语言学性别歧视论文开题报告

翻译学论文开题报告

开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

怎么办我也写这个课题怎么写啊这个

语言学硕士开题报告范文

语言学硕士怎么写开题报告了？下面是我整理的语言学硕士开题报告范文，为大家提供参考。

一、立题依据(国内外研究进展或选题背景、研究意义等)

随着文化在越来越发达的传播媒介中进行交换传递，汉语和外国语尤其是英语的译入和译出，不仅在内容上有着爆炸式的增长，不同的版本和文体风格也令人感到不知如何选择。不同的历史文化，不同的语言习惯，文化传承们甚至是地方特色的独有语言词汇，都极大地影响着译文的内容和对读者的影响。

文字是人类长久交换文化的最主要的方式之一。而相异的语言文字能在持有不同语言的人群之间相互传递，翻译功不可没。人们在输入，理解，吸收信息时，需要将输入的信息与已知信息（即文化背景知识）联系起来，这样才能更快更准确的了解信息。而深厚的文化背景知识不但能增强人们对英语学习的兴趣，还能更加精确地传达原作者的精神和意志。只有比较规范的掌握了统一语言是通用地区的不同用语习惯，我们才能在翻译和理解过程中做到对原作者思想的最大继承。

掌握英语的不同方言在翻译中用于的差异，不仅对于书面语言的理解力提高有着极大帮助，对于我们一直致力于的无差别文化的传播与协作都有巨大推广效应。而如果有广泛的文化背景知识和广泛的阅读经验就会最大限度的消减英语地方语言对翻译的负面，增加正面的作用，例如幽默和讽刺。

国内外学者都曾经尝试把英语语言使用国家的国情和文化作为翻译的接入点，针对这种论调我们应该正确对待。如果能够正确掌握不同英语地方语言词汇的恰当翻译方法和翻译风格，理论上可以更好的掌握文化交流的方向，达到更完善的不同语种的翻译目的的实现。。

二、研究的主要内容及预期目标

主要内容：

1．文化背景知识的范畴

2. 对英语国家的大体概况分析

3. 地方特色语言词汇

4.关于文学著作的'不同版本翻译的分析与比较

预期目标：

1．对英语的地方语言的介绍及列举

2．确立文化背景知识的差异在翻译方面对翻译的影响

3．探究问题，提出策略

三、研究方案（思路）

1．通过阅读大量文献，查找资料，了解当前翻译领域和翻译大家对这一领域的研究状况，进行更深层次的研究。

2．实例调查，记录经典的差异版本的翻译语言。

3．分析调查结果，探究性的提出与之相适应的应对策略。

四、论文进度安排

三月上旬做好开题报告三月下旬搜集资料，完成整体框架

四月上旬基本完成论文，向老师汇报工作进度和质量

四月中旬根据老师的指导，修改论文并完善论文质量

四月下旬完成论文五月熟识论文内容，做好答辩准备

五、主要参考文献

[1] Brown, . Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to language Pedagogy [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.

[2] Andrew D. Cohen. Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language [M]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.

[3] A Textbook of Translation Peter Newmark. 上海外语教育出版社 2006

[4] 刘振前，肖德法. 外语学习策略研究.[M].山东大学出版社,2006.

[5] 蕲海林.翻译理论的实践价值——从习语翻译看翻译理论对翻译实践的指导作用四川外语学院学报 1996

[6] 专八英语考题研究组(主编).专八英语翻译考题冲刺60课[M]. 上海: 上海世界图书出版公司, 2006: 26-27, 101-102.

[7] 2007考研英语辅导之王文柯讲义 2010

[8] 孙致礼.新编英汉翻译教程上海上海外国语出版社 2006

[9] 廖建华. 心理因素——不容忽视的英语学习因素[J]. 狂英语教师版, 2006(10).

[10] 伍新春 & 张军. 教师职业能力测验教育理论基础(通用版)[M]. 北京: 首都师范大学出版社, 2009: 181.

[11] 应国丽. 认知心理学的三个维度与英语听力理解[J]. 温州职业技术学院学报, 2009, 9(1): 82.

[12] 张从益. 文化语言学研究[M]. 陕西: 西安工业大学出版社, 2009: 7.

[13] 西方翻译简史谭载喜著（增订版），北京：商务印书馆，2004 3

[14] 中国译学理论史稿陈福康著上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000

六、指导教师意见

指导教师签名：年月日

七、系审核意见

同意

负责人签名（系公章）：

年月日

注：1. 题目类型：理论、实验、应用、综合；

可惜我写的不是这个方向的，首先你可以跟你得导师谈一谈，让他给点建议，之后你到中国知网上搜索有关材料，总结总结，估计能有思路，你这个从跨文化交际和翻译学下手比较容易找思路

探究中英性别歧视论文开题报告

你首先对性别歧视自己有没有大概的了解啊。不然就算别人给了你题纲你也写不了那么多字的。找自己熟悉的东西，资料容易获得的话题写。英语论文不像其它学科那样容易过关的。是真的要写那么多东西。你可以细化点。什么方面的歧视，什么地方的歧视等再细点你还可以写feminism 英语论文你越细是越好的。太泛了写不到点子上的。

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英语语言中的性别歧视论文答辩

中文摘要性别歧视在不同的社会制度和国家中都不同程度地存在。而作为一种普遍的社会现象，自然会在语言中得到折射。本文介绍了英语中的性别歧视语的种种表现形式，分析了这种现象产生的社会原因和文化根源，并总结了在英语语言运用过程中消除性别歧视的方法,男女一视同仁，但语言是文化的载体，并在人们不断使用的过程中逐渐得到丰富和发展。作为一个地区，一个民族约定俗成的一种表达方式，语言必然会反映出一定的社会价值观念和民族思维方式。性别歧视是以性别为基础而产生的一种社会歧视现象，＆laquo;朗曼英语词典＆raquo;对“性别歧视”的解释是：“以性别为基础的歧视，尤其是男性对女性的偏见。《美国传统字典》的定义是“一种性别成员对另一性别成员，尤其是男性对女性的歧视”。虽然它可以表现为男性对女性的歧视，也可以表现为女性对男性的歧视。但是“性别歧视”通常是对女性的歧视，是人们对女性的偏见和男女社会地位不平等的反映。“女性长期以来被看作是theweakersex/thesecondsex，是男性的陪衬和附属品。即使在标榜人权，平等的西方发达国家中也是如此。而现代女权运动轰轰烈烈的发展形势正是对这一不平等现象的反抗和反映。”【1】（P80）从而在语言中，出现了多种多样的性别歧视语，英语也不例外。一、性别歧视语言现象人际称谓亲昵称谓在西方，男性上司称呼他们的女性下属时可以用一些表示亲密关系的昵称，如sugar，darling，sweetie，girlie;反过来，女性下属却不能用这些昵称来称呼她们的上司，而且女性上司也不能如此来称呼她们的男性职员，可是，生疏男子或非亲密关系的男子却可用昵称来称呼女子，这说明在英美社会女性比男性社会地位低，受到的尊重比男性少。【2】（P74）姓名称谓在西方，女子婚前一般用父姓，婚后改用丈夫的姓，例如：在西方婚礼上，新郎新娘步入教堂时，牧师公布：“Inowpronounceyoumanandwife。”“婚后的男子依旧是man，而婚后的女子则由Miss变成了wife这种现象不乏女权主义者和职业妇女。”【2】（P74）当时的美国总统BillClinton的夫人HilaryRodhamon也在为自己的，即支持已婚女性不仅应当标注夫姓，而且只应当标注夫姓，而不应继续标注父姓。尽管HilaryRodhamon本人是一位女权运动者，但她还是把自己的名字根据丈夫和自己的政治需要，先从HilaryRodhamon改为HilaryRodhamonClinton，最后改为HilaryClinton。但是，不管怎么改，都不能超出如下选择：要么跟父亲姓，要么跟丈夫姓。这种以丈夫的姓冠之于前的称呼，表明妇女出嫁后就成了丈夫的私有财产，是属于丈夫的，因此无法得到与丈夫平等的权利。未婚女性用Miss冠以父姓，已婚的用Mrs。或Lady冠以丈夫的姓氏。指代称谓1）提到男女双方时，双方不是处于平等地位，而是男先女后。Kingandqueen，brotherandsister，fatherandmother，boysandgirls，husbandandwife，AdamandEve，manandwoman，Mr。LucasandhiswifeLouise。2）。一些形式上没有男性标志的词意，人们习惯上把它们当作是男性词看待。英语及其它讲英语国家的人习惯认为professor，doctor，lawyer，surgeon，barrister，magistrate等为男性，当我们听到有人说：Mycousinisaprofessor时，多数人会断定professor为男性。若要说明这些词是女性的，一般可在前面加上woman，lady，female等修饰语。如：womanprofessor，ladydoctor，femaleworker等，这些所谓的中性词的用法从一个侧面反映出旧社会中地位较高的职业为男子所垄断，相反地teacher，nurse，secretary，model等人们一般认为是女性，如为男性时前面要加上male或是man，如：malenurse，manteacher。这些习惯除了历史现实情况有关，也可以说是一种社会偏见。词语发展首先，表面上对应的词，含义却往往褒男贬女在英语中往往通过对女性名词的恶化来达到性别歧视的目的。几乎所有的女性名词都带有贬义，如queen，lady，mistress，madam等，其贬义为“雌猫”、“情妇”、以及“鸨母”等，而与之对应的king，lord，master，father等词，如将他们的起首字母大写即可升格为“上帝”、“基督”、“主”、“神”等意义。其次，英语中常用一些动物的名称来指称某些女性。比如：bat（贱妇，丑妇，妓女）;dog（丑妇，贱妇，没有成就的女人，妓女）;chicken（见面熟的年轻女人）;cat（恶妇，包藏祸心的女人，可卑的女人）;cow（子女多的女人，肥胖而不整洁的女人，经常怀孕的女人，妓女）;mutton（放荡的女人，做少女妆扮的老妇女，妓女）。并且，英语中还有一些带有轻视色彩，专指中老年妇女的词汇。比如：trot（老太婆）;hen（爱管闲事或嘴碎的中年妇女）;warhorse（粗声大气，肥胖固执的女人）;crone（干瘪皱皮的老太婆）;hag（爱做坏事的老丑妇）;witch（老丑妇）;biddy（长舌妇）;harridan（面容枯槁，脾气急躁的老妇）。谚语运用理性类宋朝黄六鸿《福惠全书，弄名部》载：“妇人水性杨花，焉得不为所动”，诋毁女子“用情不专”，“缺乏理性”，在英语中就有相类似的谚语。Longhairandshortwit。（头发长，见识短） Whenanassclimbsaladder，wemayfindwisdominwomen。（若要女子有才智，除非毛驴攀上树）言及女子“感情游移”“二三其德”的有：Awoman’smindandwinterwindchangealot。>Women，windandfortuneareeverchanging。>婚嫁类Afairfaceishalfaportion。Whenthecandlesareout，allwomenarefair。Daughtersanddeadfisharenokeepingwares。>Marryyoursonwhenyouwill，yourdaughterwhenyoucan。>Therearemanygoodwomen，it’strue;buttheyareintheirgraves。>Hethathasawhitehorseandafairwifeneverwantstrouble。>性情类一代文豪莎士比亚曾云：“弱者，你的名字是女人”弱女子的典型形象特征是“泪水涟涟”。Womanismadetoweep。（女子生来好哭）Nothingdriessofastasawoman’stears。>Womanismadeofglass。>Glassandlassesarebrittlewares。>职业中的性别歧视许多表示职业的名词，如engineer，pilot，scientist，writer，doctor，pilot，scientist，engineer，pilot等对男女都适用，本来是中性词汇，本身没有性的区别。“由于历史上男性长期占据社会主导地位，人们习惯把它们与男性联系起来。”【3】（P210）如要非凡指女性从事相同职业时，往往在前面加上female，womanlady，从而使女性职业名词在外在的形式上呈现出“有标志性”，如womandoctor，femalepilot，womanscientist，womanlawyer等。而行业名称冠以男性标记反而不符合语言习惯，但男保姆、男护士除外。只有一些地位较底的职业，如nurse，secretary等，传统上让人联想到女性，而与男性无缘。这种习惯除了与历史和现实有关，也可以说是一种性别歧视。二、英语语言中性别歧视现象产生的原因、历史原因在西方文化传统中，男性一直被认为富于创造力。在《圣经》里，创造世界的耶和华为男性，而耶和华创造的亚当亦是男性，亚当的妻子夏娃只不过是亚当一条肋骨的衍化物，这一传统观念就把创造力固定在男人身上，后人便有了“男性的特质是创造力的天赋”的说法。并且在圣经《创世纪》关于上帝造人的神话成了语言起源学说的联想依据。“在他们看来，既然上帝造了亚当这天下第一个男人，语言中的“性”范畴就应将阳性置于首位。假如把两者的顺序颠倒过来，就不符合语言习惯。”【4】（P132）英语语法并没有规定“先男后女”的语序，但人们在长期的言语习惯中，大都以男为先，女为后，女性只能是跟随在男性后面的第二性别。男先女后的语序是如此常见，以至于反过来如说womanandman，sheorhe等则会令人感到不习惯。、社会原因性别歧视的根源可以追溯到史前时代男女所扮演的性别角色。由于男性的肌肉比女性肌肉发达，又不生育，于是他们担当起打猎、耕作的角色，妇女体弱、要生育，所以负责照顾孩子、料理家庭、采集食物等。那时，男女角色虽然不同，但还没有一方价值高于另一方的观念。“随着社会生产力的不断发展，男子逐渐从事更多的农业生产活动，占据了主导地位，妇女的地位随供给食物能力的降低而下降。”【5】（P113）到了中世纪时期，妇女由于能生养孩子，能为土地所有者生养合法继续人，她们成了地主丈夫的宝贵财产。为了使妇女处于这样的地位，统治者便借助法律令女性屈服和受制于丈夫，于是，各种约束妇女的各种社会规范和习俗开始形成。在漫长的父系社会里，妇女地位低下，依附男性，受制于男性，这种观念逐渐根深蒂固，被人们视为理所当然。直到二十世纪，妇女的地位有了很大的改善，但是社会化偏见是在社会化的过程中，通过社会群体，父母，亲友，伙伴的言传身教和大众传媒获得的。人们对女性的歧视和偏见也是从父母，亲友或群体的交往中直接获得的，或通过大众传媒获得的。在英语中，受传统观念的影响，对女性的语言歧视已经成为了一种恶性循环。比如，人们一看到或听到“virgin”和“prostitute”这两个词，首先想到的就是“处女”和“妓女”的意思，而很少想到它们还分别可用于指“处男”和“男娼”。、生理原因记的有人写道：在医院的育婴室里，每个刚出生的婴儿的小床上都有说明性别的标记，上面清楚写着：“Iamaboy”或“Itisagirl”。这里男孩的称呼是I，而女孩却用it。在婴儿还不知道什么是语言时，而在他们的身上已深深打上了文化和语言的印记。在英语中用男性物主代词his指代包括女性在内的任何人的现象也不胜枚举。例如Haseveryonecompletedhisassignment？还有Everyoneshoulddohisbestontheexam。这里的his已经包括了女性在内。虽然女性享有就业、选举、教育等等同男性一样的权利，然而女性仍然处于社会的边缘，被认为是“弱者”（theweakersex）和“他者”（theother）;男性始终占据主导地位。”【6】（P210）根据1980年的联合国统计，男性拥有世界资源的99%，而女性拥有的资源不到1%。“因此说，对女性的歧视与偏见有长期的社会历史根源。”【6】（P219）三、消除英语语言中性别歧视的方法随着社会的发展和妇女社会地位的不断提高，尤其是随着美国女权运动的高涨，消除语言中的性别歧视的呼声越来越高。这其中核心问题有两个：如何直接剔除语言中的性别歧视词；如何消除第三人称代词泛指而引起的性别歧视问题。我们从英语性别歧视词的转换方式和如何选用恰当的人称代词来消除性别歧视问题的对策这几个方面来进行介绍和讨论。、性别歧视词转换成无性别歧视词的方法1尽量使用那些包括两性在内的词，即无性别歧视词，女性不能只作为女性说话，男性也不能只作为男性说话。要走出性歧视的误区，出路在于语言的中性化.

为什么女性在西方文化和东方文化中都受歧视呢？例如汉语中有很多贬义词：奸、婊等等。从东西方文化对比考虑另外一些什么历史根源，女性为此有没有做过什么努力改变现状呢，女权运动。NB 我是业余的，你加油

Decades ago, Chairman Mao succinctly settled the age-old debate about gender equality when he stated that "woman holds up half of the sky". Male superiority so out of place in this age, when women are said to be equal to men in many aspects. However, we very grieved discovery already said goodbye to feudalism several hundred years China to be still unable get rid of the treatment of woman as inferiors thought the fetter. In this advanced society, phenomenon of female inferiors not only existing stably but also taking control of our minds and indicates in many fields. To begin with, take employment for example, women are excluded from the major department of productions. Many significant occupations such as executive or professional jobs prefer hiring male rather than woman. Moreover, man still holds perception that women should do more household routine, nurture their offspring and take care of pets. Last but not the least, people living in remote areas believed that men are superior to women, until this status does not also get thorough improvement now. When a woman got pregnant, they were begging for a son instead of a daughter.

To prevent these troublesome already mentioned from happen again, we should create feministic atmosphere, promote gender equality and ask man to do household chores, because in a family where roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a certain extent, notions of male superiority are hard to maintain.

Household Servants

When a boy is born in most developing countries, friends and relatives exclaim congratulations. A son means insurance. He will inherit his father's property and get a job to help support the family. When a girl is born, the reaction is very different. Some women weep when they find out their baby is a girl because, to them, a daughter is just another expense. Her place is in the home, not in the world of men. In some parts of India, it's traditional to greet a family with a newborn girl by saying, "The servant of your household has been born."

A girl can't help but feel inferior when everything around her tells her that she is worth less than a boy. Her identity is forged as soon as her family and society limit her opportunities and declare her to be second-rate.

A combination of extreme poverty and deep biases against women creates a remorseless cycle of discrimination that keeps girls in developing countries from living up to their full potential. It also leaves them vulnerable to severe physical and emotional abuse. These "servants of the household" come to accept that life will never be any different.

Neglect

The developing world is full of poverty-stricken families who see their daughters as an economic predicament困境. That attitude has resulted in the widespread neglect of baby girls in Africa, Asia, and South America. In many communities, it's a regular practice to breastfeed girls for a shorter time than boys so that women can try to get pregnant again with a boy as soon as possible. As a result, girls miss out on life-giving nutrition during a crucial window of their development, which stunts their growth and weakens their resistance to disease.

Statistics show that the neglect continues as they grow up. Young girls receive less food, healthcare and fewer vaccinations overall than boys. Not much changes as they become women. Tradition calls for women to eat last, often reduced to picking over the leftovers from the men and boys.

Abuse

Even after infancy, the threat of physical harm follows girls throughout their lives. Women in every society are vulnerable to abuse. But the threat is more severe for girls and women who live in societies where women's rights mean practically nothing. Mothers who lack their own rights have little protection to offer their daughters, much less themselves, from male relatives and other authority figures. The frequency of rape and violent attacks against women in the developing world is alarming. Forty-five percent of Ethiopian women say that they have been assaulted in their lifetimes. In 1998, 48 percent of Palestinian women admitted to being abused by an intimate partner within the past year.

In some cultures, the physical and psychological trauma of rape is compounded by an additional stigma. In cultures that maintain strict sexual codes for women, if a woman steps out of bounds—by choosing her own husband, flirting in public, or seeking divorce from an abusive partner—she has brought dishonor to her family and must be disciplined. Often, discipline means execution. Families commit "honor killings" to salvage their reputation tainted by disobedient women.

Appallingly, this "disobedience" includes rape. In 1999, a 16-year-old mentally handicapped girl in Pakistan who had been raped was brought before her tribe's judicial counsel. Although she was the victim and her attacker had been arrested, the counsel decided she had brought shame to the tribe and ordered her public execution. This case, which received a lot of publicity at the time, is not unusual. Three women fall victim to honor killings in Pakistan every day—including victims of rape. In areas of Asia, the Middle East, and even Europe, all responsibility for sexual misconduct falls, by default, to women. How to Help You can help pull down the barriers that keep girls from attending school and begin to bring change for women in developing countries. The most direct way is by easing the financial need that forces families to take their children out of school in the first place.

Dozens of international organizations are working to improve the livelihood of impoverished people. By building infrastructure and providing aid, vocational training, and education programs, they give families in developing countries resources to create healthy and stable lives. That takes the burden of mere survival off young women and gives them the time to get an education. With practical help and encouragement, girls are more likely to enroll and stay in school.

encouraging all international organizations to come up with strategies for girls' education as part of their initial development plans. It has also started a movement to monitor school materials, facilities, and teachers to ensure that girls get a quality education that promotes appropriate perceptions of women, and that female students are given the same privileges as male students. other reputable organizations need now are the resources to fund their efforts.

You can help begin to change the lives of women around the world by making a financial gift or raising awareness about girls in the developing world who want to help raise awareness of the issues tha impact children. You can The need is clear, and though the obstacles to ending gender discrimination are high, they are not insurmountable.

Educated

women are essential to ending gender bias, starting by reducing the poverty that makes discrimination even worse in the developing world. The most basic skills in literacy and arithmetic open up opportunities for better-paying jobs for women. Uneducated women in rural areas of Zambia, for instance, are twice as likely to live in poverty as those who have had eight or more years of education. The longer a girl is able to stay in school, the greater her chances to pursue worthwhile employment, higher education, and a life without the hazards of extreme poverty.

Women who have had some schooling are more likely to get married later, survive childbirth, have fewer and healthier children, and make sure their own children complete school. They also understand hygiene and nutrition better and are more likely to prevent disease by visiting health care facilities. The UN estimates that for every year a woman spends in primary school, the risk of her child dying prematurely is reduced by 8 percent.

Girls' education also means comprehensive change for a society. As women get the opportunity to go to school and obtain higher-level jobs, they gain status in their communities. Status translates into the power to influence their families and societies.

Even bigger changes become possible as girls' education becomes the cultural norm. Women can't defend themselves against physical and sexual abuse until they have the authority to speak against it without fear. Knowledge gives that authority. Women who have been educated are half as likely to undergo harmful cultural practices such as female genital mutilation (FGM) and four times as likely to protect their daughters from it. The Global Campaign for Education also states that a primary education defends women against HIV/AIDS infection—disproportionately high for women in developing countries—by giving "the most marginalized groups in society—notably young women—the status and confidence needed to act on information and refuse unsafe sex."

英语性别歧视新趋势研究报告论文

Household Servants

Neglect

Abuse

Educated

性别歧视指一种性别成员对另一种性别成员的不平等对待，对于这个问题，你们写英语作文时有何独到的见解呢？下面是我给大家整理的性别歧视的英语写作范文，供大家参阅!

After women have made great strides for their rights,leaders gradually realized the necessity to achieve the equality of men and women and as well increasingly countries has put the principle of equality into are no longer being oppressed at the the bottom of society and even have equal opportunity to rise to leadership discrimination still exist in insidious form today.

Women and men may not dealt with in many field especially in the job market with female graduates affected the figure indicates that more than 90 percent of female students experience gender discrimination in the force labour,while more than 40 percent of believe it is harder for women to get an offer than men. “men only”signs appeared frequently on recruit company,women are are refused by their image of delicate and lack of independent as people that women always lose many chances in choosing favorable job. Additionally , for same work,women receive lower payment at their job than men. Another statistic shows that women represent 50 percent of middle management and professional positions but the percentages of women at the top of organizations represent not even a third of that number which can not but arouse our thinking why do we have so few women leader?That’s recessive gender the absence of gender discrimination stress patriarchal society,in order to realize their own value,women must pay double or even several times effort than men.

Finally,the ideas that son preference and discrimination against girls took strong root since ancient time,every family continues to have children until they have a boy,if they have a girl,they would like to have another or neglected,at least 100 million girls have disappeared and the number is rising. As we can see from above analysis,women still encounter discrimination or unfair treatment in many achieve the “equality of men and women”We still have a long way to go.

Though people's concept of gender has changed a lot, gender inequality in some cases still exists. I will mainly express my opinions on gender inequality in employment of college graduates in this passage.

It is generally acknowledged that college graduates are

confronted with heavy pressure of seeking jobs in China. However it is more difficult for female graduates to seek a good job because of the social is no denying that female job-seekers are treated unequally when they apply for most of the jobs such as computer programmers, drivers, factory workers and so on. There are numerous reasons accounting for this phenomenon. Above all, compared with male graduates, female graduates are concerned to have inevitable physical weaknesses. In addition, women have to give birth to babies one day they get married, consequently they need a maternity leave for several months which certainly makes less profit for the company.

As far as I am concerned, women can do as good as men even better than men, therefore women shouldn't be treated

unequally. The government can take measures to improve this

situation, in the meanwhile, the society and companies should also give equal opportunities to female graduates and male graduates. If this discrimination can be eliminated, our society will be bound to be better.

Gender Inequality is a long-standing historical and global problem .In ancient times, many countries in the world exist such Concept , but the practice of Feminist movement have never stopped.

Nowadays, all over the world to advocate equality between men and women ,and in fact the situation is become better and better , but many people still Hold on this concept In the

subconscious .Today ,we are suffering the global financial crisis, the economic downturn, make it more and more difficult for the

college graduates to look for jobs. In this case, it seems unlikely that girls can find a job, because many enterprises and institutions in the recruitment of Discrimination against girls with a variety of reasons.

In my opinion, the concept is wrong, equality between the sexes has long been written into national laws of many countries. And there are many outstanding women, take a important roles in the government and enterprises .

At present-day society, the ability of women don’t seem to be smaller than men, so we should change our concept of inequality between men and women completely, we should give girls much more opportunities. And our society will become more harmonious and beautiful!

高校毕业生招聘中的性别歧视

性别歧视是一个全球性的、历史长久的问题。在古代，世界上许多国家人民都抱有这样的观念，但是女权运动也从未平息过。

现在，全世界都在倡导男女平等，事实上这种状况也有很大的改观，但许多人潜意识里仍然存在着性别歧视观念。今天，我们正遭受着全球金融危机的冲击，这使得高校毕业生的就业前景雪上加霜。在这种情况下，女生要找到一份工作似乎更加困难，因为许多企事业用各种各样的理由拒绝女生。

在我看来这种观念是错误的，男女平等已经被写入各国法律很久了。现在，有许多杰出女士，担任着各国政府的政要和企业中的重要位置。

在如今社会，女生的能力不一定会比男生弱，所以我们要彻底改变男女不平等的观念，我们要给予女生们更多的机会。这个社会会变得更加和谐、美好

中文摘要性别歧视在不同的社会制度和国家中都不同程度地存在。而作为一种普遍的社会现象，自然会在语言中得到折射。本文介绍了英语中的性别歧视语的种种表现形式，分析了这种现象产生的社会原因和文化根源，并总结了在英语语言运用过程中消除性别歧视的方法。关键词: 英语语言；性别歧视;产生原因；消除方法 Abstract Sex discrimination exists in all the social systems and countries, and as a mon social phenomenon, it is surly reflected in language. This paper lists out different forms of sex discrimination in English, *** yses the social and cultural causes of such phenomenon and summarizes the corresponding methods of eliminating sex discrimination in English speaking. Key words: English; sex discrimination; causes; methods of eliminating 引言在社会生活中，语言对男女一视同仁，但语言是文化的载体，并在人们不断使用的过程中逐渐得到丰富和发展。作为一个地区，一个民族约定俗成的一种表达方式，语言必然会反映出一定的社会价值观念和民族思维方式。性别歧视是以性别为基础而产生的一种社会歧视现象，«朗曼英语词典» 对“性别歧视”的解释是：“以性别为基础的歧视，尤其是男性对女性的偏见。《美国传统字典》的定义是“一种性别成员对另一性别成员，尤其是男性对女性的歧视”。虽然它可以表现为男性对女性的歧视，也可以表现为女性对男性的歧视。但是“性别歧视”通常是对女性的歧视，是人们对女性的偏见和男女社会地位不平等的反映。“女性长期以来被看作是the weaker sex/the second sex，是男性的陪衬和附属品。即使在标榜人权，平等的西方发达国家中也是如此。而现代女权运动轰轰烈烈的发展形势正是对这一不平等现象的反抗和反映。”[1]P80从而在语言中，出现了多种多样的性别歧视语，英语也不例外。一、性别歧视语言现象（一）人际称谓亲暱称谓在西方，男性上司称呼他们的女性下属时可以用一些表示亲密关系的暱称，如sugar, darling, sweetie, girlie; 反过来，女性下属却不能用这些暱称来称呼她们的上司，而且女性上司也不能如此来称呼她们的男性职员，可是，陌生男子或非亲密关系的男子却可用暱称来称呼女子，这说明在英美社会女性比男性社会地位低，受到的尊重比男性少。[2]P74 姓名称谓在西方 ,女子婚前一般用父姓 ,婚后改用丈夫的姓 , 例如 :在西方婚礼上 ,新郎新娘步入教堂时 ,牧师宣布:“I now pronounce you man and wife.”“婚后的男子依旧是man ,而婚后的女子则由Miss变成了wife这种现象不乏女权主义者和职业妇女。”[2]P74 当时的美国总统Bill Clinton的夫人Hilary Rodhamon也在为自己的 ,即支援已婚女性不仅应当标注夫姓 ,而且只应当标注夫姓 ,而不应继续标注父姓。尽管Hilary Rodhamon本人是一位女权运动者 ,但她还是把自己的名字根据丈夫和自己的政治需要, 先从Hilary Rodhamon改为Hilary Rodhamon Clinton, 最后改为Hilary Clinton。但是, 不管怎么改, 都不能超出如下选择: 要么跟父亲姓, 要么跟丈夫姓。这种以丈夫的姓冠之于前的称呼 ,表明妇女出嫁后就成了丈夫的私有财产, 是属于丈夫的, 因此无法得到与丈夫平等的权利。未婚女性用Miss冠以父姓, 已婚的用Mrs.或Lady冠以丈夫的姓氏。指代称谓 1）提到男女双方时，双方不是处于平等地位，而是男先女后。 King and queen, brother and sister, father and mother, boys and girls, hu *** and and wife, Adam and Eve, man and woman, Mr. Lucas and his wife Louise. 2）. 一些形式上没有男性标志的词意，人们习惯上把它们当作是男性词看待。英语及其它讲英语国家的人习惯认为 professor, doctor, lawyer, surgeon, barrister, magistrate 等为男性，当我们听到有人说：My cousin is a professor 时，多数人会断定professor为男性。若要说明这些词是女性的，一般可在前面加上woman, lady, female 等修饰语。如:woman professor, lady doctor, female worker等，这些所谓的中性词的用法从一个侧面反映出旧社会中地位较高的职业为男子所垄断，相反地teacher, nurse , secretary, model 等人们一般认为是女性，如为男性时前面要加上male或是man,如:male nurse, man teacher。这些习惯除了历史现实情况有关，也可以说是一种社会偏见。（二）词语发展首先，表面上对应的词,含义却往往褒男贬女在英语中往往通过对女性名词的恶化来达到性别歧视的目的。几乎所有的女性名词都带有贬义,如queen, lady, mistress, madam等,其贬义为“雌猫”、“情妇”、以及“鸨母”等,而与之对应的king, lord, master, father 等词,如将他们的起首字母大写即可升格为“上帝”、“基督”、“主”、“神”等意义。其次，英语中常用一些动物的名称来指称某些女性。比如:bat贱妇,丑妇, *** ;dog丑妇,贱妇,没有成就的女人, *** ;chicken见面熟的年轻女人;cat恶妇,包藏祸心的女人,可卑的女人;cow子女多的女人,肥胖而不整洁的女人,经常怀孕的女人, *** ;mutton放荡的女人,做少女打扮的老妇女, *** 。并且，英语中还有一些带有轻蔑色彩,专指中老年妇女的词汇。比如:trot老太婆;hen爱管闲事或嘴碎的中年妇女;warhorse粗声大气,肥胖固执的女人;crone干瘪皱皮的老太婆;hag爱做坏事的老丑妇;witch老丑妇;biddy长舌妇;harridan面容枯槁,脾气暴躁的老妇。（三）谚语运用理性类宋朝黄六鸿《福惠全书，弄名部》载：“妇人水性杨花，焉得不为所动”，诋毁女子“用情不专”，“缺乏理性”，在英语中就有相类似的谚语。 Long hair and short wit. 头发长，见识短 When an ass climbs a ladder, we may find wisdom in women. 若要女子有才智，除非毛驴攀上树言及女子“感情游移”“二三其德”的有： A woman’s mind and winter wind change a lot. （冬天里的风，女子的心胸---变化异常） Women, wind and fortune are ever changing. （女子，风向与命运，翻天覆地无常态）婚嫁类 A fair face is half a portion. （姿色艳，嫁妆半） When the candles are out, all women are fair. （烛灯熄，无妍女） Daughters and dead fish are no keeping wares. （女大不中留） Marry your son when you will, your daughter when you can. （娶媳不忙，嫁女宜速） There are many good women, it’s true; but they are in their graves. （世上好女实在多，可惜都在坟里卧） He that has a white horse and a fair wife never wants trouble. （倘若妻俊马俊，一世难得安静）性情类一代文豪莎士比亚曾云：“弱者，你的名字是女人”（Frailty, your name is woman）弱女子的典型形象特征是“泪水涟涟”。 Woman is made to weep. 女子生来好哭 Nothing dries so fast as a woman’s tears. （易干不过女子泪） Woman is made of glass. （女子脆复弱，象是玻璃货） Glass and lasses are brittle wares. （少女嫩脆，瓷杯易碎）（四）职业中的性别歧视许多表示职业的名词,如engineer ,pilot, scientist ,writer, doctor，pilot, scientist, engineer, pilot等对男女都适用,本来是中性词汇,本身没有性的区别。“由于历史上男性长期占据社会主导地位,人们习惯把它们与男性联络起来。”[3] P210如要特别指女性从事相同职业时,往往在前面加上female, woman lady, 从而使女性职业名词在外在的形式上呈现出“有标志性”,如woman doctor, female pilot, woman scientist, woman lawyer等。而行业名称冠以男性标记反而不符合语言习惯,但男保姆、男护士除外。只有一些地位较底的职业,如nurse, secretary等,传统上让人联想到女性,而与男性无缘。这种习惯除了与历史和现实有关,也可以说是一种性别歧视。二、英语语言中性别歧视现象产生的原因（一）、历史原因在西方文化传统中,男性一直被认为富于创造力。在《圣经》里,创造世界的耶和华为男性,而耶和华创造的亚当亦是男性,亚当的妻子夏娃只不过是亚当一条肋骨的衍化物,这一传统观念就把创造力固定在男人身上,后人便有了“男性的特质是创造力的天赋”的说法。并且在圣经《创世纪》关于上帝造人的神话成了语言起源学说的联想依据。“在他们看来,既然上帝造了亚当这天下第一个男人,语言中的“性”范畴就应将阳性置于首位。如果把两者的顺序颠倒过来,就不符合语言习惯。 ” [4]P132英语语法并没有规定“先男后女”的语序,但人们在长期的言语习惯中,大都以男为先,女为后,女性只能是跟随在男性后面的第二性别。男先女后的语序是如此常见,以至于反过来如说woman and man ,she or he等则会令人感到不习惯。（二）、社会原因性别歧视的根源可以追溯到史前时代男女所扮演的性别角色。由于男性的肌肉比女性肌肉发达,又不生育,于是他们担当起打猎、耕作的角色,妇女体弱、要生育,所以负责照顾孩子、料理家庭、采集食物等。那时,男女角色虽然不同,但还没有一方价值高于另一方的观念。“随着社会生产力的不断发展,男子逐渐从事更多的农业生产活动,占据了主导地位,妇女的地位随供给食物能力的降低而下降。”[5]P113到了中世纪时期,妇女由于能生养孩子,能为土地所有者生养合法继承人,她们成了地主丈夫的宝贵财产。为了使妇女处于这样的地位,统治者便借助法律令女性屈服和受制于丈夫,于是,各种约束妇女的各种社会规范和习俗开始形成。在漫长的父系社会里,妇女地位低下,依附男性,受制于男性,这种观念逐渐根深蒂固,被人们视为理所当然。直到二十世纪,妇女的地位有了很大的改善,但是社会化偏见是在社会化的过程中，通过社会群体，父母，亲友，伙伴的言传身教和大众传媒（广播，电影，电视，报纸）获得的。人们对女性的歧视和偏见也是从父母，亲友或群体的交往中直接获得的，或通过大众传媒获得的。在英语中，受传统观念的影响，对女性的语言歧视已经成为了一种恶性回圈。比如，人们一看到或听到“virgin”和“prostitute”这两个词，首先想到的就是“处女”和“ *** ”的意思，而很少想到它们还分别可用于指“ *** ”和“男娼”。（三）、生理原因记的有人写道：在医院的育婴室里，每个刚出生的婴儿的小床上都有说明性别的标记，上面清楚写着：“I am a boy”或“It is a girl”.这里男孩的称呼是I, 而女孩却用it。在婴儿还不知道什么是语言时，而在他们的身上已深深打上了文化和语言的印记。在英语中用男性物主代词his指代包括女性在内的任何人的现象也不胜列举。例如Has everyone pleted his assignment?还有Everyone should do his best on the exam.这里的his已经包括了女性在内。虽然女性享有就业、选举、教育等等同男性一样的权利,然而女性仍然处于社会的边缘,被认为是“弱者”the weaker sex和“他者”the other;男性始终占据主导地位。” [6]P210根据1980年的联合国统计,男性拥有世界资源的99%,而女性拥有的资源不到1%。“因此说,对女性的歧视与偏见有长期的社会历史根源。”[6]P219 三、消除英语语言中性别歧视的方法随着社会的发展和妇女社会地位的不断提高，尤其是随着美国女权运动的高涨，消除语言中的性别歧视的呼声越来越高。这其中核心问题有两个：如何直接剔除语言中的性别歧视词（sexist words）；如何消除第三人称代词泛指而引起的性别歧视问题。我们从英语性别歧视词的转换方式和如何选用恰当的人称代词来消除性别歧视问题的对策这几个方面来进行介绍和讨论。（一）、性别歧视词转换成无性别歧视词（non-sexist words）的方法 1 尽量使用那些包括两性在内的词，即无性别歧视词，例如：immigrant, voter, officer, coach, church member, grandparent, employee, testee, patriot, customers, dealer, clerk, civilian, politician, tutor, etc. 2.以阴性词缀-ess, ette, rix和enne 结尾的词要避免使用并改成无性别歧视的词缀：-or, an, er或ist。例如：actress →actor, administratrix →administrator ,suffragette →suffragist, usherette→ usher ,edienne→ edian . 3. 写信时，如果不知道收信人的具体性别时，最好不要使用传统的Dear Sir, Dear Gentleman, Dear Madam, 可用工作职称代替以免出现差错。例如：Dear friends of the library, Dear Madams and Sirs, Dear personnel officer, Dear mittee Member, Dear Agent, Dear Director. （二）、规避第三人称代词泛指所引起的性别歧视问题的对策 1.采用复数形式 Sexist: When bathing a baby, never leave him unattended. Revised: When bathing a baby, never leave them unattended. 2.用We/us/our改写原句 Sexist: From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs. Revised: From each of us according to our abilities, to each of us according to our needs. 3. 改用第二人称 Sexist: No man knows his true character until he has run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent. Revised: You don’t know what your true character is until you have run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent. 4.改用被动语态 Sexist: One who, when he has the choice of two evils, chooses both. Revised: One who, when given the choice of two evils，chooses both. 5.用 he and she/ his and her ,但是使用的次数不宜太多，否则会造成用词累赘。 s/he仅仅可以用于备忘录memos，便条notes，或者非正式的交谈之中。 6.用名词或上下文中用过的同义词替代 Sexist: To find a friend one must close one eye, to keep him, two. Revised: To find a friend, one must close one eye, to keep a friend, two. 7.采用交替使用阳性和阴性来达到平衡例如：A young child is often persuaded by advertisements to buy what he sees on television. When the child does shopping with a parent, she sees the product on the shelf, remembers it, and asks to have it. （三）、英语教学作用在英语教学中向学生传授新创立的中性表达法，学校和教师在语言的习得、文化的传授中起著不可低估的作用。改变对女性的否定态度,语言的改革也是重要的一环。语言教师同样也肩负著一份神圣的使命。在英语学习中,教师首先要规范自己的语言,在课堂上尽量避免带有性别偏见的语句。然后,教师根据教学内容把女权运动后英语中出现的新词、新用法传授给学生,有意识地加强性别平等的思想教育,让学生了解英语国家的社会变化、语言动态。应该强调妇女不应该被忽视。女人们每天在生活中仍然发挥着巨大的影响力。没有女人就没有男人的成功。女人们用自己的智慧竭尽全力使每个家庭生活更丰富多彩。四、结论在使用上面谈到的方法、对策时，我们一定要把握一个“度”，具体使用那一种方法、对策要取决于它能否使我们的写作、会话顺利进行并达到预期的效果。“正如以前女性主义思想家认为,女性与语言疏远太久,与她们的女性经验疏远太久,使她们不能将自己的经历符号化。”[7] P331传统的标准句法和确定的文类都代表父权制话语结构。因此女性主义试图找到新的语言和新的文学形式对女性现实做出反映。她们批评并激烈地改变既存语言,大胆地进行创作实验,使用新词、新拼写、新语法结构、新意象和新隐喻以远离父权语言的权威结构,为女性寻求一片新的话语空间。女性主义的口号之一就是“妇女通过语言获得完全的解放”。而且，“语言是社会的一面镜子,语言中所折射出的性别差异和性别歧视现象并不是由语言符号本身的自然属性决定的,而是特定社会的价值观念和民族思维方式在语言中的必然反映。”[8]P287语言本身是中性的,但语言的使用者却可以按照其社会观念和价值观念,赋予语言一定的语用色彩。若要消除语言包括人际称谓系统中的性别歧视现象,首先需根除社会上存在的性别歧视观念,语言的变革只有在社会变革的基础上才能最终实现。从以上论述可以看到女性要获得自身的真正解放与不平等要做不懈努力。语言对社会的反映经历了漫长的过程。旧的歧视清除了,新的歧视还会反映到语言中来。语言中性别歧视的真正消除,只能寄希望于在社会现实中,男女真正的平等。“索绪尔认为语言不仅是交际工具,还是思想的载体,没有语言作为载体和工具,人的思维也就无法发展。”[9]P267性别歧视的改观不能等待男权的施舍,要女性自我的觉醒,要女性自己的参与。在强势和弱势文化的交汇中,同样需要弱势文化自身的努力。强调性别差异的重要性是必要的,但它只是过渡性的,女性不能只作为女性说话,男性也不能只作为男性说话。要走出性歧视的误区,出路在于语言的中性化,而实现语言的中性化,在于不断提高语言觉悟。因此,“女性运动要取得实质性的进展,不是依靠女性自身就能完成的,不仅需要世界范围内广大女性的团结,更需要寻求作为人类另一半的男性的支援与配合,因此更有必要加强与男性的沟通和协商。”[10]P113 参考文献 [1] 邓炎昌,刘润清.语言与文化[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1989。 [2] 蒋桂红.谚语视野里的性别歧视[J].宁波大学学报, 2004, 第1期。 [3] 朱伯通等译.哥伦比亚美国文学史[M].成都:四川辞书出版社,1994。 [4] 穆凤良,李秀萍.英语中的性歧视与中性化[J].外语与外语教学,1998。 [6] 让•雅克•卢梭. 洪涛译.论语言的起源[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2003。 [7] 王德春,孙汝建,姚远.社会心理语言学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1995。 [8] 柏子明.英语中的性别歧视及女权运动对英语的影响[J].四川外语学院学式化报,1999。 [9]美埃莱娜•肖瓦尔特.走向女权主义诗学.《新女权批评》及序言[M].纽约:潘修恩图书公司,1987。 [10]朱跃.论英语词义的变化和使用所反映出的对妇女性别的歧视现象[J].四川外语学院,1995。

