seats论文参考文献
Are you investing in the right industry?Does the term book-to-bill ratio sound familiar to you? Do you know the demand and supply numbers of private condominiums in Singapore for the next year ? If you do, you must have already performed some sort of industry analysis on the electronics and property industries (or sectors as commonly referred to in stockmarket terms).Most investment processes include some sort of industry analysis. This is important because many studies have shown that over a period of time, some industries have per-formed better than others. For example, between 1987 and 1996, banking stocks in Singapore have generated better returns than other industries such as shiprepair. Industry analyses will uncover these performance differences and help identify both unprofitable and profitable opportunities(situations).It is also important to note that past performance alone will not help predict future performance. The factors or conditions that helped an industry to prosper in the past will change over time. Identifying and studying these factors will provide some clues to the entry and exit points of the investments. Going back to our earlier example, economic growth is an important criterion for banks' earnings. Between 1987 and 1996, Singapore enjoyed an uninterrrupted average GDP growth of . This allowed the banks' earnings to grow at a compound rate of when the broader market generated only growth. With GDP growth decelerating because of the Asian crisis, can we maintain the same sanguine outlook for the banks?Having determined that industry analyses are important for successful investing, the next step is to find out how we can go about doing one. There is no generic framework that is applicable to all industries, but there are commonalities which we can identify. In a free market economy, demand and supply are key determinants of price, and price is always an important contributor to any profit-driven organisation. Hence, a successful indstry ana-lysis will have to identify the underlying fac-tors driving demand and that drive demand vary across industries, and are too numerous to list. However, it is important to note that demand can be categorised as "seasonal", "cyclical" or "secular". As the word suggests, seasonal fac-tors recur year after year. Cyclical factors, on the other hand, followvery closely to the economic cycles of the market. Secular factors are more long term in nature. Seasonality or economic cycles will have minimal impact on secular an airline as an illustration. Most Singaporeans take their vacation in December. That is why airline seats are difficult to secure during that time. This is the seasonal factor because it occurs every year around the same time. Having said that, Singaporeans usually take vacations more frequently when the economy is doing well, and less so during reccessionary times. The rise and fall in demand in accordance to economic activities is the cyclical factor. Finally, the middle class population in Singapore has been rising over the last 20 years. This group is generally more affluent. Part of the lifestyle usually includes taking regular vacations to exotic destinations. Such lifestyle doesn't change annually, nor does it follow the ups and downs of economic growth. The demand for air travel will grow so long as the middle class population continues toincrease. This is an example of secular demand factors into these categories is very useful. As long-term inves-tors, we do not want to be constantly reacting to signs that are short term and volatile in nature such as seasonal, and to a lesser extent, cyclical trends. Buying and selling stocks based on these short-term trends are not only expensive (brokerage cost) but difficult to time as well. Instead, we should focus on long-term trends. They usually have a longer and more permanent impact on share key factor in identifying an attractive industry is pricing power. The ability of an industry to price its product at a profitable level without compromising its business pros-pect is important, and this is affected by many factors. Inelastic demand allows the tobacco producers to maintain good profits despite the rapidly rising tariffs all these years. Barriers to entry is another factor. Mobile-phone charges used to be very expensive because there was only Singapore Telecom providing the ser-vice (monopoly). With increased competition from M1, rates have been declining gradually. All things being equal, the more competitive the industry is, the lower the pricing power, and hence profits. Competition may be good for the consumers, but it seldom benefits the shareholders. Another factor that will impact the com-petitive environment of an industry is the cost structure. In general, indsutries with high fixed costs are more competitive than those that have high variable costs. We often hear about coun-tries being accused of 'dumping steel' onto other countries. Well, this is the case in point. Steel mills are expensive to construct. But once built, the investment costs are 'sunked'. On the other hand, the running cost to produce steel is relatively low. Since there are so many steel mills around the world (almost every country has one for strategic reasons), supply is in abundance. As competition intensifies in the global