论文发表百科

医学论文范文英语版

发布时间:2024-07-03 11:23:51

医学论文范文英语版

这种比较专业性的好的免费的论文在网上很难找,就算找的应该也不是完整的,特别是免费的,建议你去学校图书馆阅览室,你不有阅览证吗?那里很多,选择性多呀,含金量也比较高.

这个简单啊。你可以到PubMed中下载。输入关键词,然后检索即可。

s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.

If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.

First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.

Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.

Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy

Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog

All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。

The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。

有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。

人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。

In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。

其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。

The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.

令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。

In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.

在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。

Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文

Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?

Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.

As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.

范文二:

My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。

【关键词】  医学英语论文; 标题写作; 修辞原则; 策略Abstract:As an important component part of a medical research paper,the English title plays a crucial role in promoting international academic exchanges. Its main functions are to summarize and reveal the subject, guide reading, and to be used for storage and retrieval. This paper mainly investigates the strategies of title writing for medical English research paper and presents four principles:focuse on subject,be accurate,be concise,be words: Medical English research paper;   Title writing;   Rhetorical principle;   Strategy人们读书看报,首先要看的是标题,题目常常能概括地反应文章的内容。题目取得好,简练又吸引人,才会引起读者的兴趣。标题“居文之首,句文之要”,被人们比喻为文章的眼睛。标题在学术论文中同样起着至关重要的作用。随着经济全球化的发展,医学界国际交流活动日趋频繁,在交流活动中起主导作用的学术期刊更加“规范化、标准化”,国内越来越多刊物须附英文标题和摘要。因此,学术论文的标题英译也越来越重要。医学论文题名具有高度概括集中反映文献主题的功能,指导读者查找文献资料的导读功能和信息储存提供编制文献检索的功能[1]。本文主要探讨医学论文英文标题写作中应遵循的主要修辞原则及表达策略,以期更好地发挥学术论文标题的功能,促进学术交流。1  突出主题原则及修辞策略    题名是论文最重要的、浓缩的信息点,是读者最先得到的直接信息,即文章的主要观点和主要论点。因此,标题应简明扼要、重点突出、反映论文主题。根据国际医学期刊编辑委员会制定的《生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求》中对文题的要求:简练和反映论文主题,英文标题应切题准确,反映文章的中心内容,便于索引,利于论文广泛流通。    好的标题不仅能起到“画龙点睛”的作用,还可以提高论文索引的利用价值。通常读者总是先浏览期刊的文章标题,在对其感兴趣后才会通读全文。因此,在标题英译时,应从以下两个方面注意修辞策略:    在信息传递上,要充分反映论文的创新内容,重要内容前置,突出中心;准确使用题名的必要结构要素来完整表达医学文献主题,在医学论文中最常见的结构类型是由研究对象、研究目的和研究方法三要素组成的题名。在表达方式上,多用名词、名词词组、动名词来表达。文字安排应结构合理、选词准确、详略得当,重要的词放在文题的起始,如association, application, determination,effect,detection,establishment等词所引导的短语都是研究的中心内容。2  准确规范原则及修辞策略    准确是修辞的基本原则,也是翻译必须遵循的原则。科技文体写作更应遵循这一原则,因为学术研究特别强调准确,不能模糊不清、模棱两可。措辞准确、表达客观、逻辑严密、行文简洁、词义明确、含义固定是科技文体所共有的文体特征[2]。医学英语除了具备以上特征外,它还有大量的专业词汇、术语以及特定的词汇结构体系、语法规则和语篇结构。因此,在医学论文题名写作时语言表达要合乎医学论文写作的规范标准。论文标题英译要在正确理解原文的基础上进行,必须忠实地传达原文的内容,保持原文的风格。具体可采取以下方法:    首先,格式要求规范。标题译文可采用首字母大写,其余的用小写(首字母缩略词全大写,专有名词的首字母大写);也可采用标题首字母大写,其余实词首字母大写,虚词小写(4个字母以上的介词或连词的首字母大写);排列时可根据具体学术期刊的规范分别采用居中排与左对齐的方式;书名应用斜体表示。    其次,选词应强调专业化。与其它学科的英语术语相比,医学英语术语特征相对明显,专业化是医学英语的一大特色。因此,熟知医学英语术语,选择专业词汇,避免使用通俗语是医学工作者治学严谨的表现。例如,“先天性皮肤并指畸形” 应译为“syndactyly of fingers”而不是“congenital skin webbed fingers”;“大黄”“丹参”分别为“Rhubarb”和 “Salvia miltiorrhiza”,而不是“Da Hunag” 和“Dan Shen”。另一方面,科技英语用词强调词义单一、准确,忌用多义词。根据科技英语的这一修辞特点,在英译时应用词义明确单一的词来代替词义较多的词,如用to transmit, to convert, to obtain, to insert, to consume, to absorb, application, sufficient, superior来替代常用的to send, to change, to get, to put in, to use up, to take in, use, enough, better。    此外,用词要准确。注意不使用非标准化的缩略语,应使用公认的缩略词语、代号、符号、公式等。国际上《核心医学期刊文摘》中,对缩写词的使用非常谨慎,对非公认的缩略词语,第一次出现必须先写全名,缩写附后加括号。如丙型肝炎病人:hepatitis C virus (HCV),维甲酸:all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)。    语言的习惯搭配也是医学论文英语标题写作特征的一种重要表现形式。在英语中,有相当数量的动词、名词、形容词都有其固定的介词搭配,在使用此类词语时一定要多加注意,以避免错误。医学英语标题多采用逻辑动宾关系的名词性组合形式,常见的搭配如:patients with, cases of, operation on, cure for, response to, effect on, research in/into/on, approach to, observation(s) of/on/in, treatment of等等。下面的标题译文很好地说明了正确使用介词搭配能有助于准确明了地反映论文的主题。    例: The acupuncture effect on left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris (针疗对冠心病心绞痛患者左心功能状态的影响)    “影响”为中心词,但它在文中的意思为“疗效”,因为“针疗”是一种治疗疾病的方法,“针疗的疗效”可译为“acupuncture effect (on)”。“左心功能状态”是表类属的定语,应紧跟“影响”。“患者patients (with)”修饰“左心功能状态”,“冠心病心绞痛”修饰“患者”。层层修饰关系在译文中均以介词表示,译文准确而明晰。[3]3  简明有效原则及修辞策略    好的标题应是高度概括、言简意赅、便于检索。在完整、准确地概括全文内容的基础上,用尽量少的文字恰当反映所研究的范围和深度,不可夸大其词,以偏概全,也不可缩小研究范围,以偏代全。做到简明有效主要从以下两个方面着手:    在信息处理上,遵循科技写作中语言运用的最小信息差原则以谋求语言运用的最大信息量的输出和最佳交际效果,即“作者应该写的都能写出来,读者对作者所表达的意思都能读明白”[4]。    在选词用语上,文题力求语言精炼,中心词突出,一般在10个单词以内,通常不超过16个单词。标题起始处的冠词“A”“The”可以省略,但文题中间的“the”不能省。采用短语翻译题名,医学论文英语标题采取的主要短语结构有:名词+动词不定式;名词或名词短语+过去分词;现在分词短语;介词短语结构;名词或名词短语+介词短语;以动词形式开始的短语结构等。以短语形式来表达一个句子,结构言简意赅,内部组织严密,而且可以把更多的信息融于一体,使彼此的逻辑关系更明确,表达更细密,更有利于达到交际目的。    由于医学英语要求客观和精确,一些旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的修辞格不常见。但是,医学英语强调注重有效的语法和词汇修辞,如英语讲求结构平行对称。论文标题中并列的内容,应注意到语法结构上的对称,即名词与名词并列,动名词与动名词并列,不要混杂使用。例如:The Role of Arthroscopy in Diagnosing and the Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children(关节镜在儿童关节疾病诊治中的作用)宜改为:The Role of Arthroscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children。修改后两个动名词并列,既简化了文字,符合修辞原则,而且还更为醒目。平行结构的使用可以增强修辞效果,不仅使主题更加突出,而且还富有美感,引起读者兴趣。请看下面两个例子:例1:“Clinical, physiological, and radiological study of a new purpose-designed artificial bowel sphincter”例2:“Socioeconomic status,standard of living,and neurotic disorder”例1中3个形容词平行排列加强了语音的节奏感,也明确了与中心词的修饰关系,既美观又醒目;例2中的3个并列名词短语排列有序、结构工整、逻辑关系明确,读者能很快抓住论文的中心。4  得体原则及修辞策略    一个修辞行为的有效性,还取决于它是否合乎语体的规范,是否符合言语交际环境的规定,是否符合社会交往的礼仪,是否符合文化的习俗,是否符合双方的审美倾向。[5]如用戏曲语体撰写科技论文是不得体的。科技论文的行文要符合科技文体的特点,保持文体的严肃性,是为得体。医学论文的英语题名写作与翻译要求标题与论文的内容协调一致,包括风格的一致,语言表达应符合英语习惯。因此,在医学论文标题英译时,要考虑其语法、修辞特点,尽可能体现出英语的固有风格,避免中式英语的弊病。下面介绍几种表达得体的主要修辞策略。    英文标题的写作可以不拘一格,但应突出主题,服从英语的表达习惯,避免使用中国式的英语表达形式。比如,汉语医学论文标题中常常出现“初探”、“探讨”、“经验”、“体会”等词以示谦逊,而在国外的医学刊物中使用带有“浅谈”“初探”这类句式的题名会被认为所论述的内容没有多大参考价值,缺乏严肃性。这是因为欧美人认为科技论文应立足于事实材料,不必谦虚客套。    汉语论文主标题与副标题之间一般用破折号,而英文的主标题与副标题之间通常用冒号表示。病例数在汉语中一般放在正标题中,在英语中大多放在副标题中,如:Post transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases (输血后肝炎60例报告)。    由于受汉语语法的限制和语言习惯的影响,在中文标题中常含有“……的研究”和“……的观察”等词语,题名英译时应省略“Regarding …”、“Observation(s) of …”、“Investigation of …”、“Studies on …”、“Research(es) on …”、“Some thoughts on …”、“Introduction to …”等冗余套语,使之更简洁且符合英语的表达习惯。    名词化结构较多地使用抽象名词表达动作和状态,这也是英语表达和汉语表达上的主要差别之一。在汉语中用行为动词表达的意思在英语中多转换为名词。英汉语的用词顺序有很大的不同。在汉语中,定语置于中心词之前,而在英语中,“中心词+后置定语”的结构应用非常广泛。例如:葡萄糖在体外和体内对神经细胞瘤的疗效:Effect of Glucose on Neuroblastoma in Vitro and in Vivo;心脏病患者肌酐激酶同功酶的测定:Detection of Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes Inheart Disease;严重脑外伤患者大断面骨折接骨时间选择:Timing of Osteosynthesis of Major Fracture in Patients with Severe Brain Injury。    总之,标题在论文中起着至关重要的作用。论文的标题应能准确地概括论文的内容,提纲挈领、点明主题、吸引读者、便于检索。要写好译好英文标题,作者不仅要有严谨的治学态度,还要掌握专业英语知识,熟悉医学英语文体的写作特点,熟记常用的句式结构及英语习惯表达方法,在正确理解论文主旨的基础上,力求重点突出,行文准确、规范、简洁、得体。

