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英美文学论文提纲范文样本

发布时间:2024-07-04 09:19:38

英美文学论文提纲范文样本

英美文学是英国人民和美国人民长期以来创造性地使用英语语言的产物,是对时代生活的审美表现。下文是我为大家整理的关于英美文学类论文 范文 的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考! 英美文学类论文范文篇1 从英美经典电影分析英美文学女性形象 [摘要]很多英美经典电影,都是以英美文学为蓝本进行改编的。将文字转换为银幕上的画面,这样的变化,更有利于观众对原作中角色的定位。女性角色,是文学作品中不可或缺的元素,是文学话题制造的永恒话题。在诸多英美文学作品中,女性角色随着时代的变迁、社会背景的变化,也变换着不同的色彩。本文以一些经典的英美电影,对比那些英美文学作品中的女性形象进行了分析,包括对爱情的执著、自我价值的追求、悲剧色彩和独立自主的方面。 [关键词]英美电影;英美文学;女性形象 一、引 言 女性角色,是文学作品中不可或缺的元素,是文学话题制造的永恒话题。在诸多英美文学作品中,女性角色随着时代的变迁、社会背景的变化,也变换着不同的色彩。从莎士比亚时期开始,直到19世纪末20世纪初,以英国、法国、美国等作家的文学作品为例,英美文学作品中的女性角色,开始展现出不一样的活跃程度,特别是随着电影产业的兴起,将文学作品改编为电影,更加有利于对原作中女性形象的深刻展示。在这一点上,以好莱坞电影为代表的英美电影,以更加丰富的形式,诠释了电影视角下的女性角色新特点,其中对于女性主义的形象表现极为突出。 二、女性对于爱情的执著 爱情,是英美文学作品中一直延续的格调。无论是辉煌的史诗巨制,还是社会小人物的刻画写实,其中都有着爱情的主题。在爱情面前,电影,或者说原作中的这些女性角色们,敢于为了爱情反抗传统,反抗那些看似坚不可摧的世俗。改编自美国作家罗伯特的小说《廊桥遗梦》的电影中,弗朗西斯卡与罗伯特之间的爱情,突破了家庭与婚姻的禁制,两人的爱情在当时是一种被唾弃的行为,是对婚姻的背叛,对伦理道德的挑战。 在电影中,弗朗西斯卡在意大利长大,嫁人后随丈夫来到了美国。源于意大利的浪漫,弗朗西斯卡在美国乡村的生活无聊至极,在她与罗伯特的爱情中,尽情洋溢着自身的浪漫风情,这是冲破了世俗枷锁的爱情。弗朗西斯卡的爱情让观众落泪,是因为她没有因为爱而放弃自己的家庭,她仍旧记得自己身为母亲的责任,但却为了爱希望自己死后能与罗伯特在一起。 在原著中,弗朗西斯卡这一角色,对其爱情的描写文字较多,而在电影中,人们通过女演员眉宇间的那抹思念,很直接地理解了她对罗伯特执著的爱以及对家的责任感。爱情与女性之间,似乎是文学作品中必然保留的桥段,以英美文学作品改编而成的英美电影中,爱情的主旋律,不仅是对这些文学作品的一种致敬,更符合潮流下的电影要求。 又如在《简?爱》中,简?爱对罗切斯特的爱,是一种纯粹的爱,而无其他杂糅的情感。当简?爱拒绝了圣?约翰的求婚,虽然罗切斯特的豪宅已经被他那个疯子般的妻子烧毁,虽然罗切斯特因此而失明,但是简?爱按照心中对于爱的执著,认为这样的罗切斯特仍旧是自己的最爱。简?爱因为自己的爱而成为罗切斯特的天使,罗切斯特的余生因为简?爱而精彩。 在电影《傲慢与偏见》中,在尊重英国女性作家奥斯汀原著的基础上,小说中的人物伊丽莎白与达西之间的爱情,一直被人们所谈论。伊丽莎白的爱情观中,没有金钱财富,没有地位差距,有的是彼此之间的了解,是两人之间的彼此相爱。通过电影中,达西的傲慢与伊丽莎白的渴望平等,不难让观众理解原著中的那个对爱情很执著的伊丽莎白。虽然爱着达西,但是伊丽莎白的爱是建立在平等的基础上的,不需要无聊的高姿态和耍酷态度。 伊丽莎白这样的爱情观,也正是原著作者奥斯汀的爱情观。我们在看这些英美电影时,对于银幕中的女性形象有着更加直观的理解,而爱情这种在银幕上独特表现的情感,更容易让我们通过电影了解原著中女性的爱情世界,那是一个执著的感情观。 但是这样的爱情在英美文学作品中,很难有一个完美的结局,女性的爱情执著观,带来的往往是爱情悲剧。在电影《茶花女》中,玛格丽特对于爱情也是固执的,哪怕被自己的爱人阿尔芒误会,她仍旧默默地承担着因为爱情而带来的伤害。不管爱情的结果怎样,对于爱情,这些女性仍旧是那么执著与肯定。 三、追求自我价值的女权主义 在众多的英美电影中,都很好地再现了原著中反抗男权的思想,即强烈的女权主义。英美文学作品中的女权主义是女性主义最为显著的表现点。目前,改编的英美电影中,多以20世纪初期的英美文学作品作为蓝本,而这些文学作品中,开始阐述女权主义,反对男权。这种现象并不是这一时期文学作品所独有的。在当时的社会背景下,有很多的女性实际上开始走出家门,进入了竞争激烈的社会中。而这些女性正是反抗男权的代表,她们的身上少了些浪漫的气息,但是却多了一些职业性的元素。她们更加关注社会、政治等话题,这些女性角色,追求的是自我价值和社会价值,很多的英美电影中都有所体现。 例如,在美国女作家米切尔的小说《飘》中,女性角色斯嘉丽就是这样的一个女子。而在以《飘》改编的电影《乱世佳人》中,观众对于那个富家大小姐斯嘉丽印象深刻。影片以南北战争为背景,战争夺取了斯嘉丽家庭的一切,而斯嘉丽在重重困难中,从一个对国家大事漠不关心的大小姐,成长为一个智慧的现代女性。 斯嘉丽这个女性形象在原著中,属于写实人物,米切尔对于这个人物没有泾渭分明的描述,而是做了真实的叙述。在电影中,这种感觉更加直观一些,斯嘉丽似乎是一个追求自我价值的女性。所以,很多的英美文学作品中,女性不再是一个独立于外的弱势群体,导演与作者都在强调女性角色的社会地位和社会价值,她们有着自我价值。在电影《名利场》中,那个为了跻身上层社会的蓓基,按照现代的评判观点来看,用“女强人”来形容蓓基更加合适。 她为了能够过上更好的生活,不惜卖弄自己的学识、自己的歌声,甚至自己的肉体,蓓基一直在展示着自己的价值所在。无论是勾引好友艾米利亚的哥哥乔斯,还是对克劳莱家族继承人的罗登,蓓基都成功地将自己的价值融入计谋当中。 这些女性形象,在追求自我价值的同时,也是对男权的一种反抗,女权思想在电影或小说中都毫无掩饰。在电影《茶花女》中,玛格丽特本是巴黎的一个名妓,但是她爱上了阿尔芒,并与之在乡下同居。 阿尔芒的父亲认为是玛格丽特葬送了儿子的前程,胁迫玛格丽特移情别恋,而阿尔芒信以为真,愤怒下当众羞辱玛格丽特。玛格丽特终因病而亡,而阿尔芒事后知道了缘由后,悔恨不已。玛格丽特的死,是爱情悲剧的表现,更是对男权世界一种无声的反抗。同样地,在电影《傲慢与偏见》中,伊丽莎白与达西的爱情,一开始,伊丽莎白因为达西的高傲而没有接受他的表白。 我们通过电影,再去原著中寻找伊丽莎白与达西的爱情,会发现奥斯汀花费了大量的笔墨,来描写伊丽莎白与达西那奇妙的爱情。直到达西改掉了自己的“臭毛病”,伊丽莎白才真正地接受了达西。伊丽莎白虽然爱着达西,但是对于达西的那种大男子主义很厌恶,她故意地对达西冷漠,也正是对男权的一种反抗。在哈代的《无名的裘德》改编成电影后,苏的“新女性”形象更加凸显,她敢于追求自我的价值而反抗学校的规定,敢于直面对裘德的爱。 四、悲剧色彩浓重的女性形象 以英美文学作品改编的英美电影中,很多女性形象都是悲剧性的。这些女性形象虽不至于占据英美文学作品的大半,但是在我们观看的很多英美电影中,这样的悲剧色彩,似乎更受到导演和编剧的欢迎,也更能够引起观众的情感共鸣。从电影中,我们可以看出这些充满悲剧色彩的女性,更多是与作品创作背景下的大多数女性有着明显的思想和行为区别。正是因为这些女性角色“前卫”的行为,造成了她们悲剧的产生。这些悲剧多体现在女性的爱情上,还有社会阶级的残酷压榨上。 例如,在雨果的《悲惨世界》中,芳汀这个角色,被赶出了工厂,死在了医院里。她本有一个美好的爱情,但是却被情人抛弃,独自带着女儿珂赛特。在改编的音乐剧《悲惨世界》中,芳汀被迫去那个她永不想涉足的地方,卖了自己的头发、牙齿,甚至是身体。当I Dreamed a Dream响起时,芳汀的悲剧终究发生了。对于芳汀的死,是悲剧的结局,也是她的解脱。 又如,在《哈姆雷特》中,奥菲利亚这个角色,是莎士比亚在17世纪塑造的形象,而那个时期的英国女性,和中国的传统女性一样,对父亲和兄长十分尊敬,甚至达到了盲从的地步。