market, recovering investment cost of the mills becomes a secondary objective for management. What is more important is to keep the production ongoing and sell the steel at a price that can at least cover the variable cost component. These mills will definitely be loss-making, but at least they can continue to operate and not generate serious unemploy-ment for the economy (steel industry is very labour-intensive). Having looked at the fundamental issues, do we always buy into an industry with positive trends developing? The answer is 'no'. Con-fused? Here is why. The key to any successful investments is to stay ahead of what the market is discounting. Suppose we are bullish on the outlook of the residential property sector because owning a home is every Singaporean's dream and the island has limited land supply. But this view is widely observable. Further-more, most of the residential property stocks have already outperformed the market by huge margins. These are signs that the market has probably discounted the positive conclusion of our analysis. As such, the investment upside is probably limited. Conversely, if our conclu-sion unearths new information from the gene-ral market, we may have discovered something interesting here. To confirm that we have a good find, check out the valuation to see if it is attractive. There are many valuation tools, but the commonly used ones are Price/Earnings (PE), Enterprise Value/EBITDA*, Price/Book(P/B), and Dis-counted Cash Flow (DCF). Make a cross-industry comparison as well as historical com-parison. Going back to our property example. If our conclusion is new to the market, the industry is trading at the lower end of its histo-rical PE band, and it is also very attractive on PE terms versus the other industries in Singapore...bingo! In conclusion, I would like to leave you with a brain teaser. Imagine this is 1996 and you are an investor looking at the Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) industry: DRAM is a semiconductor chip used in most electronic products such as personal computers. The business is cyclical in nature because corporate and private consumption of PCs usually rises when the economy is doing well. There are, however, two secular trends that underpin the growth in the industry. First, more and more people are buying PCs for their home and oiffice. Second, the requirement of DRAM per PC is also on the rise as processing power of computer increases exponentially. On the competitive issue, the cost to build a wafer fab is extremely high (about US$1b), and the technology is usually state-of-the-art. Besides capital and technology, there are no other significant barriers to entry. Margin for the industry had been very good because of supply shortage. This probably explained why share prices outperformed the market in 1995. The historical five-year PE band for selected stocks in the industry between 1991 and 1995 was about 10 to 100. The average PE during the period was 30. The industry is currently trading at a PE in the low teens. Would you invest in this industry? (The writer is the Investment Manager of Jardine Fleming Investment Management. This column has the support of the Investment Management Association of Singapore and the Stock Exchange of Singapore.)到这个网站上去看一下,有这篇文章的翻译,此外还有许多商务英语论文
Half-way from rags to richesApr 24th 2008From The Economist print editionVietnam has made a remarkable recovery from war and penury, says Peter Collins (interviewed here). But can it change enough to join the rich world?EyevineCorrection to this articleKNEES and knuckles scraping the ground, the visitors struggle to keep up with the tour guide who is briskly leading the way through the labyrinth of claustrophobic burrows dug into the hard earth. The legendary Cu Chi tunnels, from which the Viet Cong launched waves of surprise attacks on the Americans during the Vietnam war, are now a popular tourist attraction (pictured above). Visitors from all over the world arrive daily at the site near the city that used to be called Saigon, renamed Ho Chi Minh City after the Communists took the south in the wreckage of an abandoned M41 tank another friendly guide demonstrates a dozen types of improvised booby-traps with sharp spikes that were set in and around the tunnels to maim pursuing American soldiers. The Vietnamese not only welcome the tourist dollars Cu Chi brings in, but are also rather proud of it. They feel it demonstrates their ingenuity, adaptability, perseverance and, above all, their determination to resist much stronger foreign invaders, as the country has done many times down the centuries. These days Vietnam also has plenty of other things to be proud of. In the 1980s Ho Chi Minh's successors as party leaders damaged the war-ravaged economy even more by attempting to introduce real communism, collectivising land ownership and repressing private business. This caused the country to slide to the brink of famine. The collapse soon afterwards of its cold-war sponsor, the Soviet Union, added to the country's deep isolation and cut off the flow of roubles that had kept its economy going. Neighbouring countries were inundated with desperate Vietnamese “boat people”. Since then the country has been transformed by almost two decades of rapid but equitable growth, in which Vietnam has flung open its doors