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中英语言性别歧视论文参考文献

英汉翻译的载体是文化，并且英汉翻译还受到了文化因素的影响。在英汉翻译的论文中，题目占据了一半文的作用。为此我将为你推荐英汉翻译论文选题的内容，希望能够帮到你!英汉翻译论文选题(一) 1. 跨文化视角中的英汉谚语互译 2. 英译汉中名词的转译 3. 文学作品中的隐喻翻译方法 4. 论正说反译、反说正译 5. 翻译选词如何避免 Chinglish 6. 如何正确使用直译和意译 7. 双面佳人——谈《喧哗与骚动》中凯萧的人物形象 8. 论英汉动物词的文化意象差异与翻译 9. 论非常规翻译的作用 10. 从文化差异中看商标翻译 11. 英汉语言的对比 12. 浅谈《宠儿》中母亲塞丝的形象 13. 《毛猿》中扬克的悲剧探微 14. 文学作品中汉语姓名的英译 15. 《远离尘嚣》对典故的运用 16. 英语新闻标题的翻译 17. 析《好人难寻》的主要人物 18. 《喧哗与骚动》的视角 19. 试析欧·亨利小说的写作风格 20. 商务合同中长句的翻译 21. 英译汉中词义的抽象化到具体化的转换 22. 论文化语境与翻译选词 23. 语言差异与翻译中的合理叛逆 24. 浅析《远大前程》主人公匹普的成熟过程 25. 论翻译中的中国英语 26. 翻译中的英汉文化差异 27. 劳伦斯笔下的悲剧性人物保罗英汉翻译论文选题(二) 1. 语法翻译法在中学英语教学中的应用 2. 中学英语语法课堂多媒体技术运用的优势 3. 汉语宣传资料英译探讨 4. 体现在中英习语中的文化差异 5. 英语学习中对美国俚语的认识 6. 电影片名英汉互译的归化与异化及翻译的相关技巧 7. 浅析中国英语 8. 大卫·科波菲尔中的批判现实主义 9. ”信”与英语比喻翻译 10. 佩科拉的悲剧探源 11. 论凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德《园会》中的艺术特色 12. 中学英语阅读教学中的文化差异渗透 13. 口译中的笔记及实际运用中的障碍 14. 浅析委婉语及其语用功效英汉翻译论文选题(三) 1. 汉译英中的文化差异——词汇空缺与中国特色文化翻译 2. Questioning and Teaching of Reading 3. 英汉动物比喻的文化内涵及差异 4. (动物比喻在英汉两种文化的内涵及差异) 5. 哈代——具有乡土田园气息的作家 6. 英语语言中的性别歧视(主义) 7. 浅析英语语篇中的词汇衔接 8. 浅谈景点名称的英译 9. 英汉禁忌语和委婉语对比研究 10. 广告翻译中的修辞手法 11. 不同语境中的翻译 12. 直译与意译 13. 浅谈中国式英语的现象 14. 英汉翻译中文化特性的处理 15. 英汉谚语比较 16. 英文广告中双关语及其翻译 17. 商标翻译中的文化因素 18. 英美文化差异与颜色词的翻译 19. 论英语俚语的汉译猜你喜欢： 1. 翻译英语专业毕业论文选题 2. 翻译学术论文题目 3. 英语专业文化类毕业论文题目 4. 英语跨文化论文选题 5. 英汉语言对比方面论文参考目录

中西文化与广告语言广告语言是广告的核心内容。社会文化影响并制约广告语言及其表达，广告语言则蕴含或反映社会文化。语言是民族的语言，广告存在于一定的社会之中。一个民族的哲学观念、思维模式、文化心理、道德观念、生活方式、风俗习惯、社会制度、宗教信仰等等都必然会对广告语言产生作用。所以，任何一个社会的广告语言不可避免地反映社会文化的各个方面。事实上，反映社会文化的广告语言易为人们所理解和接受，可大大促进广告的功能。认识到这一点，并努力探讨出社会文化与广告语言之间的内在关系，对于理解和赏析广告语言，对于指导创作、设计既符合广告表达基本原则，又适合特定民族文化特征的广告语言具有十分重要的作用。据笔者所知，我国学者对中西文化与广告语言的研究甚少，尤其缺乏比较研究。本文是这方面研究的一个尝试。一、哲学观念与广告语言曹志耘(1992：130)认为，各个民族都有其独特的对世界的认识和表达，有自己的哲学观念。哲学观念深刻地影响着有关语言的结构和运用，当然也影响着广告语言的应用。例如，天人合一是我国传统文化中一个最基本的哲学观念。在我国的一些广告中，天人合一观念对语言表达和接受的影响显而易见。如长虹牌电视机广告词“天上彩虹，人间长虹”，通过天上彩虹对人间“长虹”的映衬、比喻，给人一种天上人间一体，彩虹“长虹”一物的感受。通过这样的广告宣传，“长虹”彩电的美好形象栩栩如生地长驻于人们的脑际。“长虹”彩电驰名全国，颇受青睐，销售量跃居国产彩电之首，这固然与其质量息息相关，但无疑也与其广告词所创造的美好形象不无联系。扬子电气的电视广告则由人群在大地上组合成多姿多彩的扬子电气商标图案和“扬子电气”四个大字，在此场景里，人和文字融为一体。同时，该广告仅有的两句话“扬子天地，扬子电气”将商品与天地相提并论。这样，整个广告形成了一种十分强烈的天人合一的和谐气氛，非常引人入胜。再举数例：①与书为友，天地长久。(某丛书广告)②皮革天地，迷人世界。(皮货商场)③得之于莺飞草长的天时，得之于土厚天高的地利!(房地产)以上广告词都含有天地一体的哲学思想，是天人合一的哲学观念深植于中华民族文化之中的自然流露，都能引起我国受众特有的感受和共鸣，容易激发人们的消费欲。强调群体、贬抑个体是中国哲学观念的另一重要特征。如汉语包括广告语言从大到小的表达顺序正是这一哲学观念的体现。又如我国的大多广告词十分精辟，往往以寥寥数语勾画商品或服务的特征、特点和优势，注重创造其总体形象，一般不很注重产品或服务的特点、优点的重墨细腻的描述。我国广告存在不突出个性的现象，这似乎也与中华文化中追求群体一致性，反对个体特殊性的传统思想有所联系。与此相反，突出个体和个性是西方哲学观念的一个重要方面。英语包括广告英语从小到大的表达顺序则是这一哲学观念的具体反映。如，英语广告特别注重对产品或服务的特性、特征进行缜密入微的重墨描述，特别突出其个性与众的不同之处。广告语篇，与形象优美的插图相互映衬相得益彰，把商品的个性和特征表现得淋漓尽致，巧妙而自然地将商品的价值转移到商品购买者身上，着力创造美满理想的生活氛围，把受众诱入引人入胜的境界，让消费的念头油然而生。这样的广告在西方处处可见，在我国则较为罕见。这种差异同中西各自的哲学观念和物质文明程度紧密相联。整齐、对称是人们对客观事物正确认识形成的一个哲学观念。我们知道，许多客观事物都具有整齐对称特征。人类各门学科包括建筑、美术都反映出这一特征。语言，包括广告语言，作为文化的载体，当然也表现出这个特征。中文广告中应用频繁的对偶式四字句就是整齐、对称的范例。如“质量第一，信誉至上”这样的四字句构成的对偶句非常整齐对称，符合中国人的表达和欣赏习惯。此外，中文广告中的许多广告词都是文字工整、结构匀称、琅琅上口的广告金句。如：④甜甜大白兔，宝宝心爱物!(白兔糖)；⑤追逐美丽画面，留下永恒回忆!(照像机)英语广告篇章也讲究整齐、对称。为数不少的广告标题和广告口号都是整齐、对称的句子。试看一例：⑥A business in millons,a profit in pennies.众所周知，英语广告篇章中的排比句俯拾即是，其中有些音节大约相等、结构颇为工整。如：⑦Earth is a person to be cared for Earth is a home to be managed…另外，英语各类广告中时尔可见短语排列式语篇。英国语言学家(1966：95)称之为block language(块式语言)。短语排列式广告篇章文字整齐，结构匀称，意思清楚，一目了然，给人印象深刻，过目难忘。短语排列式语篇在中文广告中也屡见不鲜，可能是受西方广告的影响吧。整齐、对称是人类对客观事物的一种正确认识，它反映在人类文明的各个方面。整齐、对称也是广告修辞特点之一。中文广告最讲究整齐对称，很少运用参差、错落、残缺等艺术手法，这大概是因为我国人民对整齐、对称的偏爱吧。西方广告既采用整齐对称的结构，又好用参差、错落、残缺等艺术手法，具有多姿多彩、含蓄隽永的效果。显然，中西广告的艺术手法与各自的文化传统包括哲学观念息息相关。二、思维模式与广告语言思维模式与语言之间存在互相制约、互相影响的关系。思维模式自然而然对广告语言的运用和接受产生影响。广告语言必然反映和影响思维模式。具象性是世界各民族的思维特点。人们习惯于形象思维，喜欢具体、形象、直观的语言。广告语言充满修辞格，通常非常生动形象。如：⑧停电24小时!依旧冷若冰霜。(上海航天电冰箱广告)⑨书为山谷，笔为径。(某彩色笔广告)⑩把柔媚浇在身上。(香浴乳广告)以上第⑧例含有明喻辞格，产品的特性和功能生动形象地表达出来了。第⑨句包含两个暗喻，书比作山谷，笔被喻为山径，清楚易懂。从暗喻可知，笔是通向知识殿堂的小路，是摘取知识之果的必备工具。第⑩例巧妙地将产品形象化为“柔媚”，制造了极柔极媚的体验，浪漫娇妩，极富诱惑力。英语广告措词也讲究生动形象。例如：(11)Breakfast without orange juice is like a day without sunshine.(12)Goldstar is the brightest star in electronics.上面第(11)句是个典型的明喻句式，第(12)句是个典型的暗喻句式。语言生动，意境鲜明，产品功能、公司形象具体生动地呈现于读者眼前，令人怦然心动。形象思维是人类思维特点之一。英汉广告大量使用比喻比拟等辞格来创造鲜明的意境和生动的形象，以便富有感染力地宣传商品或服务的特性，从而大大增强英汉广告功能。人类思维模式的另一特点是模糊性。所谓“弦外之音”、“言外之意”、“只可意会、不可言传”等等正是中国人对语言文字的特殊体验。尽管广告语言首先要求简明易懂，但恰到好处的模糊性、意会性，可使广告语言富于联想，回味无穷，大大增加广告的艺术感染力。汉语广告的模糊性常常在于运用精辟的言词巧妙的表达法或恰当的修辞，意味深长耐人寻味地创造商品或服务的整体形象。例如在杉杉牌西服的电视广告里，一位男士身上所穿的漂亮潇洒、楚楚动人的西服引起了众人的羡慕。一对情侣在喝饮料，小伙子羡慕地盯着这身西服，惊异地说：“杉杉牌西服!”他的女友立即半开玩笑地对他说：“不要太潇洒!”言外之意丰富而生动，十分耐人寻味。西方民族的思维模糊性在英语中也得到了充分体现。这种模糊性似乎跟汉语广告一样常见。英语广告的模糊性表现在好些方面，但主要在于利用双关(pun)、含蓄比较(implied comparison)等修辞手段或使用别出心裁的表达法来描述商品或服务的具体特性、特征和优点。如：(13)You'll go nuts for the nuts you get in fills you up and givesyou lots of go.(Leech,1966：185)该广告词包含双关语：go nuts( = become crazy)中的nuts与其前面的the nuts(坚果)均构成语义双关。显然，双关语表里双涉，一举两得，富于联想，灵活机动，深刻而生动地揭示广告产品的特性与功能。可见，广告语言的模糊性是作者匠心独运的生花妙笔。语言的模糊性存在于语音、词汇、语法修辞系统之中。广告的模糊性不但存在于广告文字中，而且存在于广告图像中。模糊的广告语言和插图给受众提供广阔的想像余地，诱发人们的想像思维，激发消费者对产品的联想，激起他们的购买欲望。西方人喜欢幽默，说话风趣好笑，这种性格特点与他们的思维方式和文化背景密不可分。西方人的浓浓的幽默感在英语广告中可见一斑。试举数例：(14)MAN wanted to wash dishes,and two waitresses.(15)ACCOMMODATION,suit two girls willing to share room or young man.(16)ACCOMMODATION:Honeymoon suite,sleeps three.(17)PHOTOGRAPHER setting up own business needs model,as sleeping or active partner.(18)如果您的汽车会游泳的话，请照直开，不必刹车。(国外交通安全广告)幽默虽然是一种令人开心颇为有效的艺术手段，但在我国广告中，幽默诙谐的语言也越来越多。请欣赏一则广告联和一则幽默电视广告。(19)上联：白玉犹有瑕，求人十全十美哪里遇?下联：青春岂无限，择偶千挑百拣几时休?横联：看剩下谁?(20)实不相瞒，天仙牌的名气是“吹”出来的。三、文化心理与广告语言曹志耘(1992：135)指出，“每个民族都拥有一些深植于本民族传统文化的心理特征。这些心理特征影响着人们的日常生活和风俗习惯，也制约着人们的语言活动。”图吉利，避不祥是各个民族共有的文化心理，但在各民族有各自的内涵和表现。中国人民看重吉祥如意、发财致富、孝敬父母，尤其看重家庭子女。反映这些文化心理的广告语言颇为常见。如：(21)三羊，三羊，给您吉祥!(三羊皮商行)(22)幸运天天有，今天轮到您!(面霜广告)(23)恭喜发财迎新岁，长年好运金利来。(24)南方大厦，祝福万家。(25)捧出一片爱心，献给千万老人，这是云南制药厂的奉献。(26)威力洗衣机，献给母亲的爱。(27)红棉保温瓶，温暖你家庭。(28)为了孩子，为了未来，拥有文化，拥有明天(港台演员义演广告)以上广告语迎合中国人的文化心理，很能打动受众的心，容易引起共鸣，极具劝说功能。西方人虽然也有上述文化观念，但与中国人相比，显得淡漠些。因此，表现上述文化心理的英语广告语篇较为少见。爱美之心，人皆有之。青春与美丽是相互联系的。年青人希望自己漂亮美丽，中老年人也希望自己比实际年龄年轻些，比实际相貌漂亮些。中西广告者利用人们的爱美心理，巧妙地将许多商品与“青春”、“美丽”、“潇洒”自然联系起来，赋予产品以神奇的魅力，激起消费者的强烈消费欲。例如：(29)特别的美属于特别的您!(化妆品)(30)美发超然，风姿翩翩!(发乳)(31)永保青春魅力，赛如仙女下凡!(化妆品)(32)Fine and light,it keeps your skin radiant,healthy and beautiful,and is an excellent base for make-up.(Torben,1992：80)(33)Don't let motherhood spoil your bust-line…Thousands of women have used Aguamaid to keep their bustlines firm don't you join them?…()在商品经济繁荣发达的当今社会，广告成了打开消费者钱包的金钥匙。化妆品和其他健美品广告数不胜数。女人是此类广告的主要受众。在当今的广告中，最受女性青睐的形象就是年轻貌美、时髦秀媚的美女形象。在西方，对美丽和时髦的追求似乎成了女性优先考虑的大事，母亲的义务已退居次要的地位。在这种文化背景下，广告者精心设计魅力非凡的化妆品和健美品广告。这样，广告化妆品和健美品成为创造青春美貌的“灵丹妙药”。古今中外的人都喜爱物美价廉的商品。即使那些百万富翁也不例外。广告者对人们的这种消费心理和消费观念心领神会，总是强调商品的优质和价格的低廉，西方广告尤其如此。如：(34)以最低廉的价格，提供最高的男性价值!(服装)(35)难得的缘，难得的价，更难得的情!(家具)(36)It's time to make your now you havethe freedomto fly coast-to-coast for only 99 each way withroundtrip sure to check out ourlow fares to other exciting destinations for only 99 or less each way withroundtrip purchase…(USA TODAY，，1998)(37)Great these cities,there's a new way to save money…Name yourown price!(ibid.)追求物美价廉可谓是人们的传统文化心理。广告突出物美价廉符合人们的心愿，迎合消费者的文化心理，很能激发人们的消费兴趣和消费行动。现在我国消费者的崇洋媚外心理虽然远不如从前那么严重，但多多少少总还有之。我国的广告者利用消费者中的媚外心理，在许多广告中总是有意无意地特别强调“采用进口设备、引进先进技术生产的一流产品”，以便树立商品的形象，引诱潜在的消费者采取实际行动。为了迎合消费者青睐洋货的心理，许多产品说明书都使用英汉两种文字，甚至连乡镇企业、私人企业生产的国内消费品都印上醒目的英语品牌，使产品带上了洋味。为数甚多的汉语品牌采用新组成的听上去像外国品牌的译名。由于相当多的中国消费者会将这些假外国品牌与进口产品联系起来，他们就乐意购买这些带有貌似外国品牌的国内产品。目前流行的假外国品牌有：蒙妮莎(时装公司及其产品)，雅丝丽(洗发精与护发素)、洁士苗条霜、爽肤露、美加净、伊思丽(化妆品)、柔美丝、丽花丝宝、芭蕾、发佳丽、爱美思(巧克力)、梦蕾娜(童装)、雪梦莱(皮装)、雅迪氏(时装)、雷特蒙(时装)、蒙雪尔(皮装)、丝华露(洗发用品)、雅戈尔(服饰)等。一个民族的文化心理与其文化背景和文化习俗密切相关，不同民族的人表现出不同的文化心理。如，我们认为违反人们文化心理的不雅之辞或不雅行为，西方人却习以为常，完全可以接受。西方提倡性解放已有悠长的时间了。性生活、性行为的宣传散见于各类大众媒体之中。作为大众媒体之一的英语广告有时把产品的宣传同色情或性生活密切联系起来，以增加产品的诱惑力。有些广告(包括图像)露骨地推销contraceptives(避孕用品)，如condoms(阴茎套)，contraceptive suppository(避孕栓)，contraceptive jelly(避孕药膏)，contraceptive pills(避孕丸药)等等；有些广告毫不避讳地提到“sex”，“semen”，“vaginal fluid”，“mutual masturbation”，“fingering”，“anal sex”等等(参见Greg Myers，1995：177-181)；偶尔还可碰到为同性恋者及其同性行为辩护的广告，称他们的性行为为sefer sex。上述这样的广告在西方不足为奇，与西方人的文化心理没有冲突。这样的广告若在我国广而告之，无疑会超越一般人的文化心理承受能力。四、道德观念与广告语言传统的公认的道德观念，作为民族文化的一部分，是人们的行为规范。广告语言的运用理应受到社会道德观念的制约。例如，不论在哪个民族、哪个国家、哪个社会，诚实总被认为是人的基本道德品质之一。“Honestry is the best policy”(诚实为上策)。广告必须以诚实为上策，实事求是，开诚相见，动之以情，晓之以理，切忌胡吹海捧，欺愚弄。实际上，我国出现了不少以诚动人的广告词。例如：(38)爱好写作，请读《写作》。文理学科，不离写作。各行各业，不离写作。欢迎大家，订阅《写作》。(写作杂志广告词)(39)爱吃多少就吃多少，爱吃什么就烤什么。(电烤箱广告词)(朱清阳，1993：70)这两则广告语言朴实自然，用实实在在的词语突出了各自的主题，给人以诚实感，给人印象极深。相比之下，也有些广告词有意无意地显得过于虚浮，令人难信。还有些广告使用明显虚夸的广告词语，如“一流”、“唯一”、“首家”、“独创”、“誉满全球”、“无与伦比”、“天下第一”、“举世无双”、“顶呱呱”、以及“包治百病”、“药到病除”等等，更是与人们的道德观念背道而驰，令人反感。西方广告经历了数百年的发展阶段，从文字到插图都较讲究，显得较成熟了。众多的英语广告注重摆事实列数据，采用纵横比较对照等方法，以明白具体的语言描述产品或服务的特点和优点，同时注意创造商品的形象，给人一种真实可靠的感觉。当然，也有一些英语广告偶尔可见“the best”、“the finest”、“the most wonderful”、“the perfect”这样的浮夸之词，受到西方一些语言学家的批评。自我谦逊、尊重他人是中华民族的道德准则。汉语中的谦词“奴”、“敝”、“拙”、“在下”等和尊称“您”、“君”、“贵”、“尊”、“阁下”等就是这一准则的直接体现。广告是商战中的一种重要宣传，应该使用对受众表示尊重、理解和真诚帮助的广告语言，才能唤起消费者对企业及产品的高度信任感，才具有相当强烈的号召力和说服力。事实上，尊称、谦词在我国广告语篇中使用频繁。试举数例：(40)美化您生活的世界!(贸易公司)(41)给您带来春天般的温暖!(空调器)(42)欢迎来函来电联系或光临敝公司洽淡业务。(北京广告公司广告)当然，更重要的是让受众感觉到广告主是以谦逊的态度说话，不是目中无人自吹自擂。虽然自我谦虚不是西方民族的典型道德标准，但尊重他人、为顾客着想也是西方民族所遵守的道德原则之一。这一道德观念自然也在英语广告中反映出来。如：(43)The process begins with a careful in-depth assessment of all your then provide a customized programdesigned just for your company…(USATODAY,)(44)We want to be your airline.()(45)…so extensive photographic creativity is at your command.()(46)Cleanest Dishes you don't agree that these are the cleanest dishes around,we'll takeback thedishwasher,refund your money,and give you 25 on top of that for your trouble.()这些广告词体现出广告者热情、周到的服务态度，表达了广告者高尚的商业道德：从消费者的利益出发，设身处地为他们着想，尊重他们的选择。中西文化对中西广告语言的影响是多方面的，中西广告语言也在多方面反映出中西文化的种种特点。体现中西文化观念与特点的中西广告语言易为人所理解和接受，往往引起受众对商品的好感与青睐，促使广告走向成功。中西文化与广告语言是一个值得全面探讨，很有价值的重要课题，涵盖面极广，由于篇幅有限本文所探讨的仅涉及到其中四个主要方面。涉及的有关内容还有：风俗习惯与广告语言、生活方式与广告语言、价值观念与广告语言、宗教信仰与广告语言等。这些方面有待认真研究，需要细致探讨。【参考文献】[1]曹志耘.广告语言艺术[M].长沙：湖南师大出版社，1992.[2]朱清阳.广告金句7000[M].长春：吉林科技出版社，1993.[3]张东.广告妙招妙语大全[M].南宁：广西民族出版社，1993.[4]Leech, Language in Advertising.[M].London:Longman.[5]Myers, in Ads.[M].London:Green Gate Publishing Services.[6]Torben, Language of Advertising.[M].Oxford:BlackwellPublishers.希望对您有帮助。