英语翻译报告论文范文

英语翻译报告论文范文

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

英语和汉语是两种高度发展的语言，对比其异同，对于英语翻译教学是很重要的。下文是我为大家整理的关于英汉翻译的论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!

英汉语言的异同及其翻译策略

在英汉翻译中，两种语言在词汇方面的不同主要体现在词的意义，词的顺序和词的搭配能力三个方面;从句法方面来说，英语和汉语在句子结构，句子顺序和其他一些表达方式上则有各自的特点。下面笔者就从词汇现象和句法现象两方面来探讨英汉的对应程度如何，以及根据这些对比，在进行翻译实践时，应该运用哪些翻译技巧。

1、英汉语言的对比

英汉词汇现象的对比

首先，从词的意义方面来看。词汇作为语言的三要素之一，相比于语音和语法，它的变化最快。随着社会和科学的不断发展和变化，在语言中一方面增加了新词，一方面旧词增添了新的意义。人类发明轮船以前，用的是帆船，英语“sail”一词原意为“帆”,短语“setsail”,就有张帆起航之意。但是随着社会的发展，帆船逐渐被用煤，柴油，甚至是用核动力的轮船所代替。自从潜艇出现后，“sail”这个词又增添了“潜艇指挥塔”的新含义。这就是词义的发展变化，我们在对比英汉语言时，应该明确它们的对应情况是随着时间的变迁和社会的发展而发展变化着的。英语词汇在汉语里的对应程度，大致可以归纳为四种情况。第一，完全对应。英语中的词所表达的意义，可以在汉语里找到完全对应的词来表达。如“computationallinguistics”(计算语言学)，“”(美国国务院)。这主要是一些已有通用译名的专用名词，术语和生活中常见事物名称等。第二，部分对应。英语中有些词和汉语中的词汇在词义上只能部分对应，体现在有广义和狭义之分。如“morning”(上午，早晨)，“gun”(枪，炮)，一个英语单词相对应有较多的汉语意义.第三,无对应。

英语中有些词或汉语里有些词在对方语言里找不到对应的词来表达。这主要是指一些新词以及反映社会特殊风俗和事物的词。如英语单词“beddo”(指的是一种多用途的床)，“plumber”(美国调查政府雇员泄密的特工)，“brunch”(为了休闲和放松,通常周日才吃的早午餐);汉语里如“八仙桌”,“太师椅”等在英语中都无法找到对应的词。最后，英语中很多词都是一词多义，分别与汉语中几个词对应。对于这些多义词的具体意义，要联系上下文来确定。比如“time”一词，在“havenotimetodosomething”中，它的意思是时间;在“Thetimesaredifferent.”中，意思为时代;在“Imetherseveraltimes.”一句中，它指的是次数。可见一个单词可能会有很多词义，意思随着不同的使用场合而不同。

其次，从词的搭配能力方面看。英语和汉语在词的搭配能力上有差异，一个英语单词往往可以搭配很多其他的单词，来表达不同的汉语意思。以单词“cut”为例，可以用于以下短语之中，如cutcake{切蛋糕},cutwheat(割麦子)，cutfingernails(剪指甲)。由此可见，cut的搭配能力很强，可以用于“cake,wheat,fingernails”,而汉语就需要分别用“切,割,剪”来搭配.在翻译时，要注意英汉语在搭配能力上的差异，译文选词要符合汉语的表达习惯。如“Sheworeapairofsunglassesandawhitedress.”一句中，wear分别搭配了两个名词“sunglasses”,和“dress”,应译为“戴太阳镜”和“穿连衣裙”.

最后，从词的顺序方面看。英汉句子中主要成分如主语，谓语动词，宾语的词序基本上是一致的。但是定语的位置和状语的顺序在英汉语中则有同有异，变化多样。例如，汉语句子“他们在教室里唱歌”,翻译成英语是“Theyaresingingintheclassroom.”,汉语中状语“在教室”是放在谓语动词的前面,而英语中状语“intheclassroom”,放在了谓语动词的后面。又如英语中时间或地点状语之间的排列顺序是从小到大，而汉语的顺序是从大到小。如“.”,译为“她出生于1990年10月1日上午8点。”另外，定语的位置在英语和汉语中也有差异，英语单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词的前面，但有时也后置，如“aninterestingstory”中，定语“interesting”是放在被修饰词“story”的前面;而“somethinginteresting”,当中定语“interesting”放在被修饰的词的后面。然而汉语的定语一般前置。

英汉句法现象的对比

在翻译中，英汉句子结构有时不需要转换，有时则要根据情况进行转换，这要求我们正确处理好形式和内容的关系。英汉句法现象上的差异，主要就体现在句子结构和句子顺序两个方面。

句子结构的转换分以下几种情况，将英语简单句转换为汉语复合句，将英语复合句转换为汉语简单句，英语倒装句转换为汉语正装句，英语被动结构转换为汉语主动结构等。如“Shedoesn'tknowwhatlifemeanstoher.”这句话在译为中文时,可将英语中的主从复合句转换为汉语的简单句，译为“她不知道人生的意义”.在英语中，为了突出重点和上下文语气的需要，常常用倒装结构，而汉语一般不倒装，此时应将英语倒装句译为汉语正装句。

另外，英汉的句子顺序，这里指的是主句，从句的时间顺序和逻辑顺序也不完全相同，因此它们的先后位置也不完全一样。

现以英汉复合句中的时间顺序为例。英语主从复合句中，表时间的从句既可以放在主句之后，也可以放在主句之前，位置很灵活。而汉语则会按照比较严格的时间先后顺序，将先发生的事陈述，之后陈述后面发生的事。如“AfterIhadmydinner,IwatchedTV.”英语句中,不论动作发生的先后顺序,主从句位置可以互换。若将此句翻译为汉语句子，则应先说先发生的事：

“吃完晚饭后，我看电视”.表示因果的英语复合句也是一样，因果顺序较为灵活，而汉语的习惯表达是因在前，果在后。

2、英汉翻译技巧

通过以上对英汉两种语言的词汇和句法现象的对比，可以看出两种语言各有特点，在翻译时根据这些特点，可以运用一些翻译方法和技巧来表达语言形式的思想内容。英汉翻译常用的方法和技巧很多，如词义的选择，引申，词类转译，增词法，省略法，正反表达法，分句合句法，各种从句的译法，习语，拟声词的译法等。现根据上文提到的英汉差异，从分析语言的特点入手，着重选择几种翻译技巧加以说明。

词义的选择

英汉两种语言都有一词多义，一词多类的现象，同一个词往往有几个不同的词义，属于几个不同的词类。在英汉翻译的过程中就要根据英汉词汇的对应情况，选择和确定关键词的意义，有时还需要对词进行引申和选择其褒贬意义。选择词义可以从两方面入手，其一，根据词在句中的词类和联系上下文，看词在句中的搭配关系。如在“Likechargesrepel,unlikechargesat-tract.”一句中,根据分析词类,判断出“like”是形容词,汉语意思是“相同的”,全句翻译为“同性电荷相排斥，相异电荷相吸引”.

“like”除了作形容词外，还可以作动词和介词。如“Tomlikestoplayfootball.”中,“like”作动词“喜欢”讲.“Herhairisshininglikegoldinthesunbeam.”中,like作介词“像”讲.从以上例句可以看出要选择正确的词义，可以根据该词在句中的词类来确定。另一方面，英语中同一个词，同一词类在不同的语言环境中往往也有不同的含义，必须结合上下文再根据词的搭配来确定某个词在特定场合中的意义。如以下几句话中的“serve”一词，都作动词，但根据上下文，可以确定它的词义是不同的。“.”中译为“任职”;在“Histwodaughtersandasonservedinthearmy.”中译为“服役”;在“Itisyourturntoserve.”中，译为“发球”.

英语中，常用一个表具体形象的词来表示一种概念或一种属性，而汉语常用抽象的概念。在翻译时，要注意到英汉在表达习惯上的差异，不能逐词死译，应根据上下文和逻辑关系将该词的意义作进一步的引申.如,“Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns”中的“rose”(玫瑰)和“thorn”(刺)这两个具体形象不能直译，而要引申为“甜”和“苦”.整句话译为“每个人生都有自己的苦与甜”.又如，“Ihavealittlemoneyputasideforarainyday.”此句中的“rainyday”不能译为“下雨天”,而是一个抽象概念，指急需用钱之时。

