师们用他们独有的敬业精神、严谨的治学 ... 被引用次数: 0 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 8. 英汉语篇连贯认知对比研究 魏在江 文献来自: 华东师范大学 2004年 博士论文 CAJ下载 在线阅读 分章下载 分页下载 对英语重形合、一汉语童意合,英语的右分支结构、汉语的左分支结构等进 行了深层次的探究 ... 英语,汉语,对比研究 Abstract Coherence is one of the most important and the most complicated topics in d ... 被引用次数: 1 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 9. 打造适应市场经济的医疗服务模式——市立医院东院区的建设与发展 宁玲玲,孙振利 文献来自: 山东省医学伦理学学会第四次学术年会论文集 2004年 CAJ下载 为解决医院停车难问题,东院区专门设立了近百个停车泊位,所有泊位免费停车,标识清楚,且有专业的工作人员进行管理,大大方便了有车一族市民看病。为建立人性化的医患关系,年三十晚上,给每一位住院病人送年夜水饺,端午节送粽子, ... 被引用次数: 0 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 10. 网络条件下临床医师绩效量化综合评价方法的研究 刘丽华 文献来自: 第四军医大学 2002年 博士论文 CAJ下载 在线阅读 分章下载 分页下载 一直是医院管理工作的主要内容之一。随着我国社会主义市场经济体制不断完善,医院的建设和运营已自觉不自觉地融入市场经济的大潮中。特别是我国加入WTO以后,中外“人才猎头公司”纷纷出动,以其最优惠的条件招揽高素质卫生人才 ... 被引用次数: 0 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 搜医院 的学术趋势 翻译 医院英语标识 搜索相关数字 上海市县及县以上医院医生 上海市医院 上海市每万人口医院床位数 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 下一页 给你推荐两个下载方式。 一是免费下载方式:如果你是在校学生,一般的大学都购买有这个数据库,所以可以到大学图书馆网站下载,或者购有该数据库的大型公共图书馆去下载;二、个人付费下载,你上中国知网首页上方的“充值中心”,那里推荐了几种付费方式,对不是大量下载的,采用手机短信方式或者银行卡方式较方便。

【摘 要】本文在分析公示语的种类和语言风格的基础上归纳了洛阳龙门石窟景区公示语的翻译中存在的普遍错误,例如拼写错误、语法错误、用词不当和句式中国化等等,作者指出旅游景区内公示语的翻译现状不容乐观。针对这些错误,作者探究其原因主要是译者和标牌制作者粗心、译者语言功底欠佳以及缺乏统一的监管机制,认为公示语英译需增强校对人员工作的认真度和责任感,加强翻译人员的英文水准,并建立相应的翻译责任制。 【关键词】公示语;汉英翻译;原因;解决方法 引言 随着洛阳龙门石窟国际知名度的不断提高,来洛阳龙门石窟旅游的外国游客日益增多,旅游景区标识语的翻译问题也越来越重要,加强对公示语运用的研究显得尤为重要和迫切。本文就洛阳龙门石窟旅游景区公示语的英译问题进行探讨,并提出在洛阳龙门石窟旅游景区公示语英译时应注意的几个问题及一些解决方案。 公示语从广义而言,指给公众在公共场合看的语言文字,也称为“公共标识语”,“标志语”、“标示语”、“标语”等。公示语指公开和面对公众,告示、指示、提示、显示、警示、标示与其生活、生产、生命、生态、生业休戚相关的文字及图形信息,具有“指示性”、“提示性”、“限制性”和“强制性”四种突出的应用功能。(吕和发2004)。在翻译时候广泛使用名词、动词、动名词、词组、短语、缩略语、现在时态、祈使句和规范性、标准性词汇,以及部分具有本土特征的词汇。(北竹,单爱民2002) 1 旅游公示语的英译常见错误类型 2012年8月23号是一年一度的七夕情人节,为了颂扬忠贞爱情、展现珍贵历史瑰宝、倡导发扬和传承中国传统节日,龙门石窟景区特举办“七夕,相约龙门共祈福”活动,向所有爱浪漫的游客开启浪漫之旅。这一活动不仅将洛阳龙门石窟全方位地呈现给河南人民,也呈现给了喜爱中国这一传统节日的外国友人,使其逐渐与国际接轨。但是,通过在龙门石窟景区内采集大量例子分析发现其公示语的翻译整体上做得不错,但部分旅游公示语的翻译却欠国际化,存在着些许缺憾,主要有以下几类: 拼写错误:拼写错误在公示语的英译中比比皆是,这种低级错误大多是由于译者或者标牌制作者粗心、不负责任、没有认真校对造成的,例如:“会伤人请勿靠近WANRING:DANG DEOUS PLEASE KEEP AWAY ”这是龙门石窟景区龙门山山路旁的一个公示语,且不说语法和措辞是否得当,区区五个字的公示语就出现了两个拼写错误,此处“WANRING”和“DANG DEOUS”应为“Warning”和“Dangerous”。笔者认为此处译文应为:Warning:Danger! Please Keep Out! 语法错误:明显的语法错误在公示语英译中也是屡见不鲜, 这类错误主要是因为译者语言功底不够,翻译能力不足。例如: “进入林区 严禁烟火”被翻译成“ Into the forest is strictly prohibited fireworks”, 笔者认为应该根据翻译的简洁策略译为“No fireworks!” 用词不当:得体的措辞是准确的公示语英译的首要标准,英汉两种语言都有着丰富的词汇量,有时候单个汉字就有多个相对应的英文单词,同样,一个英文单词也可以用多种汉语意思,但是它们之间细微的差别可能会导致极大的语意差别,译者稍不注意就会因为措辞不当,而不能准确表达原文意思。最典型的例子就是景区内竟将“男/女厕所”分别译为“Male’ Toilet”和“Female’ Toilet”。在英语中,Male 和Female这两个单词表示有生命的动植物的性别属性。对于公共男女厕所的翻译,笔者建议译为Men’s Room 和Women’s Room或者Ladies’ Room,然后再加上男女的图形标志即可。 句式中国化:这是译者最为常见的错误,因为要想克服这一困难需要译者具备跨文化交际意识和对中英文两种语言特点的全面掌握。在景区内此类错误现象比比皆是,例如: “小心路滑”竟被译为 “The small idea slides”, “注意安全”译为“Attention security”,根据简洁策略可分别翻译为“Caution: Wet Floor! ”和“Watch Out!” 2 旅游公示语的英译问题对策 根据大量实例分析中发现的种种问题,我们应该积极应对,分别找出解决办法,各个击破。 建立旅游景区公示语翻译标准化审定制度 北京第二外国语大学的戴宗显教授指出:“语言是交际的媒介,标识语言有特殊的结构和表达用语,国外有专门的机构和人来做这项工作,比如交通部门就有专门的使用语言,同时还下达使用手册,在商品分类中也有特殊的标志语言”。所以我们应该严格执行翻译行业质量标准, 成立翻译专业户,建立统一标准或核准制度来监督翻译的质量。对于景区常见公示语的译法应该统一,要有一个评估制度,一个权威的机构来核准。 提高公示语译者专业翻译素质 翻译人员要端正态度, 严格遵守商务翻译原则,认真负责,注重学习。译者要加强自身的英语和汉语功底,花时间、精力去了解所译的内容,尽量让译文做到正确、得体、一致,保证质量。同时,由于语言中渗透着社会意识和文化传统,译者尤其要重视中国和外国的社会文化差异,注意历史背景不同、国情不一样、生活方式大相径庭,这些都会造成语言的差异。要真正掌握外国地语言,就要了解外国文化传统,在翻译中越过社会文化差异的障碍,努力符合译文读者的期待规范。 提高校对人员和标牌制作者工作的认真度和责任感 政府及旅游景区管理部门应该重视公示语翻译的每一个环节,标牌制作过程中也应该注意人员的选择,尽量采用对英语有一定基础的工人,也应该有相关人员进行过程的监督和最后的审核。 加强政府和有关部门的重视 规范和改进景区公示语的汉英翻译,必须注重提高译者的素质和责任心,应该由相应的监管机构来加强景区公示语的翻译工作。相关部门重视,加强监管首先要保证翻译质量。各级地方政府的有关部门应根据实际情况,制定相应的翻译准入制度。旅游景区的管理者必须给予充分的重视,认真抓好翻译、审稿、校对等各个环节,请水平高的译者或长住中国的外国人参加,凡公开对外的译文,尽可能做到译文准确、达意。政府也应该设立专门针对外宣翻译的特定机构,管理、监督旅游景区公示语翻译资料,这样公示语翻译的质量就会有大幅度的提高。 【参考文献】 [1]吕和发.公示语的汉英翻译[J].中国科技翻译,2004(1). [2]北竹,单爱民.谈英语公示语的语言特点与汉英翻译[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2002(5)。 [3]曹容,袁利,太扎姆.康巴藏区旅游英语翻译现状调查研究[J].康定民族师范高等专科学校学报,2009 (3). [4]傅海英.旅游景区公示语翻译规范化研究[J].知识经济,2012 (12). [5]朱姣,彭娟.徐州市旅游景点英语公示语中的错误现象分析及对策[J].青年文学家,2011(1).

本人了解的情况是目前还没有专门针对景点名称语言特点的系统性研究结果。但是,可以从以下几个方面进行简要的分析:1. 把握特色:景点名称作为旅游文化的一个重要组成部分,需要具有独特的文化内涵和吸引力。因此,许多景点名称都会突出其特色、历史渊源、地理环境等方面的内容。例如,新疆的“天山天池”就刻画了当地一池清澈见底、水质优美的自然美景,富有诗意,鲜明而具有吸引力。2. 简洁易记:景点名称的语言表达应该简洁易懂,容易记忆,方便游客引用。这是景点宣传和推广的重要手段之一。例如,“张家界”的名称比“张家界国家森林公园”更简洁有效,能够更好地传达出景区的位置和魅力。3. 具有美学特点:景点名称也需要具备美学特点。一些优美的景点名称可以给人以美的享受和观赏的体验。比如“黄山”“泰山”等名称,均具有浓郁的文化底蕴和美学价值。4. 多元文化传承:不同地区的景点名称,反映了当地的文化风俗和历史背景。具有不同地域特色的景点名称,也带有文化交流与传承的深层含义。例如,北京的“故宫”、“颐和园”等名称,隐含着中国古代文化的底蕴和传统的历史文化。综上所述,景点名称的语言特点涵盖了很多方面,需要考虑到时代特色、地域历史、文化底蕴等方面的综合因素。未来,需要进行更加深入的研究和探索,以更好地理解和发掘景点名称的文化内涵和语言特点。

开题报告论文英语

英语专业论文开题报告模板 题 目:呼啸山庄中希斯克利夫性格的双重性的分析一、选题的目的、意义(理论、现实)和国内外研究概况 1.目的和意义:《呼啸山庄》是十九世纪英国女作家艾米莉·勃朗特生平创作的唯一一部小说。小说的故事情节主要是围绕希斯克厉夫和凯瑟琳的爱情展开的,希斯克厉夫的“爱一恨一复仇一人性复归”既是小说的精髓,又是贯穿作品始终的线索。评论家们对这部经典文学作品历来意见纷纭,尤其是对小说中的男主人公希斯克厉夫的讨论。评论家们对小说中希斯克利夫的性格从不同的方面进行了分析。全面而深入地分析希斯克厉夫这一人物对我们更好地研究小说起至关重要的作用。 小说中最精彩的部分就是希斯克厉夫与凯瑟琳之间的爱情故事,他们之间的爱情已远远超出了一般意义上的爱情,可以说是一种超人间的爱。但也就是这种爱情的产生和发展成了主人公西斯科历夫的性格中双重性形成的一个关键原因。本课题从西斯科历夫的被虐与自虐,懦弱与勇敢来分析主人公的性格成因,从而促使读者更好的理解艾米丽的呼啸山庄 2.国内外研究概况: 国内外许多的专家学者都对呼啸山庄中希斯克利夫的性格进行了分析。许多的专家学者从不同的角度分析了希斯克利夫的性格的双重性形成的原因进行分析,有的从社会背景原因进行了分析。有些学者认为他的性格是扭曲而自虐的,而有的学者则认为他是爱情中的英雄,敢爱敢恨。 许多的学者对希斯克利夫性格的成因进行了分析如闫红梅,张润翻译的艾米莉·勃朗特.呼啸山庄中说到因为欣德利“那样对待希斯克利夫,圣徒也会被他变成恶魔的” 。刘风辉也在《复杂的双面人》中说道希斯克利夫特殊的性格完全是他周围的环境所造成的。毋庸置疑,金钱主宰一切是当时社会的标准,贫穷是可耻的。无论是否因你的过错而导致的贫穷,无论是否你有努力的过程,只要你现在仍是衣衫褴 褛 ,你就注定遭受耻辱。贫穷带来的无穷无尽的耻辱生活就像一把刻刀,不断雕刻、改变着希斯克利夫的性格。而陈一萍在《希斯克利夫是浪漫主义英雄还是恶魔》中认为上帝是有报复性的,人类不会比他做得更好,希斯克利夫他不能超脱于人性,他也会为他所受到的.伤害进行报复。因此,从多角度出发,综合多种角度对希斯克利夫的性格分析有着重大的意义。 二、本课题的理论依据、研究内容和研究方法、步骤及进度安排 1.研究内容: 本课题对呼啸山庄中希斯克利夫的性格的双重性的形成进行分析,分析希斯克利夫性格中自虐与被虐的原因,在爱情中勇敢与懦弱的双重性性格成因。 首先会分析希斯克利夫在幼年时作为一个正常人得性格特征。 【幼年时的被虐】 其次分析长大后的希斯克利夫在复仇中所表现出来的冷酷与扭曲的性格。 【希斯克利夫的自虐】 再次:从希斯克利夫复仇后的性格分析,在他双重性的性格下是人性的扭曲。 最后通过对希斯克利夫的性格的分析,可以得到人性的回归。 2.研究方法: 查阅法:通过对相关文献进行查阅,从多种角度了解西斯科利福性格的成因。 分析法:通过对艾米丽笔下的西斯科历夫的性格分析,分析他性格双重性形成的原因。 比较法:通过西斯科厉夫的被虐与自虐,勇敢与懦弱进行对比。 3.步骤: 选题——开题——初稿——完善——截稿 4.进度安排: 11月 提交开题报告 12月 完成初稿 4月 完成论文写作 三、本课题的重点、难点,预期结果和成果形式 1.本课题的重点、难点: 本文将从西斯科历夫的被虐与自虐,勇敢与懦弱进行分析,从他最开始的正常性格到后来的性和扭曲的变化分析他性格中双重性的形成原因。以及他性格中的勇敢与懦弱也注定了他性格的扭曲。分析中凯瑟琳是一个影响西斯科厉夫的重要人物,而他们的爱情则是他性格双重性形成的至关重要的原因。最后,不论西斯科历夫的性格怎样扭曲,始终抵不过人性,从他最后的结局我们看到了人性的回归。 2.预期结果: 能够做到分析定位,表达清楚,提高对英文小说中人物性格的准确分析,达到论文研究的目的。 3.成果形式: 论文 ;

Proposal 更正式点opening speech;opening report;Thesis Proposal 也都可以但多数都用Proposal 如博士论文开题 Doctoral Dissertation Proposal

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

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