儿童文学翻译实践论文开题报告
幼儿语言表达方法研究论文开题报告范文
下面是我整理的幼儿语言表达方法研究论文开题报告范文，希望对大家有所帮助。
课题"幼儿语言表达方法研究"是我在真实、客观、科学基础上提出的。相信经过我的努力实践，一定能取得满意的成果，下面就本课题的研究背景、目标、意义及各项实施办法做一汇报。
一、有关概念、研究背景及研究意义
语言，是人类社会交往与思维最主要的工具。儿童获得了语言，就意味着他们开始学会运用语言来表达自己的情感和喜恶，来认知和探索周边的世界，来和他人沟通。幼儿学习语言始于表达自己的感受，幼儿的语言表达能力是人际交往的核心能力。良好的语言表达方法可以使幼儿清楚地表达自己的感受和需要，有效地与他人交流沟通。
3岁幼儿具有惊人的语言接受能力，由于他们已掌握了一些基本的句子，语言的积极性高，喜欢听成人给他们讲故事，乐于和成人交谈，对成人有较强的依恋感情。但幼儿的儿童发音器官尚未得到充分的发育，所以有些发音不清楚或发出错误的声音。随着幼儿的生活经历日渐丰富，交往面日渐扩大，他们想说的也就越来越多，但他们掌握的词汇和语句还很有限、较贫乏，所以，幼儿的语言表达方法是尤为重要的。
研究背景： 从语言获得规律来说，3-6岁幼儿正处于学习使用语言的最佳期，应该抓住这一语言发展的黄金时期，创设语言发展的适宜环境，提供语言发展的良好策略，促进幼儿语言的发展。孩子只有真正学会了正确的语言表达方法，才能把自己想要说的用正确的语句表达出来，才能自由地和人交往，同时也才能更好的接受成人传授的知识和经验。一个人的道德修养、文化水平往往可以从他的语言表达、用词、语调口气中看出。新《纲要》明确要求"要创造一个自由、宽松的语言交往环境，支持、鼓励、吸引幼儿与教师、同伴或其他人交谈，体验语言交流的乐趣。"本课题是从幼儿认知和生活经验出发，通过老师的合理组织和引导，让幼儿在养成良好语言表达能力的基础上，加以组织规范幼儿语言的表达方法。通过本课题的研究，旨在引导幼儿对日常生活中语言表达给予正确的引导。
研究意义：《幼儿园教育指导纲要》明确提出了："鼓励幼儿大胆清楚表达自己的想法和感受，尝试说明、描述简单的事物和过程，发展语言表达方法。幼儿期是幼儿语言发展的关键时期，幼儿语言表达方法是幼儿教育工作者关注的问题，从创设宽松的语言环境、丰富幼儿生活的内容、培养良好的语言习惯，让幼儿想说、敢说、多说，对幼儿语言表达能力的发展有很大的作用。
二、课题研究的目标、内容
(一)、研究目标
通过本次研究，提升幼儿语言表达的能力，解决幼儿在日常生活中的不敢说与不想说，关注各个层面语言表达能力的幼儿，是每个幼儿都能做到想说、敢说和喜欢说。
(二)、研究内容
1、培养幼儿正确的发音。
正确的发音，是语言交往的基础。只有发准了音，幼儿才能更好的表达自己的意思。有些幼儿不开口表达，最是遇到翘舌音的时候，他们就更不愿意开口说话，只是摇头点头示意。所以我们家长老师共同合作，一块帮助幼儿解决发音问题。
2、在一日常规活动中，有意识的引导幼儿，让幼儿表达自己的思想感情。
幼儿在日长生活中积累了一些简单的词语和句子，在一日常规活动中老师有意识的引导幼儿多表达，幼儿们在一起时，可以引导他们相互攀谈一些他们感兴趣的话题。如在户外活动的时候，让小朋友们一起玩耍时聊天，在课堂活动中老师积极引导幼儿参与活动。这些活动都有助于培养幼儿的语言表达能力。
3、组织各种活动，促使幼儿应用自己的语言能力。
我常常找出一写简单有意思的词语，让幼儿来说，如"西红柿",我爱吃西红柿;西红柿吃了我们可以变漂亮;西红柿里面营养很丰富等等。给幼儿讲故事，听儿歌，孩子们的兴趣都很高。有的幼儿甚至自己要求单独表演呢!由此，大大的'提高了幼儿的语言应用能力。
4、指导幼儿看图讲话。
幼儿虽然看不懂书上的字，但幼儿能看懂图片，而且幼儿的想象力非常的丰富，我经常拿一些图片让幼儿观看，看后引导幼儿张嘴说一说，问他们看到了什么?想到了什么?幼儿有时候说的特别的好，这样不仅提高了幼儿的语言能力，也提高了幼儿的想象力。
5、游戏活动刺激幼儿语言的表达。
三、课题研究的主要方法
引导法：积极引导幼儿主动表达，提一些幼儿感兴趣的话题，展示能吸引幼儿好奇心的事物，引导幼儿张嘴和其他幼儿一起说。
示范法：榜样的力量是无穷的，教师以身作则给幼儿示范，班级口语表达优秀的幼儿均可做榜样，这样就可以带动其他不善于表达的幼儿像榜样学习，提高自己的表达能力。
