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中日语言文化差异毕业论文

发布时间:2024-07-02 12:14:06

中日语言文化差异毕业论文

在高考日语中日语作文是拿高分的关键。芥末高考日语每年都会在大连外国语大学、辽宁师范大学日语系教授的指导下,分析真题的出题形式和角度,研讨高考日语的命题思路,形成教学和教育的方案,并且为大家出具高考日语作文的范文,让大家掌握高考日语作文的技巧。想要冲刺高考日语作文,在芥末高考日语复习方法的指导下,短时间内,拿高分并不难。

下面为广大高考日语考生准备了两个基础的高考日语复习方法,希望能够帮助到大家。

1、高考日语真题

真题是最好的老师,将近十年的高考日语题目总结到一起,认真观察仔细推敲,把每一篇范文都吃透。虽然说高考作文是即兴创作,但是真的的作文高手也是千锤百炼而来的,真题范文不可少。

在作文复习中,我们也要给自己掐时间,在规定时间内写好高考日语作文除了新颖的立意,构思扎实的日语功底外,还要有"知己知彼,百战不殆""的精神准备。我们要利用我们能够利用的一切来洞悉高考日语作文,毋庸置疑,历年高考日语真题就是最有利的工具。它是最权威,最真实代表出题专家思想的来源。

我们拿真题来做,不仅仅是为了做而做,更多的是研究老师们的命题思路。我们观察以下几个题目:

2018、雨の日に

2017、对细小的幸福怀有感谢的心

2016、如果有自由时间的话

2015、天气和我们的生活

2014、关于和家人一起吃饭

近五年来看的话,都是命题性的作文,共同点都很贴近高中生生活,贴近我们的实际生活都是很常规的题目。属于高考日语作文中陈述意见和感想文。所以平常练习要把这些作为重中一重。从高中的身边生活入手。

2、高考作文时的注意事项及写作技巧

在上高考考场前,考生要做到的是在15分钟内构思写出一片草稿,并且用语适当,表达形式多样化,在备考的过程中,考生应该准备一些话题范文模板,每天背诵一些好的万能句子。比如:経済の発展に伴い、教育の重要性は多くの人に知られている。像这样的句子,此处的"教育"可以灵活修改。

高考日语作文一般分为3-4段,第一段和最后一对应该前后照应题目,做到首尾呼应。表明自己观点。二三四段,每个段落应该有自己的"主题句",确定好句子,从为什么,是什么,怎么办三方面入手。使文章更加有条理性,逻辑性。

【2018年高考日语作文真题】

晴天时,我们可以安排丰富的户外活动,雨天时我们同样能够外出购物,看电影或会朋友等。雨天时,你会怎样安排自己的时间?请以「雨の日に」为题写一篇短文。

日语要学好必须每天坚持学习。为了方便大家的交流学习,也是创建了一个群每天都有分享学习方法和专业老师直播日语课程,这个裙开始是七九八中间是二11末尾是七四三,按照顺序组合起来就可以找到,免费送日语自学资料100多G网盘,学习过程中的一个氛围相互之间的交流是相当重要的,进群相互学习交流也是必不可少的。

写作要点:

「私の一日」 毎日早起(まいにちはやお)きして、颜を洗(あら)ってから散歩(さんぽ)に出(で)かけます。朝御饭(あさお饭)を食(た)べたら、そろそろ授业(じゅ业)が始(はじ)まります。午前中(ごぜんちゅう)は日本语(にほん语)の授业(じゅ业)で、先生(せんせい)はとても亲切(亲きり)に教(おし)えてくれます。日本语(にほん语)は难しいけれども、面白(おもしろ)いと思(おも)います。授业(じゅ业)の后(きさき)、自由(じゆう)にディスカッション(でぃすかっしょん)できます。お昼(ひる)の后は少(すこ)し休憩(きゅうけい)します。午后(うまきさき)、しばらく図书馆(ず书馆)で本(ほん)を読(よ)みます。それから好(す)きなスポ(すぽ)ーツ(つ)、バトミントン(ばとみんとん)やテニス(てにす)に兴じます。五时(ご时)ごろになると、学校(がっこう)のショップ(しょっぷ)で少(すこ)し买い物(もの)します。夜(よる)は映画馆或(えいが馆あるい)はネットカフェ(ねっとかふぇ)へ行(い)きます。十时(じゅう时)ごろに就寝(しゅうしん)します。 「私の一日」 私は毎朝6时半に起きます。そしてラジオの中国语の勉强を始めます。中国语の発音は大変难しいです。7时半ごろ朝ご饭を食べます。 私の家は郊外にあります。会社は町のまん中にあります。家から駅まで10分あまり歩きます。そして电车で会社へ行きます。家から会社まで55分かかります。电车はいつもたいへんこみます。会社は9时に始まります。仕事はたいてい6时に终わります。 どきどき駅からタクシーで帰ります。3分ぐらいです。170円かかります。私の会社は旅行会社にいます。支店は全国に八か所あります。仕事はたいへんおもしろいです。私はよく出张します。来周は九州へ行きます。しかし、出张はとても疲れます。日曜日はほんとんどの会社は休みます。しかし、わたしの会社はめったに休みません。社员は交替で休みます。休みの日は一か月に4回とどです。その日は昼ごろに起きます。あまり外出しません。家でゆっくり小说を読みます。夜はビールを少し読みます。そしてステレオで音楽を闻きます。ときどきテレビも见ます。 第二篇:私は日本语の専门の2年生です。毎周月曜日から土曜日までの午前学校で授业を受けます。ただ土曜日の午後と日曜日は休みです。ふだん授业を受けてとてもしんどく感じて、それに紧张します、しかし今年3级试验を受けるために、しっかり勉强しなければなりません。ですから日曜日の时にだけ、ゆっくりしてきらくになります、友达と一绪にかいものに行ったり、おいしいものを食べたりして、本当にとても楽しいです。日曜日が大好きです。汉译:我是日语专业的2年级的学生。每个星期一到星期六的上午要在学校上课。只有星期六的下午和星期日是休假。平时上课感到非常的累,还有紧张,但因为今年要报考3级,所以就要努力的学习了。只有在星期日的时候,才能好好的放松自己。和朋友们一起去购物,吃好吃的东西,真是非常开心。最喜欢星期日了。