然而奥菲利亚深爱着哈姆雷特,哈姆雷特对她的表白,被奥菲利亚的父亲否决。当奥菲利亚的父亲被哈姆雷特杀死后,奥菲利亚崩溃了。她一直在无声地承受着一切,但悲剧的脚步没有因为她停止。一个纤弱的女子,一个温柔的女子,一个性格柔弱的女子,在那个年代注定了她的悲剧色彩。 在英美文学中,女性的悲剧色彩是一个重要组成部分,特别是在电影改编后,这种女性悲剧更加真实。她们与周围生活的格格不入,导致了悲剧的发生,除去《哈姆雷特》中奥菲利亚这种被社会压到无法喘息的女性外,还有爱情带来的悲剧。例如在《廊桥遗梦》中,弗朗西斯卡的爱情就是一个悲剧,她有着自己的家庭,却爱上了罗伯特。 这样的爱情就是一个悲剧,在道德的束缚下,在伦理的谴责下,弗朗西斯卡的爱情只能以悲剧结束,四天深入骨髓的爱情,折磨了弗朗西斯卡的后半生,这样的悲剧让观众更加心痛。同样地,在《呼啸山庄》中,女主人公凯瑟琳,也是一个女性悲剧形象的代表。凯瑟琳对于爱情的渴望极其矛盾,她希望自己的爱情是不受世俗影响的纯净的爱,还期望能够找到身世好、家境富裕的白马王子。凯瑟琳同希斯克利夫之间的爱情,是纯净的,为此不惜打破社会的道德枷锁。而凯瑟琳还是放不下对财富的向往,她嫁给一个不认识的人,成为山庄的女主人。这是世俗中“美好”的婚姻,但她对爱情的矛盾,让她无法割舍爱情,最后为之付出了生命。 五、独立自主的女性形象 无论是对爱情的执著,还是对自我价值的追求,抑或是悲剧性的色彩,通过电影中的女性角色表达,我们可以看到一个英美文学作品中独立自主的女性形象,这也是女性主义在文字上的宣泄,在银幕上的爆发。在19世纪,简?奥斯汀、勃朗特等一大批女作家走向英美文学的高处,她们反对男权,发扬女性主义。例如,在勃朗特的《简?爱》中,女主人公简?爱就是一个独立自主的女性形象,她积极向上,以自己的聪明才智征服了男主人公罗彻斯特。 在简?爱与罗彻斯特的爱情中,简?爱一直保持着克制和清醒,她嘲笑那些可笑的权贵,她向往平等。简?爱是一个独立自主的女性角色,简?爱对于爱情的追求,一直保持着独立。她知道了罗彻斯特有妻子后,不愿贬低自己的地位价值,选择离去。而当她认识到自己对罗彻斯特的情感后,不顾罗彻斯特的失明和一无所有,仍旧回到罗彻斯特的身边。简?爱的容貌也许并不出众,但是她有一个高贵的灵魂,她追求独立和自主,她有更加吸引男性的自我修养和精神追求,特别是简?爱对于经济独立的认识。这都是独立自主女性形象的表现。无论是电影还是原著中,简?爱都让我们感叹不已,这是一个什么样的女性,这是一个多么伟大的女性!同样的女性特质,我们在《名利场》中的蓓基身上也能看到一些,蓓基的“女强人”特点,正是她独立自主的一些体现,虽然她一直想傍上一个富翁。 六、结 语 女性形象,在英美文学作品中扮演着重要的角色,无论是在爱情还是自我价值,抑或是悲剧色彩和独立自主方面,都有着吸引人的地方。通过电影的展示,小说中的女性形象似乎活了过来,以电影来分析小说中的女性形象,更加耐人寻味,也更容易被大众所接受。闲来无事,可以走进影院,去回顾一下这些英美经典。 [参考文献] [1]辛淑兰.超越傲慢与偏见:从女性视角看《傲慢与偏见》中的幸福婚姻[D].天津:天津师范大学,2006. [2]黄治康.《呼啸山庄》的女性意识研究[J].重庆交通学院学报(社会科学版),2004(03). [3]王盈盈.从女性视角解读美国电影《廊桥遗梦》[J].电影文学,2013(08). [4]陶曦,李雯倩.西方女性主义电影理论[J].电影文学,2010(12). 英美文学类论文范文篇2 浅析英美文学与我国文学二者关系 摘 要:通过英美文学作品与我国文学作品的主题分析发现,英美文学主题,把人和自然的关系定位为回归自然与征服自然;而我国文学作品人和自然的关系为相互统一,二者是不可分割的整体。 关键词:英美文学;作品主题;人和自然 英美文学与我国文学在“人和自然”的主题方面存在差异,是我们从宏观上把握和研究英美文学与我国文学作品的重要线索。 一、英美文学发展的分析 英美文学是英国人民和美国人民长期以来创造性地使用英语语言的产物,是对时代生活的审美表现。英国文学经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。英国与美国语言因为同属于一个英语体系,长久以来认为美国文学是英国文学的一个分支。两国文学在发展过程中,由于受到各种现实的、历史的、政治的、 文化 的等外在力量的影响,以及遵循文学内部自身规律,其文学发展历经了古英语与中古英语、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、维多利亚、现代主义等不同的历史阶段,战后则大致呈现从写实到实验和多元的走势。中古英语时期的文学较以前在扩展主题、丰富类型等方面有了很大的进展,而且深受到__的影响,传奇小说及诗歌逐步流行。 二、英美文学中人和自然的主题分析 尽管英美文学在发展过程中都存在多元化,但社会的存在无外乎人和自然,世界上好多文学作品都是反映“人和自然”这一主题的,当然英美文学也不例外。 英美文学作家在作品中力图揭示在特定条件下主宰人的行为的两种力量:一方面是遗传,是人内在的力量,具体来说是描写人对其生物本能的依赖,即人追求爱情、金钱和享受的不可压抑、无法阻挡的欲望。另一方面是社会环境,是外在的力量,是作家对人所生存的社会的研究,具体来说,是描写高度文明的社会给人造成的威胁与围困。民族传统依据每个民族生活的社会条件和自然地理条件形成于特定的历史时期,民族传统一经形成便具有较大的稳定性,能长久地在民族成员中保留下去。 自然,既是人类的母亲和摇篮,又是人类的敌人和战场。这种矛盾的关系,体现在人类的自然观念中,便是两种对立的心态:回归自然与征服自然。这种对立一直贯穿英美思想、文学传统的始终。就文学家个体而言,他们的思想观念及其创作中所表现出来的“人与自然”显示出一种深刻的复杂性,甚至是矛盾性和变动性。有的礼赞、崇拜自然,有的在对抗、征服自然的过程中突显人的尊严和价值,有的聚焦于特殊的人化了的自然环境,有的呈现出一种回归自然与征服自然的交融,有的显示出超时代的远见卓识。 三、我国文学作品中人和自然的分析 我国神话中盘古开天辟地的 故事 含有丰富的泛神论思想:自然界的一切都神圣不可毁坏,因为一切都是从一个叫“盘古”的巨人身体长出来的———他嘴里呼出的气变成了春风和天空的云雾;声音变成了天空的雷霆;盘古的左眼变成太阳,照耀大地;右眼变成浩洁的月亮,给夜晚带来光明;千万缕头发变成颗颗星星,点缀美丽的夜空;鲜血变成江河湖海,奔腾不息;肌肉变成千里沃野,供万物生存;骨骼变成树木花草,供人们欣赏;筋脉变成了道路;牙齿变成石头和金属,供人们使用;精髓变成明亮的珍珠,供人们 收藏 ;汗水变成雨露,滋润禾苗;呼出的空气变成轻风和白云,汇成美丽的人间风光;盘古倒下时,他的头化作了东岳泰山,他的脚化作了西岳华山,他的左臂化作南岳衡山,他的右臂化作北岳恒山,他的腹部化作了中岳嵩山。 传说 盘古的精灵魂魄也在他死后变成了人类。所以,都说人类是世上的万物之灵,人类应该爱护自然和其他一切生命。 四、英美文学与我国文学中“人和自然”对比分析 在探讨英美文学中的“人与自然”时,实际上是包含着比较与借鉴的意图的。通过通读惠特曼、梭罗等人的作品,我们了解到他们都是受到过我国宗教和哲学的影响。越来越多的西方学者认识到,我国文学作品中包含的天人统一的思想具有非常重要的现代价值。事实上,现代西方某些哲学、伦理学在理论建构之际,就已经吸收了一些我国文化传统中的天人统一的智慧。德国学者格罗伊从东西方“人与自然”关系的基本对立特征,阐述了自己的观点。他认为,以印度佛教和我国道教为代表的东方传统“人与自然”与英美作品中反映的“人和自然”具有以下一些特征。 遗憾的是我国在进入现代社会以后,急于改变贫穷落后的面貌,大量引进以英美为代表的西方思想文化和科学技术,忽略对本国文化传统的建设与更新,如今已面临比西方国家更为严峻的自然问题。目前我国在大力倡导人与社会和谐、人与自然和谐,在这样一个思潮巨变的历史时刻,一方面,作家们应该大力弘扬我们祖先倡导的人与自然和谐的思想,大力推出优良作品;另一方面我们每一个炎黄子孙都要有责任感,要注重社会的我和自然的我的统一。 参考文献: [1]杨健红.论英美文学教学的道德关联性[J].市场周刊(理论研究), 2009(11).

英美文学毕业论文提纲模板

导语:毕业论文的'写作提纲是完成论文的关键,也是论文的写作大纲。它有着清晰的逻辑结构和完整的内容。下面我整理了英美文学毕业论文提纲模板,欢迎参考借鉴!

题目:从语法隐喻角度分析《金色笔记》

Contents

Abstract

摘 要

Contents

Chapter One Introduction

Research Background

Research Objectives and Significance

Thesis Organization

Chapter Two Literature Review

Doris Lessing and Her Works

Previous Studies on The Golden Notebook

Studies Abroad

Studies in China

Chapter Three Theoretical Framework

Studies on Metaphor

Traditional View of Metaphor

Cognitive View of Metaphor

Study on Grammatical Metaphor

Studies on Halliday's Grammatical Metaphor

Ideational Grammatical Metaphor

Interpersonal Grammatical Metaphor

Metaphor of Mood

Metaphor of Modality

Chapter Four The Application of Grammatical Metaphor in TheGolden Notebook

Analysis of The Golden Notebook from the Perspective of Ideational GM

Process Transformation in the Reflection of Characters' Identity

From Relational Process to Material Process

From Material Process to Relational Process

From Mental Process to Material Process

Lexical Transformation in the Reflection of Characters' Identity

Analysis of Characters in The Golden Notebook withNominalization

Analysis of Characters in The Golden Notebook withPassivization

Analysis of The Golden Notebook from the Perspective of Interpersonal GM

Mood Analysis of the Characters in The Golden Notebook

Relationship between Anna and Molly

Relationship between Anna and Marion

Modality Analysis of the Characters in The Golden Notebook

Chapter Five Conclusion

Summary and Major Findings

Limitations of the Research

Suggestions and Revelations of the Research

Bibliography

Acknowledgements

美术学论文提纲范文样本

美术教育专业毕业论文提纲范例

有了一个好的提纲,就能纲举目张,提纲挚领,掌握全篇论文的基本骨架,使论文的结构完整统一;就能分清层次,明确重点,周密地谋篇布局,使总论点和分论点有机地统一起来;也就能够按照各部分的要求安排、组织、利用资料,决定取舍,最大限度地发挥资料的作用。下面是我整理的美术教育专业毕业论文提纲范例,希望对大家有所帮助。

摘 要

Abstract

引言

1 课题研究的意义

2 国内外研究现状

3 存在的问题

4 研究方法及思路

5 数字化项目学习的优势

6 论文的创新

第 1 章 数字化教学的时代背景

教育范式的转换对教育理念的影响

理解教育范式

教学范式向学习范式转换的必然性

学习范式体现以学生为主体的优势

教育技术的发展

国内外教育技术的发展概况

教育技术与教育范式的关联

教育新范式下的教育技术范式转变

网络技术对美术课的.影响

课程改革

我国相关政策的支持

新课程改革对数字化美术课程的要求

第 2 章 数字化下美术项目学习的积极作用

回顾以往数字化美术教学模式的多样性

数字化美术项目学习模式的理论基础

解读项目学习

建构主义

多元智能

实用主义

数字化美术项目学习的必要性和科学性

必要性

科学性

第 3 章 数字化环境下小学美术项目学习模式的建构

美术项目学习模式的建构

项目学习目标的建构

项目学习活动设计的建构

项目学习成果展示、评价体系的建构

数字化环境下小学美术项目学习活动的设计实施案例

《正月十五闹元宵》项目学习活动实施案例

项目学习单元设计方案

项目实施过程

项目反思

第 4 章 数字化美术项目学习模式的前景展望

结 论

参考文献

民间美术论文提纲

中国民间美术是由中国人民群众创作的,以美化环境、丰富民间风俗活动为目的,在日常生活中应用、流行的美术。

民间美术是相对于宫廷美术、文人美术等美术形式而存在的,具有原发性的,直接来源于人民大众的美术形式。千百年来形成的将艺术强分尊卑,将民间美术视为粗俗简陋东西的观念使民间艺术的活力受到损害,许多优秀的民族美术成果不能保留下来,特别是工业革命之后,民间美术被视为落后的手工业而遭到抛弃。民间美术作为中国民俗文化的组成部分,其艺术价值远远超越了民间美术本身,具有极为丰富的哲学、美学、考古学、历史学、社会学和人类文化学内涵,是中华民族文化的凝集和结晶。

一、民间美术的起源

民间美术与原始社会的美术是一脉承传的,它们在发生、发展和艺术的范围、特点、规律等方面,都具有某种相似性。民间美术与原始美术一样具有艺术实用与审美共存的性质。不少民间美术还残留着原始艺术的痕迹,在今天所能看到的民间剪纸和刺绣中就保留着很多原始陶器上的,带有巫术色彩的图腾符号。民间美术起源于古代先民的劳动与生活实践,原始人在制造劳动工具的过程中,发现锋利、匀称、光洁的工具用起来特别的方便顺手,这种对实用性的追求逐渐演变成对视觉愉悦感的追求,古代先民在实用的造物活动的基础之上逐渐发展了审美,使之既能满足实用的物质需要,又能满足审美的精神需求。比如说,新石器时代的远古人类发明了钻孔技术,他们用贝壳和兽骨制作的项链是装饰自己,吸引异性的最好工具,再比如说仰韶文化所遗存的带有各种纹饰图案的彩陶不但具有巫祭的色彩,更追求视觉上的对称感与韵律感。石器、项链、陶器这些艺术作品都是民间美术的最初形态,它以其稚拙、俭朴的形式为后来各类美术的发展奠定了基础。

随着生产力的发展与社会分工的细化,民间美术的分类增多,做工也愈加细致多样了。从殷商到近代,民间美术都出现了兴旺的发展状态,并以其强大的生命力渗透到人们的衣食住行之中。竹编、草编、蜡染、泥塑、剪纸、年画、蓝印花布、绣帐帘、兜肚,挑花头巾、皮影等等民间美术作品都是基于实用目的而创作的,但同时却融实用性与审美性于一体。民间美术作为我国古代一种主要的艺术形态,在几千年的古代文明历史中显示出了强大的艺术力量。

二、传统民间美术的传承方式

1、言传身教。

民间美术是一种带有原发性的美术形式,它在传承的过程中与人们的日常生活休戚相关,自诞生之日起就融合在人们生活的点点滴滴之中。“言传身教”是中国民众做人和育人的宗旨和手段,民间美术同其它民间文化一样一样也没有脱离这一传统。“言传身教”在民间所承担的技艺传播作用,体现在以家庭为中心的技艺传承环境中,是师徒、父子关系直接传授的方式。从事民间美术创作的大多是没有受过正规文化教育的农民,其创作经验不可能通过文字进行传播,技艺的交流只能通过“口头”这一最为直接俭朴的方式将其技术经验传播给下一代。

口头语言不需雕饰,自然随性,因此能更生动直观的交流技艺。在这言传的过程中民间艺人们创作了一些便于记忆的口诀,可以让被传播者比较方便记忆起创作的规律,是对民间美术技艺规律的高度概括,如惠山泥人的`创作口诀,关于泥人造型要“先开相、后装花,描金带彩在后头”;用笔要领“直线要直、曲线要曲”施彩讲究“红要红得鲜,绿要绿得娇,白要自得净。”民间皮影口诀:“若要娃娃恶,鼻子挨眼窝”、“文人一根钉武人一张弓”等等。在民间的师徒传承中“身教“的情况可能比“言传”多的多。在很多民艺传播者自身文化和能力的限制他们或不能准确的表达出其技术精要的情况下,以实际操作来教育徒弟,徒弟观察师傅技艺的“身教”就成为民间美术主要的传播方式之一。

2、文字、图谱记载。

殷商之后,文字的出现为民间美术的传播奠定了深厚的媒介基础,民间美术也出现了借助文字传播的方式,大大扩展了其传播的范围。出现了一些记载民间手工艺的理论专着和民间创作者所作的艺谱,前者带有官方修饰的痕迹,如先秦时期的《考工记》、唐代《工艺之法》、明代《天工开物》等等。

而艺谱以物相传的民间美术,主要是通过谱子的形式传播的,如画谱、剪花样谱、影戏谱、年画版样等等,这些民间艺术形式都有程式化的范本有的是集体的创作总结,有的是名艺人亲手绘制的,有的则是借鉴其它艺术形式而从程式化的模式中套用而来的。②童虽其来源不一,但都是经过不知多少代人的日积月累而逐渐积淀、完善和再创作而形成的摹本,这种传播形式有利于普及和传播。有利于民间艺人的交流。

3、民艺品传播。

民艺品传播和图谱传播一样属于以“物”为媒介进行的传播。但是它并不是在创作者内部的传播,而是通过这些艺术品的购买者而将民间美术的技艺带到四面八方。这种参与商品交换,又不局限于行业内部的传播方式,使民间美术的传播方式更加广泛,其社会功能也随之增强了。

三、民间美术发展的方向

各民族的艺术都属于世界艺术榷体中的一部分。只有保持了本民族的独特艺术特色,才能在世界艺术史上占有重要的历史地位。民间美术作为具有原发性与地域性的美术形态,是我国本民族艺术的最佳代言人。民间美术在当代社会的发展成为我国艺术界与文化界所要面临的首要问题。

在工业社会与市场经济发展的今天,传统手工艺与工业社会的对立,已经成为一个不争的事实。我们既不能放弃民间艺术形式,也不能违背社会规律,试图以民间美术来代替大工业时代的产品。要使作品更具民族特色和时代精神,非常重要的一点是必须站在现代文化的角度对传统作更深入的研究,寻找工业文明与民间美术之间的互补点。工业文明带来了商品的大量生产与简单复制,而这种简单枯燥的文化形态已经不能满足人们日益丰富的精神文化需求,工业文明所带来的不应该只是一种带有实用主义色彩的产品形式,它同时应该代表一种带有审美色彩的人文精神。民间美术以其丰富的审美形态与人文精神,而成为工业文明的有效补充,工业文明以其时代感与社会性而引导着民间美术的发展。两者的互补使人类文化最终向着一个更加健全、完美的方向延续。

摘 要:陕北面花以其独特的造型,广泛的题材,精美的装饰,浓艳的色彩而著称,它贯穿于当地的民俗活动,反映了陕北人民图腾崇拜的原始信仰及人们在民俗活动中求吉辟邪的心理,揭示了陕北面花造型和题材与生殖崇拜之间的潜在关联及其深层的文化联系.

关 键 词:面花;图腾崇拜;生命繁衍;文化内涵

面花又称“面塑礼馍”,因各地地理位置与民俗的差异而称谓各异.面花是我国农耕时代的产物,是广泛流传于民间,贯穿于岁时节日、风俗礼仪和信仰禁忌中的一种风俗礼馍,主要流行在以面食为主的北方地区,遍布山东、河北、山西以及陕西诸地,尤其在黄河流域最为盛行.陕西境内面花的制作主要集中在陕西关中和陕北,陕北面花主要集中在洛川、延安、富县和神木府谷等地,[1]这里的面花在造型方面更加夸张,装饰精美、色彩浓艳,并含有丰富的精神内涵,有独特的审美价值,表达广大人民对美好生活的祈愿和对生命的礼赞.

1陕北面花艺术中蕴含的图腾崇拜的原始信仰

大自然是人类赖以生存的基础,变化无常的自然气候和自然环境又影响着人类的生存,人们把自然力加以形象化并借助想象创造出虚幻的世界,相信在这个世界上有某种人类战胜自然灾害求取人类生存的力量,“万物有灵”观念就是原始先民对自然现象和社会现象认识的成果,于是与人们生活密切相关的图腾崇拜的民间信仰由此产生并得以长久流传.面花艺术是由古代图腾崇拜演化的产物,在陕北,面花以它广泛的应用范围深深地扎根于民间,它是伴随着当地百姓自我精神理想的追求而展开,主要表现在人们对神生物和神灵的崇拜上.

陕北面花主要题材是人们赋予生命寓意和象征的动植物.例如,鱼、鼠、虎、兔、牡丹、葫芦、石榴等,这些题材广泛地运用在民间的面花、年画、刺绣、剪纸上,这些动植物为什么能够成为人们心中的神动植物或图腾对象呢?原来这些动植物题材有独特的双关寓意和象征意义,能够最大限度地满足人们心里崇拜和慰藉感.例如,人之初生,陕北风俗外婆和舅家要送满月花馍,最为讲究的虎馍和兔馍,虎馍呈圆形,顶部捏塑虎头,馍身装饰简洁精美,虎的形象威风乃万兽之王,被认为是力量和威猛的象征,以虎为保护神,祈求神力保护,愿男孩子虎气生生,健康平安的愿望就展现出来.兔馍造型灵巧生动可爱,用以表现女孩柔美与灵气,兔馍成为祝愿女孩子善良乖巧的必备礼馍.人们捏塑老鼠、兔子表示多子多福,用龙凤花馍象征荣华富贵,捏塑鱼莲表示阴阳相合,这些看似平常的生物,却被赋予新的寓意,成为人们心中的神生物而加以崇拜.

插花面花主要是在主体造型上辅以更多小装饰,用牙签或竹枝将其连接插接在主体上,陕北的插花“花供”是每年正月十五庙会搭建“灯棚”供奉信仰神灵必不可少供品.供奉的神灵之一就是送子娘娘,“灯棚”里怀抱婴儿的送子娘娘塑像前摆有数排色彩绚丽、制作精美的面花,久婚不育的媳妇或盼孙心切的婆婆就会到“灯棚”敬神请愿,待来年生下孩子,还要做几对插花“花供”前去谢神,面花成为人与神灵交流的礼品,这些习俗中的神灵信仰也延续至今.

2陕北面花艺术中求吉辟邪的心里诉求

面花作为民间美术的一种,不仅是人们逢年过节、敬神祭祖、婚嫁祝寿、走亲访友隆重的礼品,更多是通过面花传递着人们对幸福、理想、信仰和对美好愿望的追求,主要表现在人们赋予面花祈子延寿、驱邪避灾的主题内涵.

生存与长寿是人类的基本愿望,祈子延寿的心愿便通过民俗活动展现出来.陕北面花中“曲连”是一个印有花纹的大环形饼,这种面花礼馍外圆中空形如项圈,人之初生,亲朋好友前来祝贺时将绑有红绳的“曲连”挂在孩子身上,祈求把孩子锁起,无病无灾健康平安成长.老人年至花甲,祝寿时面塑寿桃也是不可替代的礼俗佳品.

人类早期由于周围的环境与他们的生存密切相关,希望能征服大自然,渴望生存的平安,于是人们便把驱邪避灾的美好祈愿在节令习俗中用面花表现出来.清明节陕北流传家家户户蒸“罐”,全家食用的“人口罐”则要求家中有几口人就要蒸几个.“罐”是一个很大圆形馒头,内放鸡蛋,上塑有书本文具、或麦屯粮仓,也有塑针线箩筐还有塑燕子孵卵的,食用对象不同“罐”上雕塑面花也不同,但都折射出人们祈愿祖先在天之灵保佑家族人丁兴旺的愿望.端午节正是夏至天气,气候炎热干燥、蛇虫繁殖、瘟疫流行,陕北风俗端午全家同吃“烙鱼”,这些面花,造型灵巧生动,人们把先蒸后烘干的“烙鱼”用五色线穿起,像项链一样挂在胸前,表现出驱邪避灾、人丁兴旺的主题内涵.

3陕北面花艺术中生命繁衍的阴阳生息观

人类要生存,要繁衍,生殖和生命成为民间美术创造的一个永恒的“母题”.陕北面花无论从题材上、还是从造型都坦诚的反映陕北民间劳动者对生殖生命的真挚向往与渴求.

面花题材上,陕北人民赋予自然界中许多动植物生命的寓意,并围绕“生命繁衍”这个主题,将面花内涵加以升华.例如,鱼戏莲、老鼠吃葡萄、鱼钻莲、蛇盘兔、葫芦生子、凤穿牡丹等面花,巧手农妇用面捏出的鱼、莲、老鼠、南瓜、葫芦、葡萄等形态,并非被其外形所吸引,而是其多子的功能属性,这一系列高扬生殖与生命意识的生物,流露出其对生命与自然的深深的眷恋.

陕北婚俗里经典之作“混沌礼馍”,长两尺有余,上塑有龙有凤,或鱼戏莲,“鱼钻莲”、“凤穿牡丹”.“鱼在中国传统文化中很早开始指代情偶了”,也因此在面花中被广泛加以比附和引用,一方面是因为鱼多子;另一方面是源于鱼的外形具有男阴的外部特征,莲又是生命力极强的植物,根茎可以蔓延再生,莲房又是蕴含生命的地方,把莲花比作女性就显而易见了,而婚俗中面花上“鱼戏莲”“鱼钻莲”则指阴阳相交,男女相合的生殖祈盼.

面花在造型上,阴阳相合的繁衍意识体现得更为明确,婚俗中的混沌礼馍底盘长两尺有余,底盘浑圆,两头慢慢变细形似鱼尾向中间卷成两个圆形,酷似如意,头部工艺精湛,多为连体双鱼,或双兔双虎,尾部却浑然一体.原来这种造型表示阴阳和合,化身万物,在混沌底盘上捏塑“鱼戏莲”、“龙与凤”这些造型进一步表现男女调情相合的隐喻.

“罐”是清明节陕北人民为祭奠亡灵,缅怀先祖蒸的花馍,有祭祀的“掰子罐”,和全家人用来食用的“人口罐”,“掰子罐”又称“百子罐”,是一圆形大馍和馍上小鸟组成,祭祀时将一部分掰子罐掰成块放入水中,泼洒坟前,其余带回家分食,“掰子罐”是人们将繁衍后代的希望寄托先祖,意为掰开就生贵子,或生百子,祈愿子孙兴旺.“人口罐”则是在圆形大馍里藏一个鸡蛋,花馍以每个人当时所用器物为主表达寓意,捏塑老鸡孵小鸡或燕子孵卵造型的人口罐,则是祈求子孙繁衍,罐馍内藏鸡蛋,用以象征母体的罐中孕育新的生命,可见生命繁衍的主题在民俗生活中随处可见.

民间美术产生于形形色色的民俗事象中,陕北人民用心血和智慧将自己虔诚的信念和希望淋漓尽致地表现在亲手创造的面花形象上,面花都被赋予了新的生命,它是民俗的产物,随着人们生活方式的改变,它的生存基础将被削弱,只有对面花这种文化现象进行深刻剖析,才能使它健康合理的传承和发展.