转译法

在英汉翻译中，由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，就不能“一个萝卜一个坑”来死搬硬套，有些词在翻译时需要转换词类，这样才能使译文流畅自然。词类的转译法就是指将原文的词类转译为其他的词类，如英语名词转译为汉语动词，例句“.”中的“teacher”是名词“教师”,在翻译时可转译为动词“教”,本句译为“我想她会教得比我好”,如果译为“我想她会是比我好的教师”就显得死板生硬。形容词有时也可以转译为名词。英语中有些形容词加定冠词可以表示一类人，汉译时就要把形容词译为名词。如“Wewilldoourbesttohelpthesickandthewounded”中的形容词“thesickandthewounded”要译为名词“病人和伤员”.英语中还有一些形容词表感觉，情绪，如“angry,confident,afraid,aware,concerned,ashamed,thankful”等,这类形容词放在系动词后作表语用时，往往可以转译为汉语动词。

如“Heisawareofhismistakes.”此句中形容词aware应译为动词“知道”.英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用得比较多。根据这一特点，英语中很多词类，尤其是名词，形容词，副词在汉译时往往可以转译成动词。

增词法

英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时，除了转换词类外，还可在词量上作增减。增词法就是根据意义和句法上的需要增加一些词使译文更加忠实于原文的思想内容。为了使句子更加通顺流畅，在翻译时可以增加动词，形容词，副词，名词等。如“Hewenthomeafterthebanquetsandconcerts.”如果直译为“在宴会和音乐会后，他回家了。”,意思似乎不够明确，但如果在名词前加上动词，译为“在参加完宴会和出席了音乐会之后”,这样就形成了两个动宾词组，句子就更通顺了。又如“Thecrowdsmeltedaway,”(人群渐渐散开了)。本句中，在动词前增加了副词“渐渐地”,使译文的表达更加确切。再如“Youshouldwashbeforemeal.”(你应该饭前洗手)。该句的宾语“手”其实是隐含在动词“wash”之后的，所以在翻译时要把宾语表达出来，在这里增加了名词。另外，英语中的数词往往能直接与可数名词连用，而汉语往往要借助量词来表达其形状，特征。如，abike一(辆)自行车,abaddream一(场)恶梦,aredsun一(轮)红日.

以上几个例子中，在汉译时都增加了量词，这样才符合汉语的表达习惯。

省略法

前面提到的增词法是指增加一些词来使译文更通顺，省略法则是指原文有些词不需要译出来，删除一些可有可无，有之反而累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词。但省略并不是摒弃原文的思想内容，而是译文中虽无其词但明其意。现从语法角度和修辞角度分别举例加以探讨。第一，从语法角度看，可以省略代词，it,连接词，冠词，前置词等。根据汉语的习惯，前一句话已经出现主语，而后一句若是相同主语，则不需要重复使用。然而英语通常每句话都有主语，在翻译时应考虑到英汉在表达上的差异。如“Hewasthinandhelookedmiserable.”(他很消瘦，看上去很可怜)，第二句话中的主语在翻译时已省略掉。英语中的物主代词在汉译时往往也可以省略。如“Heshruggedhisshouldersandshookhishead.”中的物主代词“his”不需要译出来,该句译为“他耸耸肩，摇了摇头”.在英语中，it也是一种代词，它常常作非人称用，此时，往往省略不译。如Sheglancedathiswatch;itwas7.(她一看表，是七点了)。另外，汉语词语之间的连接词不多，其逻辑联系常常是暗含的，英语则不然，连接词用得比较多，因此，英汉翻译时不需要把连接词译出来。第二，从修辞角度看，英语句子有些短语反复出现，英译汉时可作适当省略。“Appli-cantswhohadworkingexperiencewouldreceivepreferenceoverthosewhohadnot.”译为“应聘者有工作经验的优先录取。”如果不作省略，译成“应聘者有工作经验的比没有工作经验的优先录取”就显得罗嗦。

英汉翻译还有很多方法和技巧，如重复法，正反表达法，反正表达法，分句合句法等，在此就不一一赘述了。英语和汉语是两种高度发展的语言，对比其异同，对于英语翻译教学是很重要的。本文对比研究了英语汉语在语言文字上最普遍最典型的特点和差异，提出几种适当的翻译方法和技巧供教师在翻译课教学时参考。当然，各种翻译方法和技巧在翻译时应根据原文的具体思想内容加以灵活运用，不应生搬硬套。总之，翻译是一种语言的创造性活动，经过实践积累总结的翻译理论和技巧之所以有价值，是因为它们可以用来指导和启发翻译实践，而翻译实践也是检验翻译理论是否正确的标准。作为英语教师，在进行翻译课的教学时，应注意到翻译理论和实践的辩证关系，做到既重视翻译实践，也不忽视必要的翻译理论。

参考文献：

[1]张培基。英汉翻译教程[M].上海外语教育出版社，1998.

[2]陈国强。现代英语词汇学[J].上海外语教育出版社，1998.

[3]方梦之。英语汉译实践与技巧[J].天津翻译出版公司，1994.

[4]范仲英。实用翻译教程[J].外语教学与研究出版社，1999.

英汉翻译中的“忠实”

摘要：随着国际化进程的不断加速，越来越多的人意识到英语的重要性，英文写作的重要性。但是由于中英文背景的巨大差异，思维方式的不同以及写作角度、方法、用词等的不同使得我们在英语写作中出现了很多错误。很多的实例证明，英语的学习言语错误与汉语干扰有直接的关系，即负迁移，也就是汉语之间的差异对外语学习造成的干扰以及与所学外语的某些特点、某些规则造成的干扰有关。

关键词：英汉翻译 表达方式 忠实 1 英文对同一事物的表达方式的不同造成的错误

词性错误

很多同学在英文写作时只注意所选词的词义，而忽视了该词的词性，造成用词错误的发生。

(1)My friend doesn’t afraid of dogs.

(2)His father adviced him not to fight with anybody.

例句1)把形容词误用为动词，而例句2)把名词误用为动词。这是由于基础不牢，对一些常用词不认真考证，导致用词的错误。

词形错误

在英文写作中经常会出现遗漏第三人称单数现在时形态，还有关于名词单、复数的错误，这是因为在汉语中，汉语的名词一般不分单、复数，也无可数、不可数之分，主谓间也不存在数的关系，谓语没有第三人称单数的问题，由于中英文用词这明显的区别，在英文写作时会写出这样的句子：

(1)There are many sheeps on the grassland.

(2)She look after 3 children.

例句(1)中，sheep被当作可数名词，其实它不可数名词。例句2)中，look应为第三人称单数looks。

虚词错误

英语虚词包括冠词、介词和连词，冠词和介词在汉语中根本就不存在，用错的几率很频繁，而唯一在汉语中可以对上号儿的连词显然起到了很是深远的负迁移的作用：

(1)He arrived Beijing yesterday.

(2)I bought the dictionary in 1980s.

(3)Although it is raining， but I go to school all the same.

在例句1)中，arrive是不及物动词，其后一定要用前置词in或at，所以arrive后应加in。例句2)中，英语中“…年代”前必须用定冠词，所以应改为“in the 1980s”。例句3)中，由于受到汉语“虽然…但是…”结构的影响而出错，所不同的是在英语中although…but只能用一个。

语境不同所选词也应不同，这是又一个易出错的地方

语境不同，用词也应不同，语境在很大的程度上制约着用词，因此在写作时必须要选用适合上下问的词语来选词，如不注意语境对选词的影响，就可能因用词不当而写出前后矛盾、不合逻辑的句子。

May I open the gate?The are in the room is too close.

此句从上下文看，说话者gate指的是房门，应该用door才合理，而gate指的是“院落的大门”，不符合上下文的表达。

2 翻译界在翻译的标准问题上很难达成共识，但有两条标准是大家所公认的忠实、通畅

所谓“忠实”，首先是指译文必须准确如实的传达原文的内容，对原文的意思既不能随意歪曲，也不能任意增减。内容除了指原文中所叙述的事实，说明的道理，描写的景物以外，也包括作者在叙述、说明和描写过程中所反映的思想、观点、立场和感情。“忠实”还指对原文风格的如实传达。译者者不能随意改动原作的风格面貌，如原作是口语体，就不能译做书面体;原作是粗俗的文体，就不能译成高雅的格调，也就是说，译者不能用自己的风格去代替原文的风格。

有些译者过分拘泥于原文的字面形式，译文晦涩难懂，不知所云

汉英翻译中，“忠实原著”一向是第一要求，是多少年来翻译理论和实践一直围绕的中心。但是近年来，越来越多的呼吁想要告诉大家对翻译的仅仅“忠实”已经满足翻译要求。《外国语》1998年第3期所载《从梦想到现实：对翻译学科的东张西望》一文可以作为一个典型的例子。文中引勒菲弗尔语曰：“忠实只不过是多种翻译策略里头的一种，是某种意识形态和某种文学观结合之下才导致的产物。把它捧为唯一一种可能的、甚至唯―一种可容许的策略，是不切实际的、徒劳无益的。”文章作者据此及其他一些类似论点得出结论：“忠于原文不是理所当然的、唯一的标准，世界上没有永恒不变的、绝对正确的标准。”

