中俄方饮食文化差异毕业论文
1-生活方式基本没有什么。男主外女主内。男权比较重。条件好的结婚后就当家庭主妇。人都比较喜欢喝酒，其实和中国北方一样。现在流行啤酒（国家提倡）用来替代白酒（伏特加 沃特嘎）上班的时候很懒。下班了之后更不可能办事。各个地方贿赂比较严重。还可以讨价还价。基本不存钱。有多少花多少。胆子也比较大，他们的贷款利率是18%，他们还借钱买车。我工作的时候是怎么也想不通的，即便是我的工资比他高。2-饮食和中国的顺序不同第一道菜 是汤 红菜汤也好什么都好。然后是主食什么的，肉是很重要的。香肠是必须的。土豆是第二主食，土豆泥，土豆丸子，薯条。我还吃过土豆馅的饺子。俄罗斯有饺子，也算是他们的民族饮食，从西伯利亚引进，而西伯利亚从中国引进。还有煎饼，也是这么来的，不同的是，夹的东西比较甜。中午只是随便吃，因为午休就1个半小时。是不回家的。晚餐比较正统。在大家庭是有主次位子的。大家一般会喝点。你的问题涵盖面太广，如需要具体到某个问题，可以和我说。我是混血，应该回答的很全面
only found one. hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.[edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth closed. * Do not talk at an excessively loud volume. * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table. * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time. * Do not make unbecoming noises while eating. * Do not play with food or table utensils. * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners. * Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch. * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table. * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating. * Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.[edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth. * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward. * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl. * Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands. * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show. * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1]. * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon. * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you. * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right. * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon. * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either. * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.[edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate. * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done. * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.[edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right. * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right. * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself. * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers. * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served. * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left. * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished. * Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely. * Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess. * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside. * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return. * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again. * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate. * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left. * Drinks should be served from the right. * Never lean across somebody else’s plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can. * Salt & pepper should be passed together. * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do so. * You must not put your elbows on the table. * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving yourself. * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself. * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it. * Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink. * Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too. * Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails. * Try to eat all the food you are served. * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem. * Always remember “regular” manners. Remember to say "please" and "thank you".[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so. * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user. * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer food. * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead. * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates. * Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish. * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists. * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table. * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table. * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you (. parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the food. Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors). * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show respect. * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show appreciation. * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect. * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat pile.
论文摘要一般要回答五个问题：1，目的部分应简要说明研究的目的，说明提出问题的缘由，表明研究的范围及你研究的中心问题是什么，以及是在什么情况下（研究背景）谈论该问题的，从而能够说明你选题的意义。2，研究视角和研究发现，就是讲你是怎么看待这个问题的，通过你的观察，你又发现了什么问题。研究视角是非常重要的，它能够揭示你认识问题的深度，从而能够折射出你的研究在方法论方面的启示。3，研究方法应说明研究课题的基本设计，使用了什么材料和方法，如何分组对照，研究范围以及精确程度，数据是如何取得的以及经过何种统计学方法处理。往往通过这一过程来证明你的研究是科学的可信的。4，结果部分要列出研究的主要结果和数据，有什么新发现，说明其价值及局限，叙述要具体、准确，并需给出结果的可信值和统计学显著性检验的确切值。5，结论部分应简要说明、论证取得的正确观点极其理论价值或应用价值，是否值得推荐或推广等。不用“本文”或“作者”“笔者”等做主语；不要写成提纲或评论形式；字数一般控制在200字以内。
中西方饮食文化差异论文
西方人菜肴主要是让充饥，而吃肉的时候则是吃一些比较大块的肉，很多动物的内脏之类的都会丢弃，中国则会把鸡的内脏之类的创造出另外一道菜。中国人吃饭喜欢大家团聚在一起，而西方欧美国家聚餐则会比较多的礼仪。
1、中西饮食观念的差异
中国拥有着五千多年的悠久历史，拥有着非常多的灿烂文明存在。中国人也非常爱吃，每个地区都会有一些当地的特色菜系。西方的欧美国家饮食则是以面粉为主，制作的工序相对会比较的简单。
2、中西饮食对象的差异
西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”；而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的。所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。
3、中西饮食方式、餐具及礼仪的不同
在餐具方面，差异就更甚明显。众所周知，中国人包括亚洲一些黄种人的国家，使用的是筷子、汤匙，吃饭也用碗盛；而西方人呢，则是盘子盛食物，用刀叉即切即吃，喝汤则有专门的汤匙。筷子与刀叉作为东西方最具代表性的两种餐具，筷子和刀叉影响了东西方不同的生活方式，代表着不同的两种智慧。着名的物理学家、诺贝尔物理奖获得者李政道博士，在接受一位日本记者采访时，也有一段很精辟的论述：“中华民族是个优秀民族，中国人早在春秋战国时期就使用了筷子。如此简单的两根东西，却是高妙绝伦地运用了物理学上的杠杆原理。筷子是人类手指的延伸，手指能做的事它几乎都能做，而且不怕高温与寒冷。真是高明极了！”
4、中西饮食性质的差异
饮食观念的不同，使西方饮食倾向于科学、理性，中国饮食倾向于艺术、感性。烹调出自饮食，饮食原来是一个旨在供给维持生命的营养。西方饮食习俗的着重点仅仅是原始的饮食实用性的延伸；而中国饮食习俗中对味的偏重，就把饮食推向了艺术的殿堂。从这两种饮食观可以看出：西方饮食日趋规范化，中，国饮食随意性大。
一，饮食观念不同，比如西方人侧重营养，中国人注重美味。二，饮食方式不同，比如西方人侧重交谊，中国人注重气氛和愉悦。三，饮食习惯不同，比如西方人习惯用刀叉，中国人习惯用筷子四，饮食环境不同，比如西方人注重精致，中国人注重排场五，饮食口味不同，比如西方人吃甜食，中国人大多以咸为主。以上只是概略性的说明，你可以展开论述。可参照：略谈中西方饮食文化差异 餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。 这里简要从下面三个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 对比注重“味”的中国饮食，西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配；但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式羊排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。 中国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平，人们总是吃不饱，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，我想，这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事，那么就会出现两种现象：一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致，不仅维持生存，也利用它维持健康，这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础；另一方面，对吃的过份重视，会使人推崇对美味的追求。 在中国的烹调术中，对美味追求几乎达到极致，以至中国人到海外谋生，都以开餐馆为业，成了我们在全世界安身立命的根本！遗憾的是，当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时，我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值，我们的很多传统食品都要经过热油炸和长时间的文火饨煮，使菜肴的营养成分受到破坏，许多营养成分都损失在加工过程中了。因而一说到营养问题，实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。民间有句俗话：“民以食为天，食以味为先”。就是这种对美味的追求，倒使我们忽略了吃饭的真正意义。 中国人在品尝菜肴时，往往会说这盘菜“好吃”，那道菜“不好吃”；然而若要进一步问一下什么叫“好吃”，为什么“好吃”，“好吃”在哪里，恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明，中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”，即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化，恐怕仍然是很难涵盖得了的。 中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力，关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生，在于调和，要使食物的本味，加热以后的熟味，加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味，交织融合协调在一起，使之互相补充，互助渗透，水乳交融，你中有我，我中有你。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美，是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西，而味却是内在的东西，重内在而不刻意修饰外表，重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色，这正是中国美性饮食观的最重要的表现。 在中国，饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性，这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学，其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。中国菜的制作方法是调和鼎鼐，最终是要调和出一种美好的滋味。这一讲究的就是分寸，就是整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想，一切以菜的味的美好、谐调为度，度以内的千变万化就决定了中国菜的丰富和富于变化，决定了中国菜菜系的特点乃至每位厨师的特点。 二、中西饮食对象的差异 西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的，所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。 据西方的植物学者的调查，中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种，比西方多六倍。实际上，在中国人的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时，才进入平常的饮食结构，所以自古便有“菜食”之说，菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜，与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千缕万丝的联系。他们视动物为“生灵”，而植物则“无灵”，所以，主张素食主义。 西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时，觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配，有较为发达的食品工业，如罐头、快餐等，虽口味千篇一律，但节省时间，且营养良好，故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮：高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉；而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点，把中国人称为植物性格，西方人称为动物性格。 三、饮食方式的不同 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以，归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是，这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味，而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有，人们因为越来越繁忙的工作，觉得中餐做起来太麻烦，不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。
中美饮食文化的比较--------------------------------------------------------------------------------我的胃口非常好，而且一提到饮食我就非常兴奋，这大概就要拜我的幼儿园老师所赐了。我很少挑食，我对中西方美食都非常地喜爱。说到中美饮食的共同点，数来数去也没有几条，味道都很好，仅此一点。但提到中美饮食的不同点可就多了。首先不说食品，看使用的餐具就有很大不同，中国人用的是筷子，而美国人用的是刀叉，这就决定了食品类型的不同。中国人和美国人都吃蔬菜，但是做法却不同，中国人吃的蔬菜往往是熟的，色香味俱全；美国人吃的蔬菜常常是生的，还向里面加些沙拉酱，味道还可以，只是有的生蔬菜很冲，吃起来味道并不好，但是生蔬菜的新鲜程度就要好得多，营养也不会被破坏。中美面条的差异也很大，中国面很长吃起来有筋道，美国面很短吃起来爽口。同时这也决定了吃相，美国人的吃相似乎更文明一些，不像中国面吃一口下面要挂好长，美国面一口下去就解决掉好几根。不过我还是更喜欢中国面的味道和口感，这是美国面所不能及的。相信大家都吃过肯德基和麦当劳，虽然中美都有这些店，但是食品的质量却是不同的。中国的快餐店更多用的是油炸的方法，这样做出的食品是鲜香可口，但是造成的结果就是致病率增高，中国人的肥胖率正逐年增长。美国的快餐店多用烤的方式，自然营养许多，减低了导致肥胖的概率（实际上美国人肥胖的却不少）。但是无论在哪国的快餐店做出的制品都含有不少脂肪，所以快餐还是不能多吃，否则同样会导致肥胖。中美饮食注重的方面也不同，中国人更注重量的多少，而美国人更注重质的好坏。一顿早餐便可看出，在美国麦当劳一顿早套餐——薯饼、汉堡和水，非常简单但好吃，吃完我根本不饱，在中国我吃的可要多很多，我一定能吃到饱。美国人注重质的好坏也不是没有道理，他们吃的食品大多都很有营养，而中国人吃的营养就不够，所以美国人总是又高又大又强壮。记得在美国健身房，我费好大劲才拉起的重物，美国人只是稍微费了点劲就拉了起来，我顿时叹服。一个民族不能只有智慧，也要有一个强健的体魄，这样国家才能真正强大起来。我建议我们国家能在饮食方面做些调整，使中国人更加强壮。
only found one. hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.[edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth closed. * Do not talk at an excessively loud volume. * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table. * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time. * Do not make unbecoming noises while eating. * Do not play with food or table utensils. * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners. * Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch. * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table. * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating. * Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.[edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth. * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward. * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl. * Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands. * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show. * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1]. * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon. * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you. * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right. * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon. * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either. * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.[edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate. * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done. * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.[edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right. * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right. * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself. * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers. * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served. * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left. * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished. * Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely. * Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess. * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside. * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return. * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again. * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate. * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left. * Drinks should be served from the right. * Never lean across somebody else’s plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can. * Salt & pepper should be passed together. * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do so. * You must not put your elbows on the table. * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving yourself. * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself. * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it. * Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink. * Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too. * Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails. * Try to eat all the food you are served. * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem. * Always remember “regular” manners. Remember to say "please" and "thank you".[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so. * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user. * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer food. * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead. * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates. * Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish. * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists. * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table. * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table. * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you (. parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the food. Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors). * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show respect. * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show appreciation. * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect. * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat pile.
中俄饮食文化差异对比研究论文
1-生活方式基本没有什么。男主外女主内。男权比较重。条件好的结婚后就当家庭主妇。人都比较喜欢喝酒，其实和中国北方一样。现在流行啤酒（国家提倡）用来替代白酒（伏特加 沃特嘎）上班的时候很懒。下班了之后更不可能办事。各个地方贿赂比较严重。还可以讨价还价。基本不存钱。有多少花多少。胆子也比较大，他们的贷款利率是18%，他们还借钱买车。我工作的时候是怎么也想不通的，即便是我的工资比他高。2-饮食和中国的顺序不同第一道菜 是汤 红菜汤也好什么都好。然后是主食什么的，肉是很重要的。香肠是必须的。土豆是第二主食，土豆泥，土豆丸子，薯条。我还吃过土豆馅的饺子。俄罗斯有饺子，也算是他们的民族饮食，从西伯利亚引进，而西伯利亚从中国引进。还有煎饼，也是这么来的，不同的是，夹的东西比较甜。中午只是随便吃，因为午休就1个半小时。是不回家的。晚餐比较正统。在大家庭是有主次位子的。大家一般会喝点。你的问题涵盖面太广，如需要具体到某个问题，可以和我说。我是混血，应该回答的很全面
按这个题目到百度里搜索一下就有了，OnDifferencesBetweenChineseandWesternDietaryCultures
论文摘要一般要回答五个问题：1，目的部分应简要说明研究的目的，说明提出问题的缘由，表明研究的范围及你研究的中心问题是什么，以及是在什么情况下（研究背景）谈论该问题的，从而能够说明你选题的意义。2，研究视角和研究发现，就是讲你是怎么看待这个问题的，通过你的观察，你又发现了什么问题。研究视角是非常重要的，它能够揭示你认识问题的深度，从而能够折射出你的研究在方法论方面的启示。3，研究方法应说明研究课题的基本设计，使用了什么材料和方法，如何分组对照，研究范围以及精确程度，数据是如何取得的以及经过何种统计学方法处理。往往通过这一过程来证明你的研究是科学的可信的。4，结果部分要列出研究的主要结果和数据，有什么新发现，说明其价值及局限，叙述要具体、准确，并需给出结果的可信值和统计学显著性检验的确切值。5，结论部分应简要说明、论证取得的正确观点极其理论价值或应用价值，是否值得推荐或推广等。不用“本文”或“作者”“笔者”等做主语；不要写成提纲或评论形式；字数一般控制在200字以内。
中西方饮食文化差异论文文献
帮不了你，没写过。
按这个题目到百度里搜索一下就有了，OnDifferencesBetweenChineseandWesternDietaryCultures
1、李海芳，《浅析中西方饮食文化差异》 跨世纪（学术版），2009, 17(4) 2、 赵洪恩，李宝席.《中国传统文化通伦》 [M].北京:人民出版社，(重印）P242~2463、 姚伟钧，邓儒伯，王玉德.《中国传统文化新编》[M].武汉：华中科技大学出版社， P302 ~3074、 易艳萍，马寅初. 《西方文化背景知识选讲》[M].长沙：湖南师范大学出版社， P150~151
你可以从以下几点着手：一．餐桌礼仪概述1. 餐桌礼仪在中西方文化发展中的地位与作用。二. 各国间不同的饮食文化1. 我国饮食文化的发展及餐桌礼仪的形成。2. 英、法、美、意等国家的饮食文化发展及餐桌礼仪的形成。3. 用我国的典型食品北京烤鸭与西方国家的火鸡进行对比从而进一步比较两者差异。4. 从差异中寻求中西文化间的共同点。5. 形成中西方文化差异的根源。
中美饮食文化之差异毕业论文
美国人喜欢一日多餐，每餐适量；而中国人传统习惯一日三餐，每餐食量都较大，且现已开始有不食早餐的风气。无疑少食多餐会比一日三餐、二餐科学，特别是不食早餐更易患胆石症。 许多中国人习惯每日购买新鲜食品烹饪；美国人往往一次性购买一周的食品贮存在冰箱里，每日食用冷冻食品，且食用的罐头和腌制品分别为中国人的八倍和六倍，要知道它们含较多的防腐剂和色素等化学品，均对身体不利，这值得生活日趋简单化的都市白领一族注意的。中国许多家庭逢年过节时菜肴特别多，应酬也特别多。而美国人宴客或过节，从不铺张，连总统宴请外国元首也是五菜一羹，更不劝酒。 中国人烹调时喜欢用植物油，美国人则喜欢用含胆固醇较高的动物油。植物油为不饱和脂肪酸，不含胆固醇，因此美国人的心血管疾病发病率特别高。 中国人的烹调往往放盐较多，而美国人做菜下盐仅为中国人的一半，有的甚至完全不放盐。摄盐太多可引发种种疾病。其六、中国人烹调时爱下味精，而美国人不下味精。味精含钠，过量摄入有损健康，特别是对幼儿的发育影响甚大。 中国人进食新鲜蔬菜瓜果比美国人多得多。而美国人较中国人每日摄入的蛋白质亦多得多，但肠胃功能却因体内缺少纤维素而受到影响。虽美国的医疗条件优于中国，可他们消化系统患病率及患癌率却大大超过中国。 中国人喜爱食糙米和普通面粉，美国人则偏爱精白面粉制作的面点。实际上糙米和普通面粉所含营养物质高于精白面粉，这对日益爱食精白面粉制品的中国人是一个有益的提示。 中国人尤其是珠三角一带的群众和美国人都有爱食刺身或煎牛扒五六成熟的习惯，但美国人十分注意刺身的海鲜和牛肉的质量和卫生条件，选取深海的无污染的为必须的条件。而中国人却注意不够。 美国人餐后习惯加一份甜食，而中国人餐后习惯食水果。水果当然比甜食有益，但现在中国人又往往餐后水果再加甜食，尤其是宴席上。不少营养学家认为餐前用水果比餐后有益。 中国人往往餐后饮一杯热茶，而美国人餐后却爱饮咖啡。茶能降低胆固醇，而咖啡却会提高血脂且刺激心脏。有营养学家指出餐后半小时左右饮用热茶将更能发挥其降低胆固醇和助消化的作用。十三、美国人已意识到被称为“红肉”的牛肉、马肉和羊肉等是导致结肠癌和前列腺癌的病因之一，亦意识到红肉的脂肪也是前列腺癌及心脏病的致病因素之一，注意到一周吃一次红肉。中国的不少报刊也多次报道过红肉的问题，但目前中国人却未能引起到足够的重视。中国人尤其是广州及珠三角一带的居民爱食猪肝、肠、肺等动物的内脏，美国人则无此爱好。动物内脏含有大量的胆固醇，不宜多食。中国人普遍都喜欢豆浆、豆腐等豆制品，它不仅保持了大豆的营养，且养分更易于人体吸收，其蛋白质的消化吸收率高达92%—96%，享有“植物肉”的美称。而美国人对豆腐至今没有兴趣。 美国人习惯于分餐制，而中国人只是“非典”时实施，过后又回到了合餐制。十六、中国人炒菜时多用大火，因而油烟多，加上多不注意厨房的通风设备；而美国人不爱用大火炝锅，且厨房通风条件相当注意。因而烹饪人员及家庭主妇中患肺癌率中国人明显高于美国人。 中国人尤其是广东人特别爱饮汤，且汤的烹制上有煲、炖、滚、羹等多种形式，材料上除果蔬、禽肉、海河鲜、干货还有特有的中药材甚至野菜，无论对佐餐、养生、辅助治疗疾病都十分有助。而美国人的汤品却比较单调。
中美饮食有差异，美国人一日三餐到底吃啥？看完大开眼界
西方人菜肴主要是让充饥，而吃肉的时候则是吃一些比较大块的肉，很多动物的内脏之类的都会丢弃，中国则会把鸡的内脏之类的创造出另外一道菜。中国人吃饭喜欢大家团聚在一起，而西方欧美国家聚餐则会比较多的礼仪。
1、中西饮食观念的差异
中国拥有着五千多年的悠久历史，拥有着非常多的灿烂文明存在。中国人也非常爱吃，每个地区都会有一些当地的特色菜系。西方的欧美国家饮食则是以面粉为主，制作的工序相对会比较的简单。
2、中西饮食对象的差异
西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”；而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的。所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。
3、中西饮食方式、餐具及礼仪的不同
在餐具方面，差异就更甚明显。众所周知，中国人包括亚洲一些黄种人的国家，使用的是筷子、汤匙，吃饭也用碗盛；而西方人呢，则是盘子盛食物，用刀叉即切即吃，喝汤则有专门的汤匙。筷子与刀叉作为东西方最具代表性的两种餐具，筷子和刀叉影响了东西方不同的生活方式，代表着不同的两种智慧。着名的物理学家、诺贝尔物理奖获得者李政道博士，在接受一位日本记者采访时，也有一段很精辟的论述：“中华民族是个优秀民族，中国人早在春秋战国时期就使用了筷子。如此简单的两根东西，却是高妙绝伦地运用了物理学上的杠杆原理。筷子是人类手指的延伸，手指能做的事它几乎都能做，而且不怕高温与寒冷。真是高明极了！”
4、中西饮食性质的差异
饮食观念的不同，使西方饮食倾向于科学、理性，中国饮食倾向于艺术、感性。烹调出自饮食，饮食原来是一个旨在供给维持生命的营养。西方饮食习俗的着重点仅仅是原始的饮食实用性的延伸；而中国饮食习俗中对味的偏重，就把饮食推向了艺术的殿堂。从这两种饮食观可以看出：西方饮食日趋规范化，中，国饮食随意性大。
中美饮食文化的比较--------------------------------------------------------------------------------我的胃口非常好，而且一提到饮食我就非常兴奋，这大概就要拜我的幼儿园老师所赐了。我很少挑食，我对中西方美食都非常地喜爱。说到中美饮食的共同点，数来数去也没有几条，味道都很好，仅此一点。但提到中美饮食的不同点可就多了。首先不说食品，看使用的餐具就有很大不同，中国人用的是筷子，而美国人用的是刀叉，这就决定了食品类型的不同。中国人和美国人都吃蔬菜，但是做法却不同，中国人吃的蔬菜往往是熟的，色香味俱全；美国人吃的蔬菜常常是生的，还向里面加些沙拉酱，味道还可以，只是有的生蔬菜很冲，吃起来味道并不好，但是生蔬菜的新鲜程度就要好得多，营养也不会被破坏。中美面条的差异也很大，中国面很长吃起来有筋道，美国面很短吃起来爽口。同时这也决定了吃相，美国人的吃相似乎更文明一些，不像中国面吃一口下面要挂好长，美国面一口下去就解决掉好几根。不过我还是更喜欢中国面的味道和口感，这是美国面所不能及的。相信大家都吃过肯德基和麦当劳，虽然中美都有这些店，但是食品的质量却是不同的。中国的快餐店更多用的是油炸的方法，这样做出的食品是鲜香可口，但是造成的结果就是致病率增高，中国人的肥胖率正逐年增长。美国的快餐店多用烤的方式，自然营养许多，减低了导致肥胖的概率（实际上美国人肥胖的却不少）。但是无论在哪国的快餐店做出的制品都含有不少脂肪，所以快餐还是不能多吃，否则同样会导致肥胖。中美饮食注重的方面也不同，中国人更注重量的多少，而美国人更注重质的好坏。一顿早餐便可看出，在美国麦当劳一顿早套餐——薯饼、汉堡和水，非常简单但好吃，吃完我根本不饱，在中国我吃的可要多很多，我一定能吃到饱。美国人注重质的好坏也不是没有道理，他们吃的食品大多都很有营养，而中国人吃的营养就不够，所以美国人总是又高又大又强壮。记得在美国健身房，我费好大劲才拉起的重物，美国人只是稍微费了点劲就拉了起来，我顿时叹服。一个民族不能只有智慧，也要有一个强健的体魄，这样国家才能真正强大起来。我建议我们国家能在饮食方面做些调整，使中国人更加强壮。