参考文献:

[1]郭庆丰.纸人记:黄河流域民间艺术考查手记[M].上海:上海三联出版社,2006.

[2]靳之林.中国民间美术[M].北京:五洲传播出版社,2004.

[3]潘鲁生,唐家路.民艺学概论[M].济南:山东教育出版社,2002.

[4]王宁宇,党荣华.陕西民间美术研究(第一卷)[M].西安:陕西人民美术出版社,1988.

艺术类毕业论文提纲

英语论文提纲范文样本

英语专业论文提纲范文样本

下面是我整理的英语专业论文提纲范文样本,希望对大家有所帮助。

Class XXX Number XXX Name XXX

Abstract: Nida, a famous translator, says, "For truly successful translation, it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages, because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures."(Background information) This is to say, translation is closely related with not only languages but also cultures. Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete. In the last twenty years, idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication, but cultural differences were rarely involved in it.(Identify problem) This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms, then studies English-Chinese\Chinese-English idiom translation methods(Research subject) from the angle of culture(Method) and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation: pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life, when new culture emerges, new idioms also appear, therefore idiom translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)

Key Words: idioms; culture; translation

论英汉文化背景下的习语翻译

摘要: 著名翻译学家奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言,熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要,

因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景下才有意义。”也就是说,翻译不仅与语言有关也和文化有关。习语翻译中对文化差异的研究在中国的翻译领域中仍然较弱,专门对中英习语翻译的研究还不很完善。近20年来,习语翻译大多强调语际的交流,而很少涉及文化差异。本文通过分析中英习语的文化差异,进而从文化角度研究中英习语翻译方法,并指出中英习语翻译要注意的问题:联系上下文,选择与原文风格,意思相符的`翻译;文化是一种生活方式,文化在变化,出现新的习语,习语翻译要与时俱进。

关键词: 习语;文化;翻译

1. Introduction

Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression

that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)

2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms

The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms Geographical Conditions

The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.

Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of

Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping, 2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)

For example, "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼 An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 错过机会

Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进

A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples)

On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as "骨瘦如柴,对牛弹琴, 众人拾柴火焰高,竹篮打水一场空......". Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like "海角天涯,海枯石烂,海阔天空,海底捞针,海市蜃楼......". (Analysis)

History

The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms

Colours

Numbers

3. Methods of Idiom Translation

Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:

Literal Translation

Free Translation

Translation with Notes

Replacement with Similar Idioms

The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning

A Combination of Literal and Free Translation

4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation

5. Conclusion

One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others' feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)

References

[*] 作者. 书名(英语的斜体). (出版地:)出版社,年份:参考内容页码 [*] 作者. 文章名(英语的斜体). 刊物名称. (出版地:)出版社,年份

[1] Li Mei. Mother tongue and translation. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press,2008

[2] Li Qingming. A Comparison of the Cultures between the Chinese and English Language. Xi'an: Northwest University of technology Press, 2007

[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982

[4] Nida Eugene. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993

[5] Susan Bassnett, Andre Lefevere. Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1987

[6] Luo Shiping. A Research on English Idioms. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006

[7] Li Yuping. English Idioms and their Cultural Origin. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2008

[8] Yin Li. English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture. Beijing: Bejing university Press, 2007

[9] Zhang Yajun. A Kaleidoscope of Chinese Culture. Beijing: Sinolingua, 2008\

[10] 李云(Li Yun).《新编大学翻译教程》. 北京:世界知识出版社, 2007 [11] 马爱英(Ma Aiying).《中英文化翻译》. 北京:科学出版社, 2006

英语毕业论文提纲模板

紧张又充实的`大学生活即将结束,毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文,毕业论文是一种有准备的检验学生学习成果的形式,毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢?以下是我整理的英语毕业论文提纲模板,希望能够帮助到大家。

Acknowledgements 4-6

Contents 6-10

List of Figures 10-12

List of Tables 12-20

Abstract 20-22

摘要 23-25

Chapter 1 Introduction 25-32

Purpose of the study and research questions 28-29

Significance of the study 29-30

Organization of the study 30-31

A note on terminology 31-32

Chapter 2 Literature review 32-51

T/TP and coherence in English writing 32-35

Defining coherence 32-33

T/TP as means to realize coherence 33-35

T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 35-42

T/TP and coherence in EFL/ESL writing 35-37

T/TP in EFL/ESL writing as compared to NS writing 37-42

T/TP in English research articles by EFL/ESL scholars 42-44

The factors that influence T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 44-47

Training in T/TP 47-49

Summary 49-51

Chapter 3 Theoretical background 51-70

Systemic Functional Grammar 51-55

Five dimensions of language as a semiotic system 51-53

Three metafunctions of language as a functional system 53-54

Three lines of meaning from metafunctions 54-55

Theme and thematic progression 55-70

Theme 56-62

Thematic progression 62-70

Chapter 4 Research Design 70-88

The participants and the educational context 70-73

Background of the participants and the participating school 70

The allocation of participants to the training 70-71

The sample sizes 71-72

The pilot study 72-73

The interventional procedures 73-74

The questionnaire 74-75

The training 75-80

Considerations behind the training 75-76

The training material 76-79

The role of the researcher as the trainer 79-80

Data analysis 80-86

Analysis of the writing 80-86

Analysis of the questionnaire 86

Ethical considerations 86-88

Informed consent 86-87

Anonymity 87

Harm 87-88

Chapter 5 Results and analysis of pre-training writing 88-115

Comparison of Themes in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 88-102

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 88-91

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 91-95

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 95-100

Interpersonal Themes 100-102

Comparison of thematic progression in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 102-110

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 102-107

Back,contextual and new Themes 107-110

Summary 110-115

Chapter 6 Results and analysis of post-training writing 115-137

Comparison of Themes in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 115-129

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 115-117

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 117-121

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 121-126

Interpersonal Themes 126-129

Comparison of thematic progression in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 129-132

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 129-131

Back,contextual and new Themes 131-132

Summary 132-137

Chapter 7 Results and analysis of pre- and post- training writing 137-155

Comparison of Themes in pre- and post- training writing 137-147

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 137-139

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 139-142

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 142-145

Interpersonal Themes 145-147

Comparison of thematic progression in pre- and post- training writing 147-150

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 147-149

Back,contextual and new Themes 149-150

Summary 150-155

Chapter 8 Results and analysis of the questionnaire 155-165

Findings from closed questions 155-160

EEL participants' general attitude to training on T/TP 155-157

EEL participants' perception of the usefulness of the training on T/TP 157-158

EEL participants' perception of the learnability of T/TP 158-159

EEL participants' perception of the applicability of T/TP in writing 159-160

Findings from open questions 160-164

The changes that occurred 161-162

The perceived difficulty of applying the theory of T/TP in writing 162-163

The reasons for the perceived difficulty in learning 163

EEL participants' suggestions for future training 163-164

Summary 164-165

Chapter 9 Discussion 165-195

Findings with regard to research questions 165-187

Chinese college students' use of T/TP in pre-training writing 165-172

Chinese college students' use of T/TP in post-training writing 172-181

Effects of the training on T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 181-187

Positioning the study within the literature 187-190

T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 187-189

Effects of training on Chinese college students' use of T/TP 189-190

Implications 190-194

Pedagogical implication 190-193

Methodological implication 193-194

Limitations 194-195

Chapter 10 Conclusion 195-200

Summary 195-197

Putting everything together 197-199

Suggestions for future work 199-200

Notes 200-202

References 202-214

Appendix 1: Plan for the interventional procedures 214-215

Appendix 2: The post-training questionnaire 215-217

Appendix 3: Training material 217-229

Appendix 4: Teachers' guide to the training 229-237

Appendix 5: Consent form for EEL group 237-238

Appendix 6: Consent form for CEL group 238-239

Appendix 7: Consent form for NS group 239

中文摘要 3-4

ABSTRACT 4

Chapter One Introduction 7-10

Motivation of the present study 7-8

Significance of this study 8

Composition of this thesis 8-10

Chapter Two Literature Review 10-19

Language production 10-14

L1 Production 10-11

L2 Production 11-12

Dimensions of language production 12-14

Theories on oral output 14-15

Skehan’s dual-model system 14

Swain’s Output Hypothesis 14-15

Task Repetition 15-17

Task 15-16

Task repetition 16-17

Relevant studies on effects of task repetition on L2 oral output 17-19

CHARPTER THREE THE CURRENT STUDY 19-25

Research justification and questions 19

Hypothesis 19-20

Methods 20-25

Participants 20-21

Material 21

Research design 21-23

Measures 23-25

Chapter Four Results and Discussion 25-41

Results and Analysis 25-34

Quantitative analysis 25-27

Qualitative analysis 27-34

Discussion 34-41

Fluency 34-36

Complexity 36-38

Accuracy 38-39

interlanguage development path of learner L 39-41

Chapter Five Conclusions 41-44

Conclusion and implication 41-43

Limitations and recommendations 43-44

Acknowledgements 44-45

References 45-49

Appendixes 49-54

A. Instructions of the experiment 49-50

B. The same-content task 50-51

C. The different-content task 51-52

D. Sample of oral pre-task 52-53

E. Sample of oral post-task 53-54

F. Sample of writing repetition task 54

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

Research Background

Significance of the Study

Research Goals and Questions

Data Collection and Methodology

Analysis Procedures

Organization of the Thesis

Chapter 2 Literature Review

Introduction to Appraisal Theory

Studies on Appraisal Theory

Studies on Appraisal Theory Abroad

Studies on Appraisal Theory at Home

Studies on Personal Statements

Introduction to Personal Statement

Summary

Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework

An Overview of Attitude System

Affect Resources

Judgment Resources

Social Esteem

Social Sanction

Appreciation Resources

Interactions of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation

Borders of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation

Summary

Appendix 1: Papers Published during Graduate Studies

Appendix 2: Some Samples of the Study

References

Acknowledgements

英文论文提纲范文

在各领域中,大家最不陌生的就是论文了吧,论文是讨论某种问题或研究某种问题的`文章。你知道论文怎样写才规范吗?以下是我精心整理的英文论文提纲范文,希望能够帮助到大家。

论文的规格:正文长度5,500-8,500单词。

使用的语言:英语

论文分题目、引言、正文、参考文献、致谢等部分。

引文要注明出处。直接引用要加引号,间接引文要以转述的方式出现。然后以括号把引文来源写清楚:(作者名,年份,引文所在页码)

论文正文部分:

1、题目大写,三号字,新时代罗马字,大写下面可写一个附标题,4号字;

2、作者名,5号字,班级,学号

3、指导教师名,5号字,职称

4、摘要:用300词,5号字,英文一页,中文一页

5、关键词:不能用专有名词,词与词之间空四格(或一个tab键),不加标点符号

6、正文:用5号字,

大部分标题用5号字黑体、小部分、小小部分。大部分用罗马字,小不分用一般数字符号:

引言:引入正题,不超过2段

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x.

ii. , , , , …

iii. , , , , , / . …

结论

7、参考文献(bibliography):先英文,后中文

作者名,出版年月,文章名/书刊名,出版社,地点

8、致谢(acknowledgement)

英语毕业论文提纲范例:

题目:基于语料库的英语不规则动词过去式的社会语言学变异研究

Contents

Introduction

Chapter 1 Literature Review

General Studies of English Irregular Verbs

Studies of the Variations of Irregular Verbs

Summary

Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework

Foundational Studies of Variationist Sociolinguistics

Variationist Sociolinguistics: Key Concepts and the Principle of Accountability

Analytical Methods in Variationist Sociolinguistics

Summary

Chapter 3 Diachronic Change of PTFs of Irregular Verbs in COHA

Methodology and Data Visualization

Data Analysis

Discussion and Conclusions

Summary

Chapter 4 Synchronic Variation of PTFs of Irregular Verbs

Introduction and Data

Principle Components Analysis

Register Variation of PTF of Irregular Verbs in BNCweb

User-related Variation of PTFs of Irregular Verbs in BNCweb

Discussion and Conclusions

Summary

Conclusion

Bibliography

Acknowledgements

论文提纲范文样本英语

英语专业论文提纲范文样本

下面是我整理的英语专业论文提纲范文样本,希望对大家有所帮助。

Class XXX Number XXX Name XXX

Abstract: Nida, a famous translator, says, "For truly successful translation, it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages, because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures."(Background information) This is to say, translation is closely related with not only languages but also cultures. Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete. In the last twenty years, idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication, but cultural differences were rarely involved in it.(Identify problem) This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms, then studies English-Chinese\Chinese-English idiom translation methods(Research subject) from the angle of culture(Method) and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation: pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life, when new culture emerges, new idioms also appear, therefore idiom translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)

Key Words: idioms; culture; translation

论英汉文化背景下的习语翻译

摘要: 著名翻译学家奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言,熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要,

因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景下才有意义。”也就是说,翻译不仅与语言有关也和文化有关。习语翻译中对文化差异的研究在中国的翻译领域中仍然较弱,专门对中英习语翻译的研究还不很完善。近20年来,习语翻译大多强调语际的交流,而很少涉及文化差异。本文通过分析中英习语的文化差异,进而从文化角度研究中英习语翻译方法,并指出中英习语翻译要注意的问题:联系上下文,选择与原文风格,意思相符的`翻译;文化是一种生活方式,文化在变化,出现新的习语,习语翻译要与时俱进。

关键词: 习语;文化;翻译

1. Introduction

Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression

that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)

2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms

The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms Geographical Conditions

The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.

Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of

Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping, 2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)

For example, "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼 An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 错过机会

Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进

A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples)

On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as "骨瘦如柴,对牛弹琴, 众人拾柴火焰高,竹篮打水一场空......". Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like "海角天涯,海枯石烂,海阔天空,海底捞针,海市蜃楼......". (Analysis)

History

The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms

Colours

Numbers

3. Methods of Idiom Translation

Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:

Literal Translation

Free Translation

Translation with Notes

Replacement with Similar Idioms

The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning

A Combination of Literal and Free Translation

4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation

5. Conclusion

One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others' feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)

References

[*] 作者. 书名(英语的斜体). (出版地:)出版社,年份:参考内容页码 [*] 作者. 文章名(英语的斜体). 刊物名称. (出版地:)出版社,年份

[1] Li Mei. Mother tongue and translation. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press,2008

[2] Li Qingming. A Comparison of the Cultures between the Chinese and English Language. Xi'an: Northwest University of technology Press, 2007

[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982

[4] Nida Eugene. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993

[5] Susan Bassnett, Andre Lefevere. Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1987

[6] Luo Shiping. A Research on English Idioms. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006

[7] Li Yuping. English Idioms and their Cultural Origin. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2008

[8] Yin Li. English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture. Beijing: Bejing university Press, 2007

[9] Zhang Yajun. A Kaleidoscope of Chinese Culture. Beijing: Sinolingua, 2008\

[10] 李云(Li Yun).《新编大学翻译教程》. 北京:世界知识出版社, 2007 [11] 马爱英(Ma Aiying).《中英文化翻译》. 北京:科学出版社, 2006

英语毕业论文提纲模板

紧张又充实的`大学生活即将结束,毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文,毕业论文是一种有准备的检验学生学习成果的形式,毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢?以下是我整理的英语毕业论文提纲模板,希望能够帮助到大家。

Acknowledgements 4-6

Contents 6-10

List of Figures 10-12

List of Tables 12-20

Abstract 20-22

摘要 23-25

Chapter 1 Introduction 25-32

Purpose of the study and research questions 28-29

Significance of the study 29-30

Organization of the study 30-31

A note on terminology 31-32

Chapter 2 Literature review 32-51

T/TP and coherence in English writing 32-35

Defining coherence 32-33

T/TP as means to realize coherence 33-35

T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 35-42

T/TP and coherence in EFL/ESL writing 35-37

T/TP in EFL/ESL writing as compared to NS writing 37-42

T/TP in English research articles by EFL/ESL scholars 42-44

The factors that influence T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 44-47

Training in T/TP 47-49

Summary 49-51

Chapter 3 Theoretical background 51-70

Systemic Functional Grammar 51-55

Five dimensions of language as a semiotic system 51-53

Three metafunctions of language as a functional system 53-54

Three lines of meaning from metafunctions 54-55

Theme and thematic progression 55-70

Theme 56-62

Thematic progression 62-70

Chapter 4 Research Design 70-88

The participants and the educational context 70-73

Background of the participants and the participating school 70

The allocation of participants to the training 70-71

The sample sizes 71-72

The pilot study 72-73

The interventional procedures 73-74

The questionnaire 74-75

The training 75-80

Considerations behind the training 75-76

The training material 76-79

The role of the researcher as the trainer 79-80

Data analysis 80-86

Analysis of the writing 80-86

Analysis of the questionnaire 86

Ethical considerations 86-88

Informed consent 86-87

Anonymity 87

Harm 87-88

Chapter 5 Results and analysis of pre-training writing 88-115

Comparison of Themes in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 88-102

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 88-91

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 91-95

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 95-100

Interpersonal Themes 100-102

Comparison of thematic progression in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 102-110

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 102-107

Back,contextual and new Themes 107-110

Summary 110-115

Chapter 6 Results and analysis of post-training writing 115-137

Comparison of Themes in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 115-129

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 115-117

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 117-121

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 121-126

Interpersonal Themes 126-129

Comparison of thematic progression in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 129-132

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 129-131

Back,contextual and new Themes 131-132

Summary 132-137

Chapter 7 Results and analysis of pre- and post- training writing 137-155

Comparison of Themes in pre- and post- training writing 137-147

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 137-139

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 139-142

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 142-145

Interpersonal Themes 145-147

Comparison of thematic progression in pre- and post- training writing 147-150

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 147-149

Back,contextual and new Themes 149-150

Summary 150-155

Chapter 8 Results and analysis of the questionnaire 155-165

Findings from closed questions 155-160

EEL participants' general attitude to training on T/TP 155-157

EEL participants' perception of the usefulness of the training on T/TP 157-158

EEL participants' perception of the learnability of T/TP 158-159

EEL participants' perception of the applicability of T/TP in writing 159-160

Findings from open questions 160-164

The changes that occurred 161-162

The perceived difficulty of applying the theory of T/TP in writing 162-163

The reasons for the perceived difficulty in learning 163

EEL participants' suggestions for future training 163-164

Summary 164-165

Chapter 9 Discussion 165-195

Findings with regard to research questions 165-187

Chinese college students' use of T/TP in pre-training writing 165-172

Chinese college students' use of T/TP in post-training writing 172-181

Effects of the training on T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 181-187

Positioning the study within the literature 187-190

T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 187-189

Effects of training on Chinese college students' use of T/TP 189-190

Implications 190-194

Pedagogical implication 190-193

Methodological implication 193-194

Limitations 194-195

Chapter 10 Conclusion 195-200

Summary 195-197

Putting everything together 197-199

Suggestions for future work 199-200

Notes 200-202

References 202-214

Appendix 1: Plan for the interventional procedures 214-215

Appendix 2: The post-training questionnaire 215-217

Appendix 3: Training material 217-229

Appendix 4: Teachers' guide to the training 229-237

Appendix 5: Consent form for EEL group 237-238

Appendix 6: Consent form for CEL group 238-239

Appendix 7: Consent form for NS group 239

中文摘要 3-4

ABSTRACT 4

Chapter One Introduction 7-10

Motivation of the present study 7-8

Significance of this study 8

Composition of this thesis 8-10

Chapter Two Literature Review 10-19

Language production 10-14

L1 Production 10-11

L2 Production 11-12

Dimensions of language production 12-14

Theories on oral output 14-15

Skehan’s dual-model system 14

Swain’s Output Hypothesis 14-15

Task Repetition 15-17

Task 15-16

Task repetition 16-17

Relevant studies on effects of task repetition on L2 oral output 17-19

CHARPTER THREE THE CURRENT STUDY 19-25

Research justification and questions 19

Hypothesis 19-20

Methods 20-25

Participants 20-21

Material 21

Research design 21-23

Measures 23-25

Chapter Four Results and Discussion 25-41

Results and Analysis 25-34

Quantitative analysis 25-27

Qualitative analysis 27-34

Discussion 34-41

Fluency 34-36

Complexity 36-38

Accuracy 38-39

interlanguage development path of learner L 39-41

Chapter Five Conclusions 41-44

Conclusion and implication 41-43

Limitations and recommendations 43-44

Acknowledgements 44-45

References 45-49

Appendixes 49-54

A. Instructions of the experiment 49-50

B. The same-content task 50-51

C. The different-content task 51-52

D. Sample of oral pre-task 52-53

E. Sample of oral post-task 53-54

F. Sample of writing repetition task 54

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

Research Background

Significance of the Study

Research Goals and Questions

Data Collection and Methodology

Analysis Procedures

Organization of the Thesis

Chapter 2 Literature Review

Introduction to Appraisal Theory

Studies on Appraisal Theory

Studies on Appraisal Theory Abroad

Studies on Appraisal Theory at Home

Studies on Personal Statements

Introduction to Personal Statement

Summary

Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework

An Overview of Attitude System

Affect Resources

Judgment Resources

Social Esteem

Social Sanction

Appreciation Resources

Interactions of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation

Borders of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation

Summary

Appendix 1: Papers Published during Graduate Studies

Appendix 2: Some Samples of the Study

References

Acknowledgements

英美文学类论文提纲模板范本

英美文学类英语论文提纲范文

I. Introduction

The Author——Margaret Mitchell

The Novel——Gone with the Wind

II. The Effect of Scarlett’s Character on Her Marriages

Self Willfulness——the Failure of Love

Stubbornness——Losing Herself

Selfishness——Married With Her Sister’s Fiancé

Obstinacy——Missing the Third Marriage

III. On the Marriage Value from Scarlett’s Marriages

The First Marriage of Scarlett

The Second Marriage of Scarlett

The Third Marriage of Scarlett

IV. The Inevitability of Scarlett’s Marriage Failure

The Effect of Her Views on Life

Leaving the Hope to Tomorrow

Egocentrism

Emotional Conflicts and Radical Changes

The Effect of Her Values

The Vanity of Scarlett

The Contradictoriness between Substantial Value and Immaterial Value

5. Conclusion

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