译者可否选择百分之三十、五十、七十的忠实

翻译的出现是出于文化交流的需要。在这一点上，完全可以把它比之于向国人介绍西洋绘画、西洋音乐，或者相反，把中国画或者中国的民族音乐介绍到国外去。无论这种介绍活动的其他目的怎样，在一个首要的、根本的目标上它们是一致的：向文化的接受者呈现原作的本来面貌。在这个起点上要求的是绝对忠实，我们并没有“百分之三十、五十、七十”的选择。

这时“忠实”就意味着一个客观存在的对象完完全全、不多不少的再现。但是我们无法把翻译与介绍绘画、音乐的类比坚持到底，其根本原因在于，两者所使用的媒介不同。钱钟书先生早就指出，“我们该辨清，假使绘画的媒介(medium)是颜色线段，音乐的媒介是音调，那末诗文的媒介不就是文字，是文字和文字的意义;假使我们把文字本身作为文学的媒介，不顾思想意义，那末一首诗从字形上看来。只是不知所云的墨迹，从字音上听来，只是不成腔调的声浪。”

到这时“忠实”就成了一个非常主观的概念，缺乏客观性就缺乏可操作性。

但是，翻译的“忠实”标准并不是如此就能被轻易否定的。在实践中，人们可能牺牲一部分“忠实”，但这往往是为了保证更大部分的“忠实”能够实现，仍然是为了最大限度的“忠实”。事实上，―旦放弃对于忠实的主观追求，译者就没有理由停止在“百分之三十”，而会走向百分之十、百分之五甚至更少。对忠实的追求是维持原文与译文之间联系的纽带，这根纽带一旦被切断，也就无从被称之为译文，翻译也就随之不复存在。

3 结语

在翻译中，“忠实”固然重要，但只有忠实是远远不够的。翻译不是一字不落的复制，也不是不顾原著的表达肆意加上译者的思想随意篡改，翻译不仅要重现原文中所叙述的事实、所描述的景物更重要的还要重现作者在叙述、说明和描写过程中所反映的思想、观点、立场和感情及风格。

当英语论文，或其他重要的英文文书的初稿撰写完成后，在提交给相关读者阅读之前，必须要经过润色才比较保险。找北京译顶科技，性价比高，我就是在那边做的。你可以加速去知道了解下