医学英语论文范文

这种比较专业性的好的免费的论文在网上很难找,就算找的应该也不是完整的,特别是免费的,建议你去学校图书馆阅览室,你不有阅览证吗?那里很多,选择性多呀,含金量也比较高.

Objective To evaluate acute and long2term angiographic and clinical outcomes of longstent or multiple overlapped stents (length ≥ 20 mm) implantation for diffuse atherosclerosis lesions inoctogenarians. Methods Long stent or multiple overlapped stents implantation was performed on 111diffuse native coronary lesions ( Group O : 47 lesions in 44 octogenarians ; Group Y: 64 lesions in 58 patientsaged under 60) . Baseline demographic , lesion characteristic , angiographic and procedural details weresimilar in these 2 groups. Six2month clinical and angiographic follow2up was completed in all cases. In2hospital and long2term outcomes were evaluated. Results Procedure success was 100 %for both had in2hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) . There was no significant difference inangiographic binary restenosis ( ≥50 % diameter stenosis) rate between the groups at follow2up ( Group Ovs. Group Y, 1218 % vs1 1019 % at 32month , 2918 % vs. 2616 % at 62month , P > 0105) . The rates oftarget lesion revascularization and MACE at follow2up were less in Group Y, but it showed no statisticalsignificance (718 % vs. 1016 % and 816 % vs. 1114 % at 32month , 1516 % vs. 2314 % and 2017 % % at 62month , respectively , P > 0105) . Conclusions Long stent implantation for diffuse lesionsin octogenarians appears safe and feasible , with high procedural success and favorable long2term outcomes.

去创新医学网一定能找到的,上面24科室的论文都有,而且全部免费,自己去找找吧!

s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.

If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.

First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.

Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.

Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy

Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog

All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。

The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。

有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。

人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。

In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。

其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。

The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.

令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。

In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.

在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。

Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文

Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?

Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.

As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.

范文二:

My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。

英语版论文范文

英语议论文写作是英语专业学习者学习中很重要的一项技能,恰当运用评价资源能增强作者表达对事件的态度和立场,开启话题,可以感染和说服读者。以下是我为大家整理的关于英语议论文范文,给大家作为参考,欢迎阅读!

英语议论文范文篇1

My opinion on copying others' homework

It is konwn to us all that some students copy others' homework,their reasons are as below:first of all,the homework is too much and always difficult;the second,they are not intrested in the lessons;and the third,the aim of finishing their homework is to please the teacher.

In my opinion,copying others' homework is not good,because it's against the rules of the should be honest and work hard to get high we have difficulties,we can even ask the teacher or our classmates for their help.

英语议论文范文篇2

Now it is common that students copy homework from their classmates. I think it is a terrible thing . Because homework is their own task and the check for what they learn in class.

If they copy others' homework , the teachers won't get the fact so they can't help the students to improve. Besides ,if the students can't finish their homework, they can't get the chance to go over their lessons so they can't make progress. So don't copy others' homework.

英语议论文范文篇3

In the picture we can see that a man is fishing attentively by the him there is a scholar who is stealing the fish in the man’s is obvious that the drawer of the picture tries to reveal a serious problemin the academic circle of our country — plagiarism. In recent years academiccheats have become rampant. Quite a lot of graduate students and scholars“use” others’ ideas, articles and papers without acknowledging the sourceof information.

They copy them without the fear that they might be a long time we paid less attention to the problem of plagiarism, butnow we are increasingly aware of its negative effects. Plagiarists’misconduct simply mean “stealing” others’ intellectual and academicaccomplishments, which not only depreciates their own humanity but contaminatesthe climate of the academic circle. Academic falsification is like an epidemicdisease that spreads fast and will destroy the healthy development of academicstudies. What’s worse, these plagiarists have set a very disreputable exampleto the younger generation.

So what attitude should we hold towards it? From my point of view, weshould resolutely battle against this ill phenomenon. Education of moralityshould be strengthened among the scholars and students. Those who steal others’academic achievements should be given severe punishment whenever they arespotted. If necessary, we can resort to the law to protect the interest of theoriginal writer and inventor. We must recognize that fighting againstplagiarism requires our persistent efforts.

翻译

在画中我们可以看到一位男子正在专心地在湖边钓鱼,在他身后有一位学者模样的人正从钓鱼人的鱼桶中偷鱼。显然,作这幅画的人是想揭示我国学术界的一个严重的问题—— 剽窃。近年来学术欺诈盛行,有不少研究生、学者“利用”别人的想法、文章和论文而不注明信息来源。

他们抄袭他人作品,不怕被抓。对剽窃问题很长时间以来我们关注甚少,现在我们越来越多地意识到它的负面影响。剽窃行为其实就是“偷”他人的知识和学术成就。剽窃不仅贬低人格,而且污染学术风气,它会像传染病那样迅速蔓延,破坏学术研究的健康发展。更糟的是,这些剽窃者给年轻的一代树立了坏榜样。

英语作文写作是英语学习的重要内容,也是英语学习的最终目标。下面,是我为你整理的高中英语作文议论文范文,希望对你有帮助!

高中英语作文议论文范文篇1

Encouraging Buying Cars Isn’t Fit For Today

目前不适合鼓励买车

Nowadays, we can often hear the discussion whether buying cars should be encouraged. Some people suggest that we should buy cars. But others claim that driving cars is not a wise idea. As far as I am concerned, I am in favor of the latter opinion.

To begin with, there are few parking lots, so the streets are made narrower by the cars parked along the roads. For example, my father could not find any place to park when we went to the supermarket.

Moreover, many drivers do not obey regulations, because people do not pay enough attention to the rule of traffic. For instance, I often see people cross the road when the traffic lights are still red.

Last but not least, the growth of new roads’construction is usually slower than the increasing number of cars. For example, the length of the road has gone up by 20% in 2002. However, the number of cars increased by 50% in the meantime.

From what have been discussed above, we could draw a conclusion that encouraging buying cars is not fit for today.

as far as I am concerned 就我看

in favor of 赞成

to begin with 首先

for example =for instance 例如

moreover 并且

last but not least 其次

in the meantime 同时draw a conclusion 得出结论

高中英语作文议论文范文篇2

The Good and Bad Sides of Setting off Firecrackers

燃放鞭炮的利与弊

Dear Editor,

I’m writing to tell you about our discussion we had on the afternoon of last Wednesday about the good and bad sides of setting off firecrackers during the Spring Festival. 20 boy and 20 girl students attended the discussion. As a result, 40% of them believe that setting off firecrackers certainly adds pleasure and joy to the festival, therefore, it is a wonderful tradition. But another 40% of the students think that setting off firecrackers causes air and noise pollution, and what’s worse, it sometimes causes terrible accidents to us and to our property. The other 20% have never thought about it or don’t care a bit.

Yours truly,

Li Hua

the good and bad sides of setting off firecrackers

燃放鞭炮的利与弊

as a result 结果

It is a wonderful tradition. 它是一个优良传统。

what’s worse 更糟的是

think about 想起,想到

高中英语作文议论文范文篇3

Disability

残疾

There are too many disabled people in the world. They have no differences from country to country. Some of them were disabled when they were born, the others were injured or hurt in all kinds of accidents, which made them disabled. Almost all of us feel sorry for them. We commiserate with them because they are another kind of people. But some disabled people refuse others’commiseration. They think they can do everything by themselves. They don’t consider themselves as people who have defects. They think they are the same as normal people.

In fact, a great number of people with disabilities should be taken care of by others. They get help from the government or some beneficent organizations in society. But that’s not enough. They must look after themselves on their own. When a baby with disabilities is born, it should be taught to learn some particular skills to live. Or else, it would fail in the future. So one with disabilities must have abundant confidence to fit the hard life without others’help.

too many disabled people 太多残疾人

commiserate with them 同情他们

consider themselves as 把自己当作……

the same as 和……同样

taken care of 照看,照顾

look after themselves on their own 自己照顾自己

or else 否则in the future 将来

近年来,英语专业学生思辨能力的培养受到外语教育界的广泛关注,于是英语议论文也开始兴起。以下是我为大家整理的关于300字英语议论文范文,给大家作为参考,欢迎阅读!

300字英语议论文范文篇1

Everyone dreams about the future. I also have a dream about my life in 20 years. I will live inShanghaiwith my families because we like it very much. It will be more beautiful. I will teach in a middle school. I will be a good English teacher.

I will love my students, and my students will love me, too. We will be good friends. I will do sports with my students every day. Swimming and running will be my favorite sports. I will be healthy and strong. There will be more robots everywhere. They will help us do many things. I believe we will have more time to study and play.

This is my future dream. What do you think of it?

300字英语议论文范文篇2

My ideal work has many, for instance doctor, police, boss, entrepreneur, scientist .

But I most like working as boss. When boss has many advantage for example: May make money, buy the house, to buy the car, to be filial piety the parents, to make the contribution, the gang disaster area person for the Project Hope to do decides the life the expense .......

I thought that I certainly will work as boss in the future. What but I most am now main is studies well, can work as boss.

300字英语议论文范文篇3

My future will be happy. I already graduated at that time from the university. I will have a stable will have my family, my husband,and a lovely child. What will be my future job?

I have many ideals. I want to work as a singer, stands on the stage sings for the people; I want to work as a nurse, cure illness, brings the health for the people; I want to work as a pilot, drives the airplane in the blue sky; I want to work as a gardener, with a little bit sweat irrigation flowers, lets our life forever fill the green. After growing want to ba a will have many day I will give many classes to them. I will become a teacher who is always preparing my can certainly be a good teacher in the future.

I will also be a volunteer of my city. I will help a great deal of many meaningful things. I will Make contribution to my city and the society.

If I can became an teacher, they are my forever hopes. this will be my future, when a grade teacher's dream.

I will have a bright I will study hard and make preperation for my future.

300字英语议论文范文篇4

It's my dream to be a teacher .

Why do I have this dream ? Becasue I like this teachers are sometimes strict with us. They are always friendly to us and often help us with our study .They not only teach us too much knowledge, but also tell a lot of principle .So I'd like to became a teacher in the future . From now on , I should go on working hard and listen to the teacher carefully in the I Should

英语式医学类论文范文

这种比较专业性的好的免费的论文在网上很难找,就算找的应该也不是完整的,特别是免费的,建议你去学校图书馆阅览室,你不有阅览证吗?那里很多,选择性多呀,含金量也比较高.

Objective To evaluate acute and long2term angiographic and clinical outcomes of longstent or multiple overlapped stents (length ≥ 20 mm) implantation for diffuse atherosclerosis lesions inoctogenarians. Methods Long stent or multiple overlapped stents implantation was performed on 111diffuse native coronary lesions ( Group O : 47 lesions in 44 octogenarians ; Group Y: 64 lesions in 58 patientsaged under 60) . Baseline demographic , lesion characteristic , angiographic and procedural details weresimilar in these 2 groups. Six2month clinical and angiographic follow2up was completed in all cases. In2hospital and long2term outcomes were evaluated. Results Procedure success was 100 %for both had in2hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) . There was no significant difference inangiographic binary restenosis ( ≥50 % diameter stenosis) rate between the groups at follow2up ( Group Ovs. Group Y, 1218 % vs1 1019 % at 32month , 2918 % vs. 2616 % at 62month , P > 0105) . The rates oftarget lesion revascularization and MACE at follow2up were less in Group Y, but it showed no statisticalsignificance (718 % vs. 1016 % and 816 % vs. 1114 % at 32month , 1516 % vs. 2314 % and 2017 % % at 62month , respectively , P > 0105) . Conclusions Long stent implantation for diffuse lesionsin octogenarians appears safe and feasible , with high procedural success and favorable long2term outcomes.

英语翻译教学在高校英语教学中起着重要作用,它直接影响了学生的英语使用能力。尤其在经济全球化不断发展的当今社会,加强英语翻译教学不仅关系着大学生的就业前景,更与我国经济发展密切相连。下面是我为大家整理的英语翻译论文,供大家参考。

英语翻译论文 范文 一:中西方 文化 在英语翻译方面的差异性

一、中西方文化在英语翻译方面的差异性

(一)地理环境因素

“一方山水养一方人”,不同的地域和环境必然造就不同的民族文化。中国是一个幅员辽阔、地大物博、物产丰富的农业大国,这就使我国形成了一种典型的农耕文化。中国人注重人与自然、人与人之间的和谐与统一,故在许多 成语 中都与土地有关,如“土豪劣绅”“、土生土长”和“土崩瓦解”等。而英国则是一个典型的岛国,其四面被海水环绕,故其航海技术一直处于世界领先地位,这也促使其所形成的文化中都与水或航海有一定的联系,如在比喻一个人挥霍金钱的时候,会用“Spendmoneylikewa-ter”(挥金如土)来加以描述;在形容一个人的形体单薄、虚弱的时候则用“asweakaswater”(弱不禁风)来加以描述;而在告别友人的时候则会用“haveagoodsailing”(一路顺风)来加以描述等。因此,只有掌握了中西民族文化之间的差异性,才能够正确对语句进行理解和翻译。

(二)宗教信仰因素

宗教文化也是众多文化中的一种表现形式,其也会因信仰的不同而产生一定的差异。中国的宗教门派众多,但是主要的可以分为道家、佛家和儒家这三个主要的流派。不同的教派具有不同的教义,如中国道家主张人和神仙是可以相互转化的;佛教则主张佛祖则是至高无上的神,其法力无边,这也可以从我国古代语言中明显看出。汉语中有“天命不可违”、“借花献佛”和“不看僧面看佛面”等的语言表达。而西方则主要以基督教为主,他们只承认上帝是万事万物的主宰,其无所不能,这在西方语言中也可以明显的看出来。如“Manproposes,Goddisposes”(谋事在人,成事在天)、“GodiswhereHewas”(上帝无所不在)和“Heavenisaboveall”(上帝高于一切)等。因此,为了达到翻译忠实原意的目的,我们必须要充分了解中西宗教文化的差异性。

二、提高高校英语翻译质量的策略

(一)导入异国文化

中西翻译的差异性。因此,为了提高学生对于英语翻译的认识度和理解度,教师需要在英语翻译教学的过程中为学生们导入到量的异国文化。通过将英语翻译与文化学习二者进行有机地结合来提高学生们英语翻译的水平。但是特别需要注意一点就是,教师在导入异国文化的过程中要始终本着由易到难、由浅入深的原则。此外,教师除了要为学生们普及一些西方文化知识外,还需要为学生们普及一些西方文化习俗的来源。例如,英语中有“raincatsanddogs”的习语,这句话用汉语可以表述为“倾盆大雨”,但是如果按照直白的翻译就会理解为“下猫跟狗”,这样就明显偏离了翻译的本意。这句习语主要来源于北欧的神话 传说 ,传说猫跟狗对于风和雨等天气具有很强的预测能力。又如“asstrongasahorse”(壮如牛),但是如果单纯的按照意思来理解则成了“壮如马”了等。如果学生对于这个文化背景不了解,则会出现上述可笑的误译现象。