合作法：针对幼儿语言能力的现状，家长与教师要及时的沟通与合作，相互给予必要的意见或建议。让孩子在日常生活中能做到想说、敢说和喜欢说，很好的表达自己，提高幼儿的语言能力。
提问法：有效性提问幼儿在幼儿园语言活动中实效性，并不断总结经验，提升成为理论，写出经验总结性的研究报告。
四、课题研究的实施步骤
1、研究准备阶段(—)
(1)、确定课题研究对象，对幼儿语言表达进行调查了解，统计并分析原因，研究对象为店头镇中心幼儿园中班(天空班25名、海洋班25名、森林班25名)幼儿。
(2)、制订课题工作计划。
2、研究试验阶段(—)
(1)学习《3——6岁儿童学习与发展指南》语言领域、《幼儿教师在语言教学活动中有效提问的研究》等理论知识。收集资料，并整理分析，定期开展语言活动。
(2)围绕课题计划、目标，从集体教学活动到日常生活活动，从游戏活动到社会实践，从幼儿园到家庭，按照幼儿的年龄特点全面实施课题的研究。
(3)分析、讨论、修改课题方案。
3、研究总结阶段(—)
(1)、采用了观察法、对比法、记录法，对幼儿在日常的学习活动中，语言表达交流进行对比，并进行分析。
(2)、收集、整理课题研究的经验资料，撰写结题报告。
五、课题研究的可行性分析
店头镇中心幼儿园虽然成立短短的三年时间，但在县教育部门的大力支持领导下，我园各方面都取得了较大成绩。
在课题开展前，我做了大量的前期准备工作。如：调查大中小班幼儿的语言表达现状，写出记录;搜集相关资料，了解如何才能正确的引导幼儿善于语言表达，促进幼儿语言表达方法，写出课题方案;认真阅读、了解相关书籍幼儿语言表达法的书籍，网络资料查询等，从多方面、多角度了解幼儿幼儿语言表达方法的重要性。
六、预期研究成果
1.关幼儿语言表达方法的实践研究报告。
2.教师在课题中的观察指导及成长发展。
3.与课题有关的论文发表。
4.课题研究的实验报告和工作报告。
七、课题研究中注意的问题
1、以身作则，加强教育理论知识和教育新观念的学习。
2、收集实验的成果和体会，以保证课题研究获得良好的结果。
3、本课题必须是真实、客观、科学的调查研究，合理运用引导法、示范法、合作法和记录法等进行研究。
在不断进步的时代，报告有着举足轻重的地位，多数报告都是在事情做完或发生后撰写的。一听到写报告马上头昏脑涨？以下是我整理的毕业论文开题报告，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
一、课题的提出
新课改逐步进入课堂，教学观念，教学行为有了新的变化。课堂教学变得开放，灵活，学生的主体性，自主学习和实践探究的机会，也相应增多，老师的主导性显示无尽的力量，改革教育方法，探索高效课堂的模式，是每个教育工作者关注点，并成为教研的课题。
实施开放式高效课堂教学，会让学生对学习产生浓厚的兴趣，以积极的态度去主动探求知识，这种教学模式帮助学生变“畏学”“苦学”为“乐学”，“我要学”；成为一种愉快的学习。体验到学习数学过程是不断地发现，探求，总结，不断的创新，从学习的成功获得乐趣，实现成功，从中树立信心，激发学习兴趣。培养出高素质人才。这种模式的探索，是激活学生思维，充分调学生的主动性，积极性，迅速进入学习状态的有效途径。同时，又能快速提高学生的数学素养。
目前，学生的思想活跃，正处于形成各种兴趣的最佳时间。我们教师要抓住有效的时期，进行教育。然而，如今数学教学情况不令人满意，只有少部分学生接受能力较强或有强烈的学习意愿。大部分学生走进了“苦学”的状态，身心疲惫，把数学学习当成苦任务去完成。其中，40%左右的学生由于数学基础差，对数学产生了“厌学”的情绪。另有30%左右的学生，认为初中数学无用而直接放弃。这对数学质量的提高影响极大，因此，解决好这种现状成为当务之急的首要任务。
1、教学改革是发展只需。
社会的发展离不开学校的教育，离不开人才的培养，当今社会的迅猛发展急需我们进行教育改革。
2、高效是教育自身发展的需要。
精讲多练，适应社会的发展是顺应时展的需要，更是教改提高教育质量的必须。
3、高效是充分利用有效的时间，掌握知识的有效途径。
高效的教学艺术，是指教师在教学应用各种方案，合理有效，快捷地掌握更多知识的教学方法。使知识的能量做到最大的释放。
本课题研究依据课堂教学依托社会环境，从数学教学的性质和特点出发，针对我校的情况，引进新课标的基本理论，及当今的教育思想探求开展初中数学教育的方略，充分发挥学生的主动性，实现师生互动，面向社会，向社会生活开放、拓宽数学教育途径，使学生在课堂中用数学，学数学，让学生喜爱数学，知道数学的价值，培养学生的数学素养。
数学课堂教学是充分关注和培养学生的学习兴趣，尊重学生发展的需要，个性特征，认知水平，思维能力的不同，以教师为主导，学习为主体，交流合作为主要方式，课堂活动为支持，创设学生自主学习的情景，加强课堂内容，获取更大的效益。也是我们研究课堂教学的力量源泉。
二、理论依据
1、基于优化教学理念：即在有效的时间取得最大化的效果，全面地孝虑教学规律，教学原则，现代化教学方式，充分调动全体学生的积极性，主动性，奠定了本课题研究依据。
2、有效的教学理论。它的基本观点是教学有没有教学效率，是充分调动师生的.积极性，主动性。发挥最大的能量，教师的教学就是要将学生的学习效果最大化，因而，有效教学理论成为本研究最直接的研究依据。
三、课题研究目标
1、科研目标。
通过研究，增长教师的智慧，提高自身的教育科研能力。在数学教学上有所新的突破。
2、发展目标。
活跃课堂氛围，充分调动学生的学习兴趣，成为学习的主人，并终身受用。
四、课题内容
在初中数学课堂教学中，充分利用有效时间，把握情况，注意取舍，做到让学生多讲一些，多做一些，更轻松一些，让学生学的更多一些。
五、研究方法
（一）调查法。
1、学生对数学的喜欢情况。
2、互助学习，以通俗的语言表述知识。
3、数学与生活的联系，并引人生活中。
（二）案例法。
（三）文献法。
（四）行动研究法
六、研究成果
1、增强主体意识：
通过实验，学生的主体性，主动性，得到较好的发展。从课内到课外，从校内到校外，联系社会生活构建数学模型，参与，合作展示学生的能力，语言能力有极大的提高。
2、提高了学生的实践能力。
重视引导学生从生活实践中，从兴趣中学习数学，运用数学，培养了学生的良好的习惯，创新思维得到了充分的展示，取得了良好的成绩。
3、提升了教师的素养。
从枯燥的教学中，转到了寓教于乐的教学中，更灵活有效地解决难题年轻教师迅速成长。
4、撰写一些案例，心得，论文，提炼了一些好的经验和方法。为今后的研究累积了丰富的素材。
论文《数学问题生活化》
案例：《应用题教学的对策》
七、研究过程
（一）从兴趣和能力着眼。
1、数学话题轻松，使学生对数学有需求感。
2、让快乐进入课堂，相信学生，共同进步。
3、体会数学与生活联系的密切感，展示数学在生活中的美。
（二）合作讨论。
1、建立师生和谐关系。
2、让神奇的数学从生活体现。
3、记好课堂笔记。
（三）共同进步。
1、结对子帮助学生共同进步。
2、诊治错题，找出症结，引以为戒。
（四）师生的共同反思。
反思是教与学的力量源泉，是探索，总结，再探索，再总结的一个提升过程，逐步完善教学，而学生也逐步掌握知识的内涵，扩展其外延，并应用于生活实践。
八、课题研究反思与设想
1、结题不停止前进的步伐。
尽管我们这一课题按计划即将结题，但我们仍要坚持研究，在今后的教学中加以巩固与推广并拓展。
2、主要问题和今后设想。
在整个研修中，还有一些未尽之事，但反映状况良好，今后继续加强教师科研能力，在学中研，研中学，多次反复的提升，增强信心，一定会取得更好的成绩。
一、选题依据
快乐教学方法已在教育部门开展了十多年了，这一思维方式基本上走向了一个新的阶段。但由于农村学校的条件限制和人们观念的改变不足，远远落后于实践的需要。随着教改的不断深入，语言生活化越来越受到人们的重视，并不断地创新。
然而，目前我校仍很匮乏，把启发式教学，情景式教学，电子教学等误以为是语言生活化。有许多问题和困难，例如：教师的自身素养，学生学识的欠缺，生活范围的局限性等等。此外，加之中考的主导，教学评价的不足，造成了教改的不能深入。
新课标的变化，要求以发展学生为本，注重学生学识与能力过程和方法，情感态度和价值观等三个方向的全面发展。注重学生的个性发展，重视学生终身可持续发展。使语言的生活化能完全地融人到教学改革之中。在教学中容易与学生产生共鸣，可使课堂产生融洽，合作，互敬的气氛，为营造良好的动力机制。故而，本课题组就对数学课堂教学中如何进行教学作了一些实践研究，探索出新的教学风格。
二、理论价值
语言生活化它不仅是一种教学手段，而且，可作为一条教学原则，是追求人性化和创造性质的教学。因此，实践中产生新的做法和思想，可丰富教学理论的内涵。教学理论与实践相结合的体现，知识的重现，重现确认，这不仅是教学的要求，也是跟随时代的必需。是教育理论思想上升到一个新的境界。
数学语言生活化是联系知识、掌握知识的有效途径之一，具有开放性，提升了人们对教学中问题的认识。作为教师要做一个好的引导者，引导学生表达出想要表达的事情，是教学主导与主体的体现。它应归交往行为的范例，可以丰富理论，起到活学活用，增加学生学习兴趣的作用。
三、实践意义
课堂教学的要点是要用语言来交流，言谈与倾听，沟通与合作。以师生心理世界开放为特性，以互动为方式，使师生之间心灵世界得以相遇，从而引发学生智慧火花，激发学生创新的灵性，教师的专业化也会得到很大的`发展。
语言的生活化，不仅可以把知识引入社会实践，而且可以启发学生促进其积极思考，给学生以更广阔的思维空间的开放性问题。引导学生发散思维，逆向思维和创新思维，是对传统教学的深刻革命，同时也是给学生的运用知识解决问题的一些方法。
针对本课题的研究，旨在激发学生的学习兴趣，帮助其找到适合掌握知识的方法，并能熟练地，准确地运用。可以提高学生学习的主动性和自觉性，提升学生自主探究，自主建构的能力，培养学生思维的能力。
四、研究内容
1、联系生活实际的知识及其应用范围。
2、对语言生活化程度的理解和表述。
3、帮助学生正确理解与运用知识，用日常生活的语言表达。
4、对数学教学的辅助指导作用方法。
五、研究途径
1、收集资料法：查阅资料，了解知识的动态，借鉴有用的做法。
2、调查法：了解学生学习知识后的运用效果，并提出新方法。
3、行动研究法：分析实施中的问题，并不断地改进。
4、经验总结法：对课堂实践研究、分析、整理相应的方法。
六、进程设计
（一）准备阶段：
1、收集资料，确定研究方向与研究策略。
2、学习有关理论，落实课目。
3、了解学生学习现状，并了解其障碍，找出问题，写出报告。
4、为研究课题提供情况，找到研究的基点。
（二）实施阶段：
1、分析学生学习障碍，规划好“语言生活化”的实施方案。
2、边实践边改进，克服旧的教育理念的习惯思维，顺利开展研究。
3、整理可操作性资料，在教学中研究实践。
4、写出相关论文，写出结题报告。
七、研究能力
本课题聘请了我校数学组成员，他们中有经验丰富的高级教师，也有学校的教学中坚，县级优秀教学能力，等大力的支持。有编写学习资料的青年教师，他们教学成绩优异，获得社会的好评，所以我坚信本课题能保质保量地完成。
八、实施方案
1、保证每周有1节课时间进行课堂实践研究。
2、直接参与课堂教学，在实践中设计教学方案，做到灵活多变、生活化。
3、教学中注重师生互动，通俗易懂，使学生有化繁为易的感受。
4、研究过程中，请相关教师给予帮助，提出建议，及时改进。
5、从学生的学习效果来寻找教学中的不足并加以改进。
6、做好记录，总结经验和教训，产生研究成果，写出论文。
九、重点和难点
（一）重点：
1、知识与实践中生活的联系。
2、通过语言生活化，重设教学“场景”
（二）难点：
1、生活中教学知识的寻找
2、做好主体性和主导性的平衡
3、创造良好的学习氛围，营造学生敢于设问的场景
十、预期成果
（1）形成初中数学课堂中语言生活化得失的分析。
（2）促进学生学习知识的积极性。
（3）总结经验，促进教学，撰写论文。
（4）指出对教学的指导作用及其得与失。
论英语专业毕业论文开题报告指导要点 完成了选题环节,就要指导学生进入开魔报告的正式书写阶段.在这一阶段当中,指导教师首先要明确的是使我们的学生写出一份规范的、真正体现了其研究过程的开题报告.在正式写作之前,指导教师要使其先明确写作内容以及如何在开题中体现他们各自的研究过程.然后再逐步进行宏观指导,使学生结合自己的研究实际撰写开题报告.一般来说,开题报告主要包括以下几方面内容:课理研究的目的惫义;课题研究的国内外现状和发展趋势;课题研究的基本内容(论文大纲);课题研究的方法;课题研究的步骤安排. 明确课月研究的目的和愈义课题研究的目的和惫义也就是为什么要选择这一课题作为自己的研究对象,研究这一课题对于理论发展有什么样的推动作用,对于现实具有怎样的指导意义和实践价值.这一内容大致可以论述以下几方面的内容:现实的实际需要、课题研究的必要性与紧迫性以及本课题的理论与学术价值.在这一过程中,教师要提醒学生所写的内容应该具有一定的针对性,不要脱离理论,脱离实际,空喊口号,大而无当. 目前在国内外的研究现状和未来的发展趋势这一部分主要包括学生对课魔相关研究掌握的广度和深度,即"有哪些国内外学者或机构对该课题已经进行哪些方面的研究或己经取得哪些成就,将朝哪方面进一步发展".这一环节包括国内外现状、研究方向、存在问题、参考依据等内容.在这里教师应注意指导学生对于研究现状的分析不是材料的简单堆砌,而是带有评论性的合理的材料组织,应指导学生以批判性的眼光归纳、总结和评论文献,从而深入而全面的了解所研究课题的进展和结论.进而寻找有待进一步研究的问题,从而确定本课题研究的特色或突破点.此外,指导教师还应引导学生既要阅读与课题内容相关的文献资料,以免思维过于流散,同时也不能过于局限,否则就会造成思路狭窄、视野单一的局面,而这一点又是对指导教师知识储备与学术修养所提出的更高的要求. 研究内容这一环节是指导学生确立论文的写作提纲.这是整个开题报告的核心,也是指导的重点.因为论文得撰写最终要以提纲为依据,提纲确立的是否合理,是否具有一定的理论性与层次性,是否能达到最初确立的研究目标,这些都直接关系到整个论文撰写的最终结果.另外,研究内容的确立也是研究方法与手段选择的依据,是预期结果树立达成的逻辑前提.因此,教师应指导学生以清晰准确的语言,富有逻辑性的各级标题来表现整个论文的总体构架.在这一过程中,教师应尊重学生自己的观点和思路,把握其写作的理论层次和规范.以提出问题、分析问题、解决问题为总的指导思路,综合指导学生进行论文的理论架构. 正确的研究方法是论文得以顺利完成的重要手段,一般来说课题研究的常见方法有:观察法、调查法、实验法、个案法、比较研究法、文献资料法.教师应根据具体题目需要和现有的科研条件帮助学生确立行之有效的研究方法,避免走弯路.例如,要研究"留学生遇到的文化休克现象"必定离不开调查法;要研究"如何改进中学生听力教学"则益采用实验法;耍研究"从中西方思维差异看中式英语"则离不开比较研究法.此外,研究方法不是单一而行,相反,教师要提倡学生采用综合的研究方法,或以是一种方法为主,其他方法为辅,或是多种研究方法并行.总之,教师应根据实际情况和具体选砚帮助学生确立最佳的研究方案,选择最优技术路线. 安排研究班应课题研究的时间安排应当在开题报告中体现出来.教师在指导学生撰写开题报告的过程中要帮助学生规定合理的研究时间.明确要求学生在相应的时间阶段完成课题研究的相关步骤.这一环节是课题具体展开之前的时间预设,因此教师应结合学生的具体情况,在与毕业期间其他活动不相冲突的条件下,与学生进行充分沟通和交流的基础之上,经过协商后做出的具体时间安排,而不应是教师的主观硬性规定. 认真把关这是教师指导论文开题报告的最终阶段.这一阶段其实是对以上分开步界的一次综合处理,是教师对上述环节的一次整体关照.学生将从写好的开题报告交给指导教师进行审查,教师必须要对学生负贵,严格把关,认真对特.在审查中,首先要看学生是否按要求写好了开题报告中规定的所有栏目,格式是否规范;重点审查学生的选题是否具有理论与现实意义,是否具有创新性,难易程度是否与学生专业知识水平相匹配;其次还要看学生完成毕业论文是否具备相应的资源条件和可能遇到的困难:最后还要看指导教师本身对选题的熟悉程度和指导好论文写作有把握的程度..本文来自于标准论文网..如果在审查中发现的只是一些小问题,指导教师可以通过网络或电话与学生进行交流,指导其修改.但如果问题比较多,还很严重的话,就要与学生直接进行面谈,指出问题并提出修改意见.在审查过程中,如果指导教师碰到自己拿不准的问题,比如,有的学生选择研究"NBA解说词的特点",在开压报告中会出现许多体育的专业术语,指导教师要保证自己对这些知识的掌握程度,进而才能保证学生开题报告的质量.有时,教师会遇到有些学生的选题与本专业(英语)并无关系,更像是金融专业,传媒专业或教育专业研究的问题,那就要经指导教师集体讨论后决定选题是否保留.总之,教师要重视这一阶段,严把质量关,会起到事半功倍的效果. 综上所述是整个论文开题报告的撰写阶段.经过了严格的选题和规范的书写,最后,指导教师还应对学生的开题报告做出正确、客观、中肯的评价.不同学科的开题报告的侧重点是不一样的,当然检验开题报告优劣的最终标准是实践结果.在毕业论文完成以后,回收开题报告,便可以看出课题研究是否得以顺利进行,研究内容是否得到合理而深入的展开,当初制定的计划是否合理,成果是否明显,预期结果的差距到底有多大.使学生通过这样的对比,不仅对所愿就课题有了一定的了解,而且也深入而全面的了解了自己.至此可以说,开题报告的目的基本达到了.
论文翻译实践开题报告
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
论文翻译实践报告开题报告范文
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
翻译实践报告论文开题报告范例
翻译硕士怎么写开题报告
开题报告主要说明这个课题应该进行研究，自己有条件进行研究以及准备如何开展研究等问题，也可以说是对课题的论证和设计。开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的重要环节。以下是我整理的翻译硕士怎么写开题报告，欢迎阅读。
1、选题意义和背景。
随着中国加入世界贸易组织，中国企业的对外联系也日益增多。中国企业要想打入国际市场，提高在国际市场上的知名度，企业网站或宣传册上的企业简介扮演着十分重要的地位。通过阅读企业宣传资料，读者可以看出企业外宣材料既有关于企业的基本信息介绍，也有企业所做的文字上、句法上、结构上的这染来达到推广企业、大市场的目的。汉语企业外宣材料的翻译在英译过程中会涉及到与目的语不同的语言习惯、行文方式以及文化因素、社会政治因素、心理因素和审美因素等，这就需要译者对原文本做出适当调整，从内容和形式上对语篇进行重构，以此实现对交际意图的顺应。根据赖斯的文本类型说，本文有三种类型，分别是“信息型”、“表达型”和“诱导型”.笔者认为，企业外宣翻译属于“信息型”和“诱导型”文本兼而有之，而且更侧重于“诱导型”.因此，外宣翻译要更加注重文本的交际功能，要更多的考虑如何使译文所传递的信息更便于目的语读者理解和接受，并让读者产生共鸣，继而付诸行动，实现译文预期的功能。
比利时语用学家维索尔伦（Verschuem）提出了顺应论，将语言的使用过程看做语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态选择的过程。因而可以从顺应论的视角研究语言使用。翻译作为一种特殊的交际方式，也可以从顺应论的视角对其进行研究。优秀的企业宣传材料不仅会提高企业的知名度，还会为企业带来不可估量的经济效益，因此任何一个想打入国际市场的企业务必在其外宣材料的翻译上做足功夫。由于中西方文化背景、历史渊源、生活环境的不同，译者在翻译企业外宣材料时为了获取目的语读者的认可并激发他们付诸行动，就要顺应目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯以及心理因素、文化因素等对原文做出形式上和内容上的调整，而这一顺应的过程也是语篇重构的过程。本文突破性的将顺应论与语篇重构结合起来，并结合西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料及其翻译，试图从顺应论的视角分析企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构现象。
2、论文综述/研究基础。
1987年维索尔伦（Verschueren）提出顺应论之后，在语用学界引起了很大反响，不久国内学者就将其引进到中国来。国内学者不仅从理论层面对顺应论进行研究和探索，而且将顺应论应用到翻译理论和实践、外语教学、二语习得、文化传播等领域。在这些领域中，成果最大的当属顺应论对翻译理论和其应用的研究。我国真正将顺应论引入翻译研究开始于21世纪初。
1 国外顺应论研究状况。
比利时语用学家维索尔伦（Verschueren）在《IprA工作文集》（IprA WorkingDocument 1） （1987, 45-48）中发表了一篇名为《作为顺应论的语用学》，标志着顺应论的提出。1995年，他较为详细并系统地在他主编出版的第一本《语用学手册》（handbook of Pragmatics）中对顺应论进行了进一步阐述。他认为，语言的使用过程就是语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态地选择的过程。他将语用学描述为关于语言整体的、功能性综观，并将语用学定义为语言和交际在认知、社会与文化方面的研究。1998年，阿萨卡瑟（AsaKasher）主编的《语用学的关键概念》Pragmatics;: Critical Concepts）论文集中，维索尔伦发表了一篇名为《交际动态过程的语用模式》（v4 Pragmatic model for the dynamatics of communication ）的文章，主要研究了顺应论中顺应的动态性。1999年，在他的专着《语用学新解》（Understaning Pragmatics）中，维索尔伦强调了语用学的地位和作用，这本书的出现标志着顺应论走向成熟。该书主张把语用学当作一种研究视角，突破了以往学者将语用学看作语言学的一个核心分支（语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学）的看法，而认为语用学是一种语言功能的视角或纵观，贯穿于语言学研究和使用的方方面面，可以照应到语言的各个层次。运用这一视角，可以研究不同的语言材料。这是一种研究方法上的革命，可以为语言的不同层面进行语用分析，也为语用学的学科性质进行了重新定位。
2 国内顺应论研究状况。
钱冠连是国内第一位将顺应论引入中国进行研究的学者。在他发表在《外语教学与研究》上的《语用学：语言适应理论----Verschueren语用学新论评述》（1991,62-66）的文章中，将维索尔伦对语言适应包括五个方面，即适应的对象、层次、阶段、领悟程度和适应策略进行了分析，并且就语言适应、选择和语言功能综观三者的关系进行了探讨，认真分析对比了维索尔伦的语用学新论和以往的语用学的区别。他还在《外语教学与研究》上发表了一篇《语用学：统一连贯的理论框架〈如何理解语用学〉述评》（2000,230-232），该文章首先解释了语用学综观论的理论源头。维索尔伦从Morris的理论中得出了任何规则里都有语用成分，也能从不同的语言成分中审视到语用视角。其建设性意义体现在将语用学从语言学的并列学科出分割出来，使其不再属于语言资源的语言学，而是加入到语言使用的语言学去，作为是一种语言综观和视角来研究和使用，这不仅仅可以解决语用学问题，还为今后人们从语用学角度解释其他问题提供了一种新的视角。
国内除钱冠连外，2007年何自然主编的《语用三论：关联论顺应论模因论》一书也对维索尔伦的顺应论进行了详细介绍和评述。和以往语言学及语用学着作不同的是，该书紧紧把握住语用学研究与发展的方向，集语用学的三个前沿理论（关联论、顺应论、模因论）为一体来向国内读者进行西方翻译理论的介绍。
关于顺应论的部分，该书介绍了顺应论的理论来源、顺应论的三个核心概念、顺应论的视角观、顺应论的分析维度、顺应论的应用等。本书中理论与实例有效结合，为读者展现了顺应论的完整框架及其应用。该书指出，顺应论是宏观语用学的核心，顺应论为我们提供了一个研究和探讨语用学的全新视角。谭晓晨发表在《外语与外语教学》上的《语境的动态研究一--维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》（2000, 50-52）中介绍了维索尔伦的语境适应论，探讨了语言和语境互为构建的动态关系，指出动态生成的语境观是对传统语境研究及时而必要的补充。孙炬发表在《山东大学学报》上的《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》（2007,51-55）从语言哲学的立场阐释了维索尔伦的顺应论。语言的使用是哲学立场的反映，纵观维索尔伦的语用思想，折射出体现在意义观、心理认知观和语境观三个方面的语言哲学。此外，刘正光、吴志高从哲学、心理学以及语言学的角度论述了顺应论的理论基础，除了对语言顺应论做出肯定，他们还指出“将‘顺应’看成一把万能的朗匙，以解释所有的语言运用，有运用过度之嫌”（李元胜，2007:124）。
中国学者不仅专门对顺应论进行研究，还将其与其他理论结合或者将顺应论应用到不同的领域。在利用顺应论对其他问题进行研究的过程中，顺应论对翻译的研究占据多数。
从理论研究的角度来看，有的学者侧重于顺应论对翻译理论研究的启示，戈玲玲在发表在《外语学刊》上的《顺应论对翻译研究的启示----兼论语用翻译标准》（2000,7-11） -文中，为我们展现了语用翻译理论的发展历程，它超越了以往语言学研究的框架，将翻译看作是一种动态的信息交流活动。文章还指出，根据顺应论，语言和语境之间的顺应是一个相互的过程，两者可以相互影响，同样，翻译作为语言转换的过程，也会涉及到原语和目的语之间的相互顺应，这种顺应应该以满了交际双方的需要为目的，对交际语境、语言的选择和语言结构做出改变。
有的学者从顺应论的角度分析翻译策略和方法，王建国发表于《外语研究》上的《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》（2005,55-59） -文中，针对国内外翻译界对翻译方法和翻译策略的争论，他指出直译、意译、归化、异化只是翻译方法，而不是翻译策略，动态顺应才是翻译策略。同时，他还指出翻译的过程和结果是动态顺应的过程和结果。
顺应论在与翻译结合的过程中，学者们除了从翻译理论研究的角度分析和阐释顺应论对翻译研究的意义外，还将顺应论应用到具体的翻译实践中去，比如文学作品译作分析、应用文本译作分析，同时还有学者将顺应论与语用策略研究、外语教学研究、跨文化交际等方面联系起来。
叶苗在其着作《应用翻译语用观》COn Pragmatics Translation from theperspective of Pragmatics）中，首先对应用翻译进行了定位，然后从语用学的角度研究应用翻译。同时她主张以顺应论为基础来讨论和解释异化，并以《选美中国》为例，结合应用翻译中“异化”和“归化”之争，提出了在对具有中国文化特色的应用文本翻译时，译者可以采取异化策略，担负起传播中国文化的使命，扩大目的语读者的'文化语境、认知语境，激发他们对中国文化和传统的兴趣和探索，增强我国软实力。
纵观国内顺应论的研究现状以及顺应论与翻译结合的研究现状，可以看出在顺应论对翻译的结合方面，研究者几乎都是从文学翻译、应用文翻译的角度进行研究，而且很多研究还是局限于维索尔伦顺应论的推介和重申，缺乏创新点，并且对理论的适用范围没有做出明确规定，导致了顺应论在很多领域的误用和滥用。
3、参考文献。
Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism, The Potential &上海外语教育出版社，2004.
Verschueren, Jef. Understanding Pragmatics. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press. 2000.
戈玲玲。《顺应论对翻译研究的启示--兼论语用翻译标准》[J].黑龙江，外语学刊。2002 （3） :7-11.
公海燕《顺应论视角下广告翻译研究》。2012.
何自然。Pragmatics and CE/EC Translation [J].北京‘外语教学。1992 （1） ; 19-25.
何自然。《语用三论：关联论顺应论模因论》M.上海，上海教育出版社。2007.
何自然，冉永平。《语用学概论》[M].长沙，湖南教育出版社。2002.
胡芳毅，贾占波。《外宣翻译：意识形态操纵下的改写》[J] ?上海，上海翻译。2010⑴：23-28.
蒋澄生，廖定中。《语用学需要“顺应”潮流--顺应论的几个关键概念述评》[J].广州，广东工业大学学报。2005 （1） : 68-71.
贾文波。《应用翻译功能论（第二版）》[M].北京，中国出版集团公司。2012.
李明。《商务英语翻译（汉译英）》[M]?北京，高等教育出版社。2007.
李元胜《顺应论在中国的研究综述》[J].成都，成都大学学报 2007⑶：123-126.
刘恩祥，刘颖，李哲。《论语言顺应的动态性一基于广告语言的分析》[J].佛山，佛山科学技术学院学报（社会科学版）》。2011 （1） :70-73.
卢立程《企业对外宣传材料翻译中的语篇重构》[J].肇庆，肇庆学院学报。2007⑶：53-56.
钱冠连。《语用学：统一连贯的理论框架--J. Verschueren〈如何理解语用学〉述评》[J].北京，外语教学与研究。2000（3） :230-232.
钱冠连。《语用学：语言适应理论一“Verschueren语用学新论评述》[J] ?北京，外语教学与研究。1991（1）：61-66.
孙炬。《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》[J].济南，山东大学学报（哲学社会科学版）。2007 （6） :51-55.
潭晓晨。《语境的动态研究-维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》[J].北京，外语与外语教学。2002 （6）：50-52.
王建国。《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》[J].南京，外语研究。2005（4） :55-59.
叶丽萍《顺应论在企业简介汉英翻译中的应用》。2012,叶苗。《应用翻译语用观研究》M.上海，上海交通大学出版社。2009.
张运桥，严敏芬。《语用三观：关联论、顺应论、模因论评介》[J].广州，外语艺术教育研究。2009（3） :36-38.
4、论文提纲。
1 引言
2 文献综述
国外顺应论研究状况
国内顺应论研究状况
3 顺应论简介
顺应论的三个核心概念
变异
商讨性
顺应
顺应论的两个分析维度
语境因素的顺应
语言结构顺应
顺应论在翻译中的应用
4 从顺应论的视角看企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构
企业外宣翻译的文本和语言特点
语篇重构的概念
从顺应论的视角看形式的语篇重构
语篇衔接和连贯方式与形式的语篇重构
语言风格与形式的语篇重构
从顺应论的视角看内容的语篇重构
心理世界与内容的语篇重构
文化现象与内容的语篇重构
社会规范和政治制度与内容的语篇重构
5 结论
5、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容。
本论文选取了两篇企业外宣材料，分别是《西麦克展览公司简介》和《海天味业网站宣传资料》，并由本人对其进行翻译。根据翻译过程中出现的问题，并结合顺应论的相关分析维度和语篇重构的两大类型，分析译者为顺应目的语读者的语言习惯、文化背景、社会规约和心理因素等所做出的调整。
6、研究条件和可能存在的问题。
本文以顺应论为基础，结合语篇重构的概念，分析了西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料英译过程中的语篇重构现象。企业外宣材料不仅仅涉及到基本信息传达，而且涉及到企业文化、价值观念、影晌力的传递。因此企业外宣翻译不是简单机械地表达和传递信息，还要从目的语读者的角度对原文作出调整，使目的语读者在阅读外宣材料时被其所传递的企业信息所吸引，继而激发他们采取行动。因此，译者为了符合目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯、思维方式、文化背景要对原文进行内容上和形式上的语篇重构。包括语篇衔接与连贯方式的顺应、语言风格的顺应、心理世界的顺应、文化现象的顺应以及社会规范和政治制度的顺应。同时译者为了达到以上这些顺应的目的，选择顺应的过程中也包含了对原文从词语、句子结构、篇章衔接以及内容上进行重构。
对于企业的外宣翻译，只有设身处地地从目的语读者的角度去思考和翻译，巧妙地对原文进行语篇重构来顺应目的语读者的语言和文化，才能激发读者付诸行动，为企业的形象宣传和经济发展带来实实在在的好处。
7、预期的结果。
企业外宣翻译要通过对原文进行语篇重构来顺应目的语社会的语言语境、心理世界、社交世界、文化世界等，才能更好地实现外宣翻译的交际功能，达到良好外宣效果。
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）….In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.…. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。 （论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
本科翻译实践论文开题报告
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）….In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.…. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。 （论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms