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英语论文范文1000字

发布时间:2024-07-02 23:17:51

英语论文范文1000字

英语议论文写作是英语专业学习者学习中很重要的一项技能,恰当运用评价资源能增强作者表达对事件的态度和立场,开启话题,可以感染和说服读者。以下是我为大家整理的关于英语议论文范文,给大家作为参考,欢迎阅读!

英语议论文范文篇1

My opinion on copying others' homework

It is konwn to us all that some students copy others' homework,their reasons are as below:first of all,the homework is too much and always difficult;the second,they are not intrested in the lessons;and the third,the aim of finishing their homework is to please the teacher.

In my opinion,copying others' homework is not good,because it's against the rules of the should be honest and work hard to get high we have difficulties,we can even ask the teacher or our classmates for their help.

英语议论文范文篇2

Now it is common that students copy homework from their classmates. I think it is a terrible thing . Because homework is their own task and the check for what they learn in class.

If they copy others' homework , the teachers won't get the fact so they can't help the students to improve. Besides ,if the students can't finish their homework, they can't get the chance to go over their lessons so they can't make progress. So don't copy others' homework.

英语议论文范文篇3

In the picture we can see that a man is fishing attentively by the him there is a scholar who is stealing the fish in the man’s is obvious that the drawer of the picture tries to reveal a serious problemin the academic circle of our country — plagiarism. In recent years academiccheats have become rampant. Quite a lot of graduate students and scholars“use” others’ ideas, articles and papers without acknowledging the sourceof information.

They copy them without the fear that they might be a long time we paid less attention to the problem of plagiarism, butnow we are increasingly aware of its negative effects. Plagiarists’misconduct simply mean “stealing” others’ intellectual and academicaccomplishments, which not only depreciates their own humanity but contaminatesthe climate of the academic circle. Academic falsification is like an epidemicdisease that spreads fast and will destroy the healthy development of academicstudies. What’s worse, these plagiarists have set a very disreputable exampleto the younger generation.

So what attitude should we hold towards it? From my point of view, weshould resolutely battle against this ill phenomenon. Education of moralityshould be strengthened among the scholars and students. Those who steal others’academic achievements should be given severe punishment whenever they arespotted. If necessary, we can resort to the law to protect the interest of theoriginal writer and inventor. We must recognize that fighting againstplagiarism requires our persistent efforts.

翻译

在画中我们可以看到一位男子正在专心地在湖边钓鱼,在他身后有一位学者模样的人正从钓鱼人的鱼桶中偷鱼。显然,作这幅画的人是想揭示我国学术界的一个严重的问题—— 剽窃。近年来学术欺诈盛行,有不少研究生、学者“利用”别人的想法、文章和论文而不注明信息来源。

他们抄袭他人作品,不怕被抓。对剽窃问题很长时间以来我们关注甚少,现在我们越来越多地意识到它的负面影响。剽窃行为其实就是“偷”他人的知识和学术成就。剽窃不仅贬低人格,而且污染学术风气,它会像传染病那样迅速蔓延,破坏学术研究的健康发展。更糟的是,这些剽窃者给年轻的一代树立了坏榜样。

有很多的同学在写英语 作文 的时候,也会写一些经典的议论文,我整理了相关范文,希望会对大家有所帮助!

英语作文范文带中文翻译

Manyyearsago,themovieabouttheyouthbecameverypopular,everyyear,wecanseemanyhotmoviesabouttheprotagonist’’youthareaboutfighting,’intention,’syouth,forwhichtheydon’.

【翻译】很多年以前,关于青春的电影很受欢迎,此后每年,我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。人们喜欢回忆他们逝去的青春,这才是让这类电影好卖的原因。但是我发现了这些电影的共同点,那就是所有的主人公的青春都是关于大家,恋爱和其他消极的东西。我明白导演们的意图,他们想要告诉人们青春是不完美的,存在遗憾。当然电影是夸张化的,真正的青春是关于学习,至少,大部分人是如此努力的学习,为了进入理想的大学。电影所刻画的弥补了一些人的青春,对于他们没有机会去体验这些东西。我们不应该被电影误导,对于青少年来说,他们的工作是学习,这样他们才能有一个美好的未来。

高中英语作文范文80词

’’tworryaboutlosingface,.

我喜欢英语。我觉得我可以和你分享一下我的英语学习方法。首先,培养对英语的兴趣。我的方法是看国外电影。一开始,我会留着字幕一起看。之后我就会不看字幕,只留英文。渐渐地,我对英语表现出极大的兴趣。其次,背诵词汇。词汇是学习英语的必要根基。这一点你只能强迫自己去背了。第三,完全理解基本语法。如果我不懂基本语法,我会很难理解一整个句子的意思。最后但并非最不重要的是要多说。学习语言的基本目的就是进行沟通。因此,尽可能多的用英语交谈。不要担心丢脸,因为每个人都会犯错误的。这些就是我的方法。

英语作文100词左右带翻译——珍惜时间

(this)(inanyway).Forthisreason,wemay(can)saythattimeismorevaluablethanmoney.

(this)(keep)inmindthatwastingtimeisequaltowastingyourlife.

【翻译】英国有句谚语说,时间就是金钱。我认为这是不对的。为什么?因为我们大家都知道我们能够用工作赚钱,但无论如何却无法把时间争取回来。基于此种理由,我们可以说时间比钱钱更宝贵。

许多人不知爱惜时光。这确实是可惜的。我们必须记住浪费时间等于浪费生命。

随着对 英语 文化 学习的不断深入,随着英语重要地位的不断确立,英语语言学的研究工作也越来越深入。下文是我为大家整理的关于英语语言学论文 范文 参考的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考! 关于英语语言学论文范文参考篇1 浅探英语语言学中的幽默话语 幽默是指在人类交际的过程中,能够引人发笑的话语、动作和表情等,其内容丰富多彩,表现形式多种多样,比例幽默话语、幽默动作、幽默音乐等等。因为人们的交际活动多依赖于语言,所以幽默也多来源于话语当中。 一、英语语言学中的幽默话语 在繁忙的生活中,幽默是一剂强力润滑剂。幽默话语是借助于语言手段来表述幽默的。它是以语言为媒介,根据特定的情境下,以轻松诙谐的语调,机智、风趣、戏谑的话语风格,通过讽刺、夸张、映射、双关等手法,来表达话语者自己的思想和观点,并使受话者不知不觉地接受,达到“随风潜入夜,润物细无声”的效果和境界。幽默话语往往带有一些意味深长的色彩,对揭露生活中的丑恶或不公平现象,还可以起到发人深省的作用。而对于受话者来说,要把话语和当时具体的语境线索结合起来,利用自己既有的语言知识和社会认知,去发现说话者的言外之意和要表达的真实意图,才能真正的理解幽默,并从中获得愉悦。 例如,“Mr Zhou have a sharp tongue,look out,it doesn’t cut your throat.”这句话看起来是像是在说舌头,但是,我们把这句话放到语境中,就可以想到,这里的“a sharp tongue”并不是什么锋利的舌头,而是牙尖嘴利、毒舌的意思,是发话者幽默、含蓄、间接的表达方式。 二、幽默话语与合作原则 (一)合作原则 胡范畴认为,所谓幽默话语是语言的各要素通过变异和创造而出来的。而美国语言哲学家Grice则认为,幽默话语的作用是为了确保交际活动顺利进行。Grice认为,在人们运用语言进行交际时,交际的双方(发话者和受话者)还要遵守一些先决条件和原则,例如使用双方都能熟练运用的语言、交谈内容是双方都熟悉的话题,还有最重要的合作原则(cooperative principle,CP)。合作原则包括四个范畴,即数量准则、质量准则、关联准则和方式准则。在合作原则下,要求发话者和受话者者要端正态度,在谈话中做到“一唱一和”,避免造成“鸡同鸭讲”“话不投机半句多”的情况。 (二)合作原则与幽默话语的关系 如果说要遵循“数量准则、质量准则、关联准则和方式准则”的合作原则是一位西装革履、步态稳健的中年人,那么幽默话语就是一位穿着休闲时尚、语态随意轻松的新新人类。合作原则与幽默话语的结合,就是传统沉稳美与时尚活力没的结合,在这种结合中,传统的合作原则难免要接受新的挑战,甚至在一定程度上被打破。以下,本文以数量准则和质量准则为例,对合作原则与幽默话语进行举例分析。 (1)幽默话语与数量准则 合作原则之质量准则要求说话者和听话者之间交谈的内容要包含适当的信息量。但是在实际的语言环境中,我们常常需要打破这一数量原则,来起到幽默话语的喜剧效果。例如: Jack:I saw Mr Green having lunch with a woman the day before yesterday. Eason:Oh my god!Is she beautiful? Jack:Yes,she is not only beautiful,but also young. Eason:Dose Mrs Green know about it? Jack:Of was the young and beautiful woman. 在这段对话中,Eason理解的和Mr Green共进午餐的年轻貌美的女人应该是除了Mrs Green以外的其他女人,同时也不是Mr Green家里的其他女性亲戚。而Jack如果不想引起误会的话,应该直接说他前天看到Mr Green和Mrs Green共进午餐,但是为了引起Eason的好奇心,促使他进一步追问,就在第一句话中只说看到Mr Green与一位女性共进午餐,这虽然是违反了数量准则的,但也就此产生体现了幽默话语的有趣、逗乐原则。而Eason心理期待与实际情况之间的落差导致其认知的突然重构,给交谈双方带来乐趣,达到愉悦和反讽的效果。 (2)幽默话语与质量准则 合作原则之质量准则要求说话者不说自知是虚假的话,不说无稽之谈,但是在幽默话语中,说话者经常会采用诸如反语、夸张的休息手法。这样虽然会打破“质量准则”,但是带来的幽默效果也是非常显著的。在上世纪90年代即被引入中国并风靡十几年的美国NBC情景剧《老友记》中就存在很多这样的例子。例如: Phoebe:You do not want to wine the lottery? Rose:Uh surely I do,and I want to be the king of my own country. 通过思考并分析这段对话,我们得出Phoebe问Rose,你是否对有意买彩票,有没有兴趣去试一下自己的运气,通过片中的特点情景和人物关系,我们可以看出Rose对彩票不感兴趣,但是她没有直接了当的说“没兴趣”,而是采用了幽默话语说“想啊,我当然想,我还想当国家元首呢。”因为一个平民是几乎没有可能成为国家元首的,所以Rose的话语是违背了质量准则的。但是,这种“有意违背”和“夸大其词”正是这段对话的笑点所在。 三、幽默话语与指称语 指称语(indexicals)就是具有指称功能的语言结构形式,是日常生活中常见的语言现象。是发话人与受话人,在共同的知识环境、语言环境下,可以彼此理解的,映射出话语的,潜在的指称义和指称关系。当指称语所指示的信息不明确或者出现谬误,发话人的意思就是变得令人费解,幽默话语很可能就此产生。同时,指称语还受到人文背景、社会文化、交际距离、环境等多种因素的影响。指称语可以分为人称指称语、时间指称语、地点指称语等等,其中以人称指称语最为常见。我本文就以人称指称语为例,幽默话语和指称语之间的关系。 人称指称语可以分为第一人称、第二人称和第三人称,是对话参与者角色关系的客观体现。第一人称是发话人、第二人称是受话人、第三人称是话语谈及的对象。在话语中,如果这种规则被打破,就会出现人称指称语不相对应的现象,可能会起到幽默效果。例如: Jim was down the local pub with his mate Mark. Jim:Do you know,Mark,I never kissed my wife before we were about you?” Mark:I don’t know,What was her maiden name?” 这段对话是Jim与Mark之间的酒后之言。Jim的提问,真正的意思是“Have you ever kissed your wife before you were married?” 在指称语中,第二人称是针对受话人而言的,谈及的是隐私或伤痛,所以受话人Mark就采用了幽默话语来回避问题,轻描淡写地将这一问题带过去了,其机智幽默值得我们参照和学习。 四、关联理论与幽默话语 从关联理论的角度来看,受话者会故意曲解发话者的意图,到处与发话者截然相反的信息,产生意外的幽默效果。例如: Teacher:Tom,there were three peaches,ate one,how many would you have? Tom:Three,tow outside and one inside. Tom作为孩子,其对事物的思考方式不同于成人,因为无法认清老师出题的意图,而给出出人意料的答案,起到了幽默的效果。 结语: 从上述讨论中,我们可以看出,在不同语境中,人们会对对话意义、指称语、 语言意义等的理解产生偏差或者错位。幽默话语具有深层次的、含蓄的、深沉的、巧妙的作用,避免交际中的尴尬或难堪,增强语言表达的效果,可以起到愉悦交流、点缀生活的作用。 关于英语语言学论文范文参考篇2 浅谈从建构主义角度探析英语语言学教学 21 世纪 教育 的基点是终身学习,是不断提出问题、解决问题的学习,是敢于打破狭隘的专业界限面向真实复杂任务的学习。在英语课程学习过程中,学生普遍认为英语语言学这门课更加的枯燥,无味和吃力。英语语言学课程涉及面广、内容多、概念多、理论多,理论性和实践性都很强;同时英语语言学课时少,而语言学的发展引起的教学内容不断扩充,暴露出和教学时数有限之间日益严重的矛盾。因而继续沿用传统的教学理念和教学模式进行教学已经不能适应新形势下的教学过程,必须用一种更好的教学方式,使学生和老师尽快适应新形势的要求。 随着建构主义学习理论的出现,提出了建构主义的教学设计。建构主义强调情境、协作、会话和意义建构四大要素,倡导以“学”为中心的理念。将建构主义的教学理论引入到英语语言学教学过程中,进行了许多有益的尝试,取得了显著的效果。 1 建构主义的四大要素 在 学习 方法 上建构主义提倡的是教师指导下的以学生为主体的学习,在学习环境上要求是开放的、充满意义解释和建构性的,理想的学习环境主要有情境、协作、会话和意义建构四大要素构成。 “情境”:学习环境中的情境必须有利于学习者对所学内容的意义建构。这就意味着在建构主义学习环境下,要把为学生创设建构意义的情境问题看作是教学设计的主要内容之一。“在课堂教学中播放有助于理解教学内容的录像、录音、参与 社会实践 、向学生提供网络的丰富的学习资源等等,凡是有助于学习者理解掌握学习内容的情境,都属于情境创设的范畴。” “协作”:协作发生在学习过程的始终。协作在一定意义上是协商的意思。协商主要有自我协商和相互协商。 “会话”:会话是协作过程中的不可缺少环节。学习小组成员之间通过会话来商讨如何完成规定的学习任务达到意义建构的目标,怎样更多地获得教师或他人的指导和帮助等等,推进学习进程。在会话的过程中,每个学习者的思维成果(智慧)为整个学习群体所共享 ,因此会话是达到意义建构的重要手段之一。 “意义建构”:这是整个学习过程的最终目标。在学习过程中帮助学生建构意义就要帮助学生对当前学习的内容所反映事物的性质、规律以及该事物与其他事物之间的内在联系达到较深刻的理解。 2 建构主义环境下对英语语言学教学启示 强调以学为中心的设计 在建构主义学习环境下,师生的地位、作用与传统的教学发生了很大的变化。学生由知识的被动接受者转变为信息加工的主体、知识意义的主动建构者。教师也不再是知识的灌输者,而是教学环境的设计者、学生学习的组织者和指导者、知识的管理者,是学生的学术顾问。因此,教师要从前台退到幕后,从“演员”转变为“导演”。在建构主义的语言学教学中,学习环境中要充分发挥学生的主动性,教师要为学生创设尽可能真实的情境去应用他们所学的知识。具体来说,英语英语语言学课程教学应该激发教学主体的主动性和积极性,强调教学任务的适合性和针对性,注重教学环境的互动性和趣味性。 强调学习环境的设计 建构主义教学设计的重心便是学习环境的设计。这里的学习环境是一个支持和促进学习者自主探索、自主学习的场所。学习环境的设计应围绕支持学习者开展有意义的学习来创设支持条件。它主要包括基于问题的学习环境的设计、合作学习环境的设计、真实情境的设计等。建构主义学习环境的设计的宗旨是通过支持学习者的有意义学习,促进学习者的发展。 例如,在讲授语言的任意性时,不少学生对于语言中音和义之间没有必然的联系这一属性存在疑惑,原因是在语言中的确存在一些音和义有一定联系的语言现象,如拟声词,对于这种问题,教师可以在深入讲解之前,给学生布置一些任务,让他们课前收集英语中的拟声词,并让其与汉语中对应的拟声词相比较,然后以 报告 的形式在课上做出来,教师则在这一过程中起着引导、监督、组织的作用,在学生做完报告后,教师做出归纳 总结 。 教学任务的适合性和针对性 语言教学中任务的设置必须以学生的实际情况为前提,任务太困难或太容易都不利于学生主动建构知识。在选择英语语言学课程教学内容时,应适当减少课堂教学内容的广度和深度。所选课堂教学内容如下:语言、语言学、语音学、音系学、句法学、语义学、语用学、二语习得、语言与文化。明确学习任务,选择训练方式,使学生有足够的机会进行练习。教师应懂得如何控制自己的情绪,并通过积极的语言来激励学生。应及时地对正确回答问题,出色完成学习任务的学生进行表扬。如:Well done!Very good!Good job! Excel lent!这些词语看似简单,却能给学生以信心和动力。同时,对学生的缺点和不足要多指导,少批评少责备。 3 建构主义的教学评价 建构主义评价观具有几个方面的特征。首先,诊断性和 反思 性是建构主义学习评价的重要组成部分。这就意味着,学习者必须从事自我监控、自我测试、自我检查等活动,以诊断和判断他们在学习中所追求的是否是自己设置的目标。其次,建构主义评价观认为评价是评价者和被评价者“协商”进行的共同心理建构过程,评价受“多元主义”价值观所支配。因此,建构主义注重评价主体的多元化和评价方式的多样化。再次,建构主义认为,评价是学习者活动过程中的一个必然组成部分,而不是教学后的评价,它是一个持续性和实时性的镶嵌过程。因此,建构主义强调过程性评价,倡导“质性”的方法。所谓过程性评价是在某项教学活动的过程中,为使活动效果更好而不断进行的评价,它能及时了解阶段教学的结果和学生学习的进展情况、存在问题等,以便及时反馈,及时调整和改进教学工作。可见,建构主义评价观提倡以学为中心的理念,更加关注学生的发展。 4 结束语 建构主义教学观为课堂教学提供了新模式,为习惯于被动式接受的学生阐释了学习的新理念,从而为英语语言学课堂的教与学带来了新的启示和体验。在英语语言学课堂教学中教授学习策略,引导学生自主学习及改进 教学方法 。这些方面有助于学生建构知识,形成能力。 参考文献 [1]陈莉.社会建构主义与外语教学[J].外语论坛, 2003(1). [2]胡壮麟.对中国英语教育的若干思考[J].外语研究, 2002(3). [3]盛群力、__强.现代教学设计论[M].浙江教育出版社,2000

英语论文1000字

Funds are the lifeblood of our ability to operate normally, while the fund management has become the core content of corporate governance. Finance and Accounting is exclusively through certain technical means and methods of accounting for funds, and specifically for corporate governance, decision-making accounting information in a we all know, with the continuous development of the economy, financial accounting in the management, decision-making in an increasingly important role. Accordingly, the financial accounting of quality, a direct impact on the managers, operators, investors and the public interest, but also affect the company's economic, social image and social credibility, and therefore the process of socio-economic operations irreplaceable status. Enterprise Management is designed to achieve maximum benefits in the enterprise, that is a great honor to bring to the enterprise, and the various enterprises will realize the healthy and sustainable development. Business operations and financial condition is through the balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement and reflected. The accounting department directly through the corporate accounting, business conditions and results for effective financial analysis, not only to promote enterprise managers can quickly understand how much of the current corporate profits and the level of debt capacity, but also can be found Enterprise The size of the risks, pros and cons of corporate capital structure, so that the operators use many aspects of the enterprise to make the right decisions, with minimal risk, the most healthy financial position to achieve the maximum profit the best. At the same time, you can also find some essential issues, in order to improve management to provide the basis of some is the accounting?For many years the popular saying,accounting is accounting,scores and China "accounting" arising out of the Western Zhou Dynasty,mainly referring to the activities of the income and expenditure records,inspection and the Qing Dynasty scholar Jiao Xun "Mencius justice",a book on the "will" and "dollars" for the general explained:"it is sporadic in terms of the total cost-effective it will," it is necessary to carry out the accounting for the individual accounts,individual accounts should be integrated,comprehensive accounting concept:Accounting is the currency as a major units of measurement,using a series of specialized method,the economic activities of enterprises continuous,systematic,comprehensive and integrated accounting and oversight and based on this analysis of economic activity,forecast and control to improve the economy the effectiveness of a management to be a good accountant? In recent years accountant is such a boom that many people are eager to it. Then how to be a good accountant? In the first place a good accountant must have strong technical skills which is the most the second place a good accountant must be careful and have a strong sense of responsibility for his or her job. Besides a good accountant should develop wide relationship with some people who own abundant skil knowedge in order to widen your knowledge. What's more a good accountant should own the ability learning new knowledge by yourself so that you can adapt the fluxion. The last but not the least a good accontant also should have good professional ethics which is ethics is primarily a field of applied ethics, the study of moral values and judgments as they apply to accountancy. It is an example of professional ethics. Accounting ethics were first introduced by Luca Pacioli, and later expanded by government groups, professional organizations, and independent companies. Ethics are taught in accounting courses at higher education institutions as well as by companies training accountants and to the diverse range of accounting services and recent corporate collapses, attention has been drawn to ethical standards accepted within the accounting profession. These collapses have resulted in a widespread disregard for the reputation of the accounting profession. To combat the criticism and prevent fraudulent accounting, various accounting organizations and governments have developed regulations and remedies for improved ethics among the accounting nature of the work carried out by accountants and auditors requires a high level of ethics. Shareholders, potential shareholders, and other users of the financial statements rely heavily on the yearly financial statements of a company as they can use this information to make an informed decision about investment. They rely on the opinion of the accountants who prepared the statements, as well as the auditors that verified it, to present a true and fair view of the company. Knowledge of ethics can help accountants and auditors to overcome ethical dilemmas, allowing for the right choice that, although it may not benefit the company, will benefit the public who relies on the accountant/auditor's is an economic management. In the non-commodity economy accounting directly for property and materials management in commodity economy because of commodity production and exchange of commodities economic activity in the property and materials are a form of value performance accounting is used form of value the management of the property and materials. If accounting is an information system and mainly focused on corporate and external information users then that is an economic management accounting activities was mainly within the enterprises the. History and reality the accounting is social production develops to a certain stage of the product development and production is to meet the needs of the management especially with the development of the commodity economy and the emergence of competition in the market through demand management on the economy activities strict control and the same time the content and form of accounting constantly improve and change from a purely accounting scores mainly for accounting operations external submit accounting statements as in prior operating forecasts decision-making on the matter of economic activities control and supervision in hindsight check. Clearly accounting whether past present or future it is people's economic management will introduce my major .my major is accounting in xxx my major,which lays more stress on practical use, seems to be at the end of both of them interact well enough,the discovries and theories in biology science can be soon turned into products in all of the modern years’ university education gives me a lot of things to learn,a lot of chances to try,and a lot of practices to improve teaches me not only what to study and how to think,but also to see the importance of practical ability (such as doing expriment as much as possible). in the university life,i have made many good help me improve my study and research ability, do ererything just like a man,and often give me good example to follow.

1976版《韦氏第三版新际英语辞典新词续编》收录该辞典1961版现6000新词些新词半适应社新发展依据构词造:其五二属缀合五三合见英语构词英语发展具作用构词(wordformation)主要:(1)前缀(2)缀(3)转化(4)合()前缀:词根前加前缀数情况词类变(1)表示否定:a-,an-缺乏没:asexual性别anarchy政府主义dis-反面disobey服disloyalty忠诚(2)表示反向或反义:un-表示作反向untie解unpack打包裹;表示剥夺、免除:unseat夺议席unmask脱假面具(3)表示贬义mis-错误:miscalculate算错mishear听错(4)表示程度、等:over-度:overeat暴食overwork工作度super-超:supernatural超自superman超(二)缀:词根加缀数情况词类改变1.名词缀(1)缀名词结合构抽象名词:-age表量、集等:baggage行李mileage程-ship表状态、身份等:friendship友谊hardship困难membership员(2)缀皆构名词:-eer表示专、事等:engineer工程师mountaineer登山运员(3)形容词转名词elastic---elasticity弹性rapid---rapidity急速electric---electricity电(三)转化:转化指词由种词类转化另种词类词形变名词net(网)转化词net(置…于网)转化构名词、形容词词1.转化名词(1)词转化名词(a)表示理或觉:desire愿望lovesmell气味(b)表示:attempt企图fall落hit击2.转化词(1)名词转化词(a)表示放、放进:bottle装瓶carpet铺毯(b)表示给、提供:butter涂黄油oil油(2)形容词转化词(a)表示使:calm使平静lower降(b)表示:empty变空weary(of)疲倦…(四)合:合两词结合起构复合词英语复合词般都由两词构合词用构种词类名词形容词1.名词复合词(1)主语词(a)主语+由词转化名词:sunriseheadache疼(b)词+主语:crybaby哭诉watchdog看门狗(2)词宾语(a)名词+由词转化名词:bloodtest验血word-formation构词(b)名词+名词:housekeeping主持家务letter-writing写信2.形容词复合词(1)名词+词+ing:man-eating吃breathtaking使吃惊(2)词状语类(2)词类(a)名词+形容词:footsore走痛脚fireproof防火(b)名词+形容词:grass-green草绿)age-old古结尾:略

给我汉字 Funds are the lifeblood of our ability to operate normally, while the fund management has become the core content of corporate governance. Finance and Accounting is exclusively through certain technical means and methods of accounting for funds, and specifically for corporate governance, decision-making accounting information in a discipline. As we all know, with the continuous development of the economy, financial accounting in the management, decision-making in an increasingly important role. Accordingly, the financial accounting of quality, a direct impact on the managers, operators, investors and the public interest, but also affect the company's economic, social image and social credibility, and therefore the process of socio-economic operations irreplaceable status. Enterprise Management is designed to achieve maximum benefits in the enterprise, that is a great honor to bring to the enterprise, and the various enterprises will realize the healthy and sustainable development. Business operations and financial condition is through the balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement and reflected. The accounting department directly through the corporate accounting, business conditions and results for effective financial analysis, not only to promote enterprise managers can quickly understand how much of the current corporate profits and the level of debt capacity, but also can be found Enterprise The size of the risks, pros and cons of corporate capital structure, so that the operators use many aspects of the enterprise to make the right decisions, with minimal risk, the most healthy financial position to achieve the maximum profit the best. At the same time, you can also find some essential issues, in order to improve management to provide the basis of some relevant

英语小论文1000字

英语学习方法:如何提高英语水平 'd better develop our interest in English at the beginning of our develop interest in English study is not very may have the feeling of satisfaction and achievement from our English study when we are able to say something simple in English,talk with others or foreigners in English and act as others' interpreters. 在英语学习之初,我们应该注重培养对英语学习的兴趣.培养对英语的兴趣并不难.当我们可以说点儿简单的英语,用英语与别人或与老外交谈,或作别人的翻译时,我们就可以从英语学习中得到满足感和成就感,这样,兴趣就培养起来了.请注意,这种满足感和成就感很重要! are always very essential,so we must make some elaborate and workable plans before we should certainly carry out these plans to the letter. 制定英语学习计划太重要了,所以我们必须在学习前制定精细的和可操作的计划.并且我们一定要严格执行这些计划.请注意:千万不要干没有计划的傻事,那等于在浪费生命. should be made whenever we study any may follow this advice:Don't read book without making we know that notes are the summarization,the core content,our understanding and the abbreviations of the notes are much thinner than the books so that we can learn them by heart easier and can often review and read may also record our notes on tapes so as to often listen to them easier,to deepen our impression and to lighten our burden of it is needful to draw some tables and illustrations that are very impressive,visual and concise. 无论学习什么,我们都要作笔记.我们可以参照下面的忠告:不作笔记就不要读书.如您所知,笔记是我们对所学课本的总结,中心内容,我们的理解和课本的缩略.笔记要比课本薄的多,我们可以较容易的记忆和经常复习他们.更胜一畴的做法是把笔记录成音,这样我们可以经常听一听来加深印象和减轻记忆负担. English movies,English TV programs,listening to English songs and learn English on some special occasions are also excellent and vivid English learning ways as we may bine English with some certain scenes to deepen our memory. 看英文电影,收看英语电视节目,听英文歌曲和在某些特定场景学习英语也是很棒和很生动的英语学习方式,因为这样我们可以把所学英语与某些特定的场景联系起来以加深记忆. just memorize single English by heart the whole sentences and the phrases that contain the new words so we may know how to use the words. 请不要孤立地背英语单词.请背记包含生词的句子或词组,这样我们才真正能运用这些词汇,而且印象更深. time permits,we may read Mini Chinese-English dictionary carefully from cover to cover,which may help us widen our sight and master knowledge in all aspects. 如果时间允许,通读小小汉英字典对于英语学习也帮助很大.他能帮助我们扩大视野并全方位地掌握所学知识. personality is one of the decisive factors in English and determination are badly needed. 优秀的性格也是英语学习的关键因素之一,坚持,忍耐,自信和坚定都是很重要的.当然如果兴趣培养得好,可适当削弱这方面的要求.

一,对生命的态度oZg/Tg3q-l u6E%P#znGs 王国权:m8v9?!Gd B ]+|#o Oy:CE4xw$q*q't$~J 美国:生命是珍贵而可爱的,不论任何人的生命,甚至动物包括宠物和野生动物在内的生命都同样珍贵可爱。无论以多合理的口实消去一个生命都使一般人痛苦和难以接受。j[.Co7T&wrW t {_)TLL3o 中国:生命是廉价而无谓的,可以为某种崇高目的光荣牺牲。“人死如灯灭”。死一个好人固然可惜,死一个坏人就很痛快,死一个乞丐呢,可能无动于衷。动物的生命则基本上不算生命,野生动物也可以随意杀戮以享口福。fm ]dJ$^4LC9JqG;t二,对人的态度5X2p#b0A6Z7Uj1p P#P N1b4{(x4mNMT8v9T \美国:人本位,人是受尊敬的名词。只要有一个人站在道路中央,不论他是白人黑人高官百姓,所有过往车辆必须小心避让或停步。一个人攻击另一个人,不管是辱骂殴打或是诬陷暗算,即使受攻击的一方再无能再愚蠢再有错误,也都为舆论所不容,为法律所追究,哪怕你有钱有权势。民意始终受到尊重。]@e:KvMsE l^ Y$TT@5n 中国:官本位,官是受尊敬的名词。如果一个人站在道路中央,过往车辆将先搞清他官阶的大小,再决定自己礼让的尺度。礼让度可以随官位由高到低从有到无向下递减,从几条街外就交通管制递减到“撞死活该,谁让他违反交规”。如果一个人的名字前面没有官衔,其价值可以被视同草芥蝼蚁,无论他的建议多有道理都等于零。而他一旦有了官阶步步升高,即使说出再愚蠢的屁话,也正确高明。法律裁判向官员倾斜。t msX R$gXHp|s$cz@ 三,对生活的态度y,s1N/W;a rF nw P1h{P@BS/U 美国:生活是美丽的。人活着的乐趣就是领受大自然的馈赠。钱不在乎赚多赚少,当然多总好一点,可是生活则一定要快乐。钱是为我服务的而不是相反。钱借得越多越好。NEyAW1p#Lg X ]m B8E-\hg中国:生活是复杂的。人活着要应付各种各样的挑战,防备各种各样的陷井,千万不可头脑简单,轻信别人。如果当不上官的话,钱是一生中最重要的目标。钱存得越多越好。“人为财死,鸟为食亡”。0CA*] ` _9Bg%^f l?/?;H L+x%B6? 四,对后代的态度I2r%iO8G_ @0M {{PpB[ `(l 美国:子女是独立的。抚养子女是一种社会责任,不求任何回报。不管子女将来怎样,是他们自己的事情。孩子是我的朋友。不知何谓“孝道”。_(LG&sA2J? 7@X!oqi:[;RI8?~ 中国:子女是我的。抚养子女是一种投资,养儿防老。不惜一切代价要让子女成功,所谓成功也就是成为“人上人”。孩子必须尊我,不许不孝。n O^vqV({ ^1m(_ @MMb Of$H 四,对现在和将来的态度_ d/Fou5p9K!F )q0uv美国:无论明天会怎样,先把今天的事做好。明天是今天的延续,不管有多难解决,一定要在今天把该解决的问题解决掉。决不忍受不可忍受之苦。llbf$dS &t$Xy'ba中国:今天的事就算了,该怎么就怎么的,明天自然会好。哪怕问题可以解决,也留给下一代人去解决吧。随便多苦都可以忍受。

A Brief Analysis of english teaching in senior high schoolAbstract: Classroom teaching is the main way for students to learn English. But in senior high school, a lots of probelms still exsit in the English teaching especially in the teaching of reading and writing. In this paper, the importance and methods of reading and writing will be further discussed. Key words: reading writing techniques Introduction: Classes should be learner-centered, with meaningful, functional activities, often, classes begin by finding out what the students don’t know. These classes operate on the assumption that there is a great deal of information that students lack and that the teacher and textbooks will impact that information to the students. Teachers who hold this assumption view students as plants waiting passively to be fed and watered. But I think the students should be regarded as explorers, active learners who bring a great deal to the learning process and at the same time, draw from their environment as they develop new understandings. The basic principle will be used in the teaching of reading and writing. How to teach reading I. Why teach readingThere are many reasons why getting students to read English texts is an important part of the teacher’s job. In the first place, many of them want to be able to read texts in English either for their careers, for study purposes or simply for pleasure. Anything we can do to make reading easier for them must be a good idea. Reading texts provide good models for English writing, provide opportunities to study language vocabulary, grammar, punctuation, and the way to construct sentences, paragraphs and texts. Lastly, good reading texts can introduce interesting topics, stimulate discussion, excite imaginative responses and be the springboard for well-rounded, fascinating lessons. The last but not the least, students must read widely because only a fraction of knowledge about the world can come from other experiences in their short . What kind of reading should students do? When the teachers give reading class to students, they should notice a balance----a balance to be struck between real English on the one hand and the students’ capabilities and interests on the other. There is some authentic written material which beginner students can understand to some degree: menus, timetables, signs and basic instructions, for example, and, where appropriate, teachers can use these. But for longer prose, teachers can offer their students texts, which, while being like English, are nevertheless written or adapted especially for their level. Anyway, the materials to be read should be interesting and meaningful. Teachers should become better acquainted with books written specially for teenagers and dealing with their . What are the principles behind the teaching of reading? i) Permit Students To Read No one has learned to swim by practicing the skills of backstrokes, flutter kicks or treading water while staying on the edge of the swimming pool. Yet, in the teaching of reading teachers often do just that. Rather than let the students into “the water”, teachers keep them in skills books learning rules about letters, syllables or definitions of words rather than letting them into the book itself, permitting them to be immersed in the language which comes from the authors as the readers try to reconstruct the written ) Encourage students to respond to the content of a reading text, not just to the languageOf course, it is important to study reading texts for the way they use language, how many paragraphs they contain and how many times they use relative clauses. But the meaning, the message of the text, is much more important. Teachers should help students understand that the main reason to read is for them. They have to have their own purpose to read and reading must make sense, they have to find ways of doing something about it. They should be encouraged either to reread or to continue reading to gain meaning. But they must realize that the meaning is not in the teacher, but in the interaction between the reader and author. Students should be encouraged to ask themselves repeatedly, “Does this make sense to me?” Students should be encouraged to reject and to be intolerant of reading materials that do not make sense. iii) Encourage students to guess or predict Readers’ guesses or predictions are based on the cumulative information and syntactic structure they have been learning as they have been reading. Therefore, their guesses are more often than not appropriate to the materials. Students have to realize that risk taking in reading is appropriate; that using context to decide what words mean is a proficient reading strategy and that they have the language sense to make appropriate guesses which can fit both the grammatical and semantic sense of what they are reading. iv) Match the task to the topic Once a decision has been taken about what kind of reading text the students are going to read, teachers need to choose good reading tasks—the right kind of questions and useful puzzles, etc. Asking boring and inappropriate questions can undermine the most interesting text; the most commonplace passage can be made really exciting with imaginative and challenging tasks. Working in groups, the English teacher and students take turns asking each other questions following the reading. The teacher may ask, “ What is the significance of the character’s age?” These questions require inferences based on details from the reading text.

中美文化基本差异:中国观念与美国观念对比分析 集体主义:一般而言,中国和其他亚洲文化反映了社会科学家称为“集体主义”的取向。这些文化比较注重群体合作和个人谦虚。 个人主义:相反,美国人通常表现出一种个人主义取向。他们更重视独立性。自我实现即使不是一种期望,但至少更容易被人们接受。美国人更重视不受外部制约的“自由”。 社会关系:中国人的社会关系比美国人更加正式,等级更分明。中国人似乎非常习惯于等级分明的结构,他们可基于自己在结构中的位置和惯例确定自己的行为方式。 美国人则更侧重于非正式和平等关系。美国人通常和社会地位相同的人在一起最自在;他们不太重视社会等级。 友谊:与美国人相比,中国人更可能拥有少数终生挚交,他们彼此之间交情深厚,愿意相互提供任何形式的帮助。 美国人可能有许多“朋友”和熟人,这些朋友和熟人随着时间的推移而变换,彼此之间承诺的义务有限。 义务 在中国人之间,与他人的关系通常意味着彼此之间的义务。 与此相反,美国人倾向于回避相互依赖的关系以及可能导致长期义务的局面。 任务取向与关系取向:中国人侧重于关系取向。保持和谐的关系比完成任务更重要。 相比之下,美国人侧重于任务取向。完成工作通常比关系更重要。 和谐与“事实”:中国人所受的教育通常是避免直接冲突、公开批评和具有争议的话题。他们希望在周围的人中保持和谐,给别人留“面子”。相反,美国人通常愿意直接面对问题、提出批评、讨论具有争议的问题,并坚持自己认为是“事实”的意见。他们对“面子”并不在意。 法律、规章和条例的作用: 在交往方面,中国人通常更信任人际关系,而不太信任书面规则和程序。 而美国人一般认为书面规则适用于每一个人,并且能够产生公正、合理的程序和决定。 时间观念:中国人比较怀旧,也比较注重未来。 美国人通常对过去不太感兴趣,他们注重的是眼前的情况。 指定身份与获取身份:在中国的传统中,个人在社会中的地位很大程度上基于继承特征,例如年龄、性别和家庭,但这种情形正在发生变化。 对于大多数美国人,个人地位主要基于自己的成就,包括受教育程度和事业上的成功。 此篇作为我的“中国文化漫谈”系列文章的第一篇,希望能够把浅显的道理与实际的问题结合起来,让我们了解什么是中国文化的价值所在。洋洋大观,才疏学浅;一家之言,不成敬意。 今天我们首先谈一谈什么是文化。之后对中美文化进行一个简要的对比,从而看出文化对于一个社会的巨大影响。 什么是文化(Culture)? 简单的说来,文化是那些你不知道原因但还愿意接受的,来自上辈的规则与认识,在实践中大多数人能够体会带来的益处,或者相信可以带来益处,使得这些规则与认识又成为当代大多数人的选择,此时就构成文化主体内容。但是如果这条规则或认识已经完全被客观实践证明不可行的时候也不会坚持,也是文化具有的更新能力。所以文化主要是那些难以给予定论的规则与认识(属于价值观和哲学层面),并具有主观性,延续性,群体性,有益性四个特点。 比如说过春节,每个人都认为应该过春节,而且习惯于此,很难说出过大家一定要过春节有什么必要性,但都能说出一些好处,所以就自然延续下来。但就是这种自然的惯性,具有强大的社会力量,除非社会发生巨变,或者彻底被外族文化所侵蚀压迫。后面的过程对于中国传统文化不是没有而且不止一次,但是都被中国文化自身具有的理性和强大的凝聚力所征服。这里提出两个中国文化的特点,理性和凝聚力。 文化的延续性不等于失去其合理性。实际上文化合理性的辩论虽然是全民参与的,但是往往由被认可的社会精英层给出答案。但是社会价值观的争论需要长期和大量的社会实践,所以其变化是缓慢的而且有反复的。一个时代的精英们往往难以对众多课题给出答案,即使可以可以通过若干简单原则推导出来的规则,也需要长期实践来证实,而这就是中国文化的厚重之处。儒家文化不是从今天才被质疑的,而是从其诞生的第一天就受到驳斥,历史上也始终有人质疑甚至提出尖刻的批评,但是儒家成为最终的选择是因为这是社会的选择,被大量实践所验证。 中美文化解读 对于中国和美国的社会结构我有一个简单的描述。 US stays on rules.(美国建立在规则上) China stays on culture.(中国建立在文化上) 美国是最早开始实践把所有各种文明成果变成具体文字条文的国家,因而现在其拥有最完善的法律体系,政策制度,公共程序等,在规则之上享有个人自由,或者规则体现为个人自由之间的妥协。当规则变成条文以后,一切可以变成秩序,如果规则符合社会生产生活的需要,那么自然产生较高的执行效率,美国社会非常依赖于良好的成文的规定。 但是规则体现的只是制度层面的东西,价值观才是推动制度建立的基石。美国的价值观包含两个方面,一方面来自于法国大革命时期的在自由,平等,博爱的思想,另一方面则是西方传统基督教文化的移植。美国是一种来去自由的联盟体制,他们的力量也经常来自散漫而自由的创造。 中国没有成熟的制度,法律,政策等成文固定的规则,但是中国社会依然从整体上运转良好快速发展,而且具有强大的自省力量,就是因为中国有强大和有生机的文化。文化可以在每时每刻约束着每个人的行为,促成社会的合作。这种文化来自历史的积淀,与智慧的碰撞。 中国社会的构成依然遵从这个原则,价值观才是推动制度建立的基石。中国社会发展的复杂性与多样性,使得在文化层面远比美国深远,智慧更加深邃。但是中国发展的制度基础,经常遭受君主与外族的轮番破坏。中国成熟的文化智慧,始终处于和专制制度及外族野蛮驯化的斗争中。中国历史上的开明时期,往往能够把文化的成果确定为一些好的规则,但是随后又很容易在君王体制下遭到破坏。宋朝开始的文人朝政与新兴思想又迅速被外族侵略所破坏殆尽,造成之后上千年的思想桎梏。 文化在一个社会中是无可替代的。因为社会发展进程不可能被中断,然后被设计构造出来。社会发展是一个自然演进的不可终止,无可选择的过程。中国如何进步,就是应该鉴别正确且适合自己的传统,把他们由文化上升为规则,同时利用自己的智慧,从实践中获得新的真知,并使之与传统一起共同成为社会建立的基础制度。 中美文化之对比 从历史上看,美国不是一个传统意义上的国家,只是一个新兴的利益的联邦,而且由于历史短仍然处于发展过程,社会的兴衰周期还没有在美国身上充分体现。因此把它与传统意义的国家进行对比,有很多不可比性。一旦其形成一些固有的难以改变的自身文化属性后,才能算作一个成熟的国家。 文化层面的对比 根据对文化的理解,美国所能够继承的东西主要来自法国大革命时期的思想成果,以及传统西方的基督教义。上帝成为其与西方文明共有的共主,虽然谁也没见过。耶稣不过是用来宣传这种思想的一个教案或者工具。上帝的文明准则有什么呢,就是黑暗,欺,掠夺,弱肉强食。所谓的慈善,道德只是用来宽恕恶人和恶行的,偶尔的光明都是上帝带来的而不是人带来的。从这点可以看出,虽然他们继承了法国大革命的优秀成果,但是没有脱离传统西方文明的框架。从自诩传统美国人的布什的所作所为中可以看出其秉承的传统价值观,布什可以说是近代以来,与法国大革命提出的自由、平等、博爱最远的一个总统了,因而也更能充分体现美国传统价值观的另一面。 中国的文化相比是上千年变迁中历经沧桑沉淀下来的,其中不仅是一些价值观原则,还包括很多独有的智慧。这种文化积淀是在多元化(而不是一元化)的中国历史中,不同思想流派互相斗争的结果,并为长期实践所证明。我们往往说历史总是不断地重复,就是说现在的各种现象在中国历史上大都发生过了。因此其对中国人自己具有极强的说服力,对中国社会也有极强的适应力。 中国文化的理性与凝聚力是核心。儒家的思想如果从孔子算起(实际上更早,从多部落共处和农业生产中逐渐产生),也已经经历过很多变革与思想征战了,之所以其能够很好的存在下来,就是因为自身具有的极强的理性。孔子在总结前人智慧中,最重要的选择就是“子不语怪力乱神”。 孔子在论述社会制度建设的核心是“和”。在社会制度层面强调放弃征战,文明共处,依靠理论解决纷争。而对于个人而言,孔子强调“仁”和“学”,通过“仁”构建和谐的讲理的环境,通过“学”来提高自己的认识,避免为无意义的错误目标去争,且能够参与理论的过程中。智是学的成果,信是相处的境界,勇是个人进取的勇气,义是个人对大众责任的推行。礼仪不过是基于这些建立的合情合理的需要共同遵守的规则,是思想与智慧的表现形式。如果看孔子或者儒家文化,只知“仁”“礼”就会陷入知其然而不知其所以然的难堪境地。 中国的智慧来自自然环境以及人文环境的恩赐。中国的自然环境是世界上唯一一个相对独立,又能够不断吸纳新鲜力量的大陆。从地理上说三面环山,一面环水,周围大多是不毛之地,而中原地区独享最佳的地理位置,因而自然形成趋于中央的向心力。从气候上说,中国的温带气候最适合人类居住发展,而且充分表现出气候循环反复周而复始的规律,体现出整个大陆相对一致的气候环境,这使得各个部族之间容易对自然和社会的认识产生共识,利于融合与迁移。在融合中不同部落各自的鬼神崇拜已经不再重要,也无法存在下去,代之以祖先崇拜,文化崇拜,智慧崇拜。这些才是中国文化的根。 中国大陆这种作为海纳百川的文化终极站的得天独厚的条件,构成了中国文化相对独立又能吸取其他种族文化营养,注重整体、稳定、和谐、长久。总结为开放而又独立,吸收而又高贵的特点。中国大陆上的社会变迁是一个完整的世界运转变化的缩影。现在很多所谓国际外交争端可以从当时的中国内部诸侯各国之间的争端中都可以看到相似性。有了上面的条件,“易”思想的产生也就不足为奇了,以“易”作为智慧的发端与归宿,很好的体现了中国文化的哲学观。 中美文化差异 中国跟美国在有些文化及社会差异上是根深蒂固的,下文提出我观察到的一些例子。笔者在这里要强调这些观点是一般性的,当然仍有个别之特例。 一、个人主义 美国人相当崇尚个人主义,东方社会 (当然包括中国人) 则强调家族及阶级层次。这是一个非常重要及有影响力的分别。美国人崇尚个人特质的例子很多,父母较少伸手干预子女的发展。 二、隐私权 美国人通常很尊重别人的隐私。就是知己之间也很少问到别人太"切身"的问题,例如年龄、薪水及婚姻状况等。也应当少谈论第三者的事情。不请自来的访客(包括父母亲)是绝对不受欢迎的。 三、不拘礼 美国人在衣着娱乐方面,都比较随便。最重要的是人与人之间的交往都比较不拘礼,即使双方在年纪上或地位上有很大分别也不例外。这方面的例子多不胜数,例如很多学生对教授,及晚辈对老人家都直接称呼first name可见一斑。这种"越代","越身份"的不拘礼表现,在很多东方人眼中则认为是失礼的行为。 四、开放与直接 美国人是相当开放和直接的,尤其在专业的讨论,往往秉持着不同意见而争论(注意:是争论,不是拍桌子,摔麦克风的吵架)。相反地,东方人往往不会直接冲突,而是婉转地通过地位比较高的第三者来疏通。 五、独立性 美国人通常较不喜欢依靠别人,甚至父母的帮忙也不一定乐于接受,而父母亦鼓励子女早早离家,独立地生活与发展。我国青少年在这方面就发展得较慢。对留学生来说,要注意到指导教授非常重视研究生能够独立做研究的能力。而对英文不灵光的留学生来说,当你向美国人借笔记时如被拒绝,不一定表示他们讨厌你,极有可能是他们将心比心,认为你应该独立而已。 六、竞争性 美国社会的发展依靠竞争来作为推动力。"Work hard, play hard"是大部分人的作风。他们在言语争辩时都喜欢压倒对手,这种"getting the last word in"的作风当然是竞争性的一种表现。他们的竞争挑战精神也显露在体育比赛方面,即使是他们所谓的"playing for fun"时也是蛮认真的。一般美国人对于一个球队都十分狂热,往往藉此发泄情绪。例如校队比赛时校警常常要检查进场的观众,不让他们带酒进场。球赛比赛时,观众都喧哗冲天,往往乱抛东西。有些助兴表演也有点莫名其妙,例如有一招是将一个女啦啦队员,从观众席的底层抛起,一级级的人将她接着又再抛上去,直到最高层又再抛下来;偶然也有失手受伤的事情发生。笔者也算是球迷,但都是在家看电视,免得在现场活受罪。而且要算准时间,当球赛完时避免走在路上,因为球迷在赢球时欢天喜地(如果你看到开车的人在乱按喇叭,你不用听报告就知道赢球),输球时则沮丧愤怒,两种结果都是疯狂毕露。有些血气方刚的小伙子更常做一些奇怪的事。有一点要强调的是,如果不是在发泄情况下,绝大部分的美国人都是很守规矩、不骚扰别人的。 七、公众场合应有的礼数 美国人通常都能尊重别人的安宁。在歌剧院不用说,就是在戏院也都能噤声欣赏。在餐厅吃饭时的交谈声音也相当低,跟中国有划拳斗酒的吵闹大不相同。排队时都很守秩序,插队是不被接受的,蜂拥上车的事情绝对很少发生。开车的人通常很守交通规则,例如在夜深无人时也不闯红灯,尊重行人,让路人先过马路等。来自较不遵守交通规则国家的留美学生尤其要特别小心。 八、朋友模式 美国人囗中的朋友定义比较广泛,而且有区隔性;譬如说工作上的朋友、打球的朋友、学校的朋友、喝酒的朋友等等。 另外美国地域广大,人口流动性也高,而且朋友之间绝少吐露私人的事情,所以友情是比较"温水"性。中国人的友情通常是"牵一发而动全身",一言不合就尽量避免跟对方碰面,"起落"性比较大。中国人朋友之间借钱是相当普遍的,而美国人朋友之间借钱是凤毛麟角的。 九、金钱的运用模式 中国人通常做的预算都比较保守,而美国的预算则比较接近"极限",而且往往有消费超过预算的倾向(跟美国社会大量使用信用卡也有关系)。美国人很舍得买东西,尤其是在购房及汽车上,对于吃喝方面,尤其是请客,则比较"犹太";而中国人则比较舍得花钱在请客方面。 十、世界观 可能因为美国多年来的兴盛及教育重点在某方面仍有偏颇,美国人多数 "以本国为中心",对于别国的认识十分肤浅。美国人对世界地理的无知是令美国国家地理学会 (National Geographic Society) 十分痛心的事情。在美国流传一个笑话:东北部的某一个州的某居民,写信去州政府询问关于New Mexico的情形,答复居然是:关于别国的情况我们不大熟悉,无可奉告。 对中美文化对比的初步认识 最近认识了一个美国人。谈了很多东西。突然对美国很有兴趣。 关于教育,美国16岁之前是必须要去学校的。全部免费,不去都不可以。可中国的9年义务教育还是需要钱的,国情原因没有办法。美国的教育资金是税的一部分。她们从来不知道还有希望学校这回事,上学还需要捐款,无法想象。 关于环境,在中国,他们觉得无法呼吸,有烟的味道,不能跑步。路上虽然我们已经觉得干净多了比以前,但他们觉得为什么到处都是垃圾,sigh。觉得我们不注重public。还有公共产所吸烟等。 关于自由,她们会感觉到很多网站都会被屏蔽,美国网站很多上不了。他们对很多事情看法比较随意,原因在于没有历史,只有300年,而我们是受长期传统影响的。 关于婚姻,在美国3个结婚就有1个离婚,所以step father or mather 是十分normal的。但在中国她们很奇怪,为什么有人要离婚,还有人会劝她们不要离。他们比较注重隐私,最多两个人一个宿舍,要不觉得很不舒服,还是人少啊。他们不会有两个人想开房间还要出去,都在自己的宿舍里,所有人都明白。我们还是需要找学生旅馆的呵呵。 关于来了之后的改变,原来在美国总会受到中国是敌人的说法,说中国发展很快,马上就要赶上美国了,但来了中国后,他们觉得确实还有很大的差距,根本不是一个类型的事情,怎么能放到以前说能不能赶上。还有中国很传统,中国对女人会不公平,这都是人权方面的问题,但来了觉得不是这样的,还是比想象中要开放得多,男女也很平等。 关于种族歧视,美国确实存在种族歧视现象,有很多人就是看不惯其他肤色的人,还有就是会有只允许白人参加的party。 关于家庭,美国很多人只要不要孩子,就不结婚,只生活在一起,因为知道也会离婚的,反正不要孩子,就省事一点得了。他们难以想象我们还需要考虑我们的父母。因为他们从18岁开始就被赶出家门,所以他们根本不会管她们的父母,当父母老的时候。所以当我说,我要为父母做什么的时候,他们觉得很奇怪。 关于开玩笑,他们真是什么玩笑都开,男女一起,就取消别人自慰,模仿异性自慰,谈论最喜欢的做爱姿势,都才20岁。和我们真是有差别啊。平均第一次年龄在18、19岁。 关于娱乐,周末我们大都在宿舍待着,他们是一定会去bar或者club的。 还有等等等等,总之太多方面有差别,但是本质都在于历史,我还是比较喜欢她们的自由和观念的开放的。我一定会去美国一次,见识见识。当看到transporter2里的迈阿密海滩时,她说她家就在佛罗里达的海滩边,简直太美了。还有个体会,他们出生很多都不在美国,还碰到一个小时候和我老家在几个地方的,但都相处得很好,没有任何异样感。真是移民国家 中美文化对比清单 发表时间: 2006-4-23 12:56 作者: 白丁 来源: 漯河信息港·蓝沸空间 字体: 小 中 大 | 打印 (美国) (中国) “我的”,“你的” “我们的”,“你们的” 享受服务 请求批准 制服厌恶 制服崇拜 东西各就各位 人各就各位 收信人地址在信封下方 收信人地址在信封上方 底层楼 一层楼 黑色的葬礼 白色的葬礼 地图上法国是世界中心 地图上中国是世界中心 “亚洲人长的全一个模样” “欧洲人长的全一个模样” “我”(手势指胸脯) “我”(手势指鼻子) 巴黎人瞧不起外省人 北京人瞧不起外地人 晒黑 美白 抬手叫出租车 抬胳膊叫出租车 走在狗屎成堆的大街上 吃狗肉 刀叉和面包 筷子和米饭 向坟墓上送鲜花 向坟墓送食品 甜早点 咸早点 安静而灰暗的餐馆 吵闹而明亮的餐馆 “你好,走得好吗?” “你好,吃了吗?” 勤洗澡 勤洗衣服 让别人丢面子 保全自己的面子 吹嘘所送礼物的价值 贬低所送礼物的价值 当客人面大呼小叫拆礼物 客人走后悄悄地看礼物 穿体恤杉旅游 穿西装旅游 “新年好” “恭喜发财” 溜狗 遛鸟 照景物相 照人物相 坐在地上 蹲在地上 汽车为责备他人而鸣笛 汽车为警告他人而鸣笛 女人吸烟时尚 男人吸烟时尚 中美文化对比 中国 只用动嘴说好听的话。。。(假) 相声:吹捧的游戏 小品:呼哟的把戏 武侠:挂上钢丝飞来飞去,其实什么功夫都不会,任何人都可以模仿,优势背台词。 美国 行为艺术(要付出行动)加上竞技哲学理念(真) 橄榄球:强壮男人的游戏 冰球:体验速度与激情 篮球:技巧和配合,速度与对抗 棒球:聪明人的游戏 动作片:都是真功夫,哥们够强壮吗?在健身房练过吗?人家是从小就练起来的,为什么你会觉得不真实呢?因为你模仿不了。 UFC:真人无限流格斗,谁的精神意志强?谁是真正的英雄,先签生死状。地球上最危险最真实的格斗,几乎场场KO,场场受伤。 美试摔跤:也是强壮男人的游戏 所以说这个世界上热爱竞技强身建体的,并且争强好胜的男人都比较真实。 中国人需要锻炼身体,强壮自己,让自己勇敢起来,自信起来。中国人需要争第一,而不是友谊第一,比赛第二。这才是真正的民族精神。中国人需要寻找目标,认识自己追求理想。去改造社会。而不是为了生存论为奴隶。 而那些喜欢朗诵诗歌的男人就很假,因为他总是拿古代和现代做对比。其实我们更应该学习现代学,而不是古文学。

会计英语论文1000字

给我汉字 Funds are the lifeblood of our ability to operate normally, while the fund management has become the core content of corporate governance. Finance and Accounting is exclusively through certain technical means and methods of accounting for funds, and specifically for corporate governance, decision-making accounting information in a discipline. As we all know, with the continuous development of the economy, financial accounting in the management, decision-making in an increasingly important role. Accordingly, the financial accounting of quality, a direct impact on the managers, operators, investors and the public interest, but also affect the company's economic, social image and social credibility, and therefore the process of socio-economic operations irreplaceable status. Enterprise Management is designed to achieve maximum benefits in the enterprise, that is a great honor to bring to the enterprise, and the various enterprises will realize the healthy and sustainable development. Business operations and financial condition is through the balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement and reflected. The accounting department directly through the corporate accounting, business conditions and results for effective financial analysis, not only to promote enterprise managers can quickly understand how much of the current corporate profits and the level of debt capacity, but also can be found Enterprise The size of the risks, pros and cons of corporate capital structure, so that the operators use many aspects of the enterprise to make the right decisions, with minimal risk, the most healthy financial position to achieve the maximum profit the best. At the same time, you can also find some essential issues, in order to improve management to provide the basis of some relevant

What is Accounting? Accounting is an information science used to collect, classify, and manipulate financial data for organizations and individuals. Accounting is instrumental within organizations as a means of determining financial stability. Accountants are responsible for determining an organization’s overall wealth, profitability, and liquidity. Without accounting, organizations would have no basis or foundation upon which daily and long-term decisions could be made. The budgets for marketing activities, profit reinvestment, research and development, and company growth all stem from the work of accountants. Accounting is one of the oldest and most respected professions in the world, and accountants can be found in every industry from entertainment to medicine. The accounting program at Saunders College of Business prepares students for a variety of career paths. Saunders College of Business, as a college within RIT, places an emphasis on technology and innovation in every program we offer. Our accounting program graduates have more than just a deep rooted understanding of the numbers side of accounting, they are also involved in the implementation of new accounting technologies; as well as taking leadership positions within the field.我自己试翻一下 会计是什么 会计是一种为单位或个人用来收集,分类和操控金融数据的信息学。 会计是决定单位金融稳定的有效手段。会计从业者负责为一个单位的整体财富,盈利和流动资产作抉择。没有会计,单位将没有对日常或长线投资作决定的基础。对市场活动,利益再投资,研究,发展和公司扩展的预算都以会计从业者的工作为根据。会计是世界上最古老和最受人尊敬的职业之一。

What is an accounting? accounting is a business language, it must be reflected by the current economic reality content business, the reality of economic issues how to display and description is true about important issues, there are views “ accounting is in money as the main unit of measure to voucher on the basis of special techniques, a principal economic activities for a comprehensive, integrated, continuous, checking and supervision, and regularly to provide accounting information in an economic and administrative activities. ”If we put it out with a simpler name called, it is: “ accounting is an economic management activities ”, a little clearer: ” “ accounting is active, it has a unity, mandatory. All things considered, the accounting is more than a learn accounting, you have to master the science of learning is to learn the key to this course:1. to grasp the basic concepts of accounting, the basic theory. The basic method, basic skills. 2. Note three contact:1. to note that various economic links between the business2. to note that the links between the accounts,3. pay attention to accounting methods between contact:III. handling three relationships1. to deal with the relationship between the full and focal points2. to deal with a good understanding and memory3. to deal with the relationship between the self-study and face to faceWhat is the future of accounting? as I'm concerned, the accounting future is today's hard work. I'm not going to predict the future, but I have to work hard in today's working environment in the future will continue to change, and the employment situation will also be aggravating, and upward mobility and competition is bound to be eliminated and accounting this post and talents who are falling behind isMy mother is an old accounting, she once told me: “ not in accordance with the accounting rules and regulations, is not a qualified accountant; just press the accounting rules and regulations, is not a qualified accountant; protection of interests of substance over form; enforcement system in the form of the substance is more important than; to deal with all complicated things the best way to capture the essence, simplify ”. This is our accounting working environment with easy-to-just a short walk away, look at our how to do that half a semester of study, my understanding of accounting and one step further and take it to the financial statements:Financial statements also called external financial statements, is transactions'effect for banjiachi transactions'effect financial position and operating in the financial statements,The financial statements reflect company period operating results and financial position of the change in the financial statements are available from six ways to discover problems or look at the income statement of income and this year, compared to last year revenue growth falls within a reasonable second of long-term investment is look at other students'payment is for any related party transactions,Six at the cash flow statement is to reflect the movement of funds, cash injection and look for the causes and issues.

Funds are the lifeblood of our ability to operate normally, while the fund management has become the core content of corporate governance. Finance and Accounting is exclusively through certain technical means and methods of accounting for funds, and specifically for corporate governance, decision-making accounting information in a we all know, with the continuous development of the economy, financial accounting in the management, decision-making in an increasingly important role. Accordingly, the financial accounting of quality, a direct impact on the managers, operators, investors and the public interest, but also affect the company's economic, social image and social credibility, and therefore the process of socio-economic operations irreplaceable status. Enterprise Management is designed to achieve maximum benefits in the enterprise, that is a great honor to bring to the enterprise, and the various enterprises will realize the healthy and sustainable development. Business operations and financial condition is through the balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement and reflected. The accounting department directly through the corporate accounting, business conditions and results for effective financial analysis, not only to promote enterprise managers can quickly understand how much of the current corporate profits and the level of debt capacity, but also can be found Enterprise The size of the risks, pros and cons of corporate capital structure, so that the operators use many aspects of the enterprise to make the right decisions, with minimal risk, the most healthy financial position to achieve the maximum profit the best. At the same time, you can also find some essential issues, in order to improve management to provide the basis of some is the accounting?For many years the popular saying,accounting is accounting,scores and China "accounting" arising out of the Western Zhou Dynasty,mainly referring to the activities of the income and expenditure records,inspection and the Qing Dynasty scholar Jiao Xun "Mencius justice",a book on the "will" and "dollars" for the general explained:"it is sporadic in terms of the total cost-effective it will," it is necessary to carry out the accounting for the individual accounts,individual accounts should be integrated,comprehensive accounting concept:Accounting is the currency as a major units of measurement,using a series of specialized method,the economic activities of enterprises continuous,systematic,comprehensive and integrated accounting and oversight and based on this analysis of economic activity,forecast and control to improve the economy the effectiveness of a management to be a good accountant? In recent years accountant is such a boom that many people are eager to it. Then how to be a good accountant? In the first place a good accountant must have strong technical skills which is the most the second place a good accountant must be careful and have a strong sense of responsibility for his or her job. Besides a good accountant should develop wide relationship with some people who own abundant skil knowedge in order to widen your knowledge. What's more a good accountant should own the ability learning new knowledge by yourself so that you can adapt the fluxion. The last but not the least a good accontant also should have good professional ethics which is ethics is primarily a field of applied ethics, the study of moral values and judgments as they apply to accountancy. It is an example of professional ethics. Accounting ethics were first introduced by Luca Pacioli, and later expanded by government groups, professional organizations, and independent companies. Ethics are taught in accounting courses at higher education institutions as well as by companies training accountants and to the diverse range of accounting services and recent corporate collapses, attention has been drawn to ethical standards accepted within the accounting profession. These collapses have resulted in a widespread disregard for the reputation of the accounting profession. To combat the criticism and prevent fraudulent accounting, various accounting organizations and governments have developed regulations and remedies for improved ethics among the accounting nature of the work carried out by accountants and auditors requires a high level of ethics. Shareholders, potential shareholders, and other users of the financial statements rely heavily on the yearly financial statements of a company as they can use this information to make an informed decision about investment. They rely on the opinion of the accountants who prepared the statements, as well as the auditors that verified it, to present a true and fair view of the company. Knowledge of ethics can help accountants and auditors to overcome ethical dilemmas, allowing for the right choice that, although it may not benefit the company, will benefit the public who relies on the accountant/auditor's is an economic management. In the non-commodity economy accounting directly for property and materials management in commodity economy because of commodity production and exchange of commodities economic activity in the property and materials are a form of value performance accounting is used form of value the management of the property and materials. If accounting is an information system and mainly focused on corporate and external information users then that is an economic management accounting activities was mainly within the enterprises the. History and reality the accounting is social production develops to a certain stage of the product development and production is to meet the needs of the management especially with the development of the commodity economy and the emergence of competition in the market through demand management on the economy activities strict control and the same time the content and form of accounting constantly improve and change from a purely accounting scores mainly for accounting operations external submit accounting statements as in prior operating forecasts decision-making on the matter of economic activities control and supervision in hindsight check. Clearly accounting whether past present or future it is people's economic management will introduce my major .my major is accounting in xxx my major,which lays more stress on practical use, seems to be at the end of both of them interact well enough,the discovries and theories in biology science can be soon turned into products in all of the modern years’ university education gives me a lot of things to learn,a lot of chances to try,and a lot of practices to improve teaches me not only what to study and how to think,but also to see the importance of practical ability (such as doing expriment as much as possible). in the university life,i have made many good help me improve my study and research ability, do ererything just like a man,and often give me good example to follow.

大学英语课程论文1000字范文

在全球化时代,随着国际交流日益增多,中国对高质量英语人才的要求也达到了前所未有的高度。英语教学在中国高等 教育 体系中占据着举足轻重的地位,也肩负着社会培养高质量人才的重任。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于 毕业 英语论文 范文 大全的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考!毕业英语论文范文大全篇1 浅谈老水手的心理历程——《苦舟子咏》 读后感 [摘要]:《苦舟子咏》是英国19世纪湖畔派诗人柯勒律治的一首长诗。全诗是一个充满了奇幻之美的的航海 故事 。全诗探索人生的罪与罚问题,诗人把热爱宇宙的万物泛神论思想和____思想结合起来,宣传仁爱和基督____罪思想。诗中的水手的心理活动刻画得细致入微,水手杀掉信天翁表示他拒绝社会给他的礼物,他除掉了深爱自己并代表超自然的事物,也就除掉了对这个世界的感情,最后水手内心发生转变,以新的态度对待自然,为此他才得以解脱出来。 [关键词]:老水手;道德;内疚;痛苦;赎罪 Abstract: “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” is one of Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s masterpieces. It is a long poem, telling a story in the form of ballads .The poem can be approached as a dream voyage to another realm, as a story of sin and expatiation, or as the quiet essential representation of the alienated isolated modern individual. 一、作者简介 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯尔律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)1772年10月21日生于英格兰西南部德文郡一个乡镇牧师的家庭。9岁丧父,被送往伦敦基督慈幼学校上学,熟读希腊、罗马文学。19岁入剑桥大学,与骚塞相识。当时两人都同情法国革命,但又都害怕革命暴力,于是设想去美洲建立乌托邦社会。计划失败后柯尔律治移居英格兰部西部湖区,致力于写诗,并与华兹华斯结成密友。他憎恶资本主义城市文明和冷酷的金钱关系,于是远离城市,隐居于昆布兰湖区,寄情山水或缅怀中世纪的宗法社会。他们创作出歌颂大自然的或美化宗法制农村生活方式的诗篇,以抵制丑恶的资本主义现实。因此被称为“湖畔派诗人”。1798年,两人合作出版著名的《抒情歌谣集》。同年他与华兹华斯兄妹到德国 留学 ,被康德的哲学和耶拿派的诗歌理论和创作所吸引。回国后继续居住于湖区,与华兹华斯保持往来。柯尔律治年青时代即患有风湿痛等多种疾病。为求镇痛他长期服食鸦片竟至上瘾,故健康大受损害。晚年他贫病交加,1834年7月25日逝世于海格特。柯尔律治的作品以真的细节描绘超自然的神秘事物,令人甘愿暂时不去考虑普通情理而信以为真,并在领略到一种怪异的美的同时获得教益或良知的觉醒。柯尔律治的创作实践和理论建设,不仅影响过他的同时代人,也影响了包括和他政治态度相左的拜伦、雪莱和济慈,而且,对于时至今日的诗歌艺术探索者,仍具有重要的借鉴价值。他在英国文学史上有重要地位,是浪漫主义思潮的重要代表。 二、《苦舟子咏》简介 《苦舟子咏》是柯尔律治唯一一部完整的长诗。这部长625行的叙事谣曲是一个神秘恐怖的浪漫故事:一名老水手对一个赴结婚宴的客人讲述了他自己的可怕的故事。客人想走开,赶快去赴宴,却为老水手眼中的特殊表情所吸引住,不得不站在那里把这个故事听完了。老水手和同伴们坐了一艘船出海去。一路上很平安。然后遇到了一阵暴风,暴风过后,这位水手却无端地射杀一只了航海者认为好运象征的信天翁。因此,厄运又降临了。船驶进静海中,那里没有风也没有浪;太阳如火如荼地照耀着。海水绿绿地满载着腐物。船停在那里不动,老水手被视为这次厄运的造因者。水手们都渴得要死去,仿佛有一只船要驶进救他们却又消失不见了。那是一只幻船,水手们一个个都死在甲板上,每个死者的眼光都注定在这位杀死信天翁的水手身上。全船的人,只有他没有死。后来,他对于自所做的恶罪觉得悔恨。于是天使们可怜他的悲苦,使死尸们站了起来,仍去做水手们的职务。他们开上了帆。虽然没有风,船却渐渐地移动。于是,这船一直驶到了老水手的故乡。一个领航者离了海岸,出来迎接。但在他到这船之前,它却突然地沉下了,留下了这位老水手在海波中与死神挣扎着。他被领航者所救。后来,他一想起那时受的言之不尽的痛苦,便不能忍。他的心在体内烧着,一直到了把这可怕的故事说了出来,方才觉得舒服。 三、分析老水手的心理历程 “自由、平等、博爱”是资产阶级道德重要规范。“自由、平等、博爱”的 口号 是资产阶级革命时期提出来的。它既是资产阶级的政治主张,又是资产阶级道德的重要内容。这一口号的提出不仅在政治上曾经起过推动历史进步的作用,而且在人类道德发展史上也是一个巨大的进步,因为它否定了人身依附关系,肯定了人身自由;否定了等级特权,肯定了人的平等;否定了把人不当人的非人道主义的博爱思想。一句话,肯定了人的尊严、价值以及个人对幸福的追求。所以,它对个性的张扬和自我意识的发展,对人们挣脱禁欲主义、蒙昧主义、等级主义的枷锁都起到了巨大的革命作用。 西方____的万物泛神论主张神无处不在,万物都是神的表象。这种主张认为:上帝就等于万事万物;任何个别事物就是上帝;世上的事物实际上都是虚无的。 在这两种思想的支配下,作者把信天翁认为是基督____徒。老水手无端地射死了信天翁,表示他拒绝社会给他的礼物,他除掉了深爱自己并代表超自然的事物,也就除掉了对这个世界的感情。老水手违反上天的指意,违反自然规律,射死了无辜的信天翁,必然要受到惩罚。于是,灾难来了:风停了,船无法前进,阳光酷热,水手们口干舌燥。这时候,有人指责老水手——“你怎敢放肆,将神鸟射死!是它引来了南风。”此时,老水手开始意识到自己行为的错误。于是,他开始不断地感到内疚。心理学认为,在道德情感系统中,羞耻感是其中的一个元素。毕达哥拉斯要求人们对自己言行进行反省以后,就应该在内心里对卑劣的行为感到羞耻、悲哀和恐惧;对善良行为感到欣喜。沙莆慈伯利认为,道德上的善恶主要取决于感情系统中的羞耻感。他说:“凡出自不公正的情感所作的,就是不义恶行和过失;如果情感公正、健全、良好,并且情感的内容有益于社会,而且还是以有益于社会方式施行,或有所感动,这就必定在任何行动中构成我们所说的公平和正直。”不义、恶行和过失将引起人们的羞耻感。羞耻感是个人的自我道德意识的一种表现,表示一个人对自己的行为、动机和道德品质的谴责时的内心体验。良心是羞耻感的的主要作用机制,常表现出焦虑、羞愧和内疚等情绪。道德焦虑是一种复合情绪。其中,痛苦和畏惧是主要构成“因子”。但它仅以避免外在处罚为目的,是低级形式的羞耻感,可又是羞耻感发生的基础。那么,羞耻感的真正作用是什么?是内疚,只有内疚才是高度的主体意识的产物,它激活潜在的思维和力量,专注与对过失的懊悔和追悔的行为,促进个体的心理成熟。如果个体内疚匮乏,那他将对道德不屑一顾,达不到“有羞知格”的认识。同时,羞耻感要以自尊为前提,一个没有自尊的人是不会知耻的,更不会自责。自尊体现了对自我社会话的切近,没有自尊的防卫,就不可能有自责的意识和行为的发生。老水手对自己的不道德行为知耻,惭愧和悔恨。老水手真是由于良心发现才深感自己行为的错误,于是惶惶终日,不断自责自己。 事态进一步发展,在他忏悔和祈祷下挂在脖子下的鸟掉下来了,但是同行的水手都因为缺水而一个个地死去,只有老水手一个人活着。这似乎是上帝对他的又一个惩罚。他一方面觉得自己的罪行深重,导致了其他水手的死亡——痛苦;另一方面在茫茫大海中,一条船上就他孤零零的一个人——恐惧。于是他的内心又经历了一场痛苦与恐惧的考验。良心是每个人自身内部的道德评析,是自己对自己行为道德价值的认识、认知、判断、态度、感情、体验、意向、意志、动机等一切心理反应活动。老水手不断对自己惊醒良心谴责。良心的基本因素是感情,感情是对需要的体验,是心理的动力因素。它一方面产生良心的认知因素,推动自己去判断自己行为的道德价值;另一方面则产生良心意志因素,推动自己做出改过迁善的选择。在行为过后,良心对行为的后果有影响和评价作用。对于履行了道德义务并产生了好后果的影响和行为,它便于进行自我谴责,使人感到内疚、惭愧和悔恨。这种自我谴责,往往能形成一种力量,促使人们改正自己的行为。 后来,老水手虔诚地祈求海蛇破开魔法,他才获救得以回家。人非圣贤,孰能无过?人生在生活中不免发生道德过失。道德反省就是通过对道德过失的追悔,从而激励人们采用新的道德行为去补救已经酿成的道德不幸,并且通过对道德过失的觉醒为将要开始的道德行为提供罗盘。道德反省的实质在于主体对自己已作的道德选择进行批判性的分析,是在主体已经体验到自己的道德行为存在着过失的情况下,从而进行的对自己内心的深刻 反思 。通过反思,要为今后的行为提供新的路线和方案,明白来者可追,逝者可补。在今后的行动过程中,要用千倍的补偿替代原有的损失;通过反思,主体对自我发展和自我需要与社会道德的系统会领悟得更加深刻。 故事的最后,老水手回到了家。于是出现了开篇的那一幕:他极力拉住去赴婚宴的人,让他们听他讲这个离奇的故事——他想寻找听众,承认自己的错误,说出自己的故事,解除内心的痛苦——赎罪。尽管老水手已经虔诚忏悔,但还是有种负罪感难以释怀,于是他渴望被人理解,宣泄出来以排除内心的痛苦。生活也是这样,当我们遇到困难、痛苦的时候,不要封闭自己,找一个忠实的听众,把自己的苦恼说给他听。这是一种释放压力的好 方法 。 总之,柯尔律治的这首诗歌以神秘、怪诞著称,其中的心理描写可谓是典范!诗歌探讨了罪与罚、善与恶,生与死等哲学问题,宣传了一切生物皆上帝听造的教义。但诗歌的真正价值并不在故事本身或它所包含的哲理上,而在以造型艺术的精确性和音乐的流动感为读者创造了一幅幅神奇的海洋画面:时而风平浪静,沉寂安宁;时而风暴骤起,一片喧嚣。在写作此诗时,柯尔律治并不熟悉大海,但他能凭借想象,使真实的情形与幻想的景象互相交织,把平凡的细节与诗意的象征融为一体,充分显示了瑰丽奇特的想象能力。在诗艺上,长诗将英国民歌的自由与古典文人诗的谨严冶于一炉,炼就出适合表达浪漫主义情绪的活泼自然的诗体,而长诗的音韵与节奏之美,也表现了诗人能让文字进行歌唱的本领。 [参考文献]: 《英美文学选读》 天津大学出版社出版 《英国文学简史》 河南人民出版社出版 《道德心理学》 中南大学出版社出版 毕业英语论文范文大全篇2 浅谈东西方数字九的 文化 对比分析与翻译 一、前言 "数是人类思维发展到一定阶段,为适应社会生产活动的需要,在符号的帮 助下产生的。"(苏金智,19 91)"数字是语言学中的一个特殊的领域。在科 学的数字世界里,它的功能是计算,秩序严谨,职司分明,是 实数;而在人类 心灵的数字世界中,它的功能是表义,许多数字经过“神化”后成为“玄数”、 “虚数”、“ 天数"。它们有着极其丰富的外延和内涵。"(王秉钦,1998) 由于受东西方文化传统、宗教信仰、语言崇拜、地理环境等方面的影响,数 字的神化存在着东西方的差异 ,但也存在着共性,有着共同的规律。在"数的 灵物崇拜"上各民族都有普通性。东方人有自己心目中的"天 数",而西方人 也有自己心目中的"神数"。神秘数字的演化规律一般经过"神化—泛化—虚 化"的过程。( 王秉钦,1998) 东西方已有不少有关数字科学的专著和论文, 如毕达哥拉斯(phythagoras) 学派的T·丹齐克的《数 科学语言》(商务印书馆,1998),英国人伦拉德·法 拉的《七的探源》;国内也有不少学者就数字写过著作 和论文,并开展过学术探 讨。如,王秉钦教授在其《语言与翻译新论》的中篇第六章就以"数的语义范围 比较 与翻译"为专题;苏金智曾写过《数的灵物崇拜》(载〈语言、社会、文化》 440页, 语文出版社,1991,1) 等。在1998 年南昌大学主办的"中国英汉语 比较研究会第二届年会暨第三次学术研讨会"上,英汉文化对比专 业委员会会 员曾就中南工业大学外语学院吴玲英老师的《中西文学中"以三为法”的文化模 式》展开了激烈的 讨论。本人认为东方人,尤其是中国人,自己心目中的天数 是"九"而不是"三",也并非完全是因为"九" 是"三"的倍数。 二、东西方数字"九"的文化对比分析 在我国,人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字, 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义(symbolicmeaning),在我国可 以说历时最久,涉及面也最广。 "九"作为数不同于一 般数字,在中国古代被 认为是一种神秘的数字,它起初是龙形(或蛇形)图腾化之文字,继而演化出"神 圣" 之意,于是中国古代历代帝王为了表示自己神圣的权力为天赐神赋,便竭 力把自己同“九”联系在一起。如天 分九层,极言其高,天证/诞日为正月初 九,天子祭天一年九次。更有趣的是连皇宫建筑都与"九"有关。例 如,北京 城有九门,天安门城楼面阔九问,门上饰有九路钉(即每扇门的门钉纵横各九排)。 汉语词汇中也常 用"九"来形容帝王将相的称谓,如"九五之尊"(imperial throne);称官位仅次于皇帝的王爷为"九千岁 "等。 根据阴阳五行与数的关系,万物之根均为数,宇宙也是数。数始于1而终于 10,五行也是数,按传统的五行 理论来划分,则1、2为木:1为阳木,2为阴 木。以3、4为火:3为阳火,4为阴火。以5、6为土:5为阳土,6为 阴土。 以7、8为金:7为阳金,8为阴金。以9、10为水:9 为阳水,10为阴水。这 就是将"象"、"数"与五行 结合起来推演变化,用以显示事物发展变化的内 在联系。由此看来,"九"是最大的阳数,象征着天。 传说 古 代中国人把天分 为九层,九层天是天的最高处,汉语中有关词汇有"九重霄"(指极高的天空, "九霄云外" ,"九天揽月","九天九地"等。另外,天坛,这个明清两代 祭天的场所,其建筑无处不体现着“九”的象 征意义。 民间传说中还有"九头 鸟"(nine-headed bird: a fabulous bird whose appearance was f ormerlyregarded as a bad omcn)的故事。 中国人以"九"为大数,刘师培在《古书疑义举例补》一书中写道:"凡数 指其极者,皆得称之为'九' ;"《素问》中说:"天地之数,始于一,终于 九。"因此,汉语中有"九九归一"或"九九归原"之说。因 从"九"为数之 极而引出人生之限,故"明九"或"暗九"均为人生之"坎",避讳有“九”之 岁。例如:“ 老太太因明年八十一岁,是个暗九。"(《红楼梦》)。日本人一般 认为"九"是"苦命和痛苦"的象征,因 为"九"与"苦"同音,因此忌讳 "九"。然而,《外语与外语教学》曾报道过国内一位学者曾为考证这一点 ,采 用"全选法"将日本某地电话号码其中的几千个姓和名分别进行统计,结果发现 将"九"作为姓的只占极 少数(约占),而将"九"作为名的却不少(约 占35%)。看来,日本人忌讳"九"也并非绝对。 此外,《词源》中说:"九:虚指多数。""九"作虚数解时,是数的一种 语义模糊现象。《现代汉语词 典》中,"九"的意思有三个:(1)数目,八加一 后所得;(2)从 冬至 起每九天是一个"九",从一"九" 数起,二"九"、三 "九",一直数到九"九"为止。冬练三九,夏练三伏;(3)表示多数或多次: 九泉,三 弯九转等。因此, 汉语中有不少和"九"有关的 成语 。如:"九牛一 毛"、"九死一生"、"九牛二虎之力" 、"九流宾客"等等。 在我国,数字"九"涉及面在所有数字中最广。含有数字"九"的词汇也十 分丰富。如,"九州"是指传 说中的我国上古行政区划,后用作"中国"的代 称。因此,有的全国性的电视节目就取名为“九州方圆”;“ 九族"(the nine degrees of kindred: either thenine generations from one's great-great-gr andfather down toone's great-great-grandson;or four generations of one'spatemal relations, three generations of one's matemalrelations, and two generations of noe's wife's relatio ns),古代有一种残酷的刑法叫"诛灭九族";古代传说 "龙生九子,各有所好"。因此,《红楼梦》第九回 中用"一龙生九种,种种各 别"来比喻贾氏家族族大人多,龙蛇混杂,好坏不一,各种各样的人都有。还有 " 九龙杯"等。此外,在文娱、体育等词汇中,数字"九"也比比皆是。如, 许多歌名都以"九"开头:"九妹 "、"九九艳阳天"、"九百九十九朵玫瑰" 等;乐器中也有"九音锣";在体育活动中,"九柱戏"(nine pins),兵器中 有"九节鞭"[但这与西方文化中的"九尾鞭”(cat-o '-nine- tails: an instrurnent of punishment so calledfrom the nine pieces of leather or cord which compose it)意义不大一样]。 地名中也有一些以"九"开头的,如"九 寨沟"、"九华山"、"九江"和"九龙"等。此外,中国人常把" 九"看成 为吉祥数字之一。在申请电话号码时,人们宁愿多出 钱去买一个尾数为"8"或 "9"的吉祥号码。比 如,湖南有线电视台的"欢乐热线"号码为"16899919"。 在西方,数字"九"也是人们心目中的"神数"之一。对西方人来说, "九"的象征意义是"神性"、 "神圣之至"。 英语权威字典Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary and Webster's ThirdIntema tional Dictionary 中 对"九"所解释的意义比《现代汉语词典》所解释的意义还多,分别有: 1)one more than eight, three threes, the square of three;2) nine units of objects (a tota l of nine) ; 3) a: thenumerable quantity symbolized by the arabic numeral 9; b: thefigure 9 ; 4) nine o'clock——compared Bell table, timeillustration; 5) the ninth size in a set series: as a; aplaying team of nine members, baseball team; b:the firstor last 9 hol es of an 18-hole golf course…。 其中收入与"九"有关词语和成语多达近二十条。常用的有: a nine-day's wonder (an object or event that creates ashort-lived sensation) ____Those political expositions…that make a nine day'snine wonder till something fresh c omes alone——Mary Deasy. nine times out of ten(very often) be dressed up to the nines(elaborately dressed, as for aformal occasion) ____She dressed herself up to the nines and went to theparty. in the nineholes:in the difficult situation nine-men's morris: morris played with nine counters A cat has nine lives: A cat can move so fast and jump sowell that he seems to escape being killed many times. 从以上的解释还可以发现一个规律:数字"九"及其倍数在西方也被广泛运 用于文娱和体育活动中。如, 保龄球(bowling )中的瓶状木柱数(ninepins) 为"九"; 高尔夫球 球场有一十八个洞:跳子棋的棋板上各 方均为九个孔; 古 时英国还有一种九个男人一起跳的舞蹈(morrisdance)等。由此看来,数字"九" 也倍 受西方人的青睐。 总之,在东西方文化中,数字"九"含有以下主要共性: 1)东西方大多数人把数字"九"看成神秘的数字, 其象征意义均有"神 圣"之意。 2)在东西方文化中,数字"九"均可虚指多数。 3)数字"九"被广泛运用于文体项目中。 数字“九”在东西方文化中的个性恐怕主要在于:对中国人来说,其神奇色 彩要比西方人更浓;其象征意 义的历史在东方文化中比西方文化中更悠久;其 涉及面在东方文化中比西方文化中更广泛。 三、数字"九"的翻译问题 罗马西塞罗说过:"翻译不是字当句对,而是保留语言的总风格和力 量。""按分量而不是按数量译词" 。此处所说的数字是指经过神化、泛化、 虚化了的"虚数","实数"的翻译不在此例。根据这一理论,结合 东西方文 化的共性与个性,可采用如下的翻译方法,并遵循以下的翻译原则。 可采取的翻译方法主要有: (一)保留原数字 . We thought our cat would be killed when he fell fromthe roof of the house. He was not, he used up one of his ninelives. 我们以为我们的猫从屋顶掉下来会死了,它并没死,只失掉九条命中的一条。 这样翻译过来,人们很容易接受,因为人们已熟悉"猫有九命"这个成语, 并能够促进东西方文化的融合 。 (二)转换成各民族喜爱的数字 out of ten——十之八九 nine days' wonder———可翻译为"昙花一现", 这样翻译可以加深对奈 达的"对等"和纽马克的"转 换"翻译理论的理解。 (三)增舍数字 比如,"九死一生"可翻译成"a narrow escape from death;survival after many hazards";又如 ,"九九归一,还是他说的话对。"可翻译成"All things considered,what he says is right."其译文均 舍弃了数字,转译其 形象意义。 应遵循的原则主要有: (一)民族性原则 比如,汉语中的"费了九牛二虎之力",《汉英词典》(外研社,1996)的译 文有三个:"strain onese lf to the limit; use everyounce of one's strength; make herculean efforts"。笔者认为第二种译文 "use every ounce of one's strength "更符合"民族性原则”,成功地将东方文化中该成语的比喻意义转 化成了西方文化语言中的形象意义。 (二)习语性原则 比如:"匡超人此时恍若亲见瑶宫仙子,月下嫦娥,那魂灵都飘到九霄云外 去了。"(《儒林外史》), 其译文为"Kuang felt that he was gazing at a goddess and his spirit had flown to heaven."这种译 文因遵循了"习语性原则", 充分地体现了人类交际行为的一个最根本原则——语言——符号的经济原则。 (三)形象性原则 数字用于模糊意义时,一般都失去了其数量意义而具有形象意义。翻译时, 必须越出其理性意义而捕捉其 与 其它 的词结合后所产生的形象意义。 比如:"飞流直下三千尽,疑是银河落九天(李白)。"此句诗中的"九天" 的形象意义为"极高的天空 ",因此,可翻译成"Down itcascades a sheer three thousand feet—As if the Silver River [. the Milky. Way]were falling from heaven!"猜你喜欢: 1. 毕业英语论文范文 2. 英美文学毕业论文优秀范文 3. 商务英语专业毕业论文范文 4. 大学英语毕业论文范文 5. 英语专业论文范文 6. 本科英语专业论文范文

专业英语教学论文2000字范文

在日常学习和工作生活中,大家都写过论文吧,论文对于所有教育工作者,对于人类整体认识的提高有着重要的意义。相信很多朋友都对写论文感到非常苦恼吧,下面是我精心整理的专业英语教学论文2000字范文,希望对大家有所帮助。

论文题目: 高等农业院校专业英语教学的思索与探讨

摘要: 专业英语在高等院校的课程设置中占有重要的地位,尤其是农业院校的专业设置与国际先进的技术紧密接轨,本科生以及研究生对专业英语的掌握直接影响到其将来研究课题的质量。本文针对高等农业院校专业外语教学中的教材编撰、教学内容、教学方法等环节进行了讨论,针对现有的问题提出解决的方案,以期提高高校专业英语的教学质量。

关键词: 专业英语;农业;高等教育

专业英语也称为科技英语,与高等院校开设的大学英语课程有较大的区别,是各个专业结合本专业特点,向学生讲授的主要包含本专业或者相关专业英语词汇及科技论文相关内容的一门英语课程。大部分专业都会开设专业英语课程,有些还作为学生的必修课来进行,以此促进学生以国际化的视角来深入理解所学的专业知识。农业院校由于其所开设专业的特点,除常见的栽培学、植物保护学、植物营养及环境相关的英文内容外,大部分专业也都会涉及分子生物学、生物化学等领域的一些专有名词、术语及相关内容。不同院系在专业英语课程设置上也有所不同,有的设为必修课,有的设为选修课,有的设为研究生课程,由此可见,各个院系都很重视专业外语在本科生、研究生培养中的重要作用和不可或缺的地位。本文从农业院校专业英语的教学出发,对农业相关院校开设专业英语课程中所遇到的问题和亟待解决的问题进行了分析,并探讨了加以改进和完善的途径和方法,以期推动农业院校专业英语教学的专业化和国际化,达到所期望的教学目的。

一、根据专业特点编撰教材

目前,专业外语的教学尚无针对农业院校专业特点编撰的相关专业外语教材,开设专业外语的院系多采用自编的形式为教学搜集素材和教学内容。并且,随着授课老师的更换,讲授的内容也会随之发生一定的变化,根据授课老师专业的不同,教学内容也偏向某一特定领域。目前这种状况对学生学习专业词汇相当不利,对于将来的英语论文写作也没有太大的帮助。针对这一情况,不同院系应该根据本院系的专业设置组织相关人员编写适合本院系专业的英语教材,教材内容应囊括本院系所设置专业的基本英语词汇和理论知识。这样本院系学生在学习专业英语过程中不仅仅能接触到本专业的英语词汇和论文知识,对于相关专业的英语词汇也有较广泛的认知,由此扩大学生的词汇量与知识储备。编撰过程中应注意涵盖基本理论和知识的英语词汇和科技文章,可以参考相关专业中文教材中的重点教学内容来组织英文教学内容,这样学生在学习过程中可以对中、英专业知识进行对照学习,比较容易形成系统的知识体系,也可以避免学生在学习过程中对于一些专业理论知识只识中文而不知英文表达方法,或者学到专业英语词汇时却不知道对应的中文表述。当学生有了扎实的中文理论知识,再进一步学习专业英语知识时,就很容易产生兴趣,也会产生较好的教学效果。

二、增加英文文献教学内容

由于农业院校的专业特点,不可避免的会学习到本领域内一些先进的理论和技术,而教材在选择内容上偏重较为基础的知识。理论和技术的发展是日新月异的,因此无法在教材中迅速、及时的体现出来。那么在讲授过程中就应该适时的增加2~3篇最新的英文研究文献进行讲授,让学生在学习了基本的英语词汇和知识之后也能接触到本领域最先进的研究理论、成果和技术,以此调动学生学习专业英语的积极性,激发学生进一步求学或深造的愿望。这部分英文文献讲授内容可以从国际知名杂志的刊发内容中选择,而且讲授内容的可变灵活性可以让每一届学生都能接触到当年最新发表的一些相关专业的科学论文,有利于学生知识的更新。英文文献的教学内容作为专业英语教材教学内容之外的补充,能够更好地体现专业英语的重要性以及提高学生对于专业词汇的理解和应用的能力。对于某些需要发表论文的学生更加重要,在论文的撰写方面将起到尤为积极的作用。

三、提高教师的专业英文及学术水平

目前担任专业英语课程的教师普遍具有较好的英语表达和写作能力,但由于其专业的局限性,往往发生这种情况,即在讲授自己较为熟悉或与自己的研究领域较近的英语词汇及知识时得心应手,讲的也比较透彻,而在涉及自己较为陌生的英语词汇及知识时,就稍显不足,讲解也稍显欠缺,不免给学生讲授内容不均匀的感觉,使得学生在学习本课程时也受讲授老师的影响而偏向某一方面的英语学习。针对这一情况,相关院系在安排任课老师时,可根据教材内容和教师专业及英文水平安排2~3位老师任课在讲授不同内容时,由对要讲授的内容较为熟悉的教师讲授,这样就可避免对教材内容讲授不均、甚至略过某一内容的现象发生。同时,任课老师也要不断的提高自己的英语表达和写作水平,不断地阅读和学习最新的研究文献,充实自己的知识,并努力提高自己的专业学术水平,这样在课程的学习中,学生才可以通过老师学习到更新、更专业的专业英语。

四、加强与学生的英文交流

在专业英语的授课过程中,多数教师会选择多用中文进行解释讲析,或者对一些专业词汇与生僻词汇以中文加以解释,在整个过程中仍然以中文为主。英译中成了最主要的授课模式。为了使学生建立英文思维,教师可以尝试以英文解释英文,并且在与学生的交流过程中尽可能的使用英文。这样除了会取得较好的教学效果,也可激发学生的英语学习兴趣。当然,这种以英语为主的授课模式与教师和学生的英语水平有极大的关系。任课老师应该以此为目标,在不断提高自己英语水平的基础上,积极与学生以英文为主要交流语言,通过专业英语课程使得教师和学生都有所收获。学校也应适当的给教师提供进修学习的机会,以不断提高教师的水平,保证专业英语的授课质量,也为本专业的发展与国际接轨提供保障。

五、提高学生的英语交流能力

专业英语的授课对象是高校学生,包括本科生与研究生,学生的英语水平直接影响学生专业英语的学习效果。任课教师可以在课程讲授过程中鼓励学生以自己感兴趣的方向为主要内容,撰写英文的短小综述或简介,并请学生在全班或者小组间以英文进行交流讨论,或将自己的观点进行阐述。通过这样的学习方式提高学生的英语交流能力,掌握专业词汇的使用和表述方法。教师也可以根据院系条件聘请相关专业的外国专家讲授部分学时的课程,提高学生的国际交流能力,鼓励学生参加国际会议,加强与国际专家的交流与联系。只有学生有兴趣,教师有能力,学习有条件,专业英语课程才能取得高质量的教学效果,才能为培养全面发展的优秀学生提供保障。

六、使用多媒体教学

无论哪类课程,现在基本上都以多媒体教学为主。有的课程可以图文并茂的向学生展示教学内容,并配以老师的讲解,课堂氛围就会相对活泼。但是,专业英语课程有其特殊性,主要依赖文字教学,即在老师制作的幻灯中多以文字出现,同时教师的讲解也受英语语言水平的限制,多以中文加以说明。这样的内容呈现方式较为枯燥乏味,学生容易产生疲惫、厌学的消极情绪。针对这种情况,教师可以选择购买一些与专业有关的英语科教影像制品,在适当的讲解过一些专业词汇后进行播放,在播放过程中,也可对影像中出现的`生僻词汇和用法进行讲解,或对讲解中未曾涉及的新技术或理论加以解释。这样既能引发学生的学习兴趣,也可锻炼学生的英语听力,同时增加了学生的专业词汇量,也可取得更好的教学效果。当然,影像内容的选择受市场现有产品的限制,在选择范围较窄的时候,教师可以选择相关学科的影像制品作为替代,比如,分子生物学专业的英语课程可适当选择生命的起源、地球的形成或者生物进化等方面的教学内容,也可起到同样的效果。

七、与专业实验相结合

由于多数农业院校开设的专业都有其相应的实验技术,且实验教学是专业教学中不可或缺的内容。专业英语在教学过程中也可和相应的专业实验教学相结合,担任专业英语课程的教师也应该同时能够胜任实验教学,这样在一次实验课程设置中就可以完成两项教学内容,同时使学生学习实验技术和专业英语词汇,起到双重的作用。可以增加实验课程的课时量,这样学生就有充分的时间来学习、消化学习的技术和词汇,并可在学生的自己动手过程中加深印象。

八、增加课下英语交流时间

英语语言的提高只有在不断的应用过程中才能实现,专业英语也不例外。由于高校的英语考试制度,学生学习英语的热情普遍较高,但对专业英语却不太积极。针对这一点,可以在课下增加英语交流时间,不仅仅是任课老师,也可邀请其他课程英语水平较好的老师参加,针对一些学生学习过程中的问题进行讨论。这样可以使学生在与老师的交流中提高专业英语水平,也提高了学生学习普通英语的积极性,使课程与课程之间互相产生良性循环,彼此促进,取得更好的英语学习效果。并且,课下的英语交流对于教师不断提高自己的专业与英语水平也是一个促进,只有这样才能保证高水平的教学质量。

综上所述,专业英语既是一门基础课程,也是一门外语课程,其内容涉及英语与中文两种语言,也涉及专业基本理论知识,对于教师的要求较高。任课教师既要具有较高的学术水平也要具有较高的英语水平,并且要不断的充实、提高自己才能培养出全面发展、优秀合格的学生。专业英语教学过程中,要充分掌握课程特点,极力创造好的教学条件,配备雄厚的师资力量,才能取得一流的教学质量。

参考文献:

[1]杨燕.高校专业外语教学改革的思考[J].教育教学论坛,2014,(14):36-37.

[2]胡伟莲,戴德慧.生物工程专业英语课程教学改革探讨[J].教育教学论坛,2013,(41):53-54.

[3]万冬,潘杰.制药工程专业外语教学改革[J].科技创新导报,2014,(17):92-92.

[4]陈静茹,田砾,万小梅.专业外语教学内容与方法改革[J].中国冶金教育,2014,(1 ):69-70.

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A Brief Analysis of english teaching in senior high schoolAbstract: Classroom teaching is the main way for students to learn English. But in senior high school, a lots of probelms still exsit in the English teaching especially in the teaching of reading and writing. In this paper, the importance and methods of reading and writing will be further discussed. Key words: reading writing techniques Introduction: Classes should be learner-centered, with meaningful, functional activities, often, classes begin by finding out what the students don’t know. These classes operate on the assumption that there is a great deal of information that students lack and that the teacher and textbooks will impact that information to the students. Teachers who hold this assumption view students as plants waiting passively to be fed and watered. But I think the students should be regarded as explorers, active learners who bring a great deal to the learning process and at the same time, draw from their environment as they develop new understandings. The basic principle will be used in the teaching of reading and writing. How to teach reading I. Why teach readingThere are many reasons why getting students to read English texts is an important part of the teacher’s job. In the first place, many of them want to be able to read texts in English either for their careers, for study purposes or simply for pleasure. Anything we can do to make reading easier for them must be a good idea. Reading texts provide good models for English writing, provide opportunities to study language vocabulary, grammar, punctuation, and the way to construct sentences, paragraphs and texts. Lastly, good reading texts can introduce interesting topics, stimulate discussion, excite imaginative responses and be the springboard for well-rounded, fascinating lessons. The last but not the least, students must read widely because only a fraction of knowledge about the world can come from other experiences in their short . What kind of reading should students do? When the teachers give reading class to students, they should notice a balance----a balance to be struck between real English on the one hand and the students’ capabilities and interests on the other. There is some authentic written material which beginner students can understand to some degree: menus, timetables, signs and basic instructions, for example, and, where appropriate, teachers can use these. But for longer prose, teachers can offer their students texts, which, while being like English, are nevertheless written or adapted especially for their level. Anyway, the materials to be read should be interesting and meaningful. Teachers should become better acquainted with books written specially for teenagers and dealing with their . What are the principles behind the teaching of reading? i) Permit Students To Read No one has learned to swim by practicing the skills of backstrokes, flutter kicks or treading water while staying on the edge of the swimming pool. Yet, in the teaching of reading teachers often do just that. Rather than let the students into “the water”, teachers keep them in skills books learning rules about letters, syllables or definitions of words rather than letting them into the book itself, permitting them to be immersed in the language which comes from the authors as the readers try to reconstruct the written ) Encourage students to respond to the content of a reading text, not just to the languageOf course, it is important to study reading texts for the way they use language, how many paragraphs they contain and how many times they use relative clauses. But the meaning, the message of the text, is much more important. Teachers should help students understand that the main reason to read is for them. They have to have their own purpose to read and reading must make sense, they have to find ways of doing something about it. They should be encouraged either to reread or to continue reading to gain meaning. But they must realize that the meaning is not in the teacher, but in the interaction between the reader and author. Students should be encouraged to ask themselves repeatedly, “Does this make sense to me?” Students should be encouraged to reject and to be intolerant of reading materials that do not make sense. iii) Encourage students to guess or predict Readers’ guesses or predictions are based on the cumulative information and syntactic structure they have been learning as they have been reading. Therefore, their guesses are more often than not appropriate to the materials. Students have to realize that risk taking in reading is appropriate; that using context to decide what words mean is a proficient reading strategy and that they have the language sense to make appropriate guesses which can fit both the grammatical and semantic sense of what they are reading. iv) Match the task to the topic Once a decision has been taken about what kind of reading text the students are going to read, teachers need to choose good reading tasks—the right kind of questions and useful puzzles, etc. Asking boring and inappropriate questions can undermine the most interesting text; the most commonplace passage can be made really exciting with imaginative and challenging tasks. Working in groups, the English teacher and students take turns asking each other questions following the reading. The teacher may ask, “ What is the significance of the character’s age?” These questions require inferences based on details from the reading text.

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