根据日本内阁1981年颁布的《常用汉字表》(1945个)和我国通用汉字表中的一级、二级常用汉字(3500个),可以发现大约有600多个汉字存在着字形上的差异,其中属于结构字形上差异的大约有588个,如:県(县)、伞(伞)、(亲见)(亲)、気(气)、机(几)、里(里)、默(默)等;属于外貌字形上差异的大约46个,如:亚(亚)、渴(渴)、穂(穗)、鸟(鸟)等。(括号外的汉字为日本简体字,括号内为我国的简体字)。 中日汉字在字形结构上出现差异,最主要的原因还是双方在汉字字形整理中遵循的取字或用字原则有别。主要体现在以下两点: 1.日本《常用汉字表》取字比较注重“初形本义”.即所谓“传统字理”。如果从大处着眼,可以分为两大类型:一类是字形与字义两者完全契合的。如:“为、昙、碁、车、马、风、竜、贝”等字;另外一类是取字或者用字意图与本义并不完全契合,而只具有某种曲折的间接联系的。与前一类相比,后一类的情况在数量上占了绝对的优势。另外,如果数体都符合“初形本义”,即所谓“传统字理”,那么则选择以笔画少的为正体。如:“竜”与“龙”本是一对异体字,都能体现字的“初形本义”,但是由于前者笔画少,所以取其为正字。我国在整理字形时,本着从简,便于应用的原则。“整理字形的标准是:同一个宋体字有不同笔画或不同结构的,选择一个便于辨认、便于书写的形体;同一个字宋体和手写楷书笔画结构不同的,宋体尽可能接近手写楷体,不完全根据文字学的传统。” 2.从深层次上讲,日本取字、用字的原则还与其文化息息相关。字形是文字内容的形式承载,是文字能够成其为文字的物质依托。对于文字实现其消除有声语言传递的时间障碍来说,字形固然是必要条件,而文字的文化功能,特别是其文化蕴涵功能又在很大程度上是通过字形来实现的。字形是汉字文化蕴涵的镜像。同一个字如果存在不止一个字形,也就是所谓异体字,其形义之间便有了多维的联系,而这种具有多维的形义联系的字形又有更多的机会蕴涵某种文化信息。同字异形不光有历时更替的,而且也有同时共存的。汉字从传入日本到现在,受到日本语言、社会、文化等多种因素的制约,融会为日本文化的重要部分,而日本为了使汉字能够很好地表现日本文化,在汉字字形整理中不仅兼顾“初形本义”,即所谓“传统字理”,而且更是以民族文化为本位。 日本的汉字文化蕴涵 1.单字文化蕴含考 “灾”和“灾”,均属会意字。《说文,川部》: 之灾。日本列岛濒临太平洋,属于著名的地壳变动地带,自古以来就是一个多地震、火山、海啸、台风和洪水等自然灾害的岛国,日本选用“灾”字的意图不仅是因为该字形描绘的是字义所指现象发生的原因——水、火,更符合“初形本义”,而且也符合日本的自然环境。而我国简化了的“灾”的字形只是勾勒字义所指现象的典型表现——房屋遭火焚。 “羲”和“义”,“羲”为会意字,甲骨文从羊,从我(刀锯),表示用刀锯屠宰牛羊以祭祀。金文大同,篆文整齐化,隶变后楷书写作羲。而“我”是象形字,本义当为锯类工具,后假借为第一人称代词,《说文,我部》:“羲,己之威仪也”,日本依旧以“羲”为字形,未作简化,取字意图首先是为了确保该义所指概念密切联系的现象(我国则将其符号化,简化成了“义”,已无法看出字源)。另外,日本的“羲”,既不来自中国的儒学,也不来自东方佛教,是一个日本的范畴。包括良心、名誉、情面、义气等,实际上含有不让自己的名字和声誉被任何诋毁所玷污的责任。这种“羲”的责任在大量传统文学中得到赞颂,并被同武士的德等量齐观。其中最流行的就是堪称日本民族叙事诗的《忠臣藏》(又名《四十七浪人的故事》),讲的就是47位忠义浪人抛弃自己的一切,为主君挽回面子而复仇、然后集体剖腹的故事,起因就是一位地方大名自尊心受辱,觉得有损威严而已。虽然在世界文学史上并无多大的价值,但是却被选人本国的教科书,在剧院里演出,拍摄成现代电影,印成通俗出版物,成为今天妇孺皆知、日本生气勃勃的文化的一部分。 “耻”和“耻”本是一对异体字,我国以“耻”为正体选用字,日本《常用汉字表》以“耻”为正体选用字,中日正好相反。《说文》:“耻,辱也。”小篆字形作“耻”,从耳从心,会意,给人以“听到批评时,心里羞愧”这样的联想。这是“耻”之“初形本义”。“耻”写作“耻”,由会意字变成了形声字,从耳止声,这是汉字经过隶变,很多偏旁和笔画混同了,这使汉字的理据性大大减弱。因而,学者们都认为“隶书”是古今汉字的分水岭。由此可见,日本《常用汉字表》取“耻”的意图不仅是因为“耻”这个字形更符合该字隶变前的“初形本义”、“传统字理”,即该字形是以本义所指概念引出的结果来表示本义的(我国则根据从俗原则取“耻”),而且从另一方面看,日本自古以来就是一个比较封闭的社会,至今也仍然谈不上开放,封闭、保守、排外等特色依然存在。长期以来,日本人已经完全习惯了在一个狭小、封闭的集团空间中生活,每时每刻都注意着他人的眼色、目光行事。著名的日本语言学家金田一春彦先生在自己每天行为的根本准则)。”所以日本人的“羞耻心”源于企图掩藏自己的毛病、弱点以及与他人的不同之处,避免因暴露了这些而受到歧视的心理,是一种以自己为核心,把自己和别人相比较时所产生的一种自卑心理。 2.字组文化蕴含考 (1)“颜”和“裹”——表和里的矛盾性格写照。“颜”为形声字,篆文从页,彦声。隶变后楷书写作“颜”。《说文,页部》:“颜,眉目之间也,从页,彦声。”本义为眉目之间,俗称印堂。后来又引申为额头、面容、面子、色彩等。“裹”,表示衣服的内层:绿兮衣兮,绿衣黄衣。后引申泛指里面。日本常用汉字表保留着这两字的初形,我国则简化成“颜”和的才是真心话)。”这就是日本人特有的“颜”和“裹”的行为观念。日本人一直用“颜”这个词来表示人格、人品、权力、名誉等,一方面注重表面上的现象,而另一方面,他们更重视“隐藏着的、朦胧的、模糊的”“裹”。日本人之所以注重“颜”,是因为他们认为这关系到人格、人品、名誉等,但是能左右这些的本质东西的还是“裹”。日语里有一句非常有名的日常生活中还可以发现日本人不喜欢露骨的、直来直去的说法和行为,因为一旦事情太明了,事物的任何价值也就随之消失了。 (2)男汤(男澡堂)、女汤(女澡堂)、钱汤(澡堂)、秘汤(坐落在深山中鲜为人知的温泉)——日本的澡文化“汤”,形声兼会意字。金文和篆文从水,汤声也兼表热义。隶变后楷书写作汤。《说文,水部》:“汤,热水也。从水,昜声。”本义为热水。又特指温泉(海内温汤甚众,有新丰骊山汤)。日本取其“初形本义”,未作简化,而我国则取其引申义(带汁液的菜食),简化成“汤”。基于火山众多这一独特的地理环境,日本成了一个温泉的王国,全国有数以万计的天然温泉,为日本人满足肌肤之悦、养生休息提供了取之不尽、用之不竭的源泉。不仅温泉浴场遍布东瀛列岛,而且投币式淋浴箱也随处可见,公共澡堂生意兴隆,使日本人成为世界上最喜欢洗澡的民族。洗澡在日本有着宗教上的意义,即洁净、清静及信仰,表现出对神的感谢和佛教中的无我无欲、身心皆融入净土般的“圣境”。追求“洁净”自然也就成为超越时代的、绝对的美学原则。这一原则深刻地影响着这个民族的审美感觉、道德意识乃至文化心理,给这个民族打上了鲜明的精神标记。如进门脱鞋的规矩和礼仪;还有千百年来,统治着日本主流画坛,最能拨动日本人心弦的,始终是那种清爽、明净,或略带朦胧的风格。 3.字系文化蕴含考 (1)“门”旁文化考——日本的和式建筑、空间文化一瞥。日本是寸土寸金的岛国,日本人合理地利用空间,巧妙地使狭窄的空间表现出美感、协调感和实用性,形成了特有的空间文化。而日本的和式建筑就是空间文化的代表杰作。其中最典型的就是“门”旁的汉字——“関”、“间”、“闲”。 《说文,门部》:门,闻也,从二户,象形。日本为保持其象形度,借用该字后没有简化,(我国则省作“门”)。日本人说的“门”,几乎都是建筑在“边界线”上的门,是意味着与外界隔离开的大门,总称是“出入口”,一般都不上锁,而房屋内的门多用“~口”、“~户”。中国的宅院,一般都有好几个“门”,而日本的宅院只有一个。再看“関”字,为会意字,金文从门,中像有闩之状,隶变后楷书写作关,异体作阴。《说文,门部》:“关,以木横持门户也,从门, 声。”本义为门闩。日本把“房门前后的一块地”称为“玄关”,该处一般要比屋里低出十公分左右,日本人在接待外人时,常常在“玄阴”应酬而已,如轴、插一束鲜花,别无他物。看起来好像白白占去了一块空间,可是对于日本人来说,它是体现房屋主人审美情趣的重要空间。“同”,原为“闲”,会意字,用门中可以看到月光会空隙之意,篆文将月移到门中并整齐化,隶变后楷书写作闲。俗改月为日写作同。《说文,门部》:“闲,隙也,从门,从月。”本义为空隙。上述的“玄関”也是“间”的很好体现。“玄阴”既不属于房屋的“内”也不属于“外”,而是“内”与“外”的“间”。“玄阴”给主人和客人一个回旋的余地,主人可以在“玄関”判断是否请客人进屋。即使不请客人进屋,因为已经在“玄阴”接待了,所以也不算把客人拒之门外。日本人之所以很注重“玄阴”,留心把它搞得整洁明亮,就是因为“玄阴”是生活中重要的“间”。“间”是一种情境,一种氛围,它给人留有充分的想象、判断的余地,而这种“余地”是日本文化特别注重和推崇的。如果用“日”代表日本民族,用“门”代表社会环境或规则,那么,“间”字形就恰是日本的人际关系图。从外面的“门”到内部的“日”,中间存有空间,下边留有开口。这空间不是物理上的隔断,而是自己给自己定位并与外界保持联系;这开口是给人留有思考或回旋的余地,以便求得调和。即使是朋友,也要保持一定的距离,只有这样,才能产生“美”。所以日本人在表示时空意义上的范围时,更注重把它作为一个空白区的垫在意义。甚至干脆把“人”称作“人间”;伙伴儿称作“仲间”;不知道自己在社会上的子、笨蛋)”。不管与谁交往都要注意“间柄(关系)”。有人把日本文化称为“间人文化”(《间的日本文化》,剑持武彦著,日本朝文社)或“间人主义”(由日本著名教授滨口惠俊提出,相对于欧美国家的个人主义而言),意思就是行动时充分考虑他人或所属组织的立场、心情及相互间的关系,强调相互间的依存和尊重。日本人觉得“同”是一种平衡的感觉,无论对人还是对事,都可以通过其来介入,使原本不平衡的东西变得平衡起来,这里面深藏着日本人对人或事的一种调和感,并反映在日本文化的方方面面。如:日本人很少用握手来表示致意,而一般会和对方保持一段距离,用点头、弯腰鞠躬直至双膝跪下、上身伏地来表示。又如:俳句是日本文化独有的一种诗歌形式,有人说它是世界上最短的定型诗歌,一共只有17个音符。日本人认为好的俳句,并不要求它表达什么思想、主张、情感,更不允许出现什么议论、评判,而是能用语言描绘一个情境,给读者一个广阔的想象空间。即能创造令人产生种种遐想的“同”。江户时代的著名俳人地用一个“跳”字传神地联结在一起,构成了一幅时空相交,天地浑然的立体画面。而且它所描绘的那种空凉、寂寥的情境十分符合日本人遐想联翩的审美意境。日本的国技——相扑比赛也极好地体现出“同”的文化。每场比赛之间总穿插发悬赏金、喝大力水、撒盐净化土台等内容,用“间”把紧张的比赛分开,使比赛既紧张又轻松。观众置身于时间和空间相互交替的间隔中,尽情欣赏心、技、体融为一体的古老竞技。而参加比赛的运动员也在有意无意地磨练自己的“间”意识和“仲间”(伙伴儿)精神。日语里采用“兜圈子”式或婉转的否定式的中性、暧昧的语言也特别多。孕育出这种“间”文化的原因主要有二:一是自古以来的农耕作业要求众人的协调、配合和耐心。同时,年复一年发生的种种自然灾害使他们习以为常并采取积极对待的态度,人们学会了从变化中体会“美”的存在,对于一种状态向一种状态的转变即“间”倍加欣赏。二是日本几乎可以算是一个单一民族的国家,人们的生活习惯、宗教信仰等十分接近,所以意识形态也相对稳定,相互间有很强的文化认同感。日本人之间的人际交往中往往可以心照不宣地表达感情,“心有灵犀一点通”,而无须多费口舌。还有一个“闲”字,《说文,阴部》:“闲,阑也,从门中有木。”本义为栅栏。后来借作“闲”,由空隙引申为闲寂,这也可以说是日本人的另一种审美追求。由于日本的气候四季分明,日本人对大自然的变迁十分敏感,常常流露出与自然融为一体的感觉,这种“感性”的特征,使得日本人产生了“物哀、幽玄、闲寂”的美学理念。称作“和室”的日式房子干净整洁,在不奢侈的质朴中,给人一种回归自然的古雅和闲寂的美,从字形上看,日本人不愿意把含有自然之物的“木”(日本人更愿意理解成树木)的“闲”字进行简化,我们也就可以理解了。因此,在“门”旁汉字中,不仅蕴涵了日本民族居住空间的审美意识,而且透示出他们对“距离产生美”的审美意识。 (2)“気”字短语一自然与人和谐统一的体现。我国简作“气”,象形字,甲骨文像云层形,因与数字“三”形近易混,金文与篆文稍加弯曲,以像云气升腾流动之状,隶变后楷书写作“气”。《说文,气部》:“气,云气也。象形。”本义为云气。后来做了偏旁,“云气”之意便借用“气”来表示,日本简作“気”,即下半部多了个“乂”。《康熙字典》:“五”,古文为“乂”或于上下各加一平横。《汉字源流字典》:“五”,象形字,甲骨文本像两物交叉形,或于上下各加一平横,以突出纵横交错之意,金文大同,篆文整齐化,隶变后楷书写作“五”。《说文,五部》:“五,五行也。从二。阴阳在天地间交午也。”这是就当时的社会思想所作的附会,本义当为纵横交错。而日本根据《说文》的解释,以与本义密切相关的现象来表示本义为取字意图:“気”实为五行之气,五行即金、木、水、火、土。王充曾在《论衡》中说过,五行之气生万物,人用万物做万事,如果五行之间不能相制,则不能相使,不相克则不能为用。诸物之间相害相利,动物之间相胜相食,都是五行之气在起作用。指出了五行之间相互依赖、相互促进、相互排斥、相互克制的关系。正是这种关系的协调、结合,才使宇宙万物经常处于平衡的状态。日本人在日常生活当中,不仅尊重大自然、亲近大自然,而且非常注重人的心灵感受,良好地保持着和他人的和谐关系,在引进“气”的同时,根据自己本国的生活习惯、思维等对“气”的意义作了进一步的延伸和扩展,使得日语中的“気”更具有一种形象的、生动的色彩。“気”的意义随搭配词及使用场合的不同而不同,不仅能表达变化、流动的自然现象,而且更钟 结语 中日简体字的字形差异主要表现在结构方面,日本的取字原则不仅兼顾“初形本义”,即所谓“传统字理”,而且更体现了以民族文化为本位的思想意识。另外,日本对会意字的保留情有独钟。所谓会意,就是字形构成、形义联系比较松散,需要借助某种程度的联想来领会其理据。这种性质决定了由会意方法构成的汉字有较多机会传载有价值的文化信息。而且从另一个角度也说明了凡是构成理据所蕴涵的取字或用字思维不符合异国人的思维规律或难以理解和接受的会意字,一般都有某种独特的有价值的异域文化信息蕴涵其中。反之,其构成理据只反映了共同思维规律、普遍观念意识的会意字则一般无跨国文化蕴涵可言。

中国人喜欢作者吃饭,日本人喜欢跪着吃饭生活习惯差异对比性研究一、前言日本是我国的近邻,和我们的交流历史悠久、源远流长。特别是进入21世纪后,两国在各个方面交流合作不断扩大,为双方带来巨大利益。我们常说21世纪是亚洲的世纪。中国和日本是亚洲最大的两个国家,是亚洲发展的两个火车头。中国和韩国及东盟即将建成共同市场,日本也和韩国及东盟签署了建立共同市场的协议,两国政府最近也在研究探讨建立包括中国和日本的东亚经济共同体的可能性。同时,两国的相互依存度不断增加。日本是我国的第二大贸易伙伴和最大技术来源国,中国是日本的第一大贸易伙伴和第二大出口市场。在中国制造的产品中包含很多日本的技术和关键设备,在日本制造的产品中也包含大量的我国零部件,形成你中有我我中有你的个互惠互利的局面。平均每天有上万人在两国之间往来。日本外务省在调查报告中认为,本世纪对日本影响最大和最重要的国家是中国。相对而言,对中国影响最大和最重要的国家中,日本肯定也能排到前三位。研究探讨中日两国生活习惯方面的差异十分必要。二、中日两国生活习惯方面的差异研究(一)电视节目和新闻报道方面的差异1.日本方面的情况日本全国各地的普通电视频道很少,基本上都是7个。被称为国际大都市的首都东京,其普通电视频道也不例外,只有7个,实在少的可怜。但是,每个电视频道的节目内容都有自己的特色,节目经过精雕细琢,很有自己的风格,没有雷同感。很少有电视台大量播出电视连续剧。电视剧往往最多才十多集,每周才播放一集。几乎没有人通过电视从头至尾看完一部电视连续剧。日本的新闻报道以吸引人为标准,经常报道奇人异事,甚至不厌其烦播放奇谈怪论,极端言行,不停地刺激人们的神经。每天24小时新闻不断,但从第一条新闻看到最后一条新闻,也看不到有日本首相和中央政府官员接见外国首脑、大臣的画面。本地台也极少报道县知事及县议员,市长及市议员接见外宾、参加会议、发表讲话、出席庆典等活动。重大事故发生时,新闻媒体会进行不间断的追踪报道。详细报道事故死伤的具体人数、姓名、生前主要活动、亲人的悲伤及吊唁活动。肇事一方的详细资料、对事故的反映、不停的进行道歉谢罪。各界人士的反映也是报道的重要内容,并不厌其烦的追究事故发生的真正原因。让人看后伤心不已。2.中国方面的情况在我国,每个地区都有几十个,有的大城市甚至有上百个电视频道,让外国人感到难以置信,但个个频道之间相互学习,相互借鉴相互模仿。缺乏创新型,看完节目感觉都很雷同,没有新鲜感。电视连续剧大多两集连放,甚至一天放三四集。内容也是你刚播完我开播,反反复复无数次。新闻报道以坚持正确的舆论导向为前提,是党和国家的喉舌。决不会报道奇谈怪论、歪理邪说。最前面几条重大新闻必定是时政要闻。如中国首脑和政府官员依次接见外国代表团或参加重要活动的报道。地方台也是首先报道地方政府领导人的主持会议、讲话及重要活动的报道。重大事故发生时,原则上避免报道死伤的具体人数,而是集中精力报道事故发生后各级领导的重要指示,各界人士救死扶伤的过程和抢救者的大无畏革命精神,体现人道主义的各种慰问。把中国人民长期以来形成的“一人有难八方支援”的传统美德宣传得淋漓尽致,让人看后深受鼓舞。不过,一场令人伤心的不幸事故,被写成以救死扶伤的英雄事迹为题材的报道文学,实在让日本人难以理解。(二)时事政治方面的差异1.日本方面的情况青年人把自己挣钱和个人生活看得很重,多数人对政治漠不关心,认为那是政治家的事。上至全国大选,众参两院议员补选,下至县知事、县议员、市长及市议员选举,青年人的投票率都很低。全国平均投票率约百分之三十到五十,年轻人仅百分之二十到三十。也就是说,有三分之二的年轻人不参加任何投票。2.中国方面的情况年轻人热心政治,把政治看的比生命都重要。有关政治方面的活动,一般都乐于参加。政治上追求进步,是当代青年人的首要选择。为实现自己的理想和政治抱负不惜一切,甚至是自己的生命。(三)公事和私事方面的差异1. 日本方面的情况公私分明。不能用公车办私事,不能在工作时间办个人的事。包括单位的领导人在内,不能用单位的电话和朋友及家人聊天,不允许用办公室的电脑发送与单位无关的电子邮件,不允许在上班时间浏览因特网、打游戏、看报纸等。违规违纪现象十分罕见。汽车工业发达,人均收入高,一个月的收入可以买一辆普通汽车。一家四口人有2-3辆私人汽车已很正常。但日本国土面积狭小,建筑拥挤,停车场少,而且很贵,每小时300-600日元,一个月下来需5万-10万日元,占年轻人月收入的三分之一左右,用这笔钱可以买一辆二手汽车。所以有车者平时上班一般不开车,而是坐公交车,地铁,电车或骑自行车。星期六,星期天,节假日等休息时间外出游玩购物时才开自己的私车。2.中国方面的情况虽然也要求不能用公车办私事,但顶风违纪的现象屡禁不止。用公车接送自己的孩子,开公车办自己的私事还相当普遍。领导人打单位的电话办私事,上班时间玩电脑,上网聊天,打游戏,看报纸也屡见不鲜。月收入是日本的十分之一,但汽车价格却比日本还贵得多,各种费用也比日本多。普通人买不起,或者买起用不起。有车者多是有钱人或单位的领导。因为是身份的象征,所以平时上班必开,管他道路是否拥挤或堵塞。星期六,星期天及其他节假日外出旅游,到外地的多不开自己的车,而是坐公交车或出租车。出租车生意比日本红火得多。(四)乘坐交通工具时的差异1.日本方面的情况乘坐地铁时,坐车的人提前买好电子车票,进站时投入验票机,然后等车、上车、下车。出站都不用检票。车来后下车的人全部下完,准备乘车的人才有序上车。绝对没有一拥而上的情况发生。车上也是井然有序,里面有老弱病残孕专座。即使空着,站在一旁的乘客也不会去坐。乘坐火车时的情况也和中国不同。火车速度快,但费用高,所以乘坐火车,特别乘坐新干线的,多是些有钱的富人或外出出差的政府机关、企事业单位的工作人员。一般人则选择速度慢,但费用只有火车三分之一的长途公共汽车作为交通工具。乘坐飞机时我们看到,司乘人员,特别是国际航班的司乘人员,总是面带笑容。和人讲话,首先微笑。进出机舱先鞠躬。乘客等飞机停稳后才先后起身拿行李架上的行李,走出飞机之后才开始打手机。日本的交通规则是:车辆和行人靠左边走,司机坐位在右边。车辆无条件为行人和自行车让位。日本人遵守交通规则,无论是繁华的东京、大阪,还是古老的京都,大街上看不到一个交警,汽车、人流严格按红绿灯指示行动,一丝不苟。2.中国方面的情况坐车的人买票进站,经工作人员检票后进入。只要地铁的门一开,不管下车的又没有下完,乘车的人早已蜂拥而上。下车的和上车的往往是在拥挤和摩擦中进进出出。车上你挤我扛,老弱病残孕专座多被普通人占据。 有钱的富人及外出出差的政府机关,企事业单位的工作人员,长途出差经常坐飞机,短途则开着自己的汽车。所以乘坐火车的多是些穷人,学生和外出打工的农民工等社会弱势群体。坐飞机时,经常看到司乘人员总是面无表情或表情严肃。开始时鞠躬,但坚持时间不长。飞机一落地乘客就急着起身拿行李架上的行李,后面的人挤着往前赶。飞机一落地就迫不及待地开始打手机和外界联系。速度上总比日本人超前一大步。中国的交通规则是:车辆和行人靠右边走,司机坐位在右边。车辆和行人经常抢道。中国人不遵守交通规则的很多,大街上、十字路口交警成群,汽车和人流抢道。五)请客吃饭及饮食习惯方面的差异研究1.日本方面的情况招待客人往往实行分餐制,谁吃饭谁掏钱。一般是提前说好价位,吃饭前交到主人手里。饭菜也是人手一份,各吃各的,很卫生。宴席上所点的菜肴要全部吃干净。桌上一点不剩,主人会很高兴,觉得脸上有光。如果剩很多,则主人会以为饭菜不合口味,没有照顾好客人。餐桌上的牙签也很讲究,每一个包装纸袋中只放一根牙签,使用一个牙签将破费一个包装纸袋。日本是岛国,常吃鲜鱼等海味食品。尤其多生吃,讲究食品的种类、形状、新鲜度等。日本人喝低度酒,还经常掺水喝,并以喝醉为荣。2.中国方面的情况除婚丧嫁娶等大型宴会外,招待客人往往是主人一家掏钱。即使是同事们一起吃饭,也是今天你掏钱,下次我掏钱。很少是兑钱吃饭。宴席后如果不留下满满一桌的酒菜,主人会觉得没有照顾好客人,没有让大家尽兴,吃好喝好,脸上无光。餐桌上每一个包装纸袋中总放两根牙签,使用一个牙签将破费一个牙签再加上一个包装纸袋。中国大部分地方远离大海,一般吃熟食。喝的酒度数很高,但一般不以喝醉为美。(六)优质产品方面的差异研究1.日本方面的情况日本是一个资源贫乏的工业大国,工业原料和农产品严重依赖国际市场,产品也主要出口到国外市场。贸易立国,技术立国是日本基本国策。最高质量的商品往往只在国内市场上销售,不允许轻易出口,以免失去技术领先地位。被标为国产的商品,价格最贵,最受国民喜爱。出口商品的质量,式样往往都是国内淘汰或即将淘汰的二流货。2.中国方面的情况中国被称为世界工厂。生产全球百分之七十的玩具、百分之六十的自行车、百分之五十的鞋袜、百分之五十的电饭锅、百分之三十三的电视机和空调机、百分之二十五的洗衣机、百分之二十的冰箱。最高质量的商品往往廉价出口到国际市场,让给外国人使用。从外国进口的商品,价格贵得惊人,但越贵越受国人欢迎。(七)购物方面的差异研究1.日本方面的情况在店中购物只看样品不看实物。如果看上某一商品的样品,就会和商店里的服务员交涉价格,售后服务等条款,然后提取库存货就走。从来没有日本人在店里当面开箱检查自己购买的商品在性能,型号及附属品方面是否和样品一致。如果碰到外国人要求开箱检查,他们会非常反感,认为自己的诚信受到无端的怀疑。服务员对本国人比对外国人服务态度更亲切,更客气,服务更佳。2.中国方面的情况在店里看中自己想要的商品,进行一系列讨价还价后决定要买,必定在店里当众开箱检查自己购买的实物。不检查就不足以放心。服务员也乐意让顾客开箱检查,经双方当面确定无误后交货。不然售出后容易和顾客产生不必要的摩擦。对外国人,其服务要比对本国人更卖力,更殷勤,服务更到位。(八)问路方面的差异研究1.日本方面的情况有关人员会耐心地、详细地告诉你具体的路线,生怕你听不明白耽误你的正事。有时或许你听得有点不耐烦。即使是路人,也会全力帮助你的。热情得让你下次不好意思再问。2.中国方面的情况有关人员基本上不使用语言,而是用头往谁也搞不懂的方向那么一晃,然后再也不想理人,让人感到很失望。有的路人甚至故意说错,让你兜一大圈再回来。(九)垃圾分类方面的差异研究1.日本方面的情况在路口、商店、学校、工厂、机场、车站等公共场所,垃圾箱上都清楚地写着瓶罐类垃圾投放处、报刊类垃圾投放处、其他类垃圾投放处。家庭垃圾投放,更是细到厨房垃圾、碎纸、贝壳、木棍、塑料瓶、手帕、碎玻璃、化妆瓶、灯泡等规定。对文盲为零的日本人来说,这种垃圾的识别方法或许有点太简单,好像是大学生在做加减法。在日本的大街小巷,你看不到垃圾,无论是走到拥挤的地铁,还是人头攒动的商场,地面都光洁如新,地铁的墙壁上也看不到乱写乱画的现象;日本人很少在公共场所抽烟和吃零食,更没有随地吐痰、随手扔垃圾的习惯;2.中国方面的情况公共场所一般都有垃圾箱,上面却用高深的化学专用术语清楚地写着有机类、无机类。在基础教育还没有完全普及的中国,不知道有多少人能道清楚什么是有机类、什么又是无机类。这好像是小学生在做微积分。在中国的大街小巷,你随处可以看到垃圾。墙壁上乱写乱画的现象普遍;公共场所抽烟和吃零食习以为常,随地吐痰、随手扔垃圾。(十)海关出入境方面的差异研究1.日本方面的情况护照上整整齐齐的盖着出国一个章,入国一个章。通常是一一对应,非常工整,圆章日期清晰可辨。一页用完用下一页。2.中国方面的情况没有使用过几次的崭新护照,海关人员就喜欢往最后一页盖章,而且没有规律,圆章日期模糊难辨。(十一)语言文字方面的差异研究1.日本方面的情况古代中国比日本强盛,日本人不断来华学习、取经,把中国的汉字直接拿过来使用。还发明了平假名为汉字注音、片假名对所写部分进行强调。近代日本人又发明了一些中国没有的汉字。明治维新以后向西方学习,从荷兰、德国、英国等西方国家引进大量外来语。第二次世界大战后,被美军占领,日本全盘西化,从美国引进大量外来词,其意义不明就连日本人也不明白。2.中国方面的情况古代中国文明进步,很多文人毫无保留地向日本传授文化与技术。日本人是中国人的门生,而中国人奉其为上宾。到了近代受帝国主义列强侵略,国贫民弱,不断有人东渡日本学习东洋文明,开始将那些近代日本人发明的、中国没有的汉字拿过来新规使用。如人气、写真、刺身、料理、干部、革命等等,不胜枚举。到了现在,两国均成为东亚强国,在语言文字方面互学习吸收,取长补短,共同进步。三、结束语日本是个经济先进、百姓富足、社会公平、吏治良好、教育优秀、家庭稳定、环境优美的国家,有许多值得我们学习的地方。中日两国虽然同属东方文化,但日本又是西方七国集团成员,受西方生活习惯影响巨大,加上日本特有的传统和文化的影响,很多地方和我们存在差异。只有认识到差异的存在,做到求同存异,才能和日本人交往时加深理解、消除误解、友好相处、互利合作。这也是写作本文的意图所在。

中美语言文化差异研究论文

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

不同的文化传统,使得人们价值观念,行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在着相当的文化差异。下文是我为大家整理的关于中西方文化差异论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!

中西方文化差异对日常交际的影响

【摘要】文化是一种社会现象,同时又是一种历史现象,是人们长期创造形成的产物。中西方文化存在许多差异:整体性和个体性的差异;价值观与道德标准的差异;社会礼仪的差异;社会习俗的差异等。本文分析了文化差异对日常交际的影响。了解这些差异有助于更好地实现跨文化交际,避免出现文化休克。

【关键词】中西方文化;差异;交际;教学

1中西方文化的差异

不同的文化传统,使中西方在思维方式,价值观念,行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在着相当的文化差异。在中国封建社会历史的过程中,儒家思想一直占据着根深蒂固的统治地位,对中国社会产生了极其深刻而久远的影响。中国人向来以自我贬仰的思想作为处世经典,接人待物,举止言谈以谦虚为荣,以虚心为本,反对过分地显露自己表现自我。因此,中国文化体现出群体性的文化特征,这种群体性的文化特征是不允许把个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上的。

西方国家价值观的形成至少可以追溯到文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴的指导思想是人文主义,宣扬个人主义至上,竭力发展自己表现自我。生活中人们崇拜的是“强者”“英雄”。有本事,有才能的强者得到重用,缺乏自信的弱者只能落伍或被无情地淘汰。因此,西方文化体现出个体文化特征,这种个体性文化特征崇尚个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上。

文化的不同带来价值观念的不同。如old一词,中国人历来就有“尊老敬老”的传统。“老”在中文里表达尊敬的概念,如老祖宗,老爷爷,老先生,老张,老王等等。中国人往往以年龄大为荣。和别人谈话时,年龄越大,资格越老,也就越会得到别人的尊敬。“姜还是老的辣”。在我们看来,长者不仅是智慧的化身,也是威望的象征。然而,西方国家极少有人愿意倚老卖老而自称”old”。在他们看来,“old”是“不中用”的代名词,是和“不合潮流”“老而无用”的含义连在一起的。英美人不喜欢别人说自己老,更不会倚老卖老。在西方文化中,他们把年龄作为个人极为重要的隐私看待。尤其是女士,更忌讳别人问自己的年龄。即使愿意谈论自己的年龄,也要别人猜测其年龄,而此时,他们的真正目的是期望别人恭维他们看上去比实际年龄小,是多么年轻。又如,中西方两种文化在某些单词所带有褒贬色彩上有差异。如:ambition一词,本身具有褒贬两种含义。中国人用其贬义,表示“野心勃勃”,而英美人则取其褒义,表示“雄心壮志”。Aggressive一词,中国人常用来形容某人“挑衅”“好斗”,而美国人则用来形容某人“进取上进,有开拓精神”。

2跨文化交际的重要性

由于各种各样的原因,导致了中西方有如此多的文化差异,而文化差异又是跨文化交际的障碍。社会的发展将各个不同的国家纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中,跨文化交际成为每个民族生活中不可缺少的部分。例如,一个企业如果想让自己的产品畅销国际市场,不仅需要优质的产品质量,而且需要深入了解不同国家的文化,使该产品在包装设计和实用性方面符合对象国民众的心理需求。如,在中国,“龙(dragon)”是我们的精神图腾,是吉祥和权力的象征,中国人也以作为龙的传人而倍感自豪,然而在西方人眼中,对“龙”就没有这份特殊的情感,甚至将“龙”理解为一种张牙舞爪的可怕怪物。如果某一企业家对此不甚了解,将印有“龙”图案的产品推向国际市场,试想这种产品能否刺激西方人的购买欲?能否给企业创造高效益。所以,克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为面临的问题。在英语教学中在重视语言能力的教学的同时,特别要注意在日常教学中发展学生的交际能力,将语言的文化差异在英语教学中作为一个重要问题对待。

3日常交际中应注意的问题

中西方的文化差异在日常交际中体现在很多方面,在英语学习中应充分地了解这些差异。

日常问候

中国人日常打招呼习惯于问:“你吃饭了吗?”,如果你跟英语国家的人这样说,他们会产生误解,认为你是想请他们吃。,英语国家人打招呼通常以天气,健康状况,交通,体育以及兴趣爱好为话题。又如,中国人见到熟人习惯问:“去哪里?”,如果对西方人也这样问候,他们可能会很不高兴地回答:“不关你的事。”西方人问候时常说:”Goodmorning/afternoon/evening”,”How are you doing?”,熟人间也可以说:“Hello”或“Hi”.

日常称呼

汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向,常用于非亲属之间:年轻人对长辈称“叔叔”“阿姨”;对平辈称“大哥”“大姐”。但在英语中,亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称“UncleTom”,对方听了会觉得非常奇怪。英语文化中只有关系十分密切的情况下才使用此类亲属称谓。又如中国学生经常把“王老师”称为“Teacher Wang”。其实,英语中teacher只是一种职业;而中国人有尊师的传统,“教师”已不仅仅是一种职业,而成为一种对人的尊重,西方人听起来却感觉不可思议。英语中称呼人一般用Mr.,Miss,等。

感谢

一般来说,我们中国人在家族成员之间很少用“谢谢”。如果用了,听起来会很怪,或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家“Thank you.”几乎用于一切场合,所有人之间,即使父母与子女,兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料,准备一桌美餐,对方都会说一声“Thank you.”公共场合,不管别人帮你什么忙,你都要道一声“Thank you..”这是最起码的礼节。

请客

在请客吃饭时,主人会问是否要再吃点或喝点什么时,我们通常习惯于先客气一番,回答:“不用了”“别麻烦了”等。如果与西方人交往时也这样说,对方就不会坚持再劝你,很可能你都吃不饱。按照英语国家的习惯,你若想要,就不必推辞,说声“Yes,please.”若不想要,只要说“No,thanks.”就行了。这也充分体现了中国人交往中的含蓄和西方人直率的不同。

隐私

中国人初次见面经常问及年龄,婚姻,收入,表示关心,而英语国家却对此比较反感,认为这些都涉及个人隐私,因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得年轻,对自己实际年龄秘而不宣,妇女更是如此。再如中国人表示关心时,经常问“你在干什么?”,在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问,监视别人的话语而使人很不高兴。

节日及接受礼物

中国和英语国家的文化差异还显著地表现在节日方面。除中国和英语国家共同的节日外,双方还各有自己独特的节日。中国有春节﹑元宵节和端午节等,英语国家有情人节﹑复活节﹑愚人节﹑感恩节﹑圣诞节等。中西方节日的风俗习惯也很不

相同。在节日里,对于别人送来的礼物,中国人往往要推辞一番,表现得无可奈何地接受,接受后一般也不当面打开。如果当面打开并喜形于色,可能招致“贪财”的嫌疑。而在英语文化中,人们对别人送的礼品,一般都要当面打开称赞一番,并且欣然道谢。

4结语

在英语教学中,文化知识的教学方法是多种多样的,教师应该采用不同的方法提高学生对文化的敏感性,培养文化意识,例如:加强中西方文化差异的比较,将中西文化在称呼,招呼语等等谈话题材和价值观念等方面的差异渗透到教学中。总之,中西方的文化存在着很多差异,在英语教学中不能只单纯注意语言教学,而必须加强语言的文化导入,重视语言文化差异对语言的影响。只有这样,才能在日常生活中不仅能说出正确的英语句子,而且知道面对西方人的时候应该说什么,避免出现交际中的尴尬。

【参考文献】

[1]李常磊.英美文化博览.世界图书出版公司,2002年5月.

[2]Paul Norbury,culture smart!Britain.外语教育与研究出版社,2009年3月.

[3]叶朗,朱良志.中国文化读本.外语教育与研究出版社,2008年4月.

[4]段连城.美国人与中国人———中美文化的融合与撞击.河北师范大学学报,2001年.

[5]邓炎昌,刘润清.语言文化即英汉语言文化对比.外语教育与研究出版社,1994年.

[6]方文惠.英汉对比语言学.福建人民出版社,1990年.

论从餐桌礼仪看中西文化差异

[论文摘要]从比较中西餐桌礼仪的餐具使用差异、座次安排差异、就餐氛围差异、及餐桌话语差异四个方面来看跨文化交际中的文化差异,旨在说明坚持自己的优秀文化传统的同时,要采用一个客观、宽容、尊重的心态对待异国文化以便能在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。

[论文关键词]餐桌礼仪

易中天先生曾经在《餐桌上的文化》里对中西文化进行了精妙阐释中国文化的思想内核是“群体意识”,的思想内核则是“个体意识”。所以西方人即使请客吃饭,也是各点各的菜、各喝各的酒,以免把自己的意志强加于人。中国文化则认为个人的意志,必须服从群体的共同意志。其目的既然意在人情,意在血缘,则其方式礼仪,自然也就以和为贵了,因此中国人爱聚餐、喜共食、讲和合。笔者认为在跨文化交际中,面对陌生文化,因思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式不同,交往过程中难免发生文化冲突。笔者从如下四个方面对中西餐桌礼仪进行简单的比较,以便在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。

一、从餐具使用上看中西文化差异

筷子刀叉是中西餐桌礼仪最基本差异。浙江大学游修龄教授认为:东西方出现进食工具筷子和刀叉的不同,和有关系。筷子要发源于有竹子的地方。我国北方多木,南方多竹,祖先就地取材,竹木均成为我国最原始的筷箸原料。刀叉的出现比筷子要晚很多。据游修龄教授的研究,刀叉的最初起源和欧洲古代游牧的生活习惯有关,他们马上生活随身带刀,往往将肉烧熟,割下来就吃。大约15世纪前后,为了改进进餐的姿势,欧洲人才使用了双尖的叉。到18世纪才有了四个叉尖的叉子。刀叉和筷子,不仅带来了进食习惯的差异,还影响了东西方人生活观念。游修龄教授认为,刀叉必然带来分食制,而筷子肯定与家庭成员围坐桌边共同进餐相配。西方一开始就分吃,由此衍生出西方人讲究独立,子女长大后就独立闯世界的想法和习惯。而筷子带来的合餐制,突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭单元,从而让东方人拥有了比较牢固的家庭观念。笔者提醒在使用餐具时中西均有不同的规范。如中餐进餐时不可玩弄筷子(把它们当鼓槌是非常失礼的做法),更不可以用筷子向人指指点点或打手势示意。当然,绝对不可吸吮筷子或把筷子插在米饭中,这是大忌(这好像葬礼上的香烛,被认为是不吉利的)。在使用刀叉时也有一些禁忌。如 手里拿着刀叉时切勿指手画脚。发言或交谈时,应将刀叉放在盘上才合乎礼仪。忌用自己的餐具为别人夹菜。餐具掉落不要弯腰拾捡。餐品不要一次性切好,尤其带汤汁的餐品,要一小块的逐一切食等等。

二、从座次安排上看中西文化差异

中西都讲究正式的宴请活动的座次安排。中国人请客传统上用八仙桌。对门为上,两边为偏座。请客时,年长者、主宾或地位高的人坐上座,男女主人或陪客者坐下座,其余客人按顺序坐偏座。西方人请客用长桌,男女主人分坐两端,然后按男女主宾和一般客人的次序安排座位,即男女穿插安排,以女主人的座位为准,主宾坐在女主人的右上方,主宾夫人坐在男主人的右上方,讲究“女士优先”的西方绅士,都会表现出对女士的殷勤。在中国,左为尊,右为次;上为尊,下为次;中为尊,偏为次。而在西方,右为尊,左为次。

笔者特别提示西餐入座礼仪:最得体的入座方式是从左侧入座。手肘不要放在桌面上,不可跷足。不可在进餐时中途退席(如有事确需离开应向左右的客人小声打招呼)。用餐时,坐姿端正,背挺直,脖子伸长。上臂和背部要靠到椅背,腹部和桌子保持约一个拳头的距离。记得要抬头挺胸着吃,在把面前的食物送进口中时,要以食物就口,而非弯下腰以口去就食物。

三、从就餐氛围上看中西文化差异

中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静是中西餐桌礼仪最根本差异。餐桌气氛上的差异,中国餐桌上动,西方餐桌上静。中国人以食为人生之至乐,排场之大,气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止。中国人一坐上餐桌,便滔滔不绝,相互让菜,劝酒,尽情的享受山珍海味,美味佳肴。这样的宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳,餐桌上的热闹反映了食客发自内心的欢快。这种“闹”能从某种程度上折射中国人家庭温馨、邻里和睦、国人团结的“一团和气”。西方人一坐到餐桌上便专心致志的去静静的切割自家的盘中餐。喝汤时不能发出响声,如汤菜过热,可待稍凉后再吃,不要用嘴吹。吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。进餐时可以与左右客人交谈,但不要只同几个熟人交谈。左右客人如不认识,可先自我介绍。别人讲话不可搭嘴插话。音量保持对方能听见的程度。咀嚼食物不要说话,即使有人同你讲话,也要等咽下食物后再回答。

四、从餐桌话语上看中西文化差异

中国人请客吃饭时,摆在桌上的菜花样繁多,至少有七、八道菜,如果是盛宴,主菜会更多,越名贵、越奇特的菜会越显示主任的殷勤和客人的身份。而主人却往往要说“今天没有什么好菜招待大家”、“菜做得不好,多吃一点” “多多包涵”、 “怠慢了您”之类的话。而西方盛宴一般四至五道菜,份量以吃完或稍有剩余为最佳。如果在家里,最好是吃完所有的菜,这样女主人会很高兴,认为大家喜欢她做的菜。面对丰盛的宴席,主人会说“已经倾其所有来招待大家” 的话。对中西主人的餐桌话语进行推理,很容易得出:中国人遵循了“贬己尊人”的原则。而西方人强调效率和实用主义价值观,在交际中十分注重自身面子的需要。如在宴席上西方人不议论令人作呕之事,会千方百计采用含蓄文雅的词来替代toilet,如:“Where can I wash my hand?”、“I wonder if I could go somewhere.”、“ Can I add some powder?”等。另外,在西方国家不要问“吃饭了吗?”等我国习惯的问候语。“您吃饭了吗?”容易使人莫名其妙,甚至会出现误会。如在英国,你若问人吃饭没有,其含义是你有意请对方吃饭;这对于未婚男女,则表明你有意约会对方。

五、结语

世界上各种文化都是平等的。文化无优劣之分。应该避免用自己的文化、、价值观作为标准去衡量、评判而应采用一种客观的、宽容的态度对待异国文化;同时,又要避免盲目的追随、模仿异国文化,而应坚持自己的优秀文化传统。

参考文献:

[1]易中天,《餐桌上的文化》,《文汇报.笔会》.

[2]林大津,《跨文化交际研究》,福建人民出版社,:92-127.

[3]李天民,《现代国际礼仪知识》,世界知识出版社出版,:109.

Difference between American culture &Chinese Culture in Daily life between Chinese and American culture(以上两篇最符合楼主的要求,第一推荐)----------------------------------------------------------其他资料:一个对照表格,清晰明了,字数不多也是一个对照表格 Differences in Translation(论文,语言翻译过程中的文化差异)美国留学生讨论文化差异的简短帖子,不长但很真实,写得也不错,推荐。 all the difference between Chinese and American culture, which one do you think is the most difficult to deal with? (以此为题的一篇作文,百度知道问题已解决)我找到的就这么多,希望对你有帮助。

中西方语言文化差异的论文文献

道可道非常道名可名,非常名。无名天地之始;有名万物之母。学者梁燕城访谈:太初有道、道(Logos)是信息的意思。神的话成为万有的根据,也成为万有的规律。当代的量子力学就非常奇妙地发现,万有事实上是根据很多信息的秩序组成。这主要是由戴维•玻姆(DavidBohm),著名的量子力学大师提出说:万有有一个看不见的秩序,叫“ImplicateOrder”,里面都是非常复杂的信息系统,造成我们看见的秩序,叫作“ExplicateOrder”。中文“道”这个字也有信息、语言的意思。老子那个时候非常奇妙地体会到,宇宙背后是有真理的信息存在。《庄子》里面提到:“夫道,有情有信”。从前后文里还可以看到,庄子心中的神是有位格的。这个传统一直到1911年,就是上帝是没有形像的。天坛里没有偶像,祈年殿里一个偶像都没有,里面只有一个牌子,叫“皇天上帝”。中国祖先本来就相信无形的上帝,老子、庄子事实上是继承这个传统而来。这正是《圣经》里的内容,上帝是个灵、而且恨恶世人崇拜偶像。在牛津的博德莱安图书馆里有一份手稿,作者名叫马斯——乌迪。他在这份手稿中宣称所谓胡夫的金字塔是埃及王苏里特叫人建造的,而这个苏里特是在大洪水前统治埃及的。根据其它文献记载,这位目光深远的苏里特王命令他的僧侣们,写下他们的全部常识,藏在金字塔里,给洪水后的人们留下必要的知识。《圣经》创世记前11章,关于人类早期共同史的记述,在中国古经中几乎都可以找到印证:《周易》也神秘地说:七日来复,天行也;《圣经》说:上帝造物的工已经完毕,就在第七日歇了他一切的工,安息了。《淮南子》上说:天下有四水,凡此四水者,帝之神泉,以和百药,以润万物;《圣经》说:伊甸园里有四条河,流出珍珠玛瑙。《山海经》上说:当初有不死树和圣树,圣树又叫睿木,“食之令人圣智也”;《圣经》说:伊甸园中有生命树和智慧树。《尚书》和《国语》上说:人犯了罪,上帝命令重黎堵绝天路,上下不相来往;《圣经》说:人类始祖贪吃了智慧树上的果子,被上帝赶出伊甸园,并有基路伯和火焰之剑,阻断了人神通路。《老子》说:天地之母,万物之根,众妙之源,从无中生有,乃天地之始;《庄子》说:有情有信,无为无形,可传而不可受,可得而不可见;《圣经》说:太初有道,道就是上帝,生命在他里头,这生命是人的光。一位伟大的学者在美国神学院读书时,发现《老子》与《圣经》有奇妙相通之处。老子的道,是自有永有者,造化养育者,超越者,启示者,生命者,公义者,拯救者,这七点很像上帝的属性。无神论者把道归于自然神,其实老子的道不乏人格特征,有信实、有恩德、有慈爱、有赏罚、能赦罪、能教化。更神奇的是,惜字如金的老子竟然着重笔墨描述一位道的化身圣人:自有永有者,造化养育者,超越者,启示者,生命者,公义者,拯救者。说他承袭上天大道的光明和永恒,来普救世人。知其荣、守其辱、知其白、守其黑、成为世人认识大道的中介。圣人秉持大道本像,普天下的人都前往归向他,领受平安。他外表粗卑、内怀宝贝,能将众人从过犯中领回来。最后,老子竟然暗示这位圣人要受辱受难,却作主作王,直到永远,是谁?查考世上所有的经典、教门的主子都对不上号,唯独道成肉身的耶稣基督非常酷似。这2500年前的古人是怎么知道《圣经》中“道成肉身的耶稣”的呢? 这的确是一个巨大的、神圣的、跨越时空的谜团。老子说:道是万物之主、是善人的宝贝、罪人的中保。美好的言辞固然可以博取尊荣、美好的行为固然使人得到敬重,然而人的不善怎能被剔除干净呢? 所以,就是立为天子,身为太师、太傅、太保,财宝无数、荣华加身,还不如坐进这大道里呢。古时候为什么重视道呢? 不就是因为在道里面,寻求就能得着,有罪可得赦免吗? 所以道是天下最宝贵的啊!老子的笔墨中展示给人间的不正是《圣经》中上帝的天国、耶稣的救赎吗? 《尚书》、《诗经》都记载着:中国人来自上帝。早在老子古经中便记载旧约《圣经》预言中的“耶稣”。而且两千多年来,举凡太平盛世,竟无一不是遵循了老子之学说。顺天道治国的皇帝,囊括了仅有的几百年辉煌时代。文景之治、光武中兴、贞观之治、开元之治等等。孔子倾注毕生心力宣扬敬天爱人的忠恕之道,当代多个皇帝均尊纯了老子“天道”的统治方式,那么老子的神学知识是那里来的呢?就目前世界不管任何一种教门的国家,他们的统治方式都在努力提高到上帝的道上来,这又是为什么?清皇康熙说:中国人的“上帝”就是真神,天不是物质的天。康熙亲临宣武教堂,题写了“敬天”和“万有真原”两副扁额,又作诗称颂耶稣:“功求十架血成溪,百丈恩流分自西。”在《生命之宝》一文中,康熙明确表示:“天门久为初人闭,福路全是圣子通。我愿接受神圣子,儿子明分得永生。”古人老子、孔子、孟子对“道”的认识,已如此入神境界,实令人难以置信。其代表着中国的古人,代表着中国的文化。他的“道”影响着整个中国尽至世界的每个人的行为和思想。可悲的是现今一辈自己不进去,却连急俗得到真知走进真理的下辈也挡在门口。而至今只能在未接触过这批“贵人”的最低层中找到蛛丝马迹:《广东新闻网》2011年10月21日10:12王华报道:10月13日晚,两岁女童小悦悦在佛山市某市场内被两辆车相继辗过,肇事车辆逃逸。18名路人陆续经过均对躺在地上奄奄一息的孩子视而不见。让人想不到的是,最后伸出援手的竟然是一位俗世里被视为生活在最底层的人,捡垃圾的阿婆。期间,阿婆想向附近店主要块纸皮为孩子遮挡有些凉意的秋雨,亦被拒绝。 历史以来,司机驾车交通肇事撞伤了人,伤者都是理直气壮责令司机赔偿,司机都是礼亏连连道歉。可是现今被车撞伤者爬起来就逃,问曰何故?答:我怕又是高校大三的大学生药家鑫!老辈人们看到读书人都会夸耀说:“读书人讲句话都特别有道理,不像我们斗大的字不识一箩筐的文盲,开口就只知道讲女人、男人那一点东西”。可是现今算是文化的中国,耳朵听到的、眼睛看见的,千篇一律。都是男人、女人的那个“爱”。或者几个男的争一个老婆、或者几个女的争一个老公。一夫多妻、一妻多夫,杀人的、放火的也是自家园子,通行无阻。现今的文化已经傻到随眼见到的都是胡编乱造,谎话连篇累牍,而真话却无处寻觅的朝代。当然聂耳、洗星海已经死了这是事实,但活着、真正有一定艺术水准、记录写实的近代作品也被挤到角落里,成了葱蒜。古人早已给后人作过警告,就汉字信息也明白罢着:一人二女则是“爽”字,不难发现一人两边颈上是4个“杀”字的头,按麻衣相法用语:即凶多没吉。你若认真地去看一下,也是斜着的罗马人死刑犯用的4个十字架;就国内而论,刚好是冲军犯人戴在头颈的一个枷(锁)。古人说:“万恶淫为首”,冲军路上小心“爽”死。60岁的粗人都知道,古人对这个字的造词指向是十分狭隘的,往往都只两个人、夜里床上才好轻声说的话,可怜的今天打开电视就能听到,“爽XX”、“XX爽”还作为光彩照人的时尚广告。什么话还讲不清楚、刚学说话的婴孩却先会“爽XX”!你若反对恐怕就得挨罚款,因为是国家批准当产品商标的。公安不辞辛苦天天在扫黄,而名牌的幼儿用、小儿科教片打开就听见“谈恋爱啦!” 2010年4月8日《杭州日报》B11版告诉人们:开发商的卖房广告:“卵巢寻找精子”、“如果你不能给她一个名分,那就送她一套房子”、手提红裙露出大腿的靓女画旁“要提,还要往上提”等雷人广告已经出现。60岁的人答不出的有关男女问题,现今6岁的孩童都能回答。不论看的、听的若不加上男的女的哪些事休想出版、上架。历史以来关于男、女哪些事,没有一个朝代能写得如此透彻、细腻,比现今更精粹了。若借着有把“靠椅”就是为了“机不可失”、调节一下精神,倒是情有可原,否则,哪中国的爱国人士该放声大哭了,它所折射的已不只是一付简单的中国画像。2009年8月6日《杭州日报》B7版文章:八岁儿子给他们女班长写情书;2007年3月9日《钱江晚报》A12版文章:11岁女孩遇害,谜底令人震惊,凶手今年12岁。文章说:11岁的小女孩就因为不接受12岁小男孩歪歪斜斜的“我爱你”三个字送了命。更可悲的是,党中央再三强调“社会和谐、人民稳定”的今天,“弱肉强食”斗争“进化论” 新、老剧本通行无阻,而历史悠久极力推行的孔子、孟子、老子优良传统的“天道”实体;世界上最古老的人类道德源头、中国文化背景;劝人为善、不要犯罪、否认地上“有神论”的《圣经》有关文章出版界成了一条不可碰的红线、上不了架。人啊! 一个失去了心灵的口头道德世界,用子弹是无法收服的。我国祖先文明建设靠的就是: 一直传到今天从未分离的“道德”二字,若没有了“道”还有什么“德”呢?

不同的文化传统,使得人们价值观念,行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在着相当的文化差异。下文是我为大家整理的关于中西方文化差异论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!

中西方文化差异对日常交际的影响

【摘要】文化是一种社会现象,同时又是一种历史现象,是人们长期创造形成的产物。中西方文化存在许多差异:整体性和个体性的差异;价值观与道德标准的差异;社会礼仪的差异;社会习俗的差异等。本文分析了文化差异对日常交际的影响。了解这些差异有助于更好地实现跨文化交际,避免出现文化休克。

【关键词】中西方文化;差异;交际;教学

1中西方文化的差异

不同的文化传统,使中西方在思维方式,价值观念,行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在着相当的文化差异。在中国封建社会历史的过程中,儒家思想一直占据着根深蒂固的统治地位,对中国社会产生了极其深刻而久远的影响。中国人向来以自我贬仰的思想作为处世经典,接人待物,举止言谈以谦虚为荣,以虚心为本,反对过分地显露自己表现自我。因此,中国文化体现出群体性的文化特征,这种群体性的文化特征是不允许把个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上的。

西方国家价值观的形成至少可以追溯到文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴的指导思想是人文主义,宣扬个人主义至上,竭力发展自己表现自我。生活中人们崇拜的是“强者”“英雄”。有本事,有才能的强者得到重用,缺乏自信的弱者只能落伍或被无情地淘汰。因此,西方文化体现出个体文化特征,这种个体性文化特征崇尚个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上。

文化的不同带来价值观念的不同。如old一词,中国人历来就有“尊老敬老”的传统。“老”在中文里表达尊敬的概念,如老祖宗,老爷爷,老先生,老张,老王等等。中国人往往以年龄大为荣。和别人谈话时,年龄越大,资格越老,也就越会得到别人的尊敬。“姜还是老的辣”。在我们看来,长者不仅是智慧的化身,也是威望的象征。然而,西方国家极少有人愿意倚老卖老而自称”old”。在他们看来,“old”是“不中用”的代名词,是和“不合潮流”“老而无用”的含义连在一起的。英美人不喜欢别人说自己老,更不会倚老卖老。在西方文化中,他们把年龄作为个人极为重要的隐私看待。尤其是女士,更忌讳别人问自己的年龄。即使愿意谈论自己的年龄,也要别人猜测其年龄,而此时,他们的真正目的是期望别人恭维他们看上去比实际年龄小,是多么年轻。又如,中西方两种文化在某些单词所带有褒贬色彩上有差异。如:ambition一词,本身具有褒贬两种含义。中国人用其贬义,表示“野心勃勃”,而英美人则取其褒义,表示“雄心壮志”。Aggressive一词,中国人常用来形容某人“挑衅”“好斗”,而美国人则用来形容某人“进取上进,有开拓精神”。

2跨文化交际的重要性

由于各种各样的原因,导致了中西方有如此多的文化差异,而文化差异又是跨文化交际的障碍。社会的发展将各个不同的国家纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中,跨文化交际成为每个民族生活中不可缺少的部分。例如,一个企业如果想让自己的产品畅销国际市场,不仅需要优质的产品质量,而且需要深入了解不同国家的文化,使该产品在包装设计和实用性方面符合对象国民众的心理需求。如,在中国,“龙(dragon)”是我们的精神图腾,是吉祥和权力的象征,中国人也以作为龙的传人而倍感自豪,然而在西方人眼中,对“龙”就没有这份特殊的情感,甚至将“龙”理解为一种张牙舞爪的可怕怪物。如果某一企业家对此不甚了解,将印有“龙”图案的产品推向国际市场,试想这种产品能否刺激西方人的购买欲?能否给企业创造高效益。所以,克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为面临的问题。在英语教学中在重视语言能力的教学的同时,特别要注意在日常教学中发展学生的交际能力,将语言的文化差异在英语教学中作为一个重要问题对待。

3日常交际中应注意的问题

中西方的文化差异在日常交际中体现在很多方面,在英语学习中应充分地了解这些差异。

日常问候

中国人日常打招呼习惯于问:“你吃饭了吗?”,如果你跟英语国家的人这样说,他们会产生误解,认为你是想请他们吃。,英语国家人打招呼通常以天气,健康状况,交通,体育以及兴趣爱好为话题。又如,中国人见到熟人习惯问:“去哪里?”,如果对西方人也这样问候,他们可能会很不高兴地回答:“不关你的事。”西方人问候时常说:”Goodmorning/afternoon/evening”,”How are you doing?”,熟人间也可以说:“Hello”或“Hi”.

日常称呼

汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向,常用于非亲属之间:年轻人对长辈称“叔叔”“阿姨”;对平辈称“大哥”“大姐”。但在英语中,亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称“UncleTom”,对方听了会觉得非常奇怪。英语文化中只有关系十分密切的情况下才使用此类亲属称谓。又如中国学生经常把“王老师”称为“Teacher Wang”。其实,英语中teacher只是一种职业;而中国人有尊师的传统,“教师”已不仅仅是一种职业,而成为一种对人的尊重,西方人听起来却感觉不可思议。英语中称呼人一般用Mr.,Miss,等。

感谢

一般来说,我们中国人在家族成员之间很少用“谢谢”。如果用了,听起来会很怪,或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家“Thank you.”几乎用于一切场合,所有人之间,即使父母与子女,兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料,准备一桌美餐,对方都会说一声“Thank you.”公共场合,不管别人帮你什么忙,你都要道一声“Thank you..”这是最起码的礼节。

请客

在请客吃饭时,主人会问是否要再吃点或喝点什么时,我们通常习惯于先客气一番,回答:“不用了”“别麻烦了”等。如果与西方人交往时也这样说,对方就不会坚持再劝你,很可能你都吃不饱。按照英语国家的习惯,你若想要,就不必推辞,说声“Yes,please.”若不想要,只要说“No,thanks.”就行了。这也充分体现了中国人交往中的含蓄和西方人直率的不同。

隐私

中国人初次见面经常问及年龄,婚姻,收入,表示关心,而英语国家却对此比较反感,认为这些都涉及个人隐私,因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得年轻,对自己实际年龄秘而不宣,妇女更是如此。再如中国人表示关心时,经常问“你在干什么?”,在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问,监视别人的话语而使人很不高兴。

节日及接受礼物

中国和英语国家的文化差异还显著地表现在节日方面。除中国和英语国家共同的节日外,双方还各有自己独特的节日。中国有春节﹑元宵节和端午节等,英语国家有情人节﹑复活节﹑愚人节﹑感恩节﹑圣诞节等。中西方节日的风俗习惯也很不

相同。在节日里,对于别人送来的礼物,中国人往往要推辞一番,表现得无可奈何地接受,接受后一般也不当面打开。如果当面打开并喜形于色,可能招致“贪财”的嫌疑。而在英语文化中,人们对别人送的礼品,一般都要当面打开称赞一番,并且欣然道谢。

4结语

在英语教学中,文化知识的教学方法是多种多样的,教师应该采用不同的方法提高学生对文化的敏感性,培养文化意识,例如:加强中西方文化差异的比较,将中西文化在称呼,招呼语等等谈话题材和价值观念等方面的差异渗透到教学中。总之,中西方的文化存在着很多差异,在英语教学中不能只单纯注意语言教学,而必须加强语言的文化导入,重视语言文化差异对语言的影响。只有这样,才能在日常生活中不仅能说出正确的英语句子,而且知道面对西方人的时候应该说什么,避免出现交际中的尴尬。

【参考文献】

[1]李常磊.英美文化博览.世界图书出版公司,2002年5月.

[2]Paul Norbury,culture smart!Britain.外语教育与研究出版社,2009年3月.

[3]叶朗,朱良志.中国文化读本.外语教育与研究出版社,2008年4月.

[4]段连城.美国人与中国人———中美文化的融合与撞击.河北师范大学学报,2001年.

[5]邓炎昌,刘润清.语言文化即英汉语言文化对比.外语教育与研究出版社,1994年.

[6]方文惠.英汉对比语言学.福建人民出版社,1990年.

论从餐桌礼仪看中西文化差异

[论文摘要]从比较中西餐桌礼仪的餐具使用差异、座次安排差异、就餐氛围差异、及餐桌话语差异四个方面来看跨文化交际中的文化差异,旨在说明坚持自己的优秀文化传统的同时,要采用一个客观、宽容、尊重的心态对待异国文化以便能在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。

[论文关键词]餐桌礼仪

易中天先生曾经在《餐桌上的文化》里对中西文化进行了精妙阐释中国文化的思想内核是“群体意识”,的思想内核则是“个体意识”。所以西方人即使请客吃饭,也是各点各的菜、各喝各的酒,以免把自己的意志强加于人。中国文化则认为个人的意志,必须服从群体的共同意志。其目的既然意在人情,意在血缘,则其方式礼仪,自然也就以和为贵了,因此中国人爱聚餐、喜共食、讲和合。笔者认为在跨文化交际中,面对陌生文化,因思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式不同,交往过程中难免发生文化冲突。笔者从如下四个方面对中西餐桌礼仪进行简单的比较,以便在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。

一、从餐具使用上看中西文化差异

筷子刀叉是中西餐桌礼仪最基本差异。浙江大学游修龄教授认为:东西方出现进食工具筷子和刀叉的不同,和有关系。筷子要发源于有竹子的地方。我国北方多木,南方多竹,祖先就地取材,竹木均成为我国最原始的筷箸原料。刀叉的出现比筷子要晚很多。据游修龄教授的研究,刀叉的最初起源和欧洲古代游牧的生活习惯有关,他们马上生活随身带刀,往往将肉烧熟,割下来就吃。大约15世纪前后,为了改进进餐的姿势,欧洲人才使用了双尖的叉。到18世纪才有了四个叉尖的叉子。刀叉和筷子,不仅带来了进食习惯的差异,还影响了东西方人生活观念。游修龄教授认为,刀叉必然带来分食制,而筷子肯定与家庭成员围坐桌边共同进餐相配。西方一开始就分吃,由此衍生出西方人讲究独立,子女长大后就独立闯世界的想法和习惯。而筷子带来的合餐制,突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭单元,从而让东方人拥有了比较牢固的家庭观念。笔者提醒在使用餐具时中西均有不同的规范。如中餐进餐时不可玩弄筷子(把它们当鼓槌是非常失礼的做法),更不可以用筷子向人指指点点或打手势示意。当然,绝对不可吸吮筷子或把筷子插在米饭中,这是大忌(这好像葬礼上的香烛,被认为是不吉利的)。在使用刀叉时也有一些禁忌。如 手里拿着刀叉时切勿指手画脚。发言或交谈时,应将刀叉放在盘上才合乎礼仪。忌用自己的餐具为别人夹菜。餐具掉落不要弯腰拾捡。餐品不要一次性切好,尤其带汤汁的餐品,要一小块的逐一切食等等。

二、从座次安排上看中西文化差异

中西都讲究正式的宴请活动的座次安排。中国人请客传统上用八仙桌。对门为上,两边为偏座。请客时,年长者、主宾或地位高的人坐上座,男女主人或陪客者坐下座,其余客人按顺序坐偏座。西方人请客用长桌,男女主人分坐两端,然后按男女主宾和一般客人的次序安排座位,即男女穿插安排,以女主人的座位为准,主宾坐在女主人的右上方,主宾夫人坐在男主人的右上方,讲究“女士优先”的西方绅士,都会表现出对女士的殷勤。在中国,左为尊,右为次;上为尊,下为次;中为尊,偏为次。而在西方,右为尊,左为次。

笔者特别提示西餐入座礼仪:最得体的入座方式是从左侧入座。手肘不要放在桌面上,不可跷足。不可在进餐时中途退席(如有事确需离开应向左右的客人小声打招呼)。用餐时,坐姿端正,背挺直,脖子伸长。上臂和背部要靠到椅背,腹部和桌子保持约一个拳头的距离。记得要抬头挺胸着吃,在把面前的食物送进口中时,要以食物就口,而非弯下腰以口去就食物。

三、从就餐氛围上看中西文化差异

中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静是中西餐桌礼仪最根本差异。餐桌气氛上的差异,中国餐桌上动,西方餐桌上静。中国人以食为人生之至乐,排场之大,气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止。中国人一坐上餐桌,便滔滔不绝,相互让菜,劝酒,尽情的享受山珍海味,美味佳肴。这样的宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳,餐桌上的热闹反映了食客发自内心的欢快。这种“闹”能从某种程度上折射中国人家庭温馨、邻里和睦、国人团结的“一团和气”。西方人一坐到餐桌上便专心致志的去静静的切割自家的盘中餐。喝汤时不能发出响声,如汤菜过热,可待稍凉后再吃,不要用嘴吹。吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。进餐时可以与左右客人交谈,但不要只同几个熟人交谈。左右客人如不认识,可先自我介绍。别人讲话不可搭嘴插话。音量保持对方能听见的程度。咀嚼食物不要说话,即使有人同你讲话,也要等咽下食物后再回答。

四、从餐桌话语上看中西文化差异

中国人请客吃饭时,摆在桌上的菜花样繁多,至少有七、八道菜,如果是盛宴,主菜会更多,越名贵、越奇特的菜会越显示主任的殷勤和客人的身份。而主人却往往要说“今天没有什么好菜招待大家”、“菜做得不好,多吃一点” “多多包涵”、 “怠慢了您”之类的话。而西方盛宴一般四至五道菜,份量以吃完或稍有剩余为最佳。如果在家里,最好是吃完所有的菜,这样女主人会很高兴,认为大家喜欢她做的菜。面对丰盛的宴席,主人会说“已经倾其所有来招待大家” 的话。对中西主人的餐桌话语进行推理,很容易得出:中国人遵循了“贬己尊人”的原则。而西方人强调效率和实用主义价值观,在交际中十分注重自身面子的需要。如在宴席上西方人不议论令人作呕之事,会千方百计采用含蓄文雅的词来替代toilet,如:“Where can I wash my hand?”、“I wonder if I could go somewhere.”、“ Can I add some powder?”等。另外,在西方国家不要问“吃饭了吗?”等我国习惯的问候语。“您吃饭了吗?”容易使人莫名其妙,甚至会出现误会。如在英国,你若问人吃饭没有,其含义是你有意请对方吃饭;这对于未婚男女,则表明你有意约会对方。

五、结语

世界上各种文化都是平等的。文化无优劣之分。应该避免用自己的文化、、价值观作为标准去衡量、评判而应采用一种客观的、宽容的态度对待异国文化;同时,又要避免盲目的追随、模仿异国文化,而应坚持自己的优秀文化传统。

参考文献:

[1]易中天,《餐桌上的文化》,《文汇报.笔会》.

[2]林大津,《跨文化交际研究》,福建人民出版社,:92-127.

[3]李天民,《现代国际礼仪知识》,世界知识出版社出版,:109.

首先, 中英文两种语言使用中的文化相似性在于语言的独特性。语言的结构以及语言的内容会影响人们的思维。我们通常会有这样的感觉, 有时外语中有些词汇很难翻译成汉语, 这一点更说明了语言与文化在塑造人们对世界的认识方面的重要意义, 因为每种语言都有特定的词汇去描绘特定的经历与思想。这些特定的经历、思想与词汇, 只有特定的文化才能独有。有时我们用一些蹩脚的翻译不能达到原语言所表达的意思要求。由于文化的原因, 个别词汇的表达尚且如此, 带有浓重文化色彩的词组更是不可忽视。文化的独特性导致我们常见的各种电影等文学作品的名字很大程度上有着文化的要素, 因此, 我们在处理这些名称的时候应该时时刻刻注意文化的影响。我们在翻译、理解文学电影作品时有几种情况, 即完全对等型、对等型、完全不对等型。无论是哪种类型, 我们都可以看出在作品命名以及名称转化时文化的独特性体现。完全对等型是英文与汉语音释完全相等, 可谓语音的转化。例如: “Hamlet”《哈姆雷特》, 即使是在转化人名的时候也要注意准确性以及文化的影响, 《英语姓名译名手册》能够规范译名的统一性和稳定性。这种方法虽然简单, 但是有时也会出现一些问题, 往往会把外国的人名用任意的汉语同音字代替。这里主要掌握的是外国人名与中国人名的音相同时, 我们一般适宜用外国人名常用的字, 以避开与中国人名的混淆, 从而显示文学作品异域的文化内涵性, 充分体现不同文化的特征。对等型的第二种是直接转化原文名称。这种方法与语音的直译不同, 它是语义的转化。其中, 无论是原文名称还是译文名称都能概括表达故事的内容。例如: “The Old Curiosity Shop”《老古玩店》/ “Our Mutual Friend”《我们共同的朋友》这种转化方法相对比较简单, 但是在转化中也应该充分考虑汉语语言文化表达上整齐与通畅的特点。这两种名称转化不像意译那样受到重视, 但是, 不同语言的差异及不同文化上的差异直接表现了各种文化中的姓名各有差异。例如, 各个民族的命名方法及历史渊源都有很大的差别。因此, 在外语转化成汉语名称时一定要注意原语文化中的姓名特点。这种翻译虽然在翻译上完全等同, 但是在字音或语调上都会发生一些变化。交际者不会过多地介意, 但是由此造成的结果是读出来的姓名既不属于甲文化, 也不属于乙文化, 而处于一种洋味十足的折中状态。这种折中实质上就是跨文化交际中求同的具体表现[2]381。因此, 应该十分注意这种现象, 以达到两种文化都能够接受的目的。其次, 中英文两种语言使用中的文化相似性在于语言的可接受性。每种文化在表达一定的思想时都有其本身的文化内涵, 这就构成了它的可接受性。同样用文艺作品的名称举例说明, 完全不对等型进行中英文两种文字的互换时, 要脱离原来语言的模式及文化特征, 达到另一种语言的文化可以接受的效果。译者不仅要了解外国文化, 还要了解自己的民族文化。不仅如此, 还要把两种文化加以比较, 因为真正的对比应该是从各自文化的内涵意义出发寻求对应。这种类型的互换在目的语中根本找不到原语文字面的影子, 而是按照故事内容情节进行的。这类翻译的作品在早期出现过一些经典, 这种翻译能在更大程度上体现译语的文化内涵。这种翻译涉及到对文化处理时一般分为两种方法: 主要以原语言文化为归宿和主要以目的语文化为归宿。因此, 英语书名、电影名称的汉语翻译多采用汉语的文化归宿[2]276。在充分考虑文化因素的同时, 还要注意影视片名的雅俗共赏、喜闻乐见的特点, 回味无穷更是让影片增添色彩。影视译名广告宣传效应也是值得注意的问题。比较成功的书名及影视名称的翻译也很常见, 例如: 一些经典影片的翻译: “As You Like It”《皆大欢喜》/ “Gone with the Wind”《飘》/ “Wuthering Heights”《呼啸山130庄》/ “Waterloo Bridge”《魂断蓝桥》“Forrest Gump”/ 《阿甘正传》/ “Limelight”《舞台生涯》等。近期的一些影片也有些是这类翻译的典范, 如: “Birth”《重生》/ “Wicker Park”《迷情公寓》/“Paparazzi”《狗仔摄影师》/ “Cars”《汽车总动员》/ “Blow Dry”《爱情洗剪吹》等。《红菱艳》、《窈窕淑女》、《玉女神驹》等就非常符合汉语的习惯及文化认知。二中英文两种语言使用中的文化差异性在于两种语言使用的结构不同。广告语言作为一种文体具有很高的商业价值, 广告文体作为独特语言的形式有其明显的文化特征。在广播、电视、电影、报纸、公共汽车的车身、建筑工地、单位的大厅内, 每天我们的生活都充满着各种各样的广告宣传语言。这些广告有商品或文学作品的宣传广告, 有动员性、鼓动性的宣传广告, 两者的目的都是一种广泛宣传使人记住的口号, 可称之为口号( slogan ) , 或广告语句( catch phrases) , 在语体上也有着鲜明的功能性。作为商业媒体广告它可以借助图画形象的信息功能, 使语言高度精练, 句子高度浓缩, 浓缩的短句常常具有警句和格言的意味, 是一种运用各种语言技巧并富有艺术魅力的鼓动性语言, 它要求用词独特新颖而言简意赅, 句式洗练而内涵丰富, 同时要引人注目而读后回味无穷。作为文学作品的评价推广, 主要是利用文字格式及语言的表现达到引人注目、提高知名度的目的。下面分别就一般的商业广告和口号性的标语两大类特殊的语言形式具体分析其语言特点以及所体现出的文化差别。首先, 一般的商业广告, 通常会使用大量的形容词,例如, 汉语早期的成套的商业承诺有: 造型美观, 款式新颖, 质量上乘, 服务周到。如果分别把这个宣传口号翻译成beautifully/handsomely designed/fashion /up- to- date style / superfine quality / courteous service, 就会有失英语表达的特点, 根本体现不了英语广告语言的特色, 结构也不符合英语的结构特点, 显得不伦不类。为了符合英语文化的特点, 我们最好把它翻译成: It is beautiful, and fashionable, andexcellent item; you can enjoy your buying that will be considerate and complete. 这种差异不仅体现了两种语言的结构特点, 而且更多地体现了两种语言的文化特点, 即汉语注重的句型整齐、排比的、朗朗上口的结构特点, 也体现了汉语的高度浓缩的语言特征。而英语则表现出极其整齐的、严格的结构特点。这里我们不难看到, 在宣传广告语言中除了使用了大量的形容词以及语言的凝练之外, 汉语的稳定的结构特征在广告语言中也被淋漓尽致地表现出来。汉语习惯使用成型的三字或者是四字的结构表达, 以增加语义, 增强语势, 强化广告的艺术感染力, 以达到表现力与节奏上的完美。但是, 因为英语与汉语结构的差异, 广告文字的翻译就很难做到两者的一致与统一。必须结合每种语言的特点进行理解与释义。究其根源, 汉语的结构特点是中国文化的体现。国人往往吟诗唱词, 文化的修养也常常以对古汉语的理解与掌握为标准。从许多产品精练的广告标语、企业精神的口号、凝结学校历史与传统的校训中都可以看到这种文化与结构表达的充分体现。例如: 汇丰银行的广告词的英语:“We’ve been on a long journey together, now we’re paving the way to a better future.”相对应的汉语翻译为: 永结同心, 共致未来。还有索尼掌中宝的广告的英语是: “It lets you take a tripback into a past, and enjoy the memories of a life time.”这一则广告的汉语也极大地展现了汉语的结构特点“为你记载人生、重温旧梦、留住欢乐”。不仅如此, 中外名校展示风采的校训也充分地体现了这种宣传语言文字在不同语言中的差别。这里首先以中国百名高校的校训为例, 我们可以清楚地看到, 一百所高校的校训很多都是以四字为单位, 或者四字, 或者两组四字, 最多为四组四字。例如, 浙江大学的“求实创新”, 清华大学的“自强不息, 厚德载物”, 华南师范大学的131“艰苦奋斗, 严谨治学, 求实创新, 为人师表”; 四字的校训, 如西北工业大学的公、诚、勇、毅①。总之, 基本是以整齐的结构、极富表达力的字为特点。与中国名校的校训相似, 英语国家的校训也是力求简洁、明了, 体现追求真理和服务社会的特点。但是不同的是, 英语国家的校训的语言特色不是像中国校训一样的严谨的句子结构, 而是简洁地表达一个理念, 如斯坦福大学: 愿学术自由之风劲吹; 普林斯顿大学: 普林斯顿—为国家服务, 为世界服务; 哈佛大学: 让真理与你为友;多伦多大学: 像大树一样茁壮成长。从这些精辟的语言的表达中, 我们也可以看到英语与汉语的语言与文化的差异。其次, 中国的文化传统造成中国人比较喜欢用一些口号性的标语。比如我们最常见的: 好好学习, 天天向上; 高高兴兴上班去, 安安全全回家来; 做知法公民, 养合法宠物等, 汉语比较喜欢用这类标语, 在翻译时一定要注意它们的民族独特性与汉语的表达方式, 否则将会造成对原语的错误翻译, 或是会造成很费解的翻译, 因此较好的翻译绝不能按照汉语的结构套出英语的句子, 也绝不要按照英语的句子翻译看上去根本不是广告的汉语语言。当然, 这里还要把握翻译时的意译及其文化的相对性、直译及其文化的开放性以及不译及其社会文化现象可移植性的含义[3]。前面提到的是极其典型的汉语的宣传语体的句子, 这些句子深深地置身于中国文化之中。这些句子只有在汉语中才能体现出它的广告宣传效果, 如果翻译成英语句子它们就失去了本身的深刻内涵, 也就是说不太适合翻译成英语句子。即便是翻译成了英语句子, 也没有可能像汉语那样语义清楚, 结构简练, 朗朗上口, 过目不忘。以上可以看到, 无论是英语作品的宣传, 还是传统的汉语广告, 一是充分体现了广告的文字语体, 二是体现了英语与汉语两种语言的语言特征。因此, 在翻译这样的广告语言时, 要尽量符合目的语的语言特征。从汉语的文化特点来看, 中国的传统以均衡均匀为美, 《文心雕龙·丽辞篇》就提出了“造化附形, 支体必双; 神理为用, 事不孤立”。这种传统的审美心理对汉语有着潜移默化的影响, 突出地表现在四字格这种语言形式上。四字格字数统一, 音节固定, 具有结构工整、音韵和谐、简洁明快等鲜明的特点。中国人非常习惯以整齐的句式表达强烈的思想感情, 因此,在广告语中的三字、四字、五言、六从、七字常常被使用到。而英语中缺乏此种表达形式, 汉语译成英语时就很难做到。但是由于英语本身有些广告是使用了语音的押韵、词语的多义所产生的艺术效果, 翻译成汉语也很难做到音、形与义的完美转换。英语译成汉语尽量照顾了汉语的句式整齐的广告语言特征, 但是汉语译成英语如果只是按照汉语的句式进行翻译, 势必造成理解上的问题, 有时更谈不上音形义的同时顾及。有些英语广告使用的语言生动、奇特, 能引起读者的兴趣, 取得了激动人心的效果。如: kiss your coughs goodbye, 就是一则十分符合英语文化习惯的诙谐幽默的表达。因此, 语言的使用首先考虑的是文化的因素, 语言只有在文化的背景下才能更有其真实的、饱满的含义。语言的学习不仅要清楚语言文体本身的特点, 还要力争做到语言与文化的相互影响、相互作用。语言学习为文化学习提供了一种渠道, 文化的学习与认识会促进语言的学习

英语毕业论文中西文化差异

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

中西方国家均拥有悠久的历史和传统,在各自的 文化 上有其独特的内涵。下文是我为大家整理的关于文化差异英语论文的 范文 ,欢迎大家阅读参考! 文化差异英语论文篇1 文化差异对 英语学习 的影响 一、引言 在英语学习过程中很多人努力学习语音、词汇和语法等语言方面,却忽略了文化因素在语言学习过程中的重要作用,致使许多人虽具备一定的语言能力但在英语交流中仍会遇到许多困难。缺乏对文化因素重要性的认识已严重影响了英语学习。 文化因素对语言的影响很早便引起了国内外学者的关注,如20世纪80年代我国着名学者胡文仲就认为:“语言是文化的一种表现形式,不了解英美文化,要学好英语是不可能的。”但在多年的英语教学中文化因素仍未受到足够的重视,因此,本文将从中西方的 传统文化 、习俗文化和价值体系三方面的差异来探讨文化差异对语言的影响。 二、文化差异对语言的影响 要想学好英语不仅需要掌握语音、语义和语法等语言本身的技能,还需要注重文化差异对语言学习的影响。语言和文化是不可分割、互相依存的整体,语言是文化的表现形式和载体,同时又受所属文化的制约。若不能充分了解西方文化就无法真正学好英语。 众多学者已充分研究了文化的内涵,如戴炜栋和张红玲认为,文化研究发展至今,一个最具概括性、广为接受的观点认为文化是一个群体的生活方式,它包括人自出生后所学到的一切,如语言、言行方式和内容、信仰,以及人们赖以生存的物质和精神基础。张婧则认为,不同的民族所处的地理环境和历史环境不同,因而对不同的事物和经历有着不同的编码分类;不同的民族因不同的宗教信仰,也导致了他们独特的笃信,崇尚和忌讳心态;不同的民族因其发展的特殊历史过程也产生了本民族自己的历史 典故 、 传说 轶事。本文主要关注中西方在传统文化、习俗文化和价值体系三方面的差异及其对语言的影响。 (一)传统文化上的差异 中西方国家均拥有悠久的历史和传统,在各自的文化上有其独特的内涵。由于受到不同的历史和传统的影响,中西方国家在各自漫长的历史长河中所沉淀形成的传统文化亦不尽相同,因此,我们在 学习英语 时除了要学好语言,更要关注语言所属的文化内涵。正如刘长江所言,文化教学应与语言教学同步融合。 由于历史和传统的差异,中西方人们对于同一事物的理解和感受也有区别。如“龙”在中西方的传统文化中的内涵便迥然不同。“龙”是中华民族的图腾,我们引以为豪的自称“龙的传人”。在中国传统文化中“龙”是吉祥、幸福的象征,人们多用“龙腾虎跃”或“龙凤呈祥”等词形容吉庆的气氛。 但西方文化往往把“龙(dragon)”视为邪恶势力的象征,寓意凶残。在西方传统文化中“dragon”指的是一种长有双翅且会吐火的怪兽,因此,它与凶暴直接联系在一起。 (二)习俗文化上的差异 中西方文化差异尤其典型地体现在习俗文化方面。不同国家的习俗文化反映在各自的社会生活和交际活动中,如称谓、礼仪、恭维、致谢等方面。若不能充分了解中西习俗文化上的差异则会严重影响彼此的交流。 如在称谓方面中西方的习俗文化便有着极大的差异。中国人由于受到宗法观念的根深蒂固的影响遵循讲礼节、尊长辈的习俗。俗话说:“子不言父名,徒不言师讳。” 因此,在中国,孩子倘若对长辈或教师直呼其名会被认为不懂礼貌,将会受到家长的责罚。而在西方的习俗文化中西方人称呼除父母外的其他人时大都直呼其名,以示友好和亲近。这一点在美国尤为普遍,甚至初次见面就用名字称呼。这一差异的原因在于中国人尊崇长幼有序、尊卑有别,而西方人则崇尚人人平等、追求自由。 (三)不同价值体系间的差异 价值观念被普遍认为是文化的核心所在,不同文化背景中人的价值观念必然会有所不同。而价值观念又对人们现实生活中的言语表达产生重要的影响,因此,语言也往往折射出一个民族的价值观念。中西方价值观念的差异也直接反映在语言表达上,尤其典型地体现在诸如,禁忌、隐私等方面。 如中国人的价值观念注重社会群体间的亲密友好关系,因此,将询问对方的年龄、收入、婚否等情况视为是对对方的关心,但这些问题在西方人眼中却是一种禁忌,在他们的价值观念中这些均为个人的隐私,因此,避而不谈。再如中国人碰到熟人打招呼常会问“你去哪儿”或“你吃饭了吗”等,以示对对方的关心和双方的亲密友好关系,但这在西方人眼中却大有窥探隐私之嫌。 三、结语 英语学习中语言与文化密切相关,如高宝虹所言,在语言学习中,文化充当着极其重要的角色,语言的使用要受该语言所属民族文化制约。因此,中西方文化的差异必然影响英语语言的学习。尽管已有学者对此进行了探讨,但对文化因素的忽视仍未得到有效的改善。张友平曾指出,外语教学不应当仅仅是语言教学,还应当包括文化教学。因此,我们学习英语不仅要学习语言本身,还要熟知语言的文化背景,只有这样才能真正地将英语学以致用,准确顺畅地将其应用于对外交流之中。 参考文献: [1]胡文仲.文化差异与外语教学[J].外语教学与研究,1982(8):45-51. [2]戴炜栋,张红玲.外语交际中的文化迁移及其对外语教改的启示[J].外语界,2000(2):2-8. [3]张婧.文化知识在英语教学中的作用[J].教学与管理,2009(2):84-85. [4]刘长江.谈外语 教育 中目的语文化和本族语文化的兼容并举[J].外语界,2003(4):14-18. [5]高宝虹.交际化外语教学中的文化认知观[J].外语与外语教学,2003(8):33-38. [6]张友平.对语言教学与文化教学的再认识[J].外语界,2003(3):41-48. 文化差异英语论文篇2 浅析英汉文化差异对语言的影响 [摘要]语言文字是人类社会进行交际的重要 方法 ,同时也是文化的重要载体。各个民族的语言在受到民族自身社会文化影响的同时,又反映着各自民族本身的文化内涵。如果某一个民族的人们不了解另一个民族的文化因素和文化内涵,就很难进行顺利的交流。因此,我们得把语言知识和文化知识结合起来,交际才能顺利地进行。因此,文化差异对翻译的影响不容低估。 [关键词]文化差异 宗教信仰 历史典故 风俗 所谓翻译不仅是对语言进行的转换过程,同时也是对文化进行传递的过程。研究对外汉语教学的专家赵贤州先生说:“跨文化交际之所以成为可能,正是人类享有某些共通的文化信息;而跨文化交际之所以产生某些偏差,是因为双方不能共享另一些有差异的文化信息”。本文着重从生存环境,宗教信仰、历史典故和风俗三个方面论述英汉文化差异对翻译的影响。 一、生存环境的差异对翻译的影响 生存环境的差异对翻译的影响可以说是基础的,显而易见的,同时又是根深蒂固的。对习语的运用是英汉民族生存环境的差异,是语言运用中的一个非常重要的表现。习语的产生、运用和人们的劳动生活有着很密切的联系。例如,在汉民族的文化中,中国人们印象中的东风是很温暖的,只有西北风才是很寒冷的。而英国地处西半球,海洋性气候,西风则是 报告 春天消息的,看如下例子:How many winter days have I seen him,standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind? (在很多冬日里我总看见他,鼻子冻得发红发紫,站在飞雪和东风里。)钱哥川在《翻译漫谈》一书中认为此句的east wind,译成汉语时应该是西风或北风,这正是地理环境与我们生存环境不同的原因造成的文化气氛的不同。又如,在中国人眼里,夏天总是和酷暑炎热联系在一起,“烈日炎炎似火烧”“骄阳似火”是常常被用来描述中国夏天的词语。而英国的夏季则是温暖明媚舒适的,是一年中最舒服最宜人的季节,就像我们中国的春天一样。显而易见,英汉两个不同的民族,由于地理环境上的不同,生存环境存在差异,观察客观事物、反映客观世界的方式和角度是不一样的。因此,翻译千万不能只照词典上的词义逐词逐句的翻译,否则不能达到有效顺利的沟通。 二、宗教信仰和历史典故对翻译的影响 英汉文化在宗教信仰与历史典故上也存在着很大的差异。这对翻译有很大的影响,我们要有深刻的认识。西方人大多信__,认为上帝(god)可创造一切,因而有“God helps those who help themselves”(上帝帮助自助的人) 的说法。而中国人信奉佛教、道教,多有“玉帝”“观音”“菩萨”“慈悲为怀”等词汇。在中国文化中,有各种各样的历史典故,如“盘古开天”“牛郎织女”“卧薪尝胆”等等。在西方的文化里,很多历史典故都来源于古希腊和罗马神话,还有圣经 故事 。请看下面例句:Being a teacher is being present at the creation,when the clay beings begin to breathe.基督__,上帝创造了人,而人又来自尘土。所以,英语中creation指“上帝”。而clay指“上帝创造的人”。理解了creation和clay这两个词的宗教内涵后,就可以把其译为:老师是创造的见证人,目睹着生命呼吸成长。可见英汉文化中不同的宗教信仰贯穿在其各自的语言表达交流之中。如果译者缺少对对象文化个性的深刻认识,就难以理解 句子 的文化内涵,这将对译文的准确性产生影响,从而达不到有效沟通。 三、风俗上的不同对翻译的影响 英汉民族在习俗上有很大的差异,这对翻译必然有一定的影响。中国人把“龙”当成是吉祥的神物,有着伟大的力量,所以龙在中国文化里是至尊无上的帝王的象征,因而有“望子成龙”的说法,但是在英美国家却把龙当作是喷烟吐火的凶残怪物。相反的,中国人把猫头鹰当做不吉祥的象征,而英语中却说as wise as an owl,把猫头鹰当做智慧的象征。类似的例子在英汉交流中,我们经常会发现,给人很新异的感觉,这就是风俗上的不同导致根深蒂固的文化差异,译者在翻译的过程中一定要深刻意识到这一点,考虑风俗对翻译的影响,能使英汉民族进行有效交流。 四、结语 不论是卓越的翻译家还是出色的译评专家,都应该是具有两种文化意识和精通两种语言的真真正正的文化人。交流促进理解,沟通有助于进步,翻译则是交流与沟通的桥梁,让我们真正做好翻译的工作,架起英汉沟通的桥梁,为英汉交流做出应有的贡献。 【参考文献】 [1]崔建京.中学英语教学中的英美文化渗透[J].大连教育学院学报,2003(6). [2]张培基.英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004. [3]包惠南.文化语境与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001. [4]彭保良.从文化差异的角度看英汉翻译中词义的确立[J].中国翻译,1998(1):25. [5]邓炎昌,刘润青.语言与文化――英汉语言文化对比[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1989:159.

一、引言文化,这两种孕育自不同半球的文化,由于历史、地理环境、生产制度等方面的原因,有着极大的差异,截然不同的特色。这两种文化差异,一直备受关注。随着全球化的到来,全世界各民族间商业交流往来的日益频繁,了解中西方文化价值差异可以更好促进民族间经济、文化交流与沟通,从而避免所引起的不必要的误会和麻烦,导致的文化休克(culture shock)或交际失败(communication failure)。而语言是文化的载体,是文化的一部分,很大程度上反映了文化。谚语作为“民族文化之明镜”,来自于生活,更深刻地反映了民族文化特色,体现了人们的生产生活、思想观念、文化取向,具有持久的生命力、广泛的通俗性、生动的口语化的特点。英国著名学者培根曾说过:“The genius, wit and spirit of a nation are discovered in its proverbs.”(一个民族的天才、智慧和精神,都可以在其谚语中发现。)本文将从汉英谚语入手谈谈中西文化在地理环境、宗教信仰、历史、文学传统、民族性格、思想观念等方面的差异。二、 地理环境文化是在一定的自然环境里生发出来的。人们所生存的不同环境势必影响人们的生活、生产方式,影响人们对客观外界的观察与思考。人们以通俗形象的语言来讲述自己的生活体验,描述自然现象,总结生产实践,概括生产经验。这些语言口口相传,千锤百炼,成为大家喜闻乐诵的谚语。这些谚语必然反映出自然环境的不同特征,带有鲜明的地域文化和生态文化的色彩。英国是个岛国,四面环海,海岸线曲折多变,港湾楔入,岛屿众多。这样的自然环境给英国人提供了舟楫之便。人们在长期的航运渔业生活中,创造出数以百计的英语谚语,反映他们对生活及大自然的体验和观察。如:There’s as good fish in the sea as ever come out of it.有了大海,还怕没鱼。No fishing like fishing in the sea.捕鱼要到大海。Who will not be ruled by the rudder must be ruled by the rock.船离舵,要闯祸。A dog in the morning,sailors take warning; a dog in the night is the sailors’ delight.朝虹出天际,水手心事重,夜间见彩虹,水手乐哈哈。He goes a great voyage that goes to bottom of the sea.到达海底的人,才算做了一次远航。特殊的地理环境形成了特有的岛国气候。英国气候潮湿,天气变化大,岛上晴天少,雨天多,且多阵雨,因此,英国人出门常带把雨伞。由于英国天气变化无常的缘故,英国人非常关心天气,也喜欢谈论天气,并因此而产生了许多关于天气的谚语[1](P85):April weather, rain and shine both together.一边日出一边雨,晴雨无常四月天。An English summer, three(or two)hot days and a thunderstorm.英国的一个夏季,三(两)个热天一阵大雷雨。A misty morning may have a fine day.早晨有雾露,可能是晴天。When the wind’s in the west, the weather’s at the best.风从西方起,天气最佳丽。而处于另一个半球的中国则有着不同的地理自然风貌,中华文明发源于长江黄河流域,中国自古是典型的农耕社会,人们过着自给自足的农耕生活,农业是国民经济的重要支柱,农业在历代政府中都受到极大的重视。因此产生了许多与农业相关的谚语。如:庄稼百样巧,地是无价宝。 人勤地不懒,勤奋谷仓满。 田里无神无鬼,全靠肥料土水。 庄稼老汉不知闲,放下锄头拿扁担。 农夫不种田,城里断炊烟。 田像一块铁,在于人来打。[2](P240-241)我国的天气谚语,从量上、质上,以及悠久的历史传统上,值得称道。如“灶烟往下埋,不久雨就来”、“春天孩儿脸,一日变三变”、“太阳颜色黄,明日大风狂”、“久晴大雾必阴,久雨大雾必晴”、“夜里星光明,明朝仍旧晴”等等。[1](P85)三、 特定历史每个民族都以不同的方式在人类历史的画卷中写着自己特定的历史。从谚语中可以一窥历史风云变化。英国从十六世纪开始发展资本主义,经济迅速发展并逐渐开始迅速向海外扩张,掠夺资本主义原料,进行资本主义的原始积累。Shoe-maker’s wife goes bare feet.这句谚语正是出自于十六世纪资本主义新兴时期,小资本家拼命发家致富,属于手工业者的鞋匠们为积攒钱财,竟然连给妻子买鞋穿的钱都不舍得花。十七世纪起英国在东印度扩张,十八世纪中叶建立殖民统治。He came safe from the East –India, and was drowned in the Thames.他从东印度安然归来,却淹死于泰晤士河。[3](P79)英国历史上曾遭到多次其他国家的入侵。罗马统治期间,社会生活罗马化,拉丁语是官方、法律、商业和法律用语。丹麦人侵占期间,丹麦语也传入英国。1066年法国诺曼底登陆后,英国为法国所征服。 法语很长时期成为英国的官方语言,贵族、朝臣、地主和上流社会都使用法语,如当时的英国国王爱德华是完全不会说英语的国王,因此有英谚云:Jack would be a gentleman if he could speak French.要是杰克能讲法语,那他就是个绅士了。而三种语言交配混合到英语中,充实了英语语言,也带来了许多拉丁语、法语谚语。[1](P84)Anger is a short madness .愤怒是短暂的疯狂。(拉丁语)Art is long, life is short. 艺术是无限,生命是有限的。(拉丁语)All roads leads to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。(法语)He that is afraid of asking is ashamed of learning. 怕问者耻于学。(丹麦语)而在中国的历史长河中,秦始皇于公元前221年统一中国,从此中国进入了漫长的封建社会。广大劳动人民深受压迫和剥削,生活于水深火热之中,而统治阶级却过着穷奢极欲的生活。[4](P50)有许多汉谚就反映了这一点。

例如:朱门酒肉臭,路有冻死骨。一人得道,鸡犬升天。衙门八字开,有理无钱莫进来。只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯。四、 风俗习惯不同的民族形成了各自独特的风俗习惯:正如英语中一句谚语所说的:“So many countries, so many customs.”在对狗的态度上,中国人脑海中狗如同鸡、鸭、猪一样是一种地位十分卑微的动物。常常把狗与“下贱”、“低微”、“无赖”等贬义词联系在一起,如“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”、“猪狗不如”、“狐朋狗党”等,[5](P83)虽然狗也用作看家护院、狩猎、牧羊。狗还常被宰杀烹调,这在西方人看来是非常不能接受的。中国人对狗的态度在谚语中可以体现出来,如:狗眼看人低。 好狗不挡道。 狗嘴里吐不出象牙。 狗改不了吃屎。 痛打落水狗。而狗在西方人眼中不仅是狩猎、看门、工作的得力可靠的好帮手,更是生活中重要的伴侣和朋友,是抚慰人们寂寞空虚生活不可缺少的一部分,甚至将其视为家中的成员,与狗有着深厚的感情。在西方还有发生狗死后,为其安葬立碑的事。因此,狗的形象在英语谚语中是褒义的,人们对狗是怜爱、赞赏的。英语谚语之中,常常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为。如:You are a lucky dog.你是一个幸运儿。 Every dog has its day.各人皆有出头之日。 Old dog will not learn new tricks.老人学不了新东西。 Love me, love my dog.爱屋及乌。而英语中兔子常代表胆怯,但汉语中与“胆怯”相联系的动物形象则是老鼠。因此有谚语“气壮如牛,胆小如鼠”;英语民族常用狮子比喻力量、雄威,所以有谚语:March comes in like a lion and goes out like a lamb.三月来如猛狮;去如羔羊。Every dog is a lion at home.狗是百步王,只在门前狠。A lion may be beholden to a mouse.老鼠也能帮狮子;弱者也能帮强者。这里因为狮子多产于非洲、印度等地,而英国历史上与这些地区或国家有着很深的关系。而我国不产狮子,无论南方北方都产老虎。[6](P73)从前,老虎数量繁多,常出没山林,侵扰人民,甚至危害人命。人们认为虎为百兽之王,对虎十分敬畏,有“养虎为患”、“伴君如伴虎”的说法,把虎看作力量、威武、雄壮的象征,因此产生了许多关于与老虎有关的谚语。例如:山中无老虎,猴子称大王。 不入虎穴,焉得虎子。 虎毒不食子 初生牛犊不怕虎。五、 民族性格中西方由于各自生存环境的差异,以及人们对自身环境的不同应战,发展出各自不同的社会文明,从而产生了不同的文化取向、价值观念、性格特征。在古希腊,由于土地的贫瘠,海上通道的开辟,再加上频繁的战争和几次大规模的民族迁徙,使得他们很早就发展起商业经济,创造了人类最古老的商业文明。西方成了典型的商业社会,人们从事着频繁的商业活动,正所谓“The English are a nation of shop-keepers.”(英国全民皆商,外表富强)。经商的成效不在天地鬼神而在自己,在于自己的才干。[7](P22-23)商场中的竞争激烈、优胜劣汰、你失我得,这形成了西方人个人意识较强、重视个人作用、个人独立自主、个人利益的个人主义思想。Self comes first.自我利益是第一位的。Everyman for himself and God for us all.个人为自己,上帝为大家。Near is my shirt, but nearer is my skin.自己的利益最切身。Self-preservation is the first law of nature.保存自己是自然界的第一法则。He who depends on another dines ill and sups worse.指望别人,难有好吃喝。而经商见效快、获利多、风险大,也养成了西方人急功近利、富于进取、敢于冒险的流动性格。If at first you don’t succeed, try, try, try again. Forbidden fruit is as catch is the first step in is a battle from cradle to grave.人生是一场从摇篮到坟墓的战斗。Life, to be worthy of a rational being, must be always in progression. 人生必须永远前进,才不愧为有理智的人。Fortune favors the bold. 勇者天佑。个人主义思想使西方人重视突出个人,喜欢表现自己的个性,乐于标新立异,爱出风头,尊重个性、自我,并鼓励个性发展,对别人因个性表现出的任何形态都能够理解接受,这可以在谚语中体现出来。It’s squeaky wheel that gets the oil.吱吱叫的轮子先上油。Tastes differ.个人品位不同。Every man after his fashion.个人追求个人的风格。 If you’ve got it, flaunt it.这句谚语来源于一部The producer的美国电影。意思是如果你有钱、本事、美貌或性感,就应该让人瞧瞧。[8](P334)而以农业为根本的中国人则截然不同,农业的收获往往不在耕种者,而是老天。人的意志如何强大也阻止不了干旱、洪水、风暴等天灾的来临。[7](P23)另外农业见效慢,而一年一度的丰收来自于长期的扎扎实实、坚持不懈的努力劳动,这形成了中国人思想意识中安定保守、善于坚持忍耐、缺乏冒险、知足的性格的特质。[5](P23)

中西节日文化差异英文毕业论文

我是英语科代

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面,从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在,下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异,中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义,在西方又表示一种涵义,甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。(一)red(红色)无论是在英语国家还是在中国,红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中,这些日子常用红色字体,因此,red letter day:指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”,因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组:red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语,翻译成英语,可不一定用“red”例如:红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine (二) yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中,yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思,例如:a yellow dog 可鄙的人,卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思,如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而,英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思,如blue jokes(下流的玩笑), blue films(黄色电影)等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先,中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关:中国人比较保守,喜欢热闹,思维较古板,所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放,对于婚礼的要求也比较低,他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中:随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯,娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去,新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上,将女儿的一生托付给新郎,所有人的目光注视着这对新人,幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次,造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主,而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地,拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

In Christmas, people will get together and celebrate the festival like we Chinese people do in Spring Festival. Of course there has to be a well-prepared dinner table. And turkey will be the main course. Before Christmas, people will decorate a beautiful Christmas tree with the gifts for the whole family under the tree. And children will put a sock beside the bed in Christmas Eve, hoping that the Santa will climb through the chimney and put presents in it. And during the Christmas vacation, the Christmas songs will be around you everywhere." Jingle bell, Jingle bell, Jingle all the way. Oh what fun it is to ride in a one horse open sleigh" Did the song remind you the last Christmas?非原创,是搜来的

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