to the outside world and liberalised its economy. Over the past decade annual growth has averaged . Young, prosperous and confident Vietnamese throng downtown Ho Chi Minh City's smart Dong Khoi street with its designer shops. The quality of life is high for a country that until recently was so poor, and its larger cities have retained some of their colonial charm, though choking traffic and constant construction work are beginning to take their toll. An agricultural miracle has turned a country of 85m once barely able to feed itself into one of the world's main providers of farm produce. Vietnam has also become a big exporter of clothes, shoes and furniture, soon to be joined by microchips when Intel opens its $1 billion factory outside Ho Chi Minh City. Imports of machinery are soaring. Exports plus imports equal 160% of GDP, making the economy one of the world's most open. All this has kept government revenues buoyant despite cuts in import tariffs. The recent introduction of company taxes is also helping to fill the government's coffers. Spending on public services has surged, yet public debt, at an acceptable 43% of GDP, has remained fairly stable. Having made peace with its former foes, Vietnam hosted Presidents Bush, Putin and Hu at the Asia-Pacific summit in 2006 and joined the World Trade Organisation in 2007. This year it has one of the rotating seats on the UN Security Council. Vietnam's Communists conceded economic defeat 22 years ago, in the depths of a crisis, and brought in market-based reforms called doi moi (renewal), similar to those Deng Xiaoping had introduced in China a few years earlier. As in China, it took time for the effects to show up, but over the past few years economic liberalisation has been fostering rapid, poverty-reducing World Bank's representative in Vietnam, Ajay Chhibber, calls Vietnam a “poster child” of the benefits of market-oriented reforms. Not only does it comply with the catechism of the “Washington Consensus”—free enterprise, free trade, sensible state finances and so on—but it also ticks all the boxes for the Millennium Development Goals, the UN's anti-poverty blueprint. The proportion of households with electricity has doubled since the early 1990s, to 94%. Almost all children now attend primary school and benefit from at least basic no longer really needs the multilateral organisations' aid. Multilateral and bilateral donors together have promised the country $ billion in loans and grants this year, but with so much foreign investment pouring in, Vietnam's currency reserves increased by almost double that figure last year. At least the aid donors have learned from the mid-1990s, when excessive praise discouraged Vietnam from continuing to reform, prompting an exodus of investors. Now the tone in private meetings with officials is much franker, says a diplomat who attends them. Vietnam has become the darling of foreign investors and multinationals. Firms that draw up a “China-plus-one” strategy for new factories in case things go awry in China itself often make Vietnam the plus-one. Wage costs remain well below those in southern China and productivity is growing faster, albeit from a lower base. When the UN Conference on Trade and Development asked multinationals where they planned to invest this year and next, Vietnam, at number six, was the only South-East Asian country in the top ten. The government's programme of selling stakes in publicly owned firms and exposing them to market discipline has recently gathered pace. At the same time the switch from a command economy to free competition has allowed the Vietnamese people's entrepreneurialism to flourish. Almost every household now seems to be running a micro-business on the side, and a slew of ambitious larger firms is coming to the stockmarket. Much of the praise now being showered anew on the country is deserved. The government is well on course for its target of turning Vietnam into a middle-income country by 2010. Its longer-term aim, of becoming a modern industrial nation by 2020, does not seem unrealistic. But from now on the going may get tougher. As Mr Chhibber notes, few countries escape the “middle-income trap” as they become richer. They tend to lose their reformist zeal and see their growth fizzle. A study in 2006 by the Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences concluded that further reductions in poverty will require higher growth rates than in the past because the remaining poor are well below the poverty line, whereas many of those who recently crossed it did not have far to stench of corruptionThe Communist Party leadership openly admits that the Vietnamese public is fed up with the endemic corruption at all levels of public life, from lowly traffic policemen and clerks to the most senior people in ministries. In 2006, just before the party's five-yearly congress, the transport minister resigned and several officials were arrested over a scandal in which millions of dollars of foreign aid were gambled on the outcome of football matches. The leadership insists it is doing its best to clean up, but a lot remains to be as bad as the corruption is the glacial speed of legislative and bureaucratic processes. Proposed laws have to pass through all sorts of hoops before taking effect, with endless rounds of consultations to build consensus. The dividing line between the Communist Party, the government and the courts is not always clear. The justice system is rudimentary. Lawyers have no formal access to past case files, so they find it hard to use precedent in legal government is part-way through a huge project to slim the bureaucracy and streamline official procedures. It recently cut the number of ministries from 28 to 22. Yet for the moment the bureaucratic logjam is stopping the country building the roads, power stations and other public works it needs to maintain its growth rate. Nguyen Tan Dung, the prime minister, says that if growth is to continue at its current rate, the country's electricity-generating capacity needs to double by 2010. That seems a tall order, to put it mildly. Soaring car-ownership is leaving the country's underdeveloped roads increasingly gridlocked. In an admirably liberal attempt to limit price distortions as oil surged above $100 a barrel, the government slashed fuel subsidies in February. But one effect will be to stoke inflation, already worryingly high at in March. Bank lending surged by 38% last year as firms and individuals borrowed to speculate on shares and government is finding it much harder to manage an economy made up of myriad private companies, banks and investors than to issue instructions to a limited number of state institutions, especially as the public sector is currently suffering a drain of talent to private firms that are able to offer much higher pay. What could go wrongAll this leaves Vietnam's continued economic development exposed to a number of risks: • Rising inflation—which is hurting low earners in particular—and a growing shortage of affordable housing could create a new urban underclass among unskilled workers who have left the land for the cities. Combined with rising resentment at official corruption and the increasing visibility of Vietnam's new rich, this could cause social friction and bring strikes and protests, chipping away at the political stability that has underpinned Vietnam's strong growth and investment.• Trade liberalisation and increased domestic competition will benefit some firms and farmers but hurt others—especially inefficient state enterprises. These could join forces and press the government to halt or even reverse the reforms.• The slumping stockmarket or perhaps a property crash could cause a big firm or bank to fail. Given the country's weak and untested bankruptcy laws and financial regulators, the authorities may find it hard to deal with that kind of calamity.• Natural disasters, from bird flu to floods, could cause chaos.• The economy could come up against the limits of its creaking infrastructure and the shortage of people with higher skills. Jammed roads, power blackouts and the inability to fill managerial and professional jobs could all bring Vietnam's growth rate crashing has set itself such demanding standards that even if some combination of these factors did no more than push annual growth below 5%, it would be seen as a serious setback. The foreign minister, Pham Gia Khiem, notes that Vietnam's current growth of around 8-9% is lower than that in Asia's richest economies at the same stage in their development. Despite the risks ahead, Vietnam has already provided the world with an admirable model for overcoming war, division, penury and isolation and growing strongly but equitably to reach middle-income status. This model could be followed by many impoverished African states or, closer to home, perhaps by North Korea. If it can be combined with gradual political liberalisation, it might even offer something for China to think about.
Brief Discussion of cultural differences in the Western diet food products as geographical features, climate environment, customs and other factors, will appear in the raw materials, flavors, cooking methods, eating habits, the different degrees of difference. It is because of these differences, food products have a strong regional. Cultural differences between Chinese and Western food culture creates differences, but this difference different from the Western way of thinking and philosophy of life. Chinese people pay attention to "Heaven", Westerners focus on "people-oriented." Here we briefly turn from the following three differences between Chinese and Western food culture. First, the concept of comparing two different diets focus on "taste" of the Chinese diet, the West is a rational eating. Regardless of food color, aroma, taste, how to shape and nutrition must be assured that one day pay attention to intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on. Even the same taste, also must eat - because nutritious. The food concepts to the whole of Western philosophy is compatible. Metaphysics is the main features of Western philosophy. The object of study of Western philosophy for the reason of things, things and objects often metaphysical grounds, consistent with each other metaphysical reason, they form a metaphysical philosophy. This philosophy has brought vitality to Western culture, so that in the natural sciences, psychology and methodology to achieve a rapid development. But in other respects, this philosophy advocates greatly impeded the role, such as food culture. In the banquet, you can pay attention to tableware, attention to materials, pay attention to service, attention to vegetables, raw materials, shape and color with respect; but no matter how high-end luxury, from Los Angeles to New York steak is only one flavor, no arts to speak of. As a dish, chicken is chicken, steak is steak, even with matching, that is conducted in the session, a "French-style rack of lamb" while up mashed potatoes, side lean lamb chops, cooked green beans with the other side, plus a few pieces tomato and serve. The color contrast, but the taste of the variety of materials independent of each other, reconcile, each is different in flavor, simple and clear. Chinese people attach great importance "to eat", and "Food" proverb speaks with the day we see as important eating. As our nation for thousands of years the low level of productivity, people are always hungry, why we have a unique all else to eat the food culture, I think this is probably out of a survival need it. If as a culture to eat first thing, then there will be two phenomena: on the one hand this will eat into full play to the extreme, not only survive, but also use it to maintain health, which is "drug tonic as "the cultural basis; the other hand, eating too much attention, will make people praise of the delicious pursuit. Chinese cooking technique in pursuit of delicious almost perfection, and the Chinese people living overseas have to open a restaurant for the industry in the world we want to settle down into the root! Unfortunately, when we consider the pursuit of delicious as the first request, we have neglected the most basic food of nutritional value, many of our traditional food to go through the long slow fire hot ravioli fried and boiled, so the nutritional content of dishes destruction, many nutrients are lost during processing of the.。Hence the mention of the nutritional problems, in effect, goes to the biggest weakness of Chinese food culture. Folk saying goes: "Food, food to taste first." It is this pursuit of the delicious, down so that we ignore the true meaning of eating. Chinese cuisine in the tasting, they tend to say that this dish "delicious" dishes that "taste bad"; However, to further ask what "delicious," why "delicious," "delicious" Where, I am afraid that is not easy to clear. 。 This shows that Chinese people eating is a kind of hard to explain in words the pursuit of the "mood", that use of commonly called "color, smell, taste, shape, device," to put this "state" specific, probably still difficult to cover all his. The reason why Chinese food has its unique charm, the key lies in its taste. And delicious produce, is to reconcile, to make the food taste, cooked taste after heating, plus ingredients and excipients, flavor and seasoning to reconcile the flavor, mixed with the integration of coordination, so that complement each other, mutual penetration, perfect harmony You have me, I have you. China cuisine stresses the harmony of the United States, is the essence of Chinese culinary art of office. Dishes point the shape and color is something external, while the taste is something inherent, intrinsic rather than deliberate modification of re-appearance, flavor and not too heavy dishes expose dishes the shape and color, this is China and the United States concept of food The most important performance. In China, the diet has suppressed . pursuit of rationality, this concept with the traditional Chinese diet philosophy is consistent. As a representative of the Chinese philosophy Eastern philosophy, its distinguishing feature is the macro, intuitive, vague and elusive. Chinese food production is to reconcile Ding Nai, ultimate goal is to reconcile a kind of good taste. The stress is measured, is the overall co-ordination. It contains a wealth of dialectical thought of Chinese philosophy, all to the good taste of food, as the degree of harmonization, within the ever-changing degree of the decision of the Chinese food on the rich and richly varied, determine the characteristics of China's Cai Cai system and even every cook characteristics. Second, differences between Chinese and Western food object that the dishes are Westerners eat, it eats a large piece of meat, whole chickens and other "hard food." China's cuisine is "taste", so the Chinese cooking at the selected materials also show great randomness: many Westerners as discarded things in China are excellent raw materials, foreign chefs can not handle things, the hands of a chef in China, we can achieve the impossible. Indicates the Chinese food in the materials used for the extensive arbitrary. According to a survey of Western botanists, Chinese food has more than 600 kinds of vegetables, six times more than in the West. In fact, in Chinese cuisine, the vegetarian is a common food, meat dishes only on holidays or the standard of living is high, before entering the normal diet, so ancient it will have "fresh vegetables", which eat vegetables in the diet in the usual dominant. Chinese plant-based dishes, and Buddhist advocacy of thread 10000 wire with 1000 links. They see animals as "lives", while the plant is "no soul", therefore, advocated vegetarianism. Western diet, introducing features of their own country, I felt more than in China with emphasis on the rational nutrition, there are more developed food industries, such as canned food, fast food, etc., although the same taste, but to save time, and good nutrition, it is their country than the Chinese people generally robust body: tall, long legs, broad shoulders, muscular development; the Chinese people will look tall and skinny, short legs, narrow shoulders, weak quality color yellow. According to the Western diet was significant difference in the characteristics of the object, called the plant the Chinese character, Westerners called the animal character. In the diet, the different ways in the Western diet is very different, these differences also have an impact on the national character. In China, a banquet, no matter what purpose, there will be only one form, is everyone sitting round and round, sharing a seat. Use round-table banquet, which created a unity in form, courtesy of Fun atmosphere. Delicious food on the table's center, It is the table of people appreciate the object of taste, but also a table of people exchange feelings vehicle. People to toast each other for food and advised food, in the face of good things, reflects the mutual respect between people, courtesy of the United States and Germany. Although from the health point of view, this diet has obvious shortcomings, but it is consistent with our nation, "happy," the general state of mind, reflecting the classical Chinese philosophy "and" this area thinking of future generations, to facilitate collective emotional communication, and therefore difficult to reform so far. Western-style banquets, the food and wine, although very important, but in fact it is as a foil. Friendship is the core of the banquet, with guests sitting next to the conversation between the purpose of friendship. If the friendship of the banquet and dance analogy, it can be said that Chinese banquet is like a dance, and Western-style banquet is like a dance of men and women. Thus, Chinese style banquet dinner and the purpose of friendship is very obvious, but more Chinese banquet of friendship reflected in the All seats, while the Western-style dinner and more reflected in the friendship between the neighboring guests. 。 And Chinese food more obvious differences in the way of Western popular buffet. This method is: all the food 11 are listed, all what they want, not fixed to the seat to eat, walk free, this way to facilitate communication between individuals, the emotional, if not all of the table also reflects the the Westerners on the personality of the self-respect. 但 However, eat all of, each disturbance, the lack of a number of Chinese people celebrating together, the mood of talking. So, after all, or the difference between emotional and rational. However, this difference seems to change with the development of science and the fuzzy. More and more Chinese people to no longer focus only on food color, aroma, taste, and more emphasis on its health and nutrition of the. Also, because more people are busy working, that Chinese food can not be bothered to do than to a hamburger and convenient. As a difference in the diet also not clear when. 。 But the saying goes, "there are disadvantages also be conducive to the sword", that is, in the scientific era, Chinese and Western restaurants are still there can not be ignored on the shortcomings and disadvantages. So how to avoid and eliminate the shortcomings of both, to improve both diet and how to combine the two, how the Western diet and make greater contributions to human health. We are a group of subjects especially after careful investigation and careful comparison, here a brief talk from the following four differences between Chinese and Western food culture. !
参考论文参考文献
参考文献是指在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明，不再出现于文后参考文献中。
参考文献是论文的一个重要组成部分，不管学历高低，论文长短都存在。为了让论文有据可依，论文正文部分都会引用参考文献来增强说服力，在引用参考文献时，通常会用中括号或者其他符号标注引用序号，然后将引用的文献信息统一放到论文最后。
一、论文参考文献
1、论文中的参考文献是对某一论文或著作的合理借鉴和参考，对于毕业论文作者来说保持论文和参考文献的统一性是很重要的，正确使用参考文献可以提升我们的论文质量，让论文的观点有理有据，内容更加详实。
2、在引用参考文献时需要注意，参考文献的格式如果不正确，在进行论文查重时，会影响论文的重复率，导致论文高于实际的重复率，造成不利影响。所以我们在注重参考文献统一性的同时，还应当注意学校对论文格式的要求和参考文献的引用规则。
3、参考文献是论文科学选题的前提，是论文论述的支撑点，能够充实论文内容，给予表述论文主题内容有力的支撑。参考文献是一篇完整的高质量的毕业论文中必不可少的一部分，读者可以通过参考文献有效的找到和论文相关的资料，更加快速有效的理解参考文献内容以及毕业论文观点。
4、毕业论文参考文献引用不当一般可以分成两个方面：第一个方面就是作者随意引用，没有做到择优引用;另一个方面就是参考文献引用过量，涉嫌学术不端。这都是大家在引用参考文献时需要着重注意的。
二、写论文一般去什么网站找资料?？
1、中国知网
知网是国内最为权威的学术交流平台，包含有期刊、报纸和硕博士毕业论文等多种资源，是一个资源综合丰富并且检索体验也很好的网站，也是很适合大学生日常学习和毕业论文查资料的好去处。
2、万方数据
万方是跟知网齐名的学术数据库，涵盖有期刊、会议纪要、论文、学术成果和学术会议论文等资料数据，现刊收录较好，核心期刊比例高，收录文献质量高且类型丰富，几乎每个专业的学生几乎都能在这里找到想要的论文写作资料。
3、维普网
维普也是一种综合性数据库，收录资源主要是侧重于地方性期刊和研究方面的论文，内容大多是自然科学、工程技术、医药卫生、农林牧渔以及人文社科等方面，随着多年发展，收录资源的方面和数量也在不断更新，也是大家获取论文写作资料的重要来源。
4、读秀
读秀是由海量全文数据及资料基本信息组成的超大型数据库，有着庞大的中文书籍数据库，在读秀中可以搜到很多其他平台没有收录的书籍，并且也在不断更新期刊、文档和报纸等资源，也是一个比较全面的数据库。
5、全国图书馆参考咨询联盟
全国图书馆参考咨询联盟顾名思义，是全国图书馆资源的线上整合平台，各种公共图书馆、高校图书馆和科技图书馆等的资源都可以搜到，有着大规模的中文数字化资源库群，能够搜集到很多资料。
我们写论文中的“参考文献”又叫参考书目，根据我自己写论文的经历来看它的意思是指我们在撰写毕业论文过程中所查阅参考借鉴过的著作和报刊杂志等等一些资料，然后把它标注在在毕业论文的末尾。
一、那论文的参考文献具体是指什么呢？
二、我们在引用参考文献时需要注意什么呢？
三、我给大家讲一下参考文献格式：
1、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。
[编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名(外文可缩写)、年份、卷号、期数、页码。
[编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。
2、附录。包括放在正文内过分冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。
[M]——专著,著作
[C]——论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《xxx大学研究生学术论文集》
[N]—— 报纸文章
[J]——期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的(如知网)，但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版
[D]——学位论文 ：不区分硕士还是博士论文
[R]——报告：一般在标题中会有"关于xxxx的报告"字样
[S]—— 标准
[P]——专利
[A]——文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章
[Z]——对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字 母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见
[DB/OL] ——联机网上数据(database online)
[DB/MT] ——磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape)
[M/CD] ——光盘图书(monograph on CDROM)
[CP/DK] ——磁盘软件(computer program on disk)
[J/OL] ——网上期刊(serial online)
[EB/OL] ——网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online)
很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源。
四、经验总结
我们在写论文的时候，尤其是我们的毕业论文，说多了都是泪呀，这都是根据我自己当年写毕业论文的血泪史，总结出来的结论参考文献有三个好处：
简爱论文参考文献参考文献
从普通人角度出发，所谓的“现代女性意识”怎么在一个普通女人身上体现 建议与易卜生〈娜拉〉对照研究，最好再参看像西蒙·波娃的〈第二性——女人〉这类研究著作 别把她当英雄，当成个普通女孩，以这种前提看法再细读，必有收获。....女性独立意识——《简爱》1847年夏洛蒂�6�1勃朗特最负盛名的一部作品——简爱出版了，在那个年代，由女性作家创作的以女性作为主角的长篇小说实属难得，更可贵的是作品中体现出的女性独立意识，虽然这种独立意识在强大的社会价值观念的作用下显得有些无助甚至——在极端的情况下——有些病态。 简爱从小就可以称得上是一个桀骜不驯的人物。不论是她小时候寄人篱下时所经受的屈辱，还是女子学校那种冷漠的压抑的环境以及好友亡故所带来的痛楚，都不曾使她放弃心中的信念。她始终认为自己是一个有独立思考能力的人，有选择人生道路的权利和能力。她不愿意做花瓶一般的女人，仅仅将自己的一生供人赏玩。所以当罗切斯特试探简爱的时候，她会几近失态地说出那段具有宣言意味的告白：你以为我贫穷、低贱、难看、矮小就没有灵魂，没有感情吗？我现在同你说话，并不借助习俗、惯例，甚至不借助肉体，而是我的灵魂在同你的灵魂对话，就好像我们都经过坟墓，站在上帝脚下，彼此平等——我们是平等的。 习俗和惯例，往往是社会观念的集中体现。而小说也恰恰安排了一个很符合习俗、惯例的人物——英格兰姆小姐，作为简爱的对照。她们一个富有而美丽，一个贫穷而平凡；一个出身名门，一个孤苦伶仃；一个熟稔于一切上流社会的交际手段，而一个却与这一切格格不入。英格兰姆小姐可以被视为习俗和惯例所称羡的女性的典范。这样的念头甚至连简爱都无法抗拒……。简爱并没有骄傲地指出英格兰姆小姐的贫乏和平庸，在最后选择的关头，她所坚守的仍然是她独立思考的权力，捍卫的仍然是她个人的爱与憎。她选择了逃避、离开，或许是因为这次并不像她以往所经历过的苦难——那样的困境一个人还能够熬过去——但这次，等待是无用的。然而简爱毕竟没有选择去争取。这是否暗示着简爱内心的悲观和绝望？如果的确如此的话，那么就可以看到即使对于充满反抗精神的简爱来说，她也始终摆脱不了习俗、惯例以及它们背后的社会观念。 进而，这种社会观念更体现在书中的另一位男性角色——圣约翰身上。圣约翰笃信宗教，并以献身于上帝为自己终身的使命。他想让简爱也来参加他的终身事业，觉得简爱会理所应当的接受他的观念，即使暂时还有差异，这差异也会很快被统一到自己这边来，圣约翰以为自己的想法和简爱的想法是完全可以等同的。这种对于女性独立意识的粗暴的侵犯实际上反映出圣约翰并没有认识到或者并不承认简爱可以也应该有自己的想法。这恐怕就是当时社会观念对于女性的态度，换句话说，社会观念中的男权意识的体现。 简爱这次坚决地拒绝了，因为这次触到的是她的底线——她已经付出了巨大的代价来捍卫的主体意识。从这个意义上说，简爱可以与《玩偶之家》中的娜拉一起作为女性启蒙时期的典型形象了。 小说最终提供了一个解决个人——社会矛盾的方式，也就是桑菲尔德的大火。这场有着诺亚方舟意味的大火将一切都摧毁重来了。正因为这场大火才使得简爱回到了罗切斯特的身边，也算是找到了终生的幸福。但同样也是因为这场大火使得罗切斯特双目失明。从此罗切斯特必须依靠简爱来做他的眼睛。这或许保证了简爱在今后生活中的地位：罗切斯特再也不可能用一种高高在上的姿态来试探她了。但最终的幸福生活本身就是残缺的，因为它必须建立在一个残缺的基础上。这也意味着女性的独立意识只能建立在一个残缺的男性世界中。而真实的世界，仍然没有改变。 最后要提一句的是《简爱》中阁楼上的疯女人形象。有论者认为这个形象与简爱实则是同一个人的两面。除去其中语不惊人死不休的夸张外，这种说法颇有可取之处。试想如果简爱最终无法承受来自社会的巨大压力，同时又无法放弃自己的独立意识时，发疯就是唯一能够提供平衡的解决之道了。幸好这不是简爱选择的道路。也不是大多数面临同一困境的人所选择的道路，即使他们要为此付出更大的代价。
文献综述的参考文献论文参考文献
文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文，它是科学文献的一种。文献综述是反映当前某一领域中某分支学科或重要专题的最新进展、学术见解和建议的它往往能反映出有关问题的新动态、新趋势、新水平、新原理和新技术等等。文献综述与“读书报告”、“文献复习”、“研究进展”等有相似的地方，它们都是从某一方面的专题研究论文或报告中归纳出来的。但是，文献综述既不象“读书报告”、“文献复习”那样，单纯把一级文献客观地归纳报告，也不象“研究进展”那样只讲科学进程，其特点是“综”，“综”是要求对文献资料进行综合分析、归纳整理，使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑层次；“述”就是要求对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论述。总之，文献综述是作者对某一方面问题的历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容进行评论的科学性论文。文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，特别是阳性结果，而文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，再根据提纲进行撰写。前言部分，主要是说明写作的目的，介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围，扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。主题部分，是综述的主体，其写法多样，没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述，也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述，主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。
参考文献按照其在正文中出现的先后以阿拉伯数字连续编码，序号置于方括号内。一种文献被反复引用者，在正文中用同一序号标示。
引用一次的文献的页码（或页码范围）在文后参考文献中列出。格式为著作的“出版年”或期刊的“年，卷（期）”等+“：页码”。
多次引用的文献，每处的页码或页码范围（有的刊物也将能指示引用文献位置的信息视为页码）分别列于每处参考文献的序号标注处。
注意事项
1、搜集文献应尽量全，掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的综述。
2、 注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性，在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。
3、引用文献要忠实文献内容，由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。文献综述的作者引用间接文献的现象时有所见。
文献综述里的参考文献的格式：
1、专著： [序号]作者.书名[M].版本(第1版不著录).出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码.
2、期刊: [序号]作者.题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码.
3、会议论文集（或汇编）: [序号]作者.题名[A].编者.论文集名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码.
4、学位论文: [序号]作者. 题名[D]. 学位授予地址：学位授予单位，年份.
5、专利: [序号]专利申请者. 专利题名[P].专利国别（或地区）:专利号, 出版日期.
6、科技报告: [序号]著者. 报告题名[R].编号，出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码.
7、标准: [序号] 标准编号，标准名称[S].颁布日期.
8、报纸文章 : [序号] 作者. 题名[N]. 报纸名，年-月-日（版次）.
扩展资料
检索和阅读文献是撰写综述的重要前提工作。一篇综述的质量如何，很大程度上取决于作者对本题相关的最新文献的掌握程度。如果没有做好文献检索和阅读工作，就去撰写综述，是绝不会写出高水平的综述的。
好的文献综述，不但可以为下一步的学位论文写作奠定一个坚实的理论基础和提供某种延伸的契机，而且能表明写本综述的作者对既有研究文献的归纳分析和梳理整合的综合能力，从而有助于提高对学位论文水平的总体评价。
在《怎样做文献综述——六步走向成功》中，劳伦斯·马奇和布伦达·麦克伊沃提出了文献综述的六步模型，将文献综述的过程分为六步：选择主题、文献搜索、展开论证、文献研究、文献批评和综述撰写。
字体为小五号或六号字体。下面是几中常用参考格式：你可以参考一下。1.专著： [序号]作者.书名[M].版本(第1版不著录).出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码. 2.期刊: [序号]作者.题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码. 3.会议论文集（或汇编）: [序号]作者.题名[A].编者.论文集名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码. 4.学位论文: [序号]作者. 题名[D]. 学位授予地址：学位授予单位，年份. 5.专利: [序号]专利申请者. 专利题名[P].专利国别（或地区）:专利号, 出版日期. 6.科技报告: [序号]著者. 报告题名[R].编号，出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码. 7.标准: [序号] 标准编号，标准名称[S].颁布日期. 8.报纸文章 : [序号] 作者. 题名[N]. 报纸名，年-月-日（版次）. 9.电子文献: [序号] 主要责任者.电子文献题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].电子文献的出处或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期(任选). 10.各种未定义类型的文献: [序号]主要责任者.文献题名[Z]. 出版地：出版者，出版年.有问题留言。
田径论文参考文献刊参考文献
体育专业论文参考文献
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大学田径教育教学论文
无论是身处学校还是步入社会，大家都不可避免地会接触到论文吧，论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成。那么问题来了，到底应如何写一篇优秀的论文呢？下面是我收集整理的大学田径教育教学论文，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
1、新时期大学田径教育教学改革的措施
从大学田径教学在新时期体育教育教学活动的地位和作用上不难看出，大学师生应重视大学田径教学，并依据田径运动和项目的相关理论知识，用于大学田径教学，笔者在下文中将探讨新时期大学田径教育改革的对应举措。
、大学田径教学中应以提升学生身体素质和技能的全方位发展为教学核心，并建构田径教学系统
当前大学的田径教学内容不应局限于长短跑、起跑技术的教授，应将互动式教学和合作性教学相结合，同时采用现代化的教育手段将田径教学内容以多媒体的形式展现出来，采用探究性教学和情景式教学来提升田径教学的质量和教学效率。
、大学田径教学中应以提升教师和学生的积极性为主要目标，构建田径课程的考评系统
大学田径教学的考评内容不但牵涉到学生身体素质和技能指标元素，还要照顾到学生文化素质的培养和学习田径项目时的心理素质的考评，在实际的考评工作中应运用直接考评和间接考评相结合的方法来进行，同时在有关数量指标和质量指标的运用上，要借鉴欧美等发达国家的考评模式，融合其合理、科学、适合我国大学田径教学实际状况的先进元素，并结合我国国情进行规范性设计。
、从大学生的心智发展水准以及身体发展状况来对田径课程进行优化
大学田径教学课程的策划和设立的一个基本要素就是大学生的心智发展准和智力水准的高低———尤其是各类身体素质的实际状况，在此前提下对传统的田径课程进行规范化改良，以适应新时期的田径教学纲要和时代发展的需求。
、课程设计多元化、灵活化
第一，田径课程在国外所有的大学中都是选修课，与其它课程共同组成了大学公共体育教学项目。虽然田径运动对大学生的身心等方面都有较高的塑造价值，但这类运动并非完全适合所有学生。但是应该看到的是，田径教学项目对学生的身心健康是有极大助益的，因此，应改善教学方法，提升学生学习田径的积极性。第二，在设计田径课程教案时，应使其多元化和灵活化，只有让学生体验到田径课程的魅力，他们才会去认真学习，并养成长期运动的良好习惯。从健康的角度来说，学生唯有坚持一个或若干个体育项目的锻炼，才能全面提升其身体素质和心理素质。在田径项目的设立上不应无目的性的删减某些“危险”运动，例如：撑杆跳、110（100）米栏、铁饼、标枪、长距离障碍跑等等，因为这些运动在大学生中也有拥护者，而其本身亦有一定的教学价值。美国大学有专业的撑杆跳高“校队”，有许多崇尚冒险的学生将撑杆跳作为自己的常规训练项目。这些所谓的“高危”项目能培养学生积极进取、永不放弃的体育精神。并且，当学生完全掌握了这些运动技能以及教练对运动项目进行规划后，其危险性可以控制在一个能够接受的范畴内。因此，我国大学应依据学生的身体状况，适当开展这些“高危”项目。
、课程内容标准化、正式化
针对某一部分学生对田径运动积极性不高的情况，开展合作性学习是可行的，但是对田径运动进行游戏化则不符合田径运动发展的潮流。而国外在初中或小学不设立田径课的原因是：中小学的运动场地、老师素质和学生素质使其无法设立标准化的田径训练课程。而非标准化、休闲化的田径运动则无法体现田径运动的真谛。田径运动历经一百多年的发展过程，也进行了必要的改革。发展到如今，田径运动应该更加标准化和正规化，而教练也应将正统的田径技术和战术传授给大学生。我国大学里的田径课程，其思想和精神都是严谨的，它有一套独特的系统，并非所有的运动都适应现代的大学生。而这一论点对我国大学的田径教育课程改革具有重要的启发作用。
、课程交流国际化
欧美等发达国家已经正式形成田径技术交流圈，这使得欧洲的'前卫技术和美国高校的商业化模式相互结合，从而令欧美在田径教育上始终处于领先地位。因此，国际间的田径经验交流是极重要的。虽然改革开放给中国带来一股清新之风，但是中国目前与其它国家的田径经验交流还未形成一个交流圈，这也正是大学田径项目发展受阻的其中一个原因。尽管改革开放之后，与国外的学术交流有所增多，但直接的课程交流还很少。
、教学、训练一体化
我国大学田径课程教学是以田径技术为而核心展开的，其运动观念的树立，可以帮助我国大学生学习到“最正宗”的田径技战术。而正宗的田径技术一方面来源于生物力学原理；另一方面来自于技术解析。而研究结果表明：与田径运动的规律和运动员个人特征相符合的技术就是“最正宗”的技术。所以，田径教学不应过于呆板、枯燥或墨守成规，而应使学生了解其物理学原理，激励学生在训练中培养自己的“独门绝技”。也就是说应激励学生去发现和研讨。在进行田径教学的改革时，应采取教学、训练一体化的教学方法。该类教学方法有别于传统模式的“灌输式”教学方法，而是针对学生个体的传授和引导。使学生在体验、领悟田径运动并提升田径成绩的过程中逐渐掌握田径运动的真髓。该类教学方法有别于传统教学方法，即是说，应注重学生技能的培养，而对动作方法不进行强制要求。在新历史时期，学习型社会的概念已由一些专家率先提出。而在当今社会，只有会学习的人才是社会需要的复合型人才。所以，提倡主动学习和研究性学习是当今教学改革的新型要求。田径课程的教学和训练一体化是激励学生主动学习的最佳教学形式，它可以促使学生积极参与到教学-学习活动中去，提升学生的合作式学习能力，是未来田径发展的大势所趋。
、遵循田径课程的内在规律，调整部分课程的讲授顺序，发挥技能迁移的功用
因为田径教学学时数的减少和学生身体素质的下降，田径项目的开展在大学中遇到了阻碍。为了保障完成教学任务、不断提升教学效率，在实施田径教学的改革时，应依据田径项目的内在规律，调整教学课程的教授程序，将所有的田径项目分为走、跑、跳、投等四个教学版块。这样可以使同一环节的同一技术不再重复，从而提升教学质量。
2、结束语
因为田径教育教学在大学体育教育教学中的地位高、功能强，因此伴随新时期大学田径教学需求和培养需要，目前大学田径教育教学的问题也正在不断涌现。如何在新时代的大背景下，对大学田径教育教学进行改革，是摆在大学师生面前的一个亟待解决的新课题。对于上文所提到的一些田径改革的技巧和方法，被证明是卓有成效的。笔者希望通过本篇文章，为大学田径教学的改革提供一定的参考依据。
浅谈田径运动员身体素质和心理素质的训练
论文关键词：田径运动员 身体素质 心理素质 训练
论文摘要： 在田径运动中,运动员的身体素质和心理素质对运动完成的质量和能否取得比赛的好成绩起着决定性的作用,因此,在田径运动训练时,既要加强运动员的身体素质训练,又要加强运动员的心理素质训练。 一、身体素质的训练 1.力量素质训练。力量素质是人体最基本的身体素质,是进行一切体育活动的基础,各种体育活动都是由肌肉收缩和舒张而产生的力量牵拉骨骼进行运动,跑、跳、投等运动均离不开力量素质。力量素质好,必然地对身体控制能力强、关节的稳定性好,在运动过程中疲劳出现得较晚,可以大量减少损伤的发生,因此它在预防运动损伤中起着关键作用。短跑、跳远及跨栏运动中易发生股后肌群拉伤,这主要是由于股后群肌肉力量本身就很弱而在训练中常常又得不到到重视造成的,因此,在平时的训练中,加大股后群肌肉的力量训练,能在很大程度上减少股后群肌肉损伤。 2.平衡能力训练。机体的平衡主要是由前庭分析器来控制,如机体的位移、起伏、旋转、加速及空间位置等。而肢体的平衡则主要由本体感受器来控制,如完成动作过程中肢体的位置的控制;跑步时虽然路不平整,但也不会摔倒,也会扭伤踝关节,这正是由于本体感受器的精确控制。但是在受伤特别是关节或肌健受伤后,由于一些解剖关系发生改变,如组织的撕裂、破坏本体感受器装置及其功能也会被坏,从而失去了对肢体位置的.精确控制,极易造成再次损伤,而这一环节易忽视,,因此,在训练过程中,一定要注重平衡能力的训练,一旦出现损伤,除了进行功能性恢复训练,一定还要进行平衡能力恢复的训练。 3.耐力素质训练。田径运动损伤中慢性损伤和劳损最为多见,尤其是中长距离项目更要注意。有的损伤虽然不至于让运动员停止训练,但正由于大多数运动员都在此种情况下坚持训练,所以在长期训练积累后会出现难以痊愈的慢性损伤和劳损。中长跑时因膝关节长时间反复曲伸, 髂 胫束因此而来回地前后滑动,与股骨外 髁 之间反复磨擦,易导致膝外侧疼痛征候群等,还会引起胫腓骨疲劳性骨膜炎甚至骨折;马拉松运动员常发生膝外侧疼痛综合征,胫前肌 腱 鞘炎及足趾挤压伤。现代研究表明,系统地关节和肌肉力量耐力训练对减少这些损伤非常有效。在耐力训练的结束期还会出现的肌肉酸痛、僵硬现象,这可能是由于疲劳提高了肌肉感受系统(肌梭)兴奋性,从而使被劳损的肌群处于较长时间酸痛或僵硬状态,这种僵硬如不能及时的消除,就可逐渐积累发展成为慢性软组织损伤。因此,在每次耐力训练的结束期应做一些调整活动以放松肌肉,如:提踵、转体走、放松摆臂、踢腿等使心跳、呼吸趋于平静,使血液向全身分散,这对预防慢性运动损伤大有裨益。 4.灵敏和协调性训练。灵敏、协调素质都是较复杂的运动素质,是运动技能和各种素质在运动活动中的综合表现。大脑皮层运动动力定型的完善和神经过程灵活性是完成运动技能,动作协调稳定而且高度自动化,在活动中表现为灵活而省力。在环境条件突然发生变化时,还需要创造出新的动作来适应新的条件。这就要求神经中枢的机能活动性和分析综合能力高度发展,迅速对情况作出判断,当机立断地完成新的动作。在田径运动中,上肢和下肢的不协调、主动肌和被动肌的不协调、呼吸和用力不协调及人体和器械不协调等都是造成肌肉拉伤的重要原因。灵敏和协调性的改善可提高应激和自我保护能力,从而有效地减少运动损伤,例如,在跳远、跳高、撑杆跳等项目落地过程中,虽出现不正常的落地姿势,但如果灵敏协调性较好,可以很快调整过来,以安全的姿势落地。 5.柔韧素质训练。柔韧素质训练是预防田径运动损伤的重要素质。柔韧性包括关节活动的幅度及跨关节的肌肉、韧带、肌 腱 、皮肤的伸展性。关节活动幅度小,肌肉伸展性差是导致运动损伤的一个重要原因。加强柔韧性练习,可以提高关节肌肉的灵活性,提高中枢神经系统调节对抗肌的协调性及紧张和放松的能力,从而减少运动损伤。柔韧素质训练一定要动静结合,如果静力练习时间过长,被拉长的韧带、肌肉恢复时间又不足,不仅不能达到练习的目的,而且还可能引起关节松脱或肌肉松弛,因此,在柔韧练习中必须要辅以摆腿、踢腿等动力性练习。此外,在平时训练中柔韧和力量一定要结合进行,尤其是在力量训练之后更应采用专门的牵拉练习来帮助肌肉疲劳的恢复。 二、心理素质训练? ? 1.自我认识。自我认识是主观自我对客观自我的认识与评价,自我认识是自己对自己身心特征的认识,自我评价是在这个基础上对自己作出的某种判断。正确的自我评价,对个人的心理生活及其行为表现有较大影响。如果个体对自身的估计与社会上其它人对自己客观评价距离过于悬殊,就会使个体与周围人们之间的关系失去平衡,产生矛盾,长期以来,将会形成稳定的心理特征自满或自卑,将不利于个人心理上的健康成长。 2.自我评价。自我评价是自我意识发展的主要成份和主要标志,是在认识自己的行为和活动的基础上产生的,是通过社会比较而实现的。由于我们自我评价能力不高,往往不是过高就是过低,大多属于过高型。因此,要提高我们的自我评价能力,你就应学会与同伴进行比较,通过比较做出评价。你还应学会借助别人的评价来评价自己,学会用一分为二的观点评价自己。? 3.自我体验。自我体验是主体对自身的认识而引发的内心情感体验,是主观的我对客观的我所持有的一种态度,如自信、自卑、自尊、自满、内疚、羞耻等都是自我体验良好的自我体验有助于自我监控的发展。 4.自我监控。自我监控是自己对自身行为与思想言语的控制,具体表现为两个方面:一是发动作用,二是制止作用,也就是支配某一行为,抑制与该行为无关或有碍于该行为进行的行为。进行自我认知、自我体验的训练目的是进行自我监控,调节自己的行为,使行为符合群体规范,符合社会道德要求,通过自我监控调节自己的认识活动,提高学习效率。 参考文献: [1] 朱丽萍,吕金江.重视高校体育课田径教学[J].楚雄师范学 院学报,2006,(3). [2] 李雪峰.素质教育在高校田径教学中的运用[J].运城学院学 报,2007,(2). [3] 范军.高校田径专修学生综合素质培养对策[J].湖北体育科 技, 2009,(5). [4] 路宪法.陕西省普通高校体育教育专业田径教学现状与改 革探究[J].科技信息,2010,(3).