(二)介绍英汉语言结构上的差异性

英语结构区别于汉语结构,其重视主题句和主体结构的构成以及 句子 结构连接过渡词的作用,并且侧重用介词和连词来表示句子和词组之间的逻辑关系,这种现象在汉语中则很少用或几乎不用。另外,英语表述中特别忌讳重复,如果出现重复的问题,通常用省略、替换或代词的形式来加以表示,但是我们汉语中常用重复来表示强调。

(三)讲解一些常用的翻译技巧

在学生掌握了上述英语翻译的基本知识之后,教师需要为学生讲解一些常用的翻译技巧,从而让学生们学会如何通过删减或增加词语来使语句变得更加通顺。常用的翻译技巧主要包括词类转换、增删词语以及拆分语句等手段。首先,词类转换作为一种有效的翻译手段,其主要是将那些由动词转化来的名词或具有动作意义类型的名词后接of的形式按照汉语中动宾 短语 来进行翻译即可。其次,英语和汉语之间的结构表述有所不同,只有通过增加或删减词汇才能够使意思更加忠实原文的含义。

三、结语

总之,中西文化差异性对于英语翻译具有重要的影响。为了提高学生英语翻译能力,教师必须要在教学实践中让学生充分地了解西方的文化传统,从而使学生做到“知己知彼”,然后并要在基础上教授给学生英语翻译的一些技巧,从而达到提高高校翻译教学质量的目的。

英语翻译论文范文二:生物 医学英语 翻译得体性原则

1得体性原则及在翻译中的适用性

“得体”一词在《现代汉语词典》中的释义如下:“(言语、行动等)得当;恰当;恰如其分。”其他词典的解释与此大体相类。这是一种宽泛意义上的解释。难以确切理解其内涵,不大好把握,运用起来常常带有不同程度的盲目性、随意性。从修辞学理论的高度来衡量,离规范性、科学性相距甚远。王希杰先生在《修辞学通论》中则指出:语言的“得体性指的是语言材料对语言环境的适应程度。脱离了特定的语言环境,就没有得体不得体的问题。”他说:“修辞的原则只有一条,那就是得体性原则。一切其他的原则都从属于这个原则,都是这个最高原则的派生物。这个最高原则制约着和控制着一切其他的原则。”[1]王先生的定义简洁、明确,认为得体是语用的最高原则。聂炎[2]在《得体性原则两题》一文中对语言表达如何适应语体进行了 总结 :“每一种语体一般来说都有表现自己本身特点的不同的语料和表达手段,即常常有自己的专用词语、专用句法结构和篇章结构、语言风格等等,这是该语体区别于彼语体的重要之点。言语思维主体在选词 造句 时只有同语体和谐一致,即得语体之“体”,才可能有良好的表达效果。”翻译是一种跨文化、跨语言的交际活动,翻译过程可以定义为理解原文并创造性地运用另一种语言再现原文的过程,即语言使用的过程。[3]而得体又是语用的最高原则。因此,得体性语用原则在翻译中的适用性不言而喻。翻译的语用问题,归根到底,强调的是语言信息所采取的形式,必须由使用该语言的环境来决定,其根本是语言表达切合语境的得体性。[4]

2生物医学英语的特征及得体性翻译原则的具体内涵

从广义上来说,得体性语用原则适用于一切译作,但是,根据原作的文体不同,在具体要求上就各有侧重。生物医学英语属于科技文体的范畴。典型的科技英语是“专家与专家”交流的涉及学科的研究和发展的书面性英语。[5]其功能主要是述说事理、描写现象、推导公式、论证规律,其特点是结构严谨、逻辑严密、行文规范、用词准确,技术术语正确,修辞手段较少。[6]针对这些特点,科技英语翻译中的得体表现为忠实和通顺。所谓忠实,就是要完整地、准确地表达原作的思想内容,同时还需保持原文风格。这是对科技翻译的首要的、也是最起码的要求。原作的内容和风格是客观存在的。译者的任务,就是要把这种客观存在原封不动地传达给非原文读者。翻译虽然是语言的一种再创作,但毕竟和纯粹的创作有着本质的区别。译者必须忠实于原作,决不可自作主张,对原作进行随意的篡改、增删。所谓通顺,对科技翻译来说,虽然不像翻译文学小说那样要求雅致优美、姿态横生,也不像翻译诗歌那样要求抑扬顿挫、押韵合辙,但至少应保证译文语言符合汉语的语言规范和修辞习惯,文从字顺、明白流畅,而不能生造一些不伦不类的词句,或对原作拘泥太过,以致译文出现文理不通、结构混乱和拖泥带水的现象。在翻译实践中,若“忠实”和“通顺”二者不可兼得的情况下首先要考虑前者,即忠实、准确、规范地传达原作的意思,因为科学的灵魂是“真”,科技翻译的灵魂是“准确”。在医学文献翻译中,一字之差就可能断送病人性命;在工程技术翻译中,一个数据之误可能导致重大的技术事故。因此,“忠实”是科技翻译的根本和前提,而“通顺”是实施科技翻译达到完美的一种手段和途径。[7]

3得体性翻译原则在生物医学英语翻译中的具体运用

要实现生物医学英语翻译的篇章译文得体,就必须在词、词组、句子、段落等各语言平面上对译入语可能有的几个同义而结构不尽相同的语言形式精心选择,选择除了涉及语言结构因素(如词性、词语搭配、上下文)之外,还与文体有关。选择的目的是使译文得体,得语言和文体之体。以下通过辨析不同译文以具体说明如何实现生物医学英语各语言平面翻译的得体。

词的得体

表达规范

《现代汉语》指出:科技语体讲究论证的逻辑性,要求语言规范。[8]例1Electroporationisusedtomakesmall,temporaryholesinthemembranesoDNAcanpassin.译1:电穿孔用来在细胞膜上形成小的獉獉、暂时的孔洞獉獉獉獉獉从而使DNA通过。译2:电穿孔用来在细胞膜上形成瞬时微獉獉獉孔獉从而使DNA通过。例2Thesefindingssuggestthatoralim-munemodulationmayrepresentanattractivether-apeuticapproachtoatherosclerosis.译1:这些结果表明口服免疫调节剂代表了一种诱人的獉獉獉治疗动脉粥样硬化的新 方法 。译2:这些结果表明口服免疫调节剂代表了一种引人注目的獉獉獉獉獉治疗动脉粥样硬化的新方法。以上两例中的“小的、暂时的孔洞”以及“诱人的”用语不正式,且读来疲软。而译2中的“瞬时微孔”及“引人注目的”用语平稳、凝重、冷穆,符合科技英语的特征。

用词准确

例3PolymeraseChainReaction(PCR)isamolecularbiologicalmethodforamplifyingDNAwithoutusingalivingorganism,.译1:聚合酶链式反应是一种无需在活体(如大肠杆菌或酵母)内扩大獉獉DNA的分子生物学方法。译2:聚合酶链式反应是一种无需在活体(如大肠杆菌或酵母)内扩增獉獉DNA的分子生物学方法。译文1把amplify译成“扩大”,但根据生物学知识判断,这里的amplify是“creatingmultiplecopies(产生多个克隆)”的意思,所以译成“扩增”更准确。

词组得体

精炼、符合汉语表达习惯

例4Theabilityofmonoclonalantibody(mAb),treatmentwithmAba-lonehasonlyachievedverylimitedsuccessintheclinic.译1:体外实验中单克隆抗体(mAb)特异定位于肿瘤组织的能力为癌症治疗提供了一种引人注目的治疗方法。然而单独使用mAb治疗在临床上取得了非常有限的成功獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉。译2:体外实验中单克隆抗体(mAb)特异定位于肿瘤组织的能力为癌症治疗提供了一种引人注目的治疗方法。然而单独使用mAb治疗在临床上收效甚微獉獉獉獉。例5Asimmunologybecomesbettercharac-terized,immunomodulatorhasprovenasoneofthemostprevalentareasinthedevelopmentofnewpharmaceuticals.译1:随着免疫学变得更富特征獉獉獉獉獉獉,免疫调节剂已成为药学研究中的一个最流行的领域獉獉獉獉獉獉。译2:随着免疫学的进一步发展獉獉獉獉獉,免疫调节剂已成为药学研究中的一个 热点 獉獉。以上两例中译2优于译1之处在于:译2表达正式规范有力,且更符合汉语习惯。由于英汉词组的构成和功能差异较大,所以总的要求是在“信”的前提下,既要充分表达原意,又要符合译入语语言形式上和修辞的和谐。科技英语中存在大量惯用和非惯用的四字词组,如asshowninfigure(如图所示),withoutlossoftime(不失时机),convertwastesintousefulmaterials(废物利用)等。合理使用这些四字词组,能起到精确紧凑,简洁明晰的效果,为译文增色不少。

专业规范

例6Thespleenmayaddbloodtothegen-eralcirculationtomakeupforwhathasbeenlostinthebody.译1:脾脏能给总循环獉獉獉增加血液,以补偿獉獉獉身体的损失獉獉獉獉獉。译2:脾脏能给周身循环獉獉獉獉增加血液,以补獉獉偿身体所失去的血獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉。在医学中,“总循环”不如“周身循环”专业规范,而且“补偿身体的损失”过于笼统,所指不明。所以译2更得体。

句子得体

句子是语言平面中上下运转的轴心,也是翻译过程的主要着力点。句子同义手段的选择应该做到对应题旨要求,适应行文递接,切合语体特点以及依从声韵协调。[9]具体到生物医学英语的句子翻译,应该做到:

体现信息中心

每一句话、每一句群和每一语段都有一个最核心最关键的内容或意旨需要得到强调突出,以利于接受主体准确地把握其语意焦点,了解其着意传输的信息,此语意焦点成为信息中心。[9]应尽量把原语的信息中心译成汉语的信息中心,使两者相对应。例7Nucleicacid,originallyisolatedbyJohannMiescherin1871,wasidentifiedasaprimeconstituentofchromosomesthroughtheuseofthered-stainingmethoddevelopedbyFeulgenintheearly1900s.译1:核酸最初是由JohannMiescher在1871年分离成功,并被证实为是染色体组最基本的组成,这是由Feulgen在20世纪初通过使用红染色方法证实的。译2:核酸最初是由JohannMiescher在1871年分离成功,并在20世纪初由Feulgen通过使用红染色方法证实为染色体组最基本的组成。译1采取直译的方法,虽然把原文的意思表述清楚了,但是把信息中心置于句中,未予突出。而原文中的isolated和identified为本句的信息中心,译成“分离”和“证实”。译2通过语序颠倒使信息中心突出,自然流畅,符合汉语表达习惯。英汉表达方式不同,许多汉语句子往往把信息中心置于句尾,来突出重点;而多数英语句子则经常将信息中心置于句首,以突出主题。这就形成了“信息中心首位”(beginningfocus),其他信息后置的句式结构。汉译英时要注意把英语句法结构的这个规律运用到翻译中去。而出于汉语表达的需要,译者要反复推敲,甚至可以跳出原文的框框,合理使用翻译技巧,对原文句子成分、结构形式进行必要的调整,按照汉语的习惯组织译文。

体现逻辑关系

例8Lamivudine(Epivir-HBV)isapotentantiviralagentwithminimalimmunemodulatorca-pacity.译1:拉米夫定是有效的抗病毒药物,有獉着最低獉獉獉的免疫调节能力。译2:拉米夫定是有效的抗病毒药物,却獉很少有獉獉獉免疫调节能力。译1中没有反映前后两句内含的转折关系,读来有句子堆砌之感,而译2通过“却”一词使语段内含的转折关系得以彰显。

语段得体

语段是比句子高一级的语法单位,通常是由两个或两个以上的句子构成的语义整体。衔接是语段的重要特征,衔接的优劣,关系到话语题旨或信息是否被接受者理解和接受[10],译文若不能正确反映原文中的衔接关系,就反映不出生物医学英语的逻辑性和条理性。例9ThebiosynthesisofRNA,calledtran-scription,proceedsinmuchthesamefashionasthereplicationofDNAandalsofollowsthebasepairingprinciple.(5)Again,asectionofDNAdoublehelixisuncoiledandonlyoneoftheDNAstrandsservesasatemplateforRNApolymeraseenzymetoguidethesynthesisofRNA.(6)Afterthesynthesisiscomplete,theRNAseparatesfromtheDNAandtheDNArecoilsintoitshelix.译1:RNA的生物合成,也称为转录,以獉和獉DNA复制的相同的模式进行獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉,同样也遵循碱基 配对 原理。DNA双螺旋的一段解螺旋,只有一条链作为RNA聚合酶引导RNA合成的模板。在合成完成后,RNA从DNA上分离,DNA再次形成双螺旋结构。译2:RNA的生物合成,也称为转录,和獉DNA复制的模式大致相同獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉,同样也遵循碱基配对原理。同上所述獉獉獉獉,首先獉獉,DNA双螺旋的一段解螺旋,其中一条链作为RNA聚合酶引导RNA合成的模板。在合成完成后,RNA从DNA上分离,同时獉獉,DNA重新形成双螺旋结构。译2通过许多连接词(如同上所述、首先、同时)清晰流畅地讲述了DNA转录的过程,较之译1更富有条理性和整体感。

4结束语

生物医学英语翻译与文学翻译在语言的运用上,在修辞手段的选择上,是有区别的。文学作品个人风格明显,感情色彩较强,翻译时多注重形象思维,讲究语言上的形象和表达上的生动;而生物医学英语个人风格较少,感情色彩罕见,翻译上注重 逻辑思维 ,讲究语言上的规范和表达上的准确,在选择译文语言时,译者的游刃余地是不大的。得体是语用的最高原则,但在不同文体中侧重不同,生物医学英语翻译的得体性表现为忠实于源语的内容和风格,同时符合汉语的表达习惯。同时生物医学英语翻译也同 其它 文体的翻译一样,是一种既具艺术性,又具创造性的艰苦的脑力劳动。它要求创造性地运用中外文两种语言知识和专业知识。而要达到这一点,只能靠大量的实践和不断的探索,别无捷径可走。

英语翻译论文范文相关 文章 :

1. 商务英语专业论文范文

2. 大专商务英语论文范文

3. 科技英语论文范文:中国地名英译的注意事项

4. 新闻词汇翻译方法研究论文

5. 初中英语教学论文

6. 有关计算机英语论文

经典医学论文范文

在医学专业的个人需要写好论文,那么我们应该如何写好论文的内容呢?下面是我分享给大家的经典医学论文范文,希望对大家有帮助。

摘要: 目前来华的医学留学生越来越多,我国进行国际教育的影响力不断提升,同时对我国的医疗教育质量提出更高的要求。医学留学生教育是成人继续教育的一部分,而心脏内科是医疗教育界最关注的科室之一,论文仅就心脏内科临床医学留学生教学中出现的问题及解决方法进行总结及讨论,为医学留学生的临床教学提供一定的参考,并且作为继续教育模式改革的依据。

关键词: 医学留学生;心脏内科;教学质量

随着经济持续发展,我国在高等教育、医疗等领域国际合作的日渐扩大与深入,以中国为留学目的国的海外学生越来越多,医疗则是我国除汉语专业外留学生人数最多的学科。高等医疗教育的国际化输出是提高我国医疗教育质量、提高我国高等教育国际地位的有利刺激因素。为培养符合国际需求和适应国际化竞争的医学人才,现行的医学留学生教学方式主要以全英文方式运作,一方面可以帮助留学生获得第一手的资源,避免留学生毕业回国工作产生语言转换的问题;另一方面也满足了周边国家医学教育的市场需求。然而,在医学留学生教育逐年扩大规模的现实面前,如何保证这些学生的教育质量也是医教界人士关注的焦点。英语医学学历留学生教育始于1995年,原西安医科大学招收了首批全英语教学医学学历留学生,迄今只有20年历史。而与我国原有留学生体制不同的是,原有体制是留学生学习汉语后融入本国高等教育体系,基本保留经典的汉语教学模式,这一模式历经近百年的发展,体系成熟稳固,效果不俗;而目前所有医学院校的留学生教育均为全英文教学,相对于学校现有的教学而言,这种模式相对独立,需要另起炉灶,构建全新的教学、课程、教材及评估系统,需要一支数量庞大拥有全英文教学能力、精湛专业知识和国际视野的教师队伍,需要校内外教育资源的有力支持。从国外著名医学院校到国内资深的医学院,纵观全球医学教育不难看出,优秀的医学教育需要深厚的文化传承、人文建设及庞大理论系统,这一系统的建设缓慢而难见速效。目前我国快速上马的医学留学生教育仓促间要完成体系的建设,难度之大、问题之多可以想见。本文仅就昆明医科大学医学留学生心脏内科教学中出现的问题及解决方法进行总结及讨论,为医学留学生的临床教学提供一定的参考。

一、教学相长——观念的冲突与解决

来华的医学留学生,绝大部分来自于东西亚、南亚等周边国家,以尼泊尔、印度、巴基斯坦等国家为多。这些学生虽然每个人的家庭、文化和教育背景各不相同,前期的受教育程度参差不齐,但他们在本国受到的教育模式则多为西方教学模式,因此学习习惯亦与国内老师的要求相去甚远,在中国教师眼中,他们的思维自由发散、习惯随时打断老师提问、课堂纪律差、学习针对性强但全面性差。尤其不能遵守中国老师们习惯的严格的课堂纪律。因此,老师会觉得学生不够尊师及专心而影响授课积极性;学生则会觉得中国老师的教授死板、照本宣科,由于缺少讨论而影响知识的理解与记忆。对上述问题,我们通常尝试采用折中的办法,老师在授课时会在每一个节段留出提问时间,而与学生则在课前约定,非提问时间不可随意提问打断。在临床见习与实习过程中,由带教老师引导的教学查房,要求留学生必须身穿白大衣,不迟到,不早退,端正学习态度,爱护、尊重患者,主动自我介绍,征得患者及家属同意才能进行问诊、查体等医疗行为。针对这些东南亚学生时间观念不强、自由散漫、欠缺责任感等问题,一方面设定相应的规章制度,加强留学生的管理;另一方面还需要对他们进行素质教育,培养他们的服务意识、奉献精神与责任感,基本杜绝留学生仪表邋遢、组织纪律散漫、迟到早退等现象,帮助他们顺利完成从普通医学生到合格的临床医生的角色转变。

二、外语VS母语——语言是个大问题

语言是所有接收医学留学生的医学院都会遇到的最为棘手的问题。“全英文授课”在医学留学生教育前期发挥了重要作用,无可替代。但到了临床见习和实习阶段,无论是教师还是学生都感到“力不从心”。教师与留学生间的交流、留学生与病人间的交流成为教学最大的阻碍。这种阻碍,会导致留学生丧失学习兴趣,教学质量下降。因此,如何解决语言问题是影响教学质量的关键。

(一)教师与留学生间的语言交流问题

学校留学生多来自尼泊尔、印度等国以英语为官方语言的国家,留学生们公共英语基础扎实,能无障碍用英语交流,但他们普遍有较重地方口音,故与教师的交流中存在一定障碍。当然另一方面,带教老师参差不齐的英语口语水平及相对于留学生而言的“口音”亦会影响知识的教授传播。解决教学中语言交流的问题,老师是主导,带教老师的英文语言表达能力,在对留学生的教学质量上起到关键性的影响。保证带教老师的质量才能提高留学生培养的质量。心脏内科对留学生带教老师的选择条件,首先必须具备流利的英语口语交流能力及丰富的专业外语词汇,兼顾专业知识掌握的程度及教学经验。在实践中发现,带教老师的外语水平与临床教学经验往往不能兼顾,青年教师语言过关但缺乏临床经验,高年资教师则与之相反。师资力量的培训是提高留学生教学质量的重中之重。在这一点上,心脏内科通过科内选拔,组成英文教学的骨干团队,对该团队进行强化专业英文培训;同时,在心脏内科的对外国际交流中给予该团队额外的机会参与全程翻译,包括床旁查房及不同规模的讲座,给予团队观摩全英文课堂及床旁教学的机会。而针对师生间口音不熟悉、交流困难等问题,心脏内科在教学期间另行组织多样化的互动,给带教老师与留学生之间创造交流的机会,促进师生间相互了解,拉近师生间的距离,增进师生感情,为师生之间交流和教学过程架起一座桥梁,创造亲切和谐的教学氛围,从日常生活、民俗、文化到国情宗教等,使师生之间能更快地适应彼此发音,使留学生在留学期间能有宾至如归的感觉。同时,要注重师生互动过程中的信息反馈,让留学生开展评教评学的活动,让他们在互动中提出对教学的意见与建议,以激励师生共同促进教学工作的进步,做到教学相长。

(二)医患间语言交流问题

在医学生的教育中,与师生语言障碍同等重要的是医患间的语言障碍,这种障碍对教学的影响更加突出。由于医学专业的特殊性,在临床见习和实习过程中,留学生需要到病房与患者密切交流,准确采集患者病史,顺利进行体格检查等。留学生中的绝大多数人未进行过正规的中文学习或培训,这给留学生与患者之间的交流带来更大的困难;另一方面,我国患者中的英语交流能力几乎为零;双方语言的问题,最终将导致临床见习和实习中的有些关键步骤常难以顺利进行,在病史采集、体格检查、病历书写及简单操作等常规临床工作中即使有带教老师帮助翻译,有部分同学仍很难顺利地完成。针对解决留学生与患者语言沟通障碍的问题,心脏内科采取以下措施:一是在医学留学生教育前期,通过开设中文学习班,主要学习日常问候语如:您好、早上好、谢谢、不客气,您哪里不舒服?等,以及与心内科相关的症状用语如:胸闷、胸痛、心悸、头晕、呼吸困难等,开展此中文学习班的.目的就是快速解决医学留学生在临床见习和实习中和患者沟通交流遇到的一些语言问题,此学习班不仅提高了医学留学生的汉语水平,而且通过对汉语词汇的认识及词汇来源的一些了解,使得他们对中华民族的文化有了初步的印象。二是心脏内科借鉴了华西医科大学运用标准化病人(StandardizedPatients,简称SP)介入教学活动的经验,培训了一批英文基础较好的研究生做志愿SP,充当模拟患者角色,以克服留学生中文基础较差,尚难以与临床患者进行顺畅沟通的困难。标准化病人是指从事非医技工作的正常人或轻症患者,经过培训后,能准备表现患者的临床症状、体征和(或)病史而接受临床检查者,旨在恒定、逼真地复制真实临床情况,发挥扮演患者、充当评估者和教学指导3种功能。自1990年开始,由九江医学专科学校、华西医科大学、浙江医科大学三校协作,纽约中华医学基金会赞助,启动将SP引进国内的医学教育。此模式不仅能帮助留学生进行临床实践和交流能力培训,而且有助于加强心脏内科研究生自身的理论和技能训练,同时也加强英语口语交流能力的训练,使他们今后有机会留学国外,更能适应国际竞争和对外交流的需求。三是由带教老师引导的半英语半中文式查房,即英汉双语教学,选取病情稳定的典型病例患者,征得患者及家属同意,让汉语较好的留学生对其进行病史采集,不能用中文表达的由带教老师翻译,其他留学生可以补充询问,带教老师在一旁全程指导,之后由一名留学生完成体格检查,最后对此病例进行总结讨论,培养他们诊断治疗疾病的临床思维能力。此英汉双语教学模式吸取了全英文教学和经典的汉语教学模式的优点,因此更有利于医学留学生的接受,同时,我们在教学过程中也阶段性地和留学生们互相交流,及时的改善教学过程中的不足之处。

三、教学方式的融合:传统VS现代

传统的医学教育以课堂讲授为主,学生自学为辅,缺乏讨论;这种教学的优点是知识传授系统且全面,缺点在于易忽略细节,泛泛而谈,学生解决实际问题能力欠佳。而这种讲授为主的教学方式在留学生教育中更显弊端:由于语言障碍,授课教师以非母语授课,其授课质量及讲解程度必然会受到较大限制,课堂教学质量难以保证;临床教学则更为突出,病例分析及思路讲解由于其即时性及随机性,教师备课不易,讲解深入程度更容易受影响。而在这种教学方式里学生多为被动接受,在语言受限的前提下,学生积极性会受到极大限制,影响教学质量。现代医学教育强调以临床问题为中心,打破学科界限,充分调动学生自学积极性,将各学科知识有机融合。这一教学方法的代表即是PBL(Problem-BasedLearning基于问题的学习模式),由美国医学教育家Barrows教授于1969年创立的一种教学模式。心脏内科在医学留学生教学、临床见习及实习课程中采用这种模式,通过以具体病例及问题为基础、留学生为主体、带教老师侧面引导的小组讨论式教学,激发留学生的问题意识,调动思考的积极性,增加了师生间、学生间的交流与合作,旨在培养留学生的独立创新能力和创新精神,达到提高留学生理解并有效运用知识,解决问题的最终目的。心脏内科是专业极强的学科,学习中的理解涉及解剖、生理、病理生理、药理、心电图学、电生理学及影像诊断学等多个学科,知识点多,知识体系繁杂,记忆及理解都相对困难。对以中文母语教授的学生尚且如此,以英文为主要语言学习的留学生而言,就更多了一个老师教授困难的障碍。为能让留学生更好地理解并掌握心脏内科知识,培养其自行解决问题的学习能力,心脏内科在课堂讲学及床旁见、实习过程中均采用PBL教学法,带动学生主动学习的风气并增强临床思维及团结协作的能力。在课堂讲学中,适当根据讲学内容穿插病例,并有针对性地提问。而在临床带教前,心脏内科专门组织人员编写典型教学病例,课前给予病案、问题及参考书目。课中教师以临床典型病例为中心,针对临床面临的具体问题引导讨论,让留学生自主进行分析、诊断,并制定具体的治疗方案及策略。

四、重视度的提高:带教教师and管理部门

随着学校医学教育与国际的接轨,将会有更多留学生来学校学习深造。因此留学生教育对学校既是机遇,又是挑战。学校国际学院及各个教学医院已经在思想上认识到医学留学生教育的重要性和紧迫性,对切实进行带教教师的培训和留学生的管理已经建立严格的规章制度。但是,各个教学医院除了落实好国际学院留学生管理规章制度外,还应严格按照医院的各项规章制度对留学生进行管理,切实做到留学生管理有规可依,有章可循。各临床科室应建立留学生实习管理档案,由科室教学秘书或教学专干负责,作为出科考核的一部分,使留学生更加重视临床实习。

总之,对于我校及多数医学院校来说,医学留学生的临床实习教学还处于起步阶段,在教学与管理的过程中面临的问题还很多。需要在以后的临床教学工作中不断地汲取新知识,在提高自身专业素质的同时,因地制宜、循序渐进地推进教学改革,及时总结教学过程中的经验与教训,则医学留学生教育一定能取得更大的收获。综上所述,提高医学留学生的教育质量在于发现问题后及时地找到针对该问题的处理对策。比如留学生课堂的学习习惯与老师期望的不同,我们约法三章,彼此互相尊重、教学相长;由全英文教学模式逐渐转变为英汉双语教学模式,让国外留学生也对中国文化有一定的了解;教学方式发展为SP介导的模拟教学和PBL以问题为导向的教学,这些教学方式更能为留学生接受,并且培养了留学生的独立创新能力及创新精神。当然,我们需要借鉴国家重点医学院校的留学生培养教育经验和模式,让学校的留学生培养更加成熟。如果可以将带教老师送入到国家重点医学院校学习他们的教学经验的话,将能更直接地感受重点医学院留学生的培养,但这需要高校管理部门的通力合作。随着心血管病学的迅速发展,国际学术交流的日益深化,心脏内科医学留学生的培养工作对带教教师提出更高的要求和挑战。必须不断地改进教学模式,应用丰富的教学手段,教会留学生尽快将心脏内科理论知识综合应用,掌握心脏内科常见疾病的诊治方法,锻炼其独立思考、独立分析解决临床问题的能力。

参考文献

[1]姜冬梅,王周凯欣,颜时姣等.留学生临床医学本科(MBBS)教学现状调查与对策[J].基础医学教育,2014(8).

[2]李治国.医学留学生教育模式及管理研究[D].吉林:吉林大学,2006.

[3]左川,曾静,付平,欧阳钦,王一平.临床医学教学中标准化病人的应用与实践[J].西部医学,2008(6).

[4]高雪.基于问题的学习(PBL)在医学教育中的利与弊[J].基础医学与临床,2014(1).

英语医学论文范文参考

经典医学论文范文

在医学专业的个人需要写好论文,那么我们应该如何写好论文的内容呢?下面是我分享给大家的经典医学论文范文,希望对大家有帮助。

摘要: 目前来华的医学留学生越来越多,我国进行国际教育的影响力不断提升,同时对我国的医疗教育质量提出更高的要求。医学留学生教育是成人继续教育的一部分,而心脏内科是医疗教育界最关注的科室之一,论文仅就心脏内科临床医学留学生教学中出现的问题及解决方法进行总结及讨论,为医学留学生的临床教学提供一定的参考,并且作为继续教育模式改革的依据。

关键词: 医学留学生;心脏内科;教学质量

随着经济持续发展,我国在高等教育、医疗等领域国际合作的日渐扩大与深入,以中国为留学目的国的海外学生越来越多,医疗则是我国除汉语专业外留学生人数最多的学科。高等医疗教育的国际化输出是提高我国医疗教育质量、提高我国高等教育国际地位的有利刺激因素。为培养符合国际需求和适应国际化竞争的医学人才,现行的医学留学生教学方式主要以全英文方式运作,一方面可以帮助留学生获得第一手的资源,避免留学生毕业回国工作产生语言转换的问题;另一方面也满足了周边国家医学教育的市场需求。然而,在医学留学生教育逐年扩大规模的现实面前,如何保证这些学生的教育质量也是医教界人士关注的焦点。英语医学学历留学生教育始于1995年,原西安医科大学招收了首批全英语教学医学学历留学生,迄今只有20年历史。而与我国原有留学生体制不同的是,原有体制是留学生学习汉语后融入本国高等教育体系,基本保留经典的汉语教学模式,这一模式历经近百年的发展,体系成熟稳固,效果不俗;而目前所有医学院校的留学生教育均为全英文教学,相对于学校现有的教学而言,这种模式相对独立,需要另起炉灶,构建全新的教学、课程、教材及评估系统,需要一支数量庞大拥有全英文教学能力、精湛专业知识和国际视野的教师队伍,需要校内外教育资源的有力支持。从国外著名医学院校到国内资深的医学院,纵观全球医学教育不难看出,优秀的医学教育需要深厚的文化传承、人文建设及庞大理论系统,这一系统的建设缓慢而难见速效。目前我国快速上马的医学留学生教育仓促间要完成体系的建设,难度之大、问题之多可以想见。本文仅就昆明医科大学医学留学生心脏内科教学中出现的问题及解决方法进行总结及讨论,为医学留学生的临床教学提供一定的参考。

一、教学相长——观念的冲突与解决

来华的医学留学生,绝大部分来自于东西亚、南亚等周边国家,以尼泊尔、印度、巴基斯坦等国家为多。这些学生虽然每个人的家庭、文化和教育背景各不相同,前期的受教育程度参差不齐,但他们在本国受到的教育模式则多为西方教学模式,因此学习习惯亦与国内老师的要求相去甚远,在中国教师眼中,他们的思维自由发散、习惯随时打断老师提问、课堂纪律差、学习针对性强但全面性差。尤其不能遵守中国老师们习惯的严格的课堂纪律。因此,老师会觉得学生不够尊师及专心而影响授课积极性;学生则会觉得中国老师的教授死板、照本宣科,由于缺少讨论而影响知识的理解与记忆。对上述问题,我们通常尝试采用折中的办法,老师在授课时会在每一个节段留出提问时间,而与学生则在课前约定,非提问时间不可随意提问打断。在临床见习与实习过程中,由带教老师引导的教学查房,要求留学生必须身穿白大衣,不迟到,不早退,端正学习态度,爱护、尊重患者,主动自我介绍,征得患者及家属同意才能进行问诊、查体等医疗行为。针对这些东南亚学生时间观念不强、自由散漫、欠缺责任感等问题,一方面设定相应的规章制度,加强留学生的管理;另一方面还需要对他们进行素质教育,培养他们的服务意识、奉献精神与责任感,基本杜绝留学生仪表邋遢、组织纪律散漫、迟到早退等现象,帮助他们顺利完成从普通医学生到合格的临床医生的角色转变。

二、外语VS母语——语言是个大问题

语言是所有接收医学留学生的医学院都会遇到的最为棘手的问题。“全英文授课”在医学留学生教育前期发挥了重要作用,无可替代。但到了临床见习和实习阶段,无论是教师还是学生都感到“力不从心”。教师与留学生间的交流、留学生与病人间的交流成为教学最大的阻碍。这种阻碍,会导致留学生丧失学习兴趣,教学质量下降。因此,如何解决语言问题是影响教学质量的关键。

(一)教师与留学生间的语言交流问题

学校留学生多来自尼泊尔、印度等国以英语为官方语言的国家,留学生们公共英语基础扎实,能无障碍用英语交流,但他们普遍有较重地方口音,故与教师的交流中存在一定障碍。当然另一方面,带教老师参差不齐的英语口语水平及相对于留学生而言的“口音”亦会影响知识的教授传播。解决教学中语言交流的问题,老师是主导,带教老师的英文语言表达能力,在对留学生的教学质量上起到关键性的影响。保证带教老师的质量才能提高留学生培养的质量。心脏内科对留学生带教老师的选择条件,首先必须具备流利的英语口语交流能力及丰富的专业外语词汇,兼顾专业知识掌握的程度及教学经验。在实践中发现,带教老师的外语水平与临床教学经验往往不能兼顾,青年教师语言过关但缺乏临床经验,高年资教师则与之相反。师资力量的培训是提高留学生教学质量的重中之重。在这一点上,心脏内科通过科内选拔,组成英文教学的骨干团队,对该团队进行强化专业英文培训;同时,在心脏内科的对外国际交流中给予该团队额外的机会参与全程翻译,包括床旁查房及不同规模的讲座,给予团队观摩全英文课堂及床旁教学的机会。而针对师生间口音不熟悉、交流困难等问题,心脏内科在教学期间另行组织多样化的互动,给带教老师与留学生之间创造交流的机会,促进师生间相互了解,拉近师生间的距离,增进师生感情,为师生之间交流和教学过程架起一座桥梁,创造亲切和谐的教学氛围,从日常生活、民俗、文化到国情宗教等,使师生之间能更快地适应彼此发音,使留学生在留学期间能有宾至如归的感觉。同时,要注重师生互动过程中的信息反馈,让留学生开展评教评学的活动,让他们在互动中提出对教学的意见与建议,以激励师生共同促进教学工作的进步,做到教学相长。

(二)医患间语言交流问题

在医学生的教育中,与师生语言障碍同等重要的是医患间的语言障碍,这种障碍对教学的影响更加突出。由于医学专业的特殊性,在临床见习和实习过程中,留学生需要到病房与患者密切交流,准确采集患者病史,顺利进行体格检查等。留学生中的绝大多数人未进行过正规的中文学习或培训,这给留学生与患者之间的交流带来更大的困难;另一方面,我国患者中的英语交流能力几乎为零;双方语言的问题,最终将导致临床见习和实习中的有些关键步骤常难以顺利进行,在病史采集、体格检查、病历书写及简单操作等常规临床工作中即使有带教老师帮助翻译,有部分同学仍很难顺利地完成。针对解决留学生与患者语言沟通障碍的问题,心脏内科采取以下措施:一是在医学留学生教育前期,通过开设中文学习班,主要学习日常问候语如:您好、早上好、谢谢、不客气,您哪里不舒服?等,以及与心内科相关的症状用语如:胸闷、胸痛、心悸、头晕、呼吸困难等,开展此中文学习班的.目的就是快速解决医学留学生在临床见习和实习中和患者沟通交流遇到的一些语言问题,此学习班不仅提高了医学留学生的汉语水平,而且通过对汉语词汇的认识及词汇来源的一些了解,使得他们对中华民族的文化有了初步的印象。二是心脏内科借鉴了华西医科大学运用标准化病人(StandardizedPatients,简称SP)介入教学活动的经验,培训了一批英文基础较好的研究生做志愿SP,充当模拟患者角色,以克服留学生中文基础较差,尚难以与临床患者进行顺畅沟通的困难。标准化病人是指从事非医技工作的正常人或轻症患者,经过培训后,能准备表现患者的临床症状、体征和(或)病史而接受临床检查者,旨在恒定、逼真地复制真实临床情况,发挥扮演患者、充当评估者和教学指导3种功能。自1990年开始,由九江医学专科学校、华西医科大学、浙江医科大学三校协作,纽约中华医学基金会赞助,启动将SP引进国内的医学教育。此模式不仅能帮助留学生进行临床实践和交流能力培训,而且有助于加强心脏内科研究生自身的理论和技能训练,同时也加强英语口语交流能力的训练,使他们今后有机会留学国外,更能适应国际竞争和对外交流的需求。三是由带教老师引导的半英语半中文式查房,即英汉双语教学,选取病情稳定的典型病例患者,征得患者及家属同意,让汉语较好的留学生对其进行病史采集,不能用中文表达的由带教老师翻译,其他留学生可以补充询问,带教老师在一旁全程指导,之后由一名留学生完成体格检查,最后对此病例进行总结讨论,培养他们诊断治疗疾病的临床思维能力。此英汉双语教学模式吸取了全英文教学和经典的汉语教学模式的优点,因此更有利于医学留学生的接受,同时,我们在教学过程中也阶段性地和留学生们互相交流,及时的改善教学过程中的不足之处。

三、教学方式的融合:传统VS现代

传统的医学教育以课堂讲授为主,学生自学为辅,缺乏讨论;这种教学的优点是知识传授系统且全面,缺点在于易忽略细节,泛泛而谈,学生解决实际问题能力欠佳。而这种讲授为主的教学方式在留学生教育中更显弊端:由于语言障碍,授课教师以非母语授课,其授课质量及讲解程度必然会受到较大限制,课堂教学质量难以保证;临床教学则更为突出,病例分析及思路讲解由于其即时性及随机性,教师备课不易,讲解深入程度更容易受影响。而在这种教学方式里学生多为被动接受,在语言受限的前提下,学生积极性会受到极大限制,影响教学质量。现代医学教育强调以临床问题为中心,打破学科界限,充分调动学生自学积极性,将各学科知识有机融合。这一教学方法的代表即是PBL(Problem-BasedLearning基于问题的学习模式),由美国医学教育家Barrows教授于1969年创立的一种教学模式。心脏内科在医学留学生教学、临床见习及实习课程中采用这种模式,通过以具体病例及问题为基础、留学生为主体、带教老师侧面引导的小组讨论式教学,激发留学生的问题意识,调动思考的积极性,增加了师生间、学生间的交流与合作,旨在培养留学生的独立创新能力和创新精神,达到提高留学生理解并有效运用知识,解决问题的最终目的。心脏内科是专业极强的学科,学习中的理解涉及解剖、生理、病理生理、药理、心电图学、电生理学及影像诊断学等多个学科,知识点多,知识体系繁杂,记忆及理解都相对困难。对以中文母语教授的学生尚且如此,以英文为主要语言学习的留学生而言,就更多了一个老师教授困难的障碍。为能让留学生更好地理解并掌握心脏内科知识,培养其自行解决问题的学习能力,心脏内科在课堂讲学及床旁见、实习过程中均采用PBL教学法,带动学生主动学习的风气并增强临床思维及团结协作的能力。在课堂讲学中,适当根据讲学内容穿插病例,并有针对性地提问。而在临床带教前,心脏内科专门组织人员编写典型教学病例,课前给予病案、问题及参考书目。课中教师以临床典型病例为中心,针对临床面临的具体问题引导讨论,让留学生自主进行分析、诊断,并制定具体的治疗方案及策略。

四、重视度的提高:带教教师and管理部门

随着学校医学教育与国际的接轨,将会有更多留学生来学校学习深造。因此留学生教育对学校既是机遇,又是挑战。学校国际学院及各个教学医院已经在思想上认识到医学留学生教育的重要性和紧迫性,对切实进行带教教师的培训和留学生的管理已经建立严格的规章制度。但是,各个教学医院除了落实好国际学院留学生管理规章制度外,还应严格按照医院的各项规章制度对留学生进行管理,切实做到留学生管理有规可依,有章可循。各临床科室应建立留学生实习管理档案,由科室教学秘书或教学专干负责,作为出科考核的一部分,使留学生更加重视临床实习。

总之,对于我校及多数医学院校来说,医学留学生的临床实习教学还处于起步阶段,在教学与管理的过程中面临的问题还很多。需要在以后的临床教学工作中不断地汲取新知识,在提高自身专业素质的同时,因地制宜、循序渐进地推进教学改革,及时总结教学过程中的经验与教训,则医学留学生教育一定能取得更大的收获。综上所述,提高医学留学生的教育质量在于发现问题后及时地找到针对该问题的处理对策。比如留学生课堂的学习习惯与老师期望的不同,我们约法三章,彼此互相尊重、教学相长;由全英文教学模式逐渐转变为英汉双语教学模式,让国外留学生也对中国文化有一定的了解;教学方式发展为SP介导的模拟教学和PBL以问题为导向的教学,这些教学方式更能为留学生接受,并且培养了留学生的独立创新能力及创新精神。当然,我们需要借鉴国家重点医学院校的留学生培养教育经验和模式,让学校的留学生培养更加成熟。如果可以将带教老师送入到国家重点医学院校学习他们的教学经验的话,将能更直接地感受重点医学院留学生的培养,但这需要高校管理部门的通力合作。随着心血管病学的迅速发展,国际学术交流的日益深化,心脏内科医学留学生的培养工作对带教教师提出更高的要求和挑战。必须不断地改进教学模式,应用丰富的教学手段,教会留学生尽快将心脏内科理论知识综合应用,掌握心脏内科常见疾病的诊治方法,锻炼其独立思考、独立分析解决临床问题的能力。

参考文献

[1]姜冬梅,王周凯欣,颜时姣等.留学生临床医学本科(MBBS)教学现状调查与对策[J].基础医学教育,2014(8).

[2]李治国.医学留学生教育模式及管理研究[D].吉林:吉林大学,2006.

[3]左川,曾静,付平,欧阳钦,王一平.临床医学教学中标准化病人的应用与实践[J].西部医学,2008(6).

[4]高雪.基于问题的学习(PBL)在医学教育中的利与弊[J].基础医学与临床,2014(1).

s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.

If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.

First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.

Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.

Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy

Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog

All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。

The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。

有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。

人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。

In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。

其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。

The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.

令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。

In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.

在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。

Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文

Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?

Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.

As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.

范文二:

My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。

这种比较专业性的好的免费的论文在网上很难找,就算找的应该也不是完整的,特别是免费的,建议你去学校图书馆阅览室,你不有阅览证吗?那里很多,选择性多呀,含金量也比较高.

去创新医学网一定能找到的,上面24科室的论文都有,而且全部免费,自己去找找吧!

相关百科
热门百科
首页
发表服务