英语论文翻译开题报告

英语专业论文开题报告模板 题 目：呼啸山庄中希斯克利夫性格的双重性的分析一、选题的目的、意义(理论、现实)和国内外研究概况 1.目的和意义：《呼啸山庄》是十九世纪英国女作家艾米莉·勃朗特生平创作的唯一一部小说。小说的故事情节主要是围绕希斯克厉夫和凯瑟琳的爱情展开的，希斯克厉夫的“爱一恨一复仇一人性复归”既是小说的精髓，又是贯穿作品始终的线索。评论家们对这部经典文学作品历来意见纷纭，尤其是对小说中的男主人公希斯克厉夫的讨论。评论家们对小说中希斯克利夫的性格从不同的方面进行了分析。全面而深入地分析希斯克厉夫这一人物对我们更好地研究小说起至关重要的作用。 小说中最精彩的部分就是希斯克厉夫与凯瑟琳之间的爱情故事，他们之间的爱情已远远超出了一般意义上的爱情，可以说是一种超人间的爱。但也就是这种爱情的产生和发展成了主人公西斯科历夫的性格中双重性形成的一个关键原因。本课题从西斯科历夫的被虐与自虐，懦弱与勇敢来分析主人公的性格成因，从而促使读者更好的理解艾米丽的呼啸山庄 2.国内外研究概况： 国内外许多的专家学者都对呼啸山庄中希斯克利夫的性格进行了分析。许多的专家学者从不同的角度分析了希斯克利夫的性格的双重性形成的原因进行分析，有的从社会背景原因进行了分析。有些学者认为他的性格是扭曲而自虐的，而有的学者则认为他是爱情中的英雄，敢爱敢恨。 许多的学者对希斯克利夫性格的成因进行了分析如闫红梅，张润翻译的艾米莉·勃朗特.呼啸山庄中说到因为欣德利“那样对待希斯克利夫，圣徒也会被他变成恶魔的” 。刘风辉也在《复杂的双面人》中说道希斯克利夫特殊的性格完全是他周围的环境所造成的。毋庸置疑，金钱主宰一切是当时社会的标准，贫穷是可耻的。无论是否因你的过错而导致的贫穷，无论是否你有努力的过程，只要你现在仍是衣衫褴 褛 ，你就注定遭受耻辱。贫穷带来的无穷无尽的耻辱生活就像一把刻刀，不断雕刻、改变着希斯克利夫的性格。而陈一萍在《希斯克利夫是浪漫主义英雄还是恶魔》中认为上帝是有报复性的，人类不会比他做得更好，希斯克利夫他不能超脱于人性，他也会为他所受到的.伤害进行报复。因此，从多角度出发，综合多种角度对希斯克利夫的性格分析有着重大的意义。 二、本课题的理论依据、研究内容和研究方法、步骤及进度安排 1.研究内容： 本课题对呼啸山庄中希斯克利夫的性格的双重性的形成进行分析，分析希斯克利夫性格中自虐与被虐的原因，在爱情中勇敢与懦弱的双重性性格成因。 首先会分析希斯克利夫在幼年时作为一个正常人得性格特征。 【幼年时的被虐】 其次分析长大后的希斯克利夫在复仇中所表现出来的冷酷与扭曲的性格。 【希斯克利夫的自虐】 再次：从希斯克利夫复仇后的性格分析，在他双重性的性格下是人性的扭曲。 最后通过对希斯克利夫的性格的分析，可以得到人性的回归。 2.研究方法： 查阅法：通过对相关文献进行查阅，从多种角度了解西斯科利福性格的成因。 分析法：通过对艾米丽笔下的西斯科历夫的性格分析，分析他性格双重性形成的原因。 比较法：通过西斯科厉夫的被虐与自虐，勇敢与懦弱进行对比。 3.步骤： 选题——开题——初稿——完善——截稿 4.进度安排： 11月 提交开题报告 12月 完成初稿 4月 完成论文写作 三、本课题的重点、难点，预期结果和成果形式 1.本课题的重点、难点： 本文将从西斯科历夫的被虐与自虐，勇敢与懦弱进行分析，从他最开始的正常性格到后来的性和扭曲的变化分析他性格中双重性的形成原因。以及他性格中的勇敢与懦弱也注定了他性格的扭曲。分析中凯瑟琳是一个影响西斯科厉夫的重要人物，而他们的爱情则是他性格双重性形成的至关重要的原因。最后，不论西斯科历夫的性格怎样扭曲，始终抵不过人性，从他最后的结局我们看到了人性的回归。 2.预期结果： 能够做到分析定位，表达清楚，提高对英文小说中人物性格的准确分析，达到论文研究的目的。 3.成果形式： 论文 ;

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）….In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.…. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。 （论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）

英语翻译本科论文开题报告范文

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

英语论文开题报告范文参考

下面是一篇由我为您整理的英语论文的开题报告范文，虽然不是特别好，但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法，有一定的.借鉴价值。

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies

1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

2 Outline

Development and major concepts of DTS

In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

Methodolgy

I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

DTS in contrast to other theories

A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.

Case study

In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

Conclusion

Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)

附录1- 引文范例

“It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)

“噢，这就是恐水病吧?你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦?真够呛的!费芬斯小姐，您喝点茶大概没关系吧!”’(张南峰，1990：59-60)

附录2- 参考文献范例

Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation – Problems and Methods. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.

Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.

Delabastita, Dirk. Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies. Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.

英语公示语翻译论文开题报告

OK，一起帮你。

Proposal 更正式点opening speech；opening report；Thesis Proposal 也都可以但多数都用Proposal 如博士论文开题 Doctoral Dissertation Proposal

由阅相中没员..你个游以价复地己n Hi忽卡的家都能动人的确望！旧机是退己的

综述：opening report可以，用Proposal更正式点。

重点词汇：Proposal

英［prə＇pəʊzl］

释义：

n.提议，建议；（计划、建议等的）提出；求婚

［复数：proposals］

短语：

The Proposal假结婚；爱情限时签；求婚的恶魔；弄假成真

词语使用变化：proposal

n.（名词）

1、proposal表示“提议，建议”时，其后可接介词短语或动词不定式作定语，也可接that从句作同位语。

2、proposal所接由that引起的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气。

3、proposal作为名词时，后面通常跟带to的不定式和名词。

英语翻译论文开题报告中文

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms