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机械专业英语论文

发布时间:2024-07-05 21:44:57

机械专业英语论文

Abstract— Cobots是连续地使用机器人的类 开发高保真度可编程序的variable传输 constraint表面。 Cobots消耗很少电能 ,既使当提供高产力量和他们的传输横跨各种各样是非常有效率的transmission比率。 Cobotic传输也有能力 to作为闸或变得完全地自由。 设计 Cobotic手控制器的and表现,最近a developed六程度自由触觉显示,被回顾。 This设备说明高力学范围和低功率 consumption可达成由cobots。 彻底的比较 the一个cobotic系统的出力效率对常规 提供electro-mechanical系统。机器人技术的Three关键要求使用为 prosthetics和修复是低重量,低功率 consumption和安全。 我们提出cobotic技术作为a 可能论及所有这些问题的transmission建筑学。 Cobots是运用nonholonomic限制的机器人 of 操纵 轮子 关连 相对 速度 mechanism链接。 cobotic传输连续地是a variable传输(CVT)在正面和阴性之间 ratios, 并且 能 关连 二 平移 速度, 二 rotational速度或者对平移的旋转的速度 velocity [1]。 我们最近介绍了Cobotic手 Controller (图 1), a 供给动力的六程度自由 cobot和描述它的能力作为一个触觉接口[2, 3]。 通过本文路线,我们显示出, mechanical 建筑学 并且 传输 使用 在 Cobotic手控制器地址全部三在上面 机器人学的mentioned要求的弭补科和 rehabilitation.

机械工程专业。机械专业英语论文题目是机械工程专业。机械类专业是工科中的一个大的学科,是理科生选报的热门专业之一,与电气自动化并列为最强工科。也是以后的热门专业。

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中国是世界上机械发展最早的国家之一。中国的机械工程技术不但历史悠久,而且成就十分辉煌,不仅对中国的物质文化和社会经济的发展起到了重要的促进作用,而且对世界技术文明的进步做出了重大贡献.传统机械方面,我国在很长一段时期内都领先于世界。到了近代由于特别是从18世纪初到19世纪40年代,由于经济社会等诸多原因,我国的机械行业发展停滞不前,在这100多年的时间里正是西方资产阶级政治革命和产业革命时期,机械科学技术飞速发展,远远超过了中国的水平。这样,中国机械的发展水平与西方的差距急剧拉大,到十九世纪中期已经落后西方一百多年。新中国建立后特别是近三十年来,我国的机械科学技术发展速度很快。向机械产品大型化,精密化、自动化和成套化的趋势发展。在有些方面已经达到或超过了世界先进水平。总的来说,就目前而言中国机械科学技术的成就是巨大的,发展速度之快,水平之高也是前所未有的。这一时期还没有结束,我国的机械科学技术还将向更高的水平发展。只要我们能够采取正确的方针、政策、用好科技发展规律并勇于创新,我国的机械工业和机械科技一定能够振兴,重新引领世界机械工业发展潮流。就小型夯实机械而言:上世纪60年代以前,我国小型夯实机械非常缺乏,很多小型场地的夯实基本上采用人工夯实。上世纪60年代初期,长沙建设机械研究所与北京建筑工程学院等单位合作,在群众性技术革新成果的基础上总结发明了具有中国特色的蛙式夯实机,1962年获国家科技发明奖。蛙式夯实机结构简单,维修、使用方便,很快成为我国60年代夯实机械的主导产品。据不完全统计蛙式夯实机累计产量达到50000多台,在我国经济建设中发挥了重要作用。70年代以后,蛙式夯实机逐渐被性能更先进的振动冲击夯和振动平板夯所替代,目前蛙式夯实机已经很少,基本被淘汰。1964年,长沙建设机械研究所开发了HB120型内燃式夯实机,开始由上海工程机械厂生产,后来主要由津市洞庭工程机械厂生产,年产量200台左右。80年代,内燃式夯实机产品质量有较大提高,曾出口东南亚和非洲地区。90年代以后,内燃式夯实机产销售量也在逐渐减少,目前只有少数小型民营企业生产。1977年,长沙建设机械研究所和柳州市建筑机械厂开发了我国第一台HZR250型和HZR70型振动平板夯,这两种产品分别于1979 年和1982年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定。随后义乌建筑机械厂、四平建筑机械厂、安阳振动器厂、津市洞庭工程机械厂等多家企业都开始生产振动平板夯。1986年长沙建设机械研究所又开发了较大的HZR450型振动平板夯。上世纪90年代以后,振动平板夯在我国有了较快的发展,产品品种、规格和生产企业增多,国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。1983年,长沙建设机械研究所和湖北振动器厂联合开发了我国第一台HZR70型振动冲击夯,1984年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定,1985年获建设部科技进步三等奖。由于振动冲击夯具有压实效果好、生产率高、体积和重量小、轻便灵活等突出特点,深受用户欢迎,得到了迅速的推广使用,并很快发展到资江机器厂、新乡第三机床厂和津市洞庭工程机械厂等几十家企业生产。振动冲击夯虽然比振动平板夯开发晚,但发展速度、产销量和使用广泛性比振动平板夯大得多,目前已成为我国夯实机械中产销量最大的主导产品。上世纪90年代以后,国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。振动冲击夯和振动平板夯在我国的成功开发,不仅为我国建设施工部门提供了性能先进的夯实机械,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益,而且使我国夯实机械技术向前跨进了一大步,缩短了与世界先进水平的差距,促进了我国压实机械的发展。就机械加工而言:热加工 铸造 据考古发现,在北京平谷、昌平、房山等处曾出土了公元前16世纪(商代)的青铜礼器。 明永乐年间(1403~1424年),北京制造出享誉世界的明永乐大铜钟(吨)和钟楼大铜钟(63吨)及铁钟(25吨),采用分炉熔化、地坑造型和陶范法铸造。 20世纪50年代以前,北京在铸造上采用粘土砂手工造型。1955年,北京第一机床厂开始采用漏模造型、双面模型型板及铁型板和标准砂箱造型。1965年,开始采用塑料模型。 1980 年,北京市机电研究院与北京玛钢厂研制成功工频无芯塞杆底注式保温浇注电炉。1982年,该院与北京机床铸造二厂研究成功冲天炉风口吹氧技术。 1985~1988年,北京机床研究所试验成功浮动端面密封环的压力铸造工艺。 锻压 1959年,北京第二通用机械厂(后改名北京重型机器厂)建成2500吨水压机。1971年,该厂制造出6000吨水压机,这是当时北京最大的锻压设备。 1968~1979年,北京起重机器厂先后采用300吨油压机和2000吨油压机制造出起重机吊臂和大型覆盖件。 80年代,北京市机电研究院和北京市模具中心研制出一系列高精度多工位冲裁模具,接近或达到进口模具水平,改变了北京精密冲裁模具依赖进口的局面。 热处理 1949年前,北京已采用电炉、盐溶炉、热电偶等手段进行零件退火、回火、淬火、正火、调质、渗碳等热处理。 1956年,北京第一机床厂开始采用高频感应淬火。1961年,北京第二机床厂开始采用气体氮化淬火。1969年,北京量具刃具厂开始采用光亮淬火。 1978年,北京机床研究所研究完成机床导轨表面接触淬火工艺及设备、淬火质量检查技术条件的研究。1979年,铁道科学研究院和中国科学院力学研究所等合作完成大功率柴油机缸套表面的激光改性处理的研究。 1979年,北京市机电研究院研制成功千瓦级二氧化碳激光器,并于80年代初分别应用于汽缸套和邮票印刷设备的激光热处理。其中,清华大学、北京市机电研究院、北京邮票厂共同完成邮票厂七色机打孔器表面激光强化研究。 1984~1990年,北京市热处理研究所研究成功真空热处理、气体渗碳微机控制技术(与北京航空航天大学合作)、稀土软氮化、粉末冶金制品表面强化、煤油加甲醇小滴量法微机可控渗碳、固体渗硼、渗碳过程微机辅助工艺设计及跟踪控制系统等热处理新技术,并应用于生产。 焊接与切割 1949年,北京已有气焊、电弧焊及氧乙炔火焰切割等手工作业。 1963年,北京金属结构厂与一机部机械科学研究院合作开发出钨极氩弧焊,并实现了氮气等离子切割不锈钢。1964年,用直流钨极氩弧焊及焊丝合金化技术解决了核工业用倾斜式电解糟纯镍焊接。 1966年,北京金属结构厂开发出了使被焊球体旋转的埋弧自动焊。1968年,该厂开始以液化石油气代替乙炔切割。 80年代初,清华大学发明了新型MIG焊接电弧控制法,在控制电弧技术上取得突破。 80年代初,北京城建设计院等完成液化石油气移动式气压焊轨技术的研究和应用。 1990年,北京金属结构厂开始采用数控精密切割和具有光电跟踪及数控寻踪读入自动编程的大功率等离子切割技术。可见,我国机械发展在近代发展其迅速。China is the world's first national machinery development. Chinese mechanical engineering technology not only has a long history and splendid achievements in Chinese is not only the material culture and social economic development plays an important role in the world, and to promote the progress of civilization, technology has made great contribution to Chinese traditional machine. And in a long period ahead in the world. In modern times, especially from the early 18th century, due to the nineteen forties, due to the economic and social reasons, such as the China machinery industry, stagnation, in the 100 years is western bourgeois political revolution and industrial revolution, mechanical science and technology is developing rapidly, and far more than the level of China. So, China mechanical development level and the western gap widens, sharply to the 19th century middle behind western one hundred the founding of new China, especially in the past 30 years, our country's mechanical science and technology development speed. To the mechanical product large-scale, precision, automation and discusses the trend of development. In some aspects has reached or exceeded the world advanced level. Generally speaking, currently China mechanical science and technology achievement is huge, developing fast, high level of unprecedented. In this period, China has no end of mechanical science and technology will develop to a higher level. As long as we can adopt the correct policy, with good technology development and innovation, our machinery industry and mechanical technology can revitalize, leading to the development trend of mechanical small ramming machinery:In the 1960s, China mechanical very small tamp lack, many small venues ramming basically USES artificial 1960s, changsha construction machinery institute and Beijing architectural engineering institute, etc., the technical innovation achievements in mass on the basis of summing up Chinese characteristic invented the breaststroke ramming machine, 1962 exceeded national science and technology. The breaststroke ramming machine structure is simple, easy to use and maintenance in 1960s, soon became the dominant products to consolidate machinery. According to not complete count breaststroke tamp cumulative yield reached more than 50,000 machine, in the economic development of our country has played an important role. Since 1970's, the breaststroke ramming machine was gradually more advanced performance of vibration shock ram and vibrating plate ram, now replaced by laying machine has rarely breaststroke, basically be 1964, changsha construction machinery institute HB120 developed movable type, type of Shanghai began laying machine, engineering machine production mainly by tianjin municipal later, annual production engineering machinery dongting about 200. In the 1980s, movable type ramming machine product quality has increased greatly, have exported to southeast Asia and Africa. Since 1990s, internal-combustion type ramming machine production sales, and gradually decreased in only a few small private enterprise 1977, changsha construction machinery factory buildings and developed in liuzhou HZR250 type and the HZR70 type vibrating plate ram, these two kinds of products in 1979 and 1982 passed by the ministry of construction of the organization. Then yiwu building construction machinery factory, siping, anyang vibrators factory, tianjin municipal engineering machinery dongting and other enterprises have started producing vibrating plate ram. In 1986, changsha construction machinery research and develop a larger HZR450 type of vibrating plate ram. Since 1990s, vibrating plate ram in our country has developed very quickly, varieties of products, specifications and increase production enterprises, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese 1983, changsha construction machinery institute and the joint development of hubei vibration in the first HZR70 type vibration shock ramming, 1984, passed by the ministry of construction, organization construction technology progress in 1985 won prizes. Due to the vibration impact compaction result has good ramming, productivity, high volume and weight of small, lightweight flexible outstanding characteristics, deeply user etc, obtained a rapid promotion, and soon ZiJiang development to the factory, xinxiang municipal engineering machine tool plant and tianjin dozens of dongting production factory etc. Vibration shock ramming although than vibrating plate ram, but later development speed of development, production and use of extensive than vibrating plate ram, has become the largest in China in the ramming machinery products. Since 1990s, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese shock ramming and vibrating plate ram the successful development in our country, not only for our construction department provides advanced performance of mechanical, laying have achieved good economic benefit and social benefit, and make our ramming mechanical technology into a big step forward, shorten the gap with the advanced world level, promoting the development of compaction mechanical processing:According to the archaeological discovery, hot-working casting in Beijing pinggu, changping and so have proved that the 16th century BC shang dynasty (bronze objects. Ming yongle (1403-1424 years), Beijing produce world-renowned Ming yongle great 3-ton bell made ( tons) and tower (63 tons of great 3-ton bell made of iron clock (25) and the furnace of melting, pit TaoFan model and method of casting. In the 1950s, Beijing based on clay sand castings in manual. In 1955, Beijing first machine tool plant began using leakage mould modelling, double-sided model and iron plate type plate and standard sand box modelling. In 1965, start using plastic model. In 1980, the institute and Beijing municipal electrical factory has successfully developed line frequency coreless bathroom plug stem bottom note type electric insulation casting. In 1982, hospital and Beijing the casting machine research cupola tuyere oxygen blowing technology. 1985-1988, Beijing institute of machine of floating end face seal ring by die successful test pressure casting 1959, Beijing second metalforming machinery general factory changed (Beijing) built 2500 ton heavy-duty hydraulic press. In 1971, the factory produced 6,000 tons, which is then Beijing hydrtesting biggest metalforming equipment. 1968-1979, Beijing hoisting machine factory has 300 tons of using hydraulic press 2000 tons and create crane and large panel. In the 1980s, Beijing institute of electrical and developed a series of Beijing mould centre high-precision cutting die, the multistage close to or to import mould level, changed Beijing precision punching moulds dependence on 1949, Beijing has heat treatment furnace, salt dissolved by thermocouples means furnace, quenching and tempering, parts of annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, carburizing and etc. In 1956, Beijing first began using high-frequency quenching machine tool plant. In 1961, the Beijing second machine tool plant began using gas nitriding quenching. In 1969, the following enterprise by Beijing gage start light quenching. In 1978, the complete machine tool research institute of Beijing guide surface contact quenching process and equipment, quenching condition of quality inspection. In 1979, scientific research institute of China academy of railway and mechanical institute of high-power diesel engine cylinder collaboration of surface modification of laser. In 1979, Beijing institute of electrical carbon dioxide laser is developed, and the kilowatt in early 1980s respectively applied in cylinder and stamp printing equipments of laser treatment. Among them, tsinghua university, Beijing, Beijing institute of electrical YouPiaoChang jointly completed YouPiaoChang seven color machine DaKongQi laser surface strengthening research. From 1984 to 1990, Beijing institute of vacuum heat treatment research, gas carburizing microcomputer control technology (Beijing university of aeronautics &astronautics and cooperation), rare earth soft nitriding, powder metallurgy products surface strengthening, kerosene and methanol small drops of microcomputer control method of carburizing, solid boriding and carburizing process computer aided process planning and tracking control system, and the application of new technology heat in production. Welding and cutting in 1949, Beijing has geo-drilling, electric welding and cutting etc oxyacetylene flame manual operation. In 1963, Beijing metal structure and YiJiBu mechanical science research cooperation to develop tungsten argon arc welding, and realize the nitrogen plasma cutting stainless steel. In 1964, the use of dc argon arc welding and tungsten wire alloying technology solved by tilting electrolysis industry worse pure nickel welding. In 1966, Beijing metal structure factory developed by rotating sphere of the submerged arc welding automatic welding. In 1968, the plant began to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) instead of acetylene cutting. In the early 1980s, tsinghua university invented new MIG welding arc arc technology in control, control a breakthrough. In the early 1980s, the Beijing urban construction design completed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mobile pneumatic rail welding technology research and application. In 1990, Beijing metal structure factory to adopt CNC precision cutting and with photo-electricity tracking and CNC pursuit of high input automatic programming technology plasma , China mechanical development in modern development of its rapid.

机械专业毕业论文英语

Abstract— Cobots是连续地使用机器人的类 开发高保真度可编程序的variable传输 constraint表面。 Cobots消耗很少电能 ,既使当提供高产力量和他们的传输横跨各种各样是非常有效率的transmission比率。 Cobotic传输也有能力 to作为闸或变得完全地自由。 设计 Cobotic手控制器的and表现,最近a developed六程度自由触觉显示,被回顾。 This设备说明高力学范围和低功率 consumption可达成由cobots。 彻底的比较 the一个cobotic系统的出力效率对常规 提供electro-mechanical系统。机器人技术的Three关键要求使用为 prosthetics和修复是低重量,低功率 consumption和安全。 我们提出cobotic技术作为a 可能论及所有这些问题的transmission建筑学。 Cobots是运用nonholonomic限制的机器人 of 操纵 轮子 关连 相对 速度 mechanism链接。 cobotic传输连续地是a variable传输(CVT)在正面和阴性之间 ratios, 并且 能 关连 二 平移 速度, 二 rotational速度或者对平移的旋转的速度 velocity [1]。 我们最近介绍了Cobotic手 Controller (图 1), a 供给动力的六程度自由 cobot和描述它的能力作为一个触觉接口[2, 3]。 通过本文路线,我们显示出, mechanical 建筑学 并且 传输 使用 在 Cobotic手控制器地址全部三在上面 机器人学的mentioned要求的弭补科和 rehabilitation.

INTRODUCTION The rapid development of science and technology, product features requirements of the growing number and complexity of the increase in life expectancy shortened, replacement faster. However, the design of the products, especially mechanical products in the design means, is力不从心, failed to keep pace with the needs of the times. At present, computer-aided product design drawings, design, manufacturing, production planning has been a relatively extensive and in-depth study and achieved initial results, and product development programmes of the early computer-aided design is far from meeting a need. To this end, the author read a lot of literature on the basis of a summary of the design and scholars at home and abroad to design the method used, and discussed the various methods of organic link between product design and mechanical Computer trend of development. Under the current domestic and foreign scholars to design machinery design methods used by the main features of the programme can be summed up modern design for the following four major types. 1, systematic design method Systematic design of the main features are: design as from a number of design elements of a system, every design element of independence, there are various elements of the organic links and a level of all the design elements Combined, you can design systems to achieve the task. Systematic design idea in the 1970s by the German scholar Professor Pahl and Beitz, a system based on the theory, developed a design of the general pattern, and advocate of the design work should be rational. German Engineers Association in this on the basis of design, develop standards VDI2221 "technology systems and product development design methods. The development of the product design process of mechanical model, basically follow the German standards VDI2221 the design. In addition, many of our product design and scholars in the programme design and also learn from other developed countries cited the systematic design, which is representative: (1) The user needs as the product concept of functional characteristics, structural design and part design, process planning, operations control, and so on the basis of the product development process of the macro, the use of Quality Function layout methods, systems and information needs of users will be reasonable and effective And converted to the various stages of product development objectives and operations control technology means a point of order. (2) products as organisms on the level of life, and life systems through the use of the product design process can demand level of success and realize the concept of functional requirements of the specific levels and product design level. At the same time using the system icons to life the abstract expression of the functional requirements of products, product features a system structure. (3) the mechanical design system in the application of science into two basic questions: First, to design products as a system to process, to determine the best of its components (modules) and their mutual relations and the other is the product design Process as a system, according to the design objectives, correct and reasonable to determine the design of all aspects of the work and the various design stage. As each designer to study issues and to consider the perspective of the different emphases, to design a programme of specific research methods also differ. Here are some representative of the systematic design design elements of With five design elements (functions, effects, effects of vector, shape and surface elements parameters) described "product solution" that a product design elements of the five identified, all the characteristics of products and value characteristics already identified. Chinese scholars have also adopted similar design methods described product of the original understanding. graphical modeling law Development of the design analysis and guidance systems "KALEIT, with a clear level of the graphic description of the product structure and functions related to the abstract information, and the system structure and function of the graphical modeling, and the function of the connection between. Will be assisted design divided into two methods and information exchange, the use of Nijssen information analysis methods can be used graphic symbols, with a variety of semantic model structure, the integration can be described conditions can be divided into binding type, can relations between any combination of features , Will design solutions and information technology integration, the design process to achieve a different level of abstraction of information between the graphical modeling. The literature [11] semantic network design as a design tool in the development of the semantic network design ASK, using nodes and a network of lines describing the design, components of the node that the unit design tasks, functions, components or processing Equipment, etc.), and lines used to adjust the definition node between different semantic relations, which in the design process for all the activities and results of pre-built model, the early design requirements to the definition of a specific structure can be described by the relationship between The definition of the expression, and a computer-aided design process from abstract to concrete leap. "idea" - "design" law Will be divided into product design "concept" and "design" in two stages. "Idea" phase of the mission is to seek, select and design portfolio to meet the requirements of the original understanding of tasks. "Design" stage of work is the concrete realization of the original understanding of the conceptual stage. The programme will be "ideas" for the specific description: According to a suitable functional structure, designed to meet the requirements of the mandate of the original understanding. Functional structure of the sub-function by "structural elements" to achieve, and "structural elements" of the physical connection between the definition of "functional carrier", "functional carrier" and "structural elements" and formation of the interaction between the functional diagram ( Mechanical movement diagram). Programme of "design" is based on functional diagram, the first qualitative description of all the "functional carrier" and "structural elements", then all the quantitative description of "structural elements" and connecting pieces ( "functional vector") the shape and location have The structure of. Roper, H. use of graph theory theory, the help from his definition of "total design unit (GE)", "structure elements (KE)", "functional structure elements (FKE)", "connecting structure elements (VKE)", "Structural parts (KT)", "structural elements parts (KET)" concept, and describes elements of size, location and transmission parameters of the relationship between the number of thumbs, the design intuitive design experts design "stage. From the design methodology of the point of view, the design task will be clear after the design work is divided into three steps: 1) access to functions and functional structure (referred to as "functional"), 2) find effects (referred to as the "effect"); ) To find structure (referred to as "the configuration of the Rules"). And use the following four strategies described machinery idea stage of the process: Strategy 1: were considered "functional" and "effect" and "configuration rules." Therefore, we can work in various steps to create variations in the respective programmes, resulting in the original understanding of the broad spectrum. Strategy 2: "effect" and "configuration rules" (including the designer to create the rules) association, to consider a separate function (usually associated with the design task). At this point, to identify the typical configuration rules and their effects need to have a wealth of experience, the programme spectrum far less than a strategy of the programme spectrum. Strategy 3: "functional" and "effect", "configuration rules" are closely related. Applicable to the function, and the configuration of the rules of no choice, with special requirements of the areas, such as ultra-small machinery, large machinery, high-value function parts, and those with special requirements of the functional components, and so on. Strategy 4: In view of the structural design requirements of the solution. The strategy starting from the existing parts, through different parts of the order and connection, was expected to function. Matrix Design In the programme design process used in "requirement - to" logic tree ( "or" tree) described requirements, the relationship between the function, to satisfy the requirements of functional design solution set, a different design. According to "request - to" logic tree establishment of a "request - to" association matrix, meet the requirements necessary to describe the complex relationship between function, expressed functional requirements and the relationship between the will matrix as a mechanical system design basis, the mechanical system design space as a functional decomposition of space, only that each sub-space design of a module, in the abstract phase of the high-level, with each module design movement conversion matrix And a vector for the operation of restraint that in the abstract phase of the low-rise, each module design parameters were expressed as a matrix and the equation of motion. bond graph Law Will form a system components into the function to generate energy, energy consumption, changing energy forms, such as various types of energy transmission and use of bond graph of the function of the components that will be based on the functions of the model and bonding with plans to achieve functional The automatic generation of structural and functional structure and bonding between the automatic conversion plans to seek bond graph generated by a number of design methods. 2, modular design structure From the perspective of planning products: the definition of its mandate to design features of the product structure is based on the use of existing products (such as GM parts components, etc.) described the design task, that is, when the mandate of decomposition on each task to consider whether there is the corresponding Solutions products, so that in the planning stages of product design tasks to eliminate the contradictions that might exist in the early forecast production capacity, costs and the development of the process of designing the plan adjustable, which can improve the design efficiency and design of reliability, At the same time also reduce the cost of new products. Feldmann will describe the function of the design task is divided into four levels of product structure, (1) products → (2) functional components → (3) main function components → (4) functional components. And the use of application-oriented features of the directory structure, a more specific functional components of the qualitative and quantitative description. At the same time developed for early in the product development and design tools used by early STRAT. Machinery specialized for most of that function can be used existing product solutions and new solutions with only a small number of special features, therefore, for the use of mechanical design features of the product structure, machinery specialized for the evaluation of the design, manufacture risk is very beneficial. Functional Analysis of the products promoted on the basis of the product is broken down into a function of one or more of the basic modular structure, through the selection and combination of these modular structure formed into various products. These basic structure can be parts, components, or even a system. The ideal modular structure should be standardized interface (connectivity and with the Department of), and is serialized, universal, integrated, hierarchical, flexible, economic, with interchangeable, compatibility and relevance of the . China's combination of software component technology and CAD technology, design and composition of deformation design combined, according to grade modular theory, machine processing center will be divided into Youdadaoxiao product level, component level, component-level and component level, and use CAD technology and expertise to their portfolio into different species, different specifications of the functional module, the module from the combination of these functions into different processing center overall programme. To select a design for the directory structure of the variation machinery tools, the design of the proposed elements for a complete, structured format, a solution set design directory. And Set Design listed in the directory comment on each of the additional information, very beneficial to design engineers choice of the elements. According to the connectivity features of mechanical parts and components, will be summarized into four types: 1) The components of direct targeting, and self-adjustment of parts, 2) a common structure of the assembly, 3) have nested structure and inlay Shell-like components of the connection, 4) a modular architecture and modular components of the connection. And a quasi-symbols that the typical components and rules of the connection between the components, to achieve this connection between the components of the algorithm and the concept of visualization. In the mechanical system design, "features a" module on the functions of decomposition, and provides the best functional decomposition "tablets" of the extent of the functional and institutional forms of one-to-one. "Structure to establish" as a function of the module is the choice of targets in order to achieve mapping , based on knowledge of product design features Knowledge-based product design features of the main features are: to use the computer to identify the language describing the characteristics of the product design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to establish the appropriate knowledge base and reasoning machine, and then use the storage areas have been established by the knowledge and reasoning Mechanisms to achieve computer-aided design products. The mechanical system design is based on products with the characteristics, and design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to push volume and decision-making, the completion of several comprehensive. To achieve this stage of the computer-aided design, we must study the automatic acquisition of knowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use. To this end, the scholars at home and abroad designed for mechanical systems design knowledge of automated processing done a lot of research work, the method used can be summarized in the following few. coding method According to "campaign conversion" feature (the function million) institutions will be classified, described and use the code function yuan and institutional categories, which established a "body system design expert system" Knowledge Base. On this basis, will be the dual logic and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of combining theory, the establishment of the "expert systems" reasoning mechanism, and for the four-position for the design of the machine. Use of biological evolution theory, through natural selection and sexual reproduction to the principle of evolution of organisms to the body design, use of network theory methods to express the structure for topology, and then through the coding technology, the structure and institutions Performance of individual chromosomes into the binary string, and in accordance with design requirements of fitness, the use of biological evolution theory of reproduction control mechanism, through the selection, crossover, such as a sudden variation means to eliminate low value of the individual are not suited to the fast evolution Be the best adaptation of the individual, that is, most with the design requirements of the agency programme. knowledge of the law mixed The complex mechanical systems design, mixed use of the knowledge expression describes the design of various types of knowledge is particularly suited to this point has been the design of many scholars of the consensus. In the development of complex product design intelligent decision support system DMDSS, will be the rules, framework, processes and neural networks, and other knowledge that organic combination of methods to adapt to different types of knowledge in the design of the description. Knowledge will be a single expression of a variety of methods (rules, framework and process), according to object-oriented programming principles, the framework of the groove with that object's properties, with rules that target the dynamic characteristics, with the knowledge that the treatment process, group Into a hybrid form of knowledge, and successfully developed the "object-oriented NC gantry milling machine gearbox design intelligent system GBCDIS" and "transmission structure design expert system GBSDES". use of the knowledge-based development tool Coupling in the CAD system, the use of the knowledge-based development tools NEXPERT-OBJECT, through the use of object-oriented approach, to create an object-oriented database design method for coupling the designer to design and structural design Provided extensive and reliable method of the design spectrum. NEXPERT describe the use of linear guide the design of the need to design based on knowledge of the content, which seek to knowledge-based solutions, and developed a linear guide design expert system. Design Law Directory Construction of the "modules", "functional element solution" and "institutions" three progressive design directory, and this directory of three progressive design principles of the programme as a mechanical transmission system intelligent design and development of the knowledge base of design Aids. Based on the example of the way In the development of expert systems design knowledge base, using the basic predicate described design requirements, design conditions and the selected programme, described by frame "Project" and various "concept entity," through case-based reasoning of the technologies used to produce candidate With the horsepower to product design requirements. 4, Intelligent Design Intelligent Design is the main characteristics: According to the theories of design, through the use of 3D graphics software, intelligent design software and virtual reality technology, and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product development design, the concept of products, description of the product结构.

摘要- Cobots是一类机器人的使用不断 无级变速发展高保真可编程 约束的表面。 Cobots消耗很少的电力 即使在提供高输出部队,其传输效率高众多的 传动比。 Cobotic变速箱也有能力 采取行动作为一个制动器或将成为完全免费。设计 和性能Cobotic手控制器,最近 发达国家六自由度触觉显示器,是审查。 这个装置表明,高动态范围和低功耗 消费实现的cobots 。彻底的比较 电源效率cobotic系统与传统的 机电系统提供。 三个关键要求机器人技术用于 假肢和康复是低体重,低功耗 消费和安全性。我们建议cobotic技术作为 传输架构,可以处理这些问题。 Cobots是机器人利用非完整约束 的指导车轮的相对速度有关的 机制的联系。阿cobotic传播是一个不断 无级变速器(无级变速器)之间的积极和消极 比率,可以涉及两个平移速度,两个 旋转速度,或旋转速度为平移 速度[ 1 ] 。我们最近推出了Cobotic手 控制器(图1 ) ,六自由度动力 合作机器人,并阐述其能力作为触觉界面[ 2 , 3 ] 。通过本论文中,我们表明, 机械结构和传输中使用 Cobotic手控制器处理所有三个以上 上述要求的假肢和机器人 康复。

中国是世界上机械发展最早的国家之一。中国的机械工程技术不但历史悠久,而且成就十分辉煌,不仅对中国的物质文化和社会经济的发展起到了重要的促进作用,而且对世界技术文明的进步做出了重大贡献.传统机械方面,我国在很长一段时期内都领先于世界。到了近代由于特别是从18世纪初到19世纪40年代,由于经济社会等诸多原因,我国的机械行业发展停滞不前,在这100多年的时间里正是西方资产阶级政治革命和产业革命时期,机械科学技术飞速发展,远远超过了中国的水平。这样,中国机械的发展水平与西方的差距急剧拉大,到十九世纪中期已经落后西方一百多年。新中国建立后特别是近三十年来,我国的机械科学技术发展速度很快。向机械产品大型化,精密化、自动化和成套化的趋势发展。在有些方面已经达到或超过了世界先进水平。总的来说,就目前而言中国机械科学技术的成就是巨大的,发展速度之快,水平之高也是前所未有的。这一时期还没有结束,我国的机械科学技术还将向更高的水平发展。只要我们能够采取正确的方针、政策、用好科技发展规律并勇于创新,我国的机械工业和机械科技一定能够振兴,重新引领世界机械工业发展潮流。就小型夯实机械而言:上世纪60年代以前,我国小型夯实机械非常缺乏,很多小型场地的夯实基本上采用人工夯实。上世纪60年代初期,长沙建设机械研究所与北京建筑工程学院等单位合作,在群众性技术革新成果的基础上总结发明了具有中国特色的蛙式夯实机,1962年获国家科技发明奖。蛙式夯实机结构简单,维修、使用方便,很快成为我国60年代夯实机械的主导产品。据不完全统计蛙式夯实机累计产量达到50000多台,在我国经济建设中发挥了重要作用。70年代以后,蛙式夯实机逐渐被性能更先进的振动冲击夯和振动平板夯所替代,目前蛙式夯实机已经很少,基本被淘汰。1964年,长沙建设机械研究所开发了HB120型内燃式夯实机,开始由上海工程机械厂生产,后来主要由津市洞庭工程机械厂生产,年产量200台左右。80年代,内燃式夯实机产品质量有较大提高,曾出口东南亚和非洲地区。90年代以后,内燃式夯实机产销售量也在逐渐减少,目前只有少数小型民营企业生产。1977年,长沙建设机械研究所和柳州市建筑机械厂开发了我国第一台HZR250型和HZR70型振动平板夯,这两种产品分别于1979 年和1982年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定。随后义乌建筑机械厂、四平建筑机械厂、安阳振动器厂、津市洞庭工程机械厂等多家企业都开始生产振动平板夯。1986年长沙建设机械研究所又开发了较大的HZR450型振动平板夯。上世纪90年代以后,振动平板夯在我国有了较快的发展,产品品种、规格和生产企业增多,国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。1983年,长沙建设机械研究所和湖北振动器厂联合开发了我国第一台HZR70型振动冲击夯,1984年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定,1985年获建设部科技进步三等奖。由于振动冲击夯具有压实效果好、生产率高、体积和重量小、轻便灵活等突出特点,深受用户欢迎,得到了迅速的推广使用,并很快发展到资江机器厂、新乡第三机床厂和津市洞庭工程机械厂等几十家企业生产。振动冲击夯虽然比振动平板夯开发晚,但发展速度、产销量和使用广泛性比振动平板夯大得多,目前已成为我国夯实机械中产销量最大的主导产品。上世纪90年代以后,国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。振动冲击夯和振动平板夯在我国的成功开发,不仅为我国建设施工部门提供了性能先进的夯实机械,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益,而且使我国夯实机械技术向前跨进了一大步,缩短了与世界先进水平的差距,促进了我国压实机械的发展。就机械加工而言:热加工 铸造 据考古发现,在北京平谷、昌平、房山等处曾出土了公元前16世纪(商代)的青铜礼器。 明永乐年间(1403~1424年),北京制造出享誉世界的明永乐大铜钟(吨)和钟楼大铜钟(63吨)及铁钟(25吨),采用分炉熔化、地坑造型和陶范法铸造。 20世纪50年代以前,北京在铸造上采用粘土砂手工造型。1955年,北京第一机床厂开始采用漏模造型、双面模型型板及铁型板和标准砂箱造型。1965年,开始采用塑料模型。 1980 年,北京市机电研究院与北京玛钢厂研制成功工频无芯塞杆底注式保温浇注电炉。1982年,该院与北京机床铸造二厂研究成功冲天炉风口吹氧技术。 1985~1988年,北京机床研究所试验成功浮动端面密封环的压力铸造工艺。 锻压 1959年,北京第二通用机械厂(后改名北京重型机器厂)建成2500吨水压机。1971年,该厂制造出6000吨水压机,这是当时北京最大的锻压设备。 1968~1979年,北京起重机器厂先后采用300吨油压机和2000吨油压机制造出起重机吊臂和大型覆盖件。 80年代,北京市机电研究院和北京市模具中心研制出一系列高精度多工位冲裁模具,接近或达到进口模具水平,改变了北京精密冲裁模具依赖进口的局面。 热处理 1949年前,北京已采用电炉、盐溶炉、热电偶等手段进行零件退火、回火、淬火、正火、调质、渗碳等热处理。 1956年,北京第一机床厂开始采用高频感应淬火。1961年,北京第二机床厂开始采用气体氮化淬火。1969年,北京量具刃具厂开始采用光亮淬火。 1978年,北京机床研究所研究完成机床导轨表面接触淬火工艺及设备、淬火质量检查技术条件的研究。1979年,铁道科学研究院和中国科学院力学研究所等合作完成大功率柴油机缸套表面的激光改性处理的研究。 1979年,北京市机电研究院研制成功千瓦级二氧化碳激光器,并于80年代初分别应用于汽缸套和邮票印刷设备的激光热处理。其中,清华大学、北京市机电研究院、北京邮票厂共同完成邮票厂七色机打孔器表面激光强化研究。 1984~1990年,北京市热处理研究所研究成功真空热处理、气体渗碳微机控制技术(与北京航空航天大学合作)、稀土软氮化、粉末冶金制品表面强化、煤油加甲醇小滴量法微机可控渗碳、固体渗硼、渗碳过程微机辅助工艺设计及跟踪控制系统等热处理新技术,并应用于生产。 焊接与切割 1949年,北京已有气焊、电弧焊及氧乙炔火焰切割等手工作业。 1963年,北京金属结构厂与一机部机械科学研究院合作开发出钨极氩弧焊,并实现了氮气等离子切割不锈钢。1964年,用直流钨极氩弧焊及焊丝合金化技术解决了核工业用倾斜式电解糟纯镍焊接。 1966年,北京金属结构厂开发出了使被焊球体旋转的埋弧自动焊。1968年,该厂开始以液化石油气代替乙炔切割。 80年代初,清华大学发明了新型MIG焊接电弧控制法,在控制电弧技术上取得突破。 80年代初,北京城建设计院等完成液化石油气移动式气压焊轨技术的研究和应用。 1990年,北京金属结构厂开始采用数控精密切割和具有光电跟踪及数控寻踪读入自动编程的大功率等离子切割技术。可见,我国机械发展在近代发展其迅速。China is the world's first national machinery development. Chinese mechanical engineering technology not only has a long history and splendid achievements in Chinese is not only the material culture and social economic development plays an important role in the world, and to promote the progress of civilization, technology has made great contribution to Chinese traditional machine. And in a long period ahead in the world. In modern times, especially from the early 18th century, due to the nineteen forties, due to the economic and social reasons, such as the China machinery industry, stagnation, in the 100 years is western bourgeois political revolution and industrial revolution, mechanical science and technology is developing rapidly, and far more than the level of China. So, China mechanical development level and the western gap widens, sharply to the 19th century middle behind western one hundred the founding of new China, especially in the past 30 years, our country's mechanical science and technology development speed. To the mechanical product large-scale, precision, automation and discusses the trend of development. In some aspects has reached or exceeded the world advanced level. Generally speaking, currently China mechanical science and technology achievement is huge, developing fast, high level of unprecedented. In this period, China has no end of mechanical science and technology will develop to a higher level. As long as we can adopt the correct policy, with good technology development and innovation, our machinery industry and mechanical technology can revitalize, leading to the development trend of mechanical small ramming machinery:In the 1960s, China mechanical very small tamp lack, many small venues ramming basically USES artificial 1960s, changsha construction machinery institute and Beijing architectural engineering institute, etc., the technical innovation achievements in mass on the basis of summing up Chinese characteristic invented the breaststroke ramming machine, 1962 exceeded national science and technology. The breaststroke ramming machine structure is simple, easy to use and maintenance in 1960s, soon became the dominant products to consolidate machinery. According to not complete count breaststroke tamp cumulative yield reached more than 50,000 machine, in the economic development of our country has played an important role. Since 1970's, the breaststroke ramming machine was gradually more advanced performance of vibration shock ram and vibrating plate ram, now replaced by laying machine has rarely breaststroke, basically be 1964, changsha construction machinery institute HB120 developed movable type, type of Shanghai began laying machine, engineering machine production mainly by tianjin municipal later, annual production engineering machinery dongting about 200. In the 1980s, movable type ramming machine product quality has increased greatly, have exported to southeast Asia and Africa. Since 1990s, internal-combustion type ramming machine production sales, and gradually decreased in only a few small private enterprise 1977, changsha construction machinery factory buildings and developed in liuzhou HZR250 type and the HZR70 type vibrating plate ram, these two kinds of products in 1979 and 1982 passed by the ministry of construction of the organization. Then yiwu building construction machinery factory, siping, anyang vibrators factory, tianjin municipal engineering machinery dongting and other enterprises have started producing vibrating plate ram. In 1986, changsha construction machinery research and develop a larger HZR450 type of vibrating plate ram. Since 1990s, vibrating plate ram in our country has developed very quickly, varieties of products, specifications and increase production enterprises, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese 1983, changsha construction machinery institute and the joint development of hubei vibration in the first HZR70 type vibration shock ramming, 1984, passed by the ministry of construction, organization construction technology progress in 1985 won prizes. Due to the vibration impact compaction result has good ramming, productivity, high volume and weight of small, lightweight flexible outstanding characteristics, deeply user etc, obtained a rapid promotion, and soon ZiJiang development to the factory, xinxiang municipal engineering machine tool plant and tianjin dozens of dongting production factory etc. Vibration shock ramming although than vibrating plate ram, but later development speed of development, production and use of extensive than vibrating plate ram, has become the largest in China in the ramming machinery products. Since 1990s, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese shock ramming and vibrating plate ram the successful development in our country, not only for our construction department provides advanced performance of mechanical, laying have achieved good economic benefit and social benefit, and make our ramming mechanical technology into a big step forward, shorten the gap with the advanced world level, promoting the development of compaction mechanical processing:According to the archaeological discovery, hot-working casting in Beijing pinggu, changping and so have proved that the 16th century BC shang dynasty (bronze objects. Ming yongle (1403-1424 years), Beijing produce world-renowned Ming yongle great 3-ton bell made ( tons) and tower (63 tons of great 3-ton bell made of iron clock (25) and the furnace of melting, pit TaoFan model and method of casting. In the 1950s, Beijing based on clay sand castings in manual. In 1955, Beijing first machine tool plant began using leakage mould modelling, double-sided model and iron plate type plate and standard sand box modelling. In 1965, start using plastic model. In 1980, the institute and Beijing municipal electrical factory has successfully developed line frequency coreless bathroom plug stem bottom note type electric insulation casting. In 1982, hospital and Beijing the casting machine research cupola tuyere oxygen blowing technology. 1985-1988, Beijing institute of machine of floating end face seal ring by die successful test pressure casting 1959, Beijing second metalforming machinery general factory changed (Beijing) built 2500 ton heavy-duty hydraulic press. In 1971, the factory produced 6,000 tons, which is then Beijing hydrtesting biggest metalforming equipment. 1968-1979, Beijing hoisting machine factory has 300 tons of using hydraulic press 2000 tons and create crane and large panel. In the 1980s, Beijing institute of electrical and developed a series of Beijing mould centre high-precision cutting die, the multistage close to or to import mould level, changed Beijing precision punching moulds dependence on 1949, Beijing has heat treatment furnace, salt dissolved by thermocouples means furnace, quenching and tempering, parts of annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, carburizing and etc. In 1956, Beijing first began using high-frequency quenching machine tool plant. In 1961, the Beijing second machine tool plant began using gas nitriding quenching. In 1969, the following enterprise by Beijing gage start light quenching. In 1978, the complete machine tool research institute of Beijing guide surface contact quenching process and equipment, quenching condition of quality inspection. In 1979, scientific research institute of China academy of railway and mechanical institute of high-power diesel engine cylinder collaboration of surface modification of laser. In 1979, Beijing institute of electrical carbon dioxide laser is developed, and the kilowatt in early 1980s respectively applied in cylinder and stamp printing equipments of laser treatment. Among them, tsinghua university, Beijing, Beijing institute of electrical YouPiaoChang jointly completed YouPiaoChang seven color machine DaKongQi laser surface strengthening research. From 1984 to 1990, Beijing institute of vacuum heat treatment research, gas carburizing microcomputer control technology (Beijing university of aeronautics &astronautics and cooperation), rare earth soft nitriding, powder metallurgy products surface strengthening, kerosene and methanol small drops of microcomputer control method of carburizing, solid boriding and carburizing process computer aided process planning and tracking control system, and the application of new technology heat in production. Welding and cutting in 1949, Beijing has geo-drilling, electric welding and cutting etc oxyacetylene flame manual operation. In 1963, Beijing metal structure and YiJiBu mechanical science research cooperation to develop tungsten argon arc welding, and realize the nitrogen plasma cutting stainless steel. In 1964, the use of dc argon arc welding and tungsten wire alloying technology solved by tilting electrolysis industry worse pure nickel welding. In 1966, Beijing metal structure factory developed by rotating sphere of the submerged arc welding automatic welding. In 1968, the plant began to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) instead of acetylene cutting. In the early 1980s, tsinghua university invented new MIG welding arc arc technology in control, control a breakthrough. In the early 1980s, the Beijing urban construction design completed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mobile pneumatic rail welding technology research and application. In 1990, Beijing metal structure factory to adopt CNC precision cutting and with photo-electricity tracking and CNC pursuit of high input automatic programming technology plasma , China mechanical development in modern development of its rapid.

机械专业论文英语文献

详细研究了高温氧化行为的粉加工Ni3Al (燃烧合成( CS )的,被动压(反相) , 和反应挤出(重新) )在空气中在两个不同的温度( 1000年和1200年◦ C )作为400 H获得开展。日增重单位面积( mg/cm2 )由于氧化氮规模形成在某一接触时间t ( h )和温度进行了讨论。热力学和动力学使用解释氧化机理。结果表明, Ni3Al合金加工用稀土显示优于高温氧化阻力相比,无论反相或CS - Ni3Al在1000年和1200年◦角氧化规模所造成的高温氧化的Ni3Al 包括内部层的Al2O3 (主要阶段的情况下可再生能源和RP ) ,中间层的NiAl2O4和外部规模,氧化镍(主要相对于铯Ni3Al在1000年和1200年◦ C )来完成。双方XRD和SEM / EDS公司分析被用来确定氧化氮阶段后,目前高温氧化暴露于1200年◦ C的铯Ni3Al和重新Ni3Al在空气中后, 400小时

中国是世界上机械发展最早的国家之一。中国的机械工程技术不但历史悠久,而且成就十分辉煌,不仅对中国的物质文化和社会经济的发展起到了重要的促进作用,而且对世界技术文明的进步做出了重大贡献.传统机械方面,我国在很长一段时期内都领先于世界。到了近代由于特别是从18世纪初到19世纪40年代,由于经济社会等诸多原因,我国的机械行业发展停滞不前,在这100多年的时间里正是西方资产阶级政治革命和产业革命时期,机械科学技术飞速发展,远远超过了中国的水平。这样,中国机械的发展水平与西方的差距急剧拉大,到十九世纪中期已经落后西方一百多年。新中国建立后特别是近三十年来,我国的机械科学技术发展速度很快。向机械产品大型化,精密化、自动化和成套化的趋势发展。在有些方面已经达到或超过了世界先进水平。总的来说,就目前而言中国机械科学技术的成就是巨大的,发展速度之快,水平之高也是前所未有的。这一时期还没有结束,我国的机械科学技术还将向更高的水平发展。只要我们能够采取正确的方针、政策、用好科技发展规律并勇于创新,我国的机械工业和机械科技一定能够振兴,重新引领世界机械工业发展潮流。就小型夯实机械而言:上世纪60年代以前,我国小型夯实机械非常缺乏,很多小型场地的夯实基本上采用人工夯实。上世纪60年代初期,长沙建设机械研究所与北京建筑工程学院等单位合作,在群众性技术革新成果的基础上总结发明了具有中国特色的蛙式夯实机,1962年获国家科技发明奖。蛙式夯实机结构简单,维修、使用方便,很快成为我国60年代夯实机械的主导产品。据不完全统计蛙式夯实机累计产量达到50000多台,在我国经济建设中发挥了重要作用。70年代以后,蛙式夯实机逐渐被性能更先进的振动冲击夯和振动平板夯所替代,目前蛙式夯实机已经很少,基本被淘汰。1964年,长沙建设机械研究所开发了HB120型内燃式夯实机,开始由上海工程机械厂生产,后来主要由津市洞庭工程机械厂生产,年产量200台左右。80年代,内燃式夯实机产品质量有较大提高,曾出口东南亚和非洲地区。90年代以后,内燃式夯实机产销售量也在逐渐减少,目前只有少数小型民营企业生产。1977年,长沙建设机械研究所和柳州市建筑机械厂开发了我国第一台HZR250型和HZR70型振动平板夯,这两种产品分别于1979 年和1982年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定。随后义乌建筑机械厂、四平建筑机械厂、安阳振动器厂、津市洞庭工程机械厂等多家企业都开始生产振动平板夯。1986年长沙建设机械研究所又开发了较大的HZR450型振动平板夯。上世纪90年代以后,振动平板夯在我国有了较快的发展,产品品种、规格和生产企业增多,国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。1983年,长沙建设机械研究所和湖北振动器厂联合开发了我国第一台HZR70型振动冲击夯,1984年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定,1985年获建设部科技进步三等奖。由于振动冲击夯具有压实效果好、生产率高、体积和重量小、轻便灵活等突出特点,深受用户欢迎,得到了迅速的推广使用,并很快发展到资江机器厂、新乡第三机床厂和津市洞庭工程机械厂等几十家企业生产。振动冲击夯虽然比振动平板夯开发晚,但发展速度、产销量和使用广泛性比振动平板夯大得多,目前已成为我国夯实机械中产销量最大的主导产品。上世纪90年代以后,国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。振动冲击夯和振动平板夯在我国的成功开发,不仅为我国建设施工部门提供了性能先进的夯实机械,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益,而且使我国夯实机械技术向前跨进了一大步,缩短了与世界先进水平的差距,促进了我国压实机械的发展。就机械加工而言:热加工 铸造 据考古发现,在北京平谷、昌平、房山等处曾出土了公元前16世纪(商代)的青铜礼器。 明永乐年间(1403~1424年),北京制造出享誉世界的明永乐大铜钟(吨)和钟楼大铜钟(63吨)及铁钟(25吨),采用分炉熔化、地坑造型和陶范法铸造。 20世纪50年代以前,北京在铸造上采用粘土砂手工造型。1955年,北京第一机床厂开始采用漏模造型、双面模型型板及铁型板和标准砂箱造型。1965年,开始采用塑料模型。 1980 年,北京市机电研究院与北京玛钢厂研制成功工频无芯塞杆底注式保温浇注电炉。1982年,该院与北京机床铸造二厂研究成功冲天炉风口吹氧技术。 1985~1988年,北京机床研究所试验成功浮动端面密封环的压力铸造工艺。 锻压 1959年,北京第二通用机械厂(后改名北京重型机器厂)建成2500吨水压机。1971年,该厂制造出6000吨水压机,这是当时北京最大的锻压设备。 1968~1979年,北京起重机器厂先后采用300吨油压机和2000吨油压机制造出起重机吊臂和大型覆盖件。 80年代,北京市机电研究院和北京市模具中心研制出一系列高精度多工位冲裁模具,接近或达到进口模具水平,改变了北京精密冲裁模具依赖进口的局面。 热处理 1949年前,北京已采用电炉、盐溶炉、热电偶等手段进行零件退火、回火、淬火、正火、调质、渗碳等热处理。 1956年,北京第一机床厂开始采用高频感应淬火。1961年,北京第二机床厂开始采用气体氮化淬火。1969年,北京量具刃具厂开始采用光亮淬火。 1978年,北京机床研究所研究完成机床导轨表面接触淬火工艺及设备、淬火质量检查技术条件的研究。1979年,铁道科学研究院和中国科学院力学研究所等合作完成大功率柴油机缸套表面的激光改性处理的研究。 1979年,北京市机电研究院研制成功千瓦级二氧化碳激光器,并于80年代初分别应用于汽缸套和邮票印刷设备的激光热处理。其中,清华大学、北京市机电研究院、北京邮票厂共同完成邮票厂七色机打孔器表面激光强化研究。 1984~1990年,北京市热处理研究所研究成功真空热处理、气体渗碳微机控制技术(与北京航空航天大学合作)、稀土软氮化、粉末冶金制品表面强化、煤油加甲醇小滴量法微机可控渗碳、固体渗硼、渗碳过程微机辅助工艺设计及跟踪控制系统等热处理新技术,并应用于生产。 焊接与切割 1949年,北京已有气焊、电弧焊及氧乙炔火焰切割等手工作业。 1963年,北京金属结构厂与一机部机械科学研究院合作开发出钨极氩弧焊,并实现了氮气等离子切割不锈钢。1964年,用直流钨极氩弧焊及焊丝合金化技术解决了核工业用倾斜式电解糟纯镍焊接。 1966年,北京金属结构厂开发出了使被焊球体旋转的埋弧自动焊。1968年,该厂开始以液化石油气代替乙炔切割。 80年代初,清华大学发明了新型MIG焊接电弧控制法,在控制电弧技术上取得突破。 80年代初,北京城建设计院等完成液化石油气移动式气压焊轨技术的研究和应用。 1990年,北京金属结构厂开始采用数控精密切割和具有光电跟踪及数控寻踪读入自动编程的大功率等离子切割技术。可见,我国机械发展在近代发展其迅速。China is the world's first national machinery development. Chinese mechanical engineering technology not only has a long history and splendid achievements in Chinese is not only the material culture and social economic development plays an important role in the world, and to promote the progress of civilization, technology has made great contribution to Chinese traditional machine. And in a long period ahead in the world. In modern times, especially from the early 18th century, due to the nineteen forties, due to the economic and social reasons, such as the China machinery industry, stagnation, in the 100 years is western bourgeois political revolution and industrial revolution, mechanical science and technology is developing rapidly, and far more than the level of China. So, China mechanical development level and the western gap widens, sharply to the 19th century middle behind western one hundred the founding of new China, especially in the past 30 years, our country's mechanical science and technology development speed. To the mechanical product large-scale, precision, automation and discusses the trend of development. In some aspects has reached or exceeded the world advanced level. Generally speaking, currently China mechanical science and technology achievement is huge, developing fast, high level of unprecedented. In this period, China has no end of mechanical science and technology will develop to a higher level. As long as we can adopt the correct policy, with good technology development and innovation, our machinery industry and mechanical technology can revitalize, leading to the development trend of mechanical small ramming machinery:In the 1960s, China mechanical very small tamp lack, many small venues ramming basically USES artificial 1960s, changsha construction machinery institute and Beijing architectural engineering institute, etc., the technical innovation achievements in mass on the basis of summing up Chinese characteristic invented the breaststroke ramming machine, 1962 exceeded national science and technology. The breaststroke ramming machine structure is simple, easy to use and maintenance in 1960s, soon became the dominant products to consolidate machinery. According to not complete count breaststroke tamp cumulative yield reached more than 50,000 machine, in the economic development of our country has played an important role. Since 1970's, the breaststroke ramming machine was gradually more advanced performance of vibration shock ram and vibrating plate ram, now replaced by laying machine has rarely breaststroke, basically be 1964, changsha construction machinery institute HB120 developed movable type, type of Shanghai began laying machine, engineering machine production mainly by tianjin municipal later, annual production engineering machinery dongting about 200. In the 1980s, movable type ramming machine product quality has increased greatly, have exported to southeast Asia and Africa. Since 1990s, internal-combustion type ramming machine production sales, and gradually decreased in only a few small private enterprise 1977, changsha construction machinery factory buildings and developed in liuzhou HZR250 type and the HZR70 type vibrating plate ram, these two kinds of products in 1979 and 1982 passed by the ministry of construction of the organization. Then yiwu building construction machinery factory, siping, anyang vibrators factory, tianjin municipal engineering machinery dongting and other enterprises have started producing vibrating plate ram. In 1986, changsha construction machinery research and develop a larger HZR450 type of vibrating plate ram. Since 1990s, vibrating plate ram in our country has developed very quickly, varieties of products, specifications and increase production enterprises, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese 1983, changsha construction machinery institute and the joint development of hubei vibration in the first HZR70 type vibration shock ramming, 1984, passed by the ministry of construction, organization construction technology progress in 1985 won prizes. Due to the vibration impact compaction result has good ramming, productivity, high volume and weight of small, lightweight flexible outstanding characteristics, deeply user etc, obtained a rapid promotion, and soon ZiJiang development to the factory, xinxiang municipal engineering machine tool plant and tianjin dozens of dongting production factory etc. Vibration shock ramming although than vibrating plate ram, but later development speed of development, production and use of extensive than vibrating plate ram, has become the largest in China in the ramming machinery products. Since 1990s, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese shock ramming and vibrating plate ram the successful development in our country, not only for our construction department provides advanced performance of mechanical, laying have achieved good economic benefit and social benefit, and make our ramming mechanical technology into a big step forward, shorten the gap with the advanced world level, promoting the development of compaction mechanical processing:According to the archaeological discovery, hot-working casting in Beijing pinggu, changping and so have proved that the 16th century BC shang dynasty (bronze objects. Ming yongle (1403-1424 years), Beijing produce world-renowned Ming yongle great 3-ton bell made ( tons) and tower (63 tons of great 3-ton bell made of iron clock (25) and the furnace of melting, pit TaoFan model and method of casting. In the 1950s, Beijing based on clay sand castings in manual. In 1955, Beijing first machine tool plant began using leakage mould modelling, double-sided model and iron plate type plate and standard sand box modelling. In 1965, start using plastic model. In 1980, the institute and Beijing municipal electrical factory has successfully developed line frequency coreless bathroom plug stem bottom note type electric insulation casting. In 1982, hospital and Beijing the casting machine research cupola tuyere oxygen blowing technology. 1985-1988, Beijing institute of machine of floating end face seal ring by die successful test pressure casting 1959, Beijing second metalforming machinery general factory changed (Beijing) built 2500 ton heavy-duty hydraulic press. In 1971, the factory produced 6,000 tons, which is then Beijing hydrtesting biggest metalforming equipment. 1968-1979, Beijing hoisting machine factory has 300 tons of using hydraulic press 2000 tons and create crane and large panel. In the 1980s, Beijing institute of electrical and developed a series of Beijing mould centre high-precision cutting die, the multistage close to or to import mould level, changed Beijing precision punching moulds dependence on 1949, Beijing has heat treatment furnace, salt dissolved by thermocouples means furnace, quenching and tempering, parts of annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, carburizing and etc. In 1956, Beijing first began using high-frequency quenching machine tool plant. In 1961, the Beijing second machine tool plant began using gas nitriding quenching. In 1969, the following enterprise by Beijing gage start light quenching. In 1978, the complete machine tool research institute of Beijing guide surface contact quenching process and equipment, quenching condition of quality inspection. In 1979, scientific research institute of China academy of railway and mechanical institute of high-power diesel engine cylinder collaboration of surface modification of laser. In 1979, Beijing institute of electrical carbon dioxide laser is developed, and the kilowatt in early 1980s respectively applied in cylinder and stamp printing equipments of laser treatment. Among them, tsinghua university, Beijing, Beijing institute of electrical YouPiaoChang jointly completed YouPiaoChang seven color machine DaKongQi laser surface strengthening research. From 1984 to 1990, Beijing institute of vacuum heat treatment research, gas carburizing microcomputer control technology (Beijing university of aeronautics &astronautics and cooperation), rare earth soft nitriding, powder metallurgy products surface strengthening, kerosene and methanol small drops of microcomputer control method of carburizing, solid boriding and carburizing process computer aided process planning and tracking control system, and the application of new technology heat in production. Welding and cutting in 1949, Beijing has geo-drilling, electric welding and cutting etc oxyacetylene flame manual operation. In 1963, Beijing metal structure and YiJiBu mechanical science research cooperation to develop tungsten argon arc welding, and realize the nitrogen plasma cutting stainless steel. In 1964, the use of dc argon arc welding and tungsten wire alloying technology solved by tilting electrolysis industry worse pure nickel welding. In 1966, Beijing metal structure factory developed by rotating sphere of the submerged arc welding automatic welding. In 1968, the plant began to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) instead of acetylene cutting. In the early 1980s, tsinghua university invented new MIG welding arc arc technology in control, control a breakthrough. In the early 1980s, the Beijing urban construction design completed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mobile pneumatic rail welding technology research and application. In 1990, Beijing metal structure factory to adopt CNC precision cutting and with photo-electricity tracking and CNC pursuit of high input automatic programming technology plasma , China mechanical development in modern development of its rapid.

IntroductionMachining aims to generate the shape of work-piece form a solid body,or to improve the tolerances and surface finish of a previously formed work-piece,by removing excess materials in the form of chips. Machining is capable of creating geometric configurations,tolerances, and surface finishes often unobtainable by any other , machining removes materials, which has already been paid for, in the form of relatively small particles that are more difficult to recycle and are in greater danger of becoming mixed. Therefore,developments often aim at reducing or-if at all possible-eliminating machining, especially in mass these reasons, machining has lost some important markets, yet, at the same time, it has also been developing and especially having captured new markets with the application of numerical feel for the important of machining may be gained from the observation that in 1983 there were about 2 million metal-cutting machine tools in the unite states ( of which some 5% were numerically controlled ) and that labor and overhead costs amounted to $125 billion, or 3% of the GNP.

机械专业英语论文2000字

中国是世界上机械发展最早的国家之一。中国的机械工程技术不但历史悠久,而且成就十分辉煌,不仅对中国的物质文化和社会经济的发展起到了重要的促进作用,而且对世界技术文明的进步做出了重大贡献.传统机械方面,我国在很长一段时期内都领先于世界。到了近代由于特别是从18世纪初到19世纪40年代,由于经济社会等诸多原因,我国的机械行业发展停滞不前,在这100多年的时间里正是西方资产阶级政治革命和产业革命时期,机械科学技术飞速发展,远远超过了中国的水平。这样,中国机械的发展水平与西方的差距急剧拉大,到十九世纪中期已经落后西方一百多年。新中国建立后特别是近三十年来,我国的机械科学技术发展速度很快。向机械产品大型化,精密化、自动化和成套化的趋势发展。在有些方面已经达到或超过了世界先进水平。总的来说,就目前而言中国机械科学技术的成就是巨大的,发展速度之快,水平之高也是前所未有的。这一时期还没有结束,我国的机械科学技术还将向更高的水平发展。只要我们能够采取正确的方针、政策、用好科技发展规律并勇于创新,我国的机械工业和机械科技一定能够振兴,重新引领世界机械工业发展潮流。就小型夯实机械而言:上世纪60年代以前,我国小型夯实机械非常缺乏,很多小型场地的夯实基本上采用人工夯实。上世纪60年代初期,长沙建设机械研究所与北京建筑工程学院等单位合作,在群众性技术革新成果的基础上总结发明了具有中国特色的蛙式夯实机,1962年获国家科技发明奖。蛙式夯实机结构简单,维修、使用方便,很快成为我国60年代夯实机械的主导产品。据不完全统计蛙式夯实机累计产量达到50000多台,在我国经济建设中发挥了重要作用。70年代以后,蛙式夯实机逐渐被性能更先进的振动冲击夯和振动平板夯所替代,目前蛙式夯实机已经很少,基本被淘汰。1964年,长沙建设机械研究所开发了HB120型内燃式夯实机,开始由上海工程机械厂生产,后来主要由津市洞庭工程机械厂生产,年产量200台左右。80年代,内燃式夯实机产品质量有较大提高,曾出口东南亚和非洲地区。90年代以后,内燃式夯实机产销售量也在逐渐减少,目前只有少数小型民营企业生产。1977年,长沙建设机械研究所和柳州市建筑机械厂开发了我国第一台HZR250型和HZR70型振动平板夯,这两种产品分别于1979 年和1982年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定。随后义乌建筑机械厂、四平建筑机械厂、安阳振动器厂、津市洞庭工程机械厂等多家企业都开始生产振动平板夯。1986年长沙建设机械研究所又开发了较大的HZR450型振动平板夯。上世纪90年代以后,振动平板夯在我国有了较快的发展,产品品种、规格和生产企业增多,国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。1983年,长沙建设机械研究所和湖北振动器厂联合开发了我国第一台HZR70型振动冲击夯,1984年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定,1985年获建设部科技进步三等奖。由于振动冲击夯具有压实效果好、生产率高、体积和重量小、轻便灵活等突出特点,深受用户欢迎,得到了迅速的推广使用,并很快发展到资江机器厂、新乡第三机床厂和津市洞庭工程机械厂等几十家企业生产。振动冲击夯虽然比振动平板夯开发晚,但发展速度、产销量和使用广泛性比振动平板夯大得多,目前已成为我国夯实机械中产销量最大的主导产品。上世纪90年代以后,国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。振动冲击夯和振动平板夯在我国的成功开发,不仅为我国建设施工部门提供了性能先进的夯实机械,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益,而且使我国夯实机械技术向前跨进了一大步,缩短了与世界先进水平的差距,促进了我国压实机械的发展。就机械加工而言:热加工 铸造 据考古发现,在北京平谷、昌平、房山等处曾出土了公元前16世纪(商代)的青铜礼器。 明永乐年间(1403~1424年),北京制造出享誉世界的明永乐大铜钟(吨)和钟楼大铜钟(63吨)及铁钟(25吨),采用分炉熔化、地坑造型和陶范法铸造。 20世纪50年代以前,北京在铸造上采用粘土砂手工造型。1955年,北京第一机床厂开始采用漏模造型、双面模型型板及铁型板和标准砂箱造型。1965年,开始采用塑料模型。 1980 年,北京市机电研究院与北京玛钢厂研制成功工频无芯塞杆底注式保温浇注电炉。1982年,该院与北京机床铸造二厂研究成功冲天炉风口吹氧技术。 1985~1988年,北京机床研究所试验成功浮动端面密封环的压力铸造工艺。 锻压 1959年,北京第二通用机械厂(后改名北京重型机器厂)建成2500吨水压机。1971年,该厂制造出6000吨水压机,这是当时北京最大的锻压设备。 1968~1979年,北京起重机器厂先后采用300吨油压机和2000吨油压机制造出起重机吊臂和大型覆盖件。 80年代,北京市机电研究院和北京市模具中心研制出一系列高精度多工位冲裁模具,接近或达到进口模具水平,改变了北京精密冲裁模具依赖进口的局面。 热处理 1949年前,北京已采用电炉、盐溶炉、热电偶等手段进行零件退火、回火、淬火、正火、调质、渗碳等热处理。 1956年,北京第一机床厂开始采用高频感应淬火。1961年,北京第二机床厂开始采用气体氮化淬火。1969年,北京量具刃具厂开始采用光亮淬火。 1978年,北京机床研究所研究完成机床导轨表面接触淬火工艺及设备、淬火质量检查技术条件的研究。1979年,铁道科学研究院和中国科学院力学研究所等合作完成大功率柴油机缸套表面的激光改性处理的研究。 1979年,北京市机电研究院研制成功千瓦级二氧化碳激光器,并于80年代初分别应用于汽缸套和邮票印刷设备的激光热处理。其中,清华大学、北京市机电研究院、北京邮票厂共同完成邮票厂七色机打孔器表面激光强化研究。 1984~1990年,北京市热处理研究所研究成功真空热处理、气体渗碳微机控制技术(与北京航空航天大学合作)、稀土软氮化、粉末冶金制品表面强化、煤油加甲醇小滴量法微机可控渗碳、固体渗硼、渗碳过程微机辅助工艺设计及跟踪控制系统等热处理新技术,并应用于生产。 焊接与切割 1949年,北京已有气焊、电弧焊及氧乙炔火焰切割等手工作业。 1963年,北京金属结构厂与一机部机械科学研究院合作开发出钨极氩弧焊,并实现了氮气等离子切割不锈钢。1964年,用直流钨极氩弧焊及焊丝合金化技术解决了核工业用倾斜式电解糟纯镍焊接。 1966年,北京金属结构厂开发出了使被焊球体旋转的埋弧自动焊。1968年,该厂开始以液化石油气代替乙炔切割。 80年代初,清华大学发明了新型MIG焊接电弧控制法,在控制电弧技术上取得突破。 80年代初,北京城建设计院等完成液化石油气移动式气压焊轨技术的研究和应用。 1990年,北京金属结构厂开始采用数控精密切割和具有光电跟踪及数控寻踪读入自动编程的大功率等离子切割技术。可见,我国机械发展在近代发展其迅速。China is the world's first national machinery development. Chinese mechanical engineering technology not only has a long history and splendid achievements in Chinese is not only the material culture and social economic development plays an important role in the world, and to promote the progress of civilization, technology has made great contribution to Chinese traditional machine. And in a long period ahead in the world. In modern times, especially from the early 18th century, due to the nineteen forties, due to the economic and social reasons, such as the China machinery industry, stagnation, in the 100 years is western bourgeois political revolution and industrial revolution, mechanical science and technology is developing rapidly, and far more than the level of China. So, China mechanical development level and the western gap widens, sharply to the 19th century middle behind western one hundred the founding of new China, especially in the past 30 years, our country's mechanical science and technology development speed. To the mechanical product large-scale, precision, automation and discusses the trend of development. In some aspects has reached or exceeded the world advanced level. Generally speaking, currently China mechanical science and technology achievement is huge, developing fast, high level of unprecedented. In this period, China has no end of mechanical science and technology will develop to a higher level. As long as we can adopt the correct policy, with good technology development and innovation, our machinery industry and mechanical technology can revitalize, leading to the development trend of mechanical small ramming machinery:In the 1960s, China mechanical very small tamp lack, many small venues ramming basically USES artificial 1960s, changsha construction machinery institute and Beijing architectural engineering institute, etc., the technical innovation achievements in mass on the basis of summing up Chinese characteristic invented the breaststroke ramming machine, 1962 exceeded national science and technology. The breaststroke ramming machine structure is simple, easy to use and maintenance in 1960s, soon became the dominant products to consolidate machinery. According to not complete count breaststroke tamp cumulative yield reached more than 50,000 machine, in the economic development of our country has played an important role. Since 1970's, the breaststroke ramming machine was gradually more advanced performance of vibration shock ram and vibrating plate ram, now replaced by laying machine has rarely breaststroke, basically be 1964, changsha construction machinery institute HB120 developed movable type, type of Shanghai began laying machine, engineering machine production mainly by tianjin municipal later, annual production engineering machinery dongting about 200. In the 1980s, movable type ramming machine product quality has increased greatly, have exported to southeast Asia and Africa. Since 1990s, internal-combustion type ramming machine production sales, and gradually decreased in only a few small private enterprise 1977, changsha construction machinery factory buildings and developed in liuzhou HZR250 type and the HZR70 type vibrating plate ram, these two kinds of products in 1979 and 1982 passed by the ministry of construction of the organization. Then yiwu building construction machinery factory, siping, anyang vibrators factory, tianjin municipal engineering machinery dongting and other enterprises have started producing vibrating plate ram. In 1986, changsha construction machinery research and develop a larger HZR450 type of vibrating plate ram. Since 1990s, vibrating plate ram in our country has developed very quickly, varieties of products, specifications and increase production enterprises, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese 1983, changsha construction machinery institute and the joint development of hubei vibration in the first HZR70 type vibration shock ramming, 1984, passed by the ministry of construction, organization construction technology progress in 1985 won prizes. Due to the vibration impact compaction result has good ramming, productivity, high volume and weight of small, lightweight flexible outstanding characteristics, deeply user etc, obtained a rapid promotion, and soon ZiJiang development to the factory, xinxiang municipal engineering machine tool plant and tianjin dozens of dongting production factory etc. Vibration shock ramming although than vibrating plate ram, but later development speed of development, production and use of extensive than vibrating plate ram, has become the largest in China in the ramming machinery products. Since 1990s, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese shock ramming and vibrating plate ram the successful development in our country, not only for our construction department provides advanced performance of mechanical, laying have achieved good economic benefit and social benefit, and make our ramming mechanical technology into a big step forward, shorten the gap with the advanced world level, promoting the development of compaction mechanical processing:According to the archaeological discovery, hot-working casting in Beijing pinggu, changping and so have proved that the 16th century BC shang dynasty (bronze objects. Ming yongle (1403-1424 years), Beijing produce world-renowned Ming yongle great 3-ton bell made ( tons) and tower (63 tons of great 3-ton bell made of iron clock (25) and the furnace of melting, pit TaoFan model and method of casting. In the 1950s, Beijing based on clay sand castings in manual. In 1955, Beijing first machine tool plant began using leakage mould modelling, double-sided model and iron plate type plate and standard sand box modelling. In 1965, start using plastic model. In 1980, the institute and Beijing municipal electrical factory has successfully developed line frequency coreless bathroom plug stem bottom note type electric insulation casting. In 1982, hospital and Beijing the casting machine research cupola tuyere oxygen blowing technology. 1985-1988, Beijing institute of machine of floating end face seal ring by die successful test pressure casting 1959, Beijing second metalforming machinery general factory changed (Beijing) built 2500 ton heavy-duty hydraulic press. In 1971, the factory produced 6,000 tons, which is then Beijing hydrtesting biggest metalforming equipment. 1968-1979, Beijing hoisting machine factory has 300 tons of using hydraulic press 2000 tons and create crane and large panel. In the 1980s, Beijing institute of electrical and developed a series of Beijing mould centre high-precision cutting die, the multistage close to or to import mould level, changed Beijing precision punching moulds dependence on 1949, Beijing has heat treatment furnace, salt dissolved by thermocouples means furnace, quenching and tempering, parts of annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, carburizing and etc. In 1956, Beijing first began using high-frequency quenching machine tool plant. In 1961, the Beijing second machine tool plant began using gas nitriding quenching. In 1969, the following enterprise by Beijing gage start light quenching. In 1978, the complete machine tool research institute of Beijing guide surface contact quenching process and equipment, quenching condition of quality inspection. In 1979, scientific research institute of China academy of railway and mechanical institute of high-power diesel engine cylinder collaboration of surface modification of laser. In 1979, Beijing institute of electrical carbon dioxide laser is developed, and the kilowatt in early 1980s respectively applied in cylinder and stamp printing equipments of laser treatment. Among them, tsinghua university, Beijing, Beijing institute of electrical YouPiaoChang jointly completed YouPiaoChang seven color machine DaKongQi laser surface strengthening research. From 1984 to 1990, Beijing institute of vacuum heat treatment research, gas carburizing microcomputer control technology (Beijing university of aeronautics &astronautics and cooperation), rare earth soft nitriding, powder metallurgy products surface strengthening, kerosene and methanol small drops of microcomputer control method of carburizing, solid boriding and carburizing process computer aided process planning and tracking control system, and the application of new technology heat in production. Welding and cutting in 1949, Beijing has geo-drilling, electric welding and cutting etc oxyacetylene flame manual operation. In 1963, Beijing metal structure and YiJiBu mechanical science research cooperation to develop tungsten argon arc welding, and realize the nitrogen plasma cutting stainless steel. In 1964, the use of dc argon arc welding and tungsten wire alloying technology solved by tilting electrolysis industry worse pure nickel welding. In 1966, Beijing metal structure factory developed by rotating sphere of the submerged arc welding automatic welding. In 1968, the plant began to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) instead of acetylene cutting. In the early 1980s, tsinghua university invented new MIG welding arc arc technology in control, control a breakthrough. In the early 1980s, the Beijing urban construction design completed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mobile pneumatic rail welding technology research and application. In 1990, Beijing metal structure factory to adopt CNC precision cutting and with photo-electricity tracking and CNC pursuit of high input automatic programming technology plasma , China mechanical development in modern development of its rapid.

应付的共同的技术结构共鸣有是塑造,控制信号的前馈弹道命令的prefiltering命令输入和山谷filtering。 在这些方法,振动衰减根据被塑造的动力学。 然而,作为machine’s configuration功能,频率和阻止结构方式,以及等效惯性特征,也许随着时间的推移变化并且。 这些问题通过获取预定和鲁棒控制器设计被论及了。干扰例如非线性摩擦可以塑造和补偿与在前馈的合理的严紧,缓和象限小故障在行动逆转。 扭矩波纹,作为马达位置和扭矩命令功能和补偿在控制器,导致不精确的扭矩交付,能也被塑造。 干扰适应战略可能部分地补尝剩余的干扰,不可能通过使用模型被预言。 干扰适应也提供强壮反对推进参量变异,察觉并且取消等值在适应带宽之内干扰。

RCommon技术处理结构谐振已经命令输入成型、前馈prefiltering弹道的命令,filtering切口的控制信号。在这些方法、振动衰减是基于模拟动态。然而,频率、阻尼结构模式,以及等效惯性特性,会随着时间而改变,也可以作为一种功能的机器的configuration。这些问题被解决的增益调度和鲁棒控制器通过设计扰动的非线性摩擦模型和补偿与合理的亲密,而在饲料分析的基础上,提出了缓解象限故障的运动反转。转矩波动,造成不准确的扭矩交货,也可视为一个函数的矩电动机位置、指挥、补偿控制器。干扰策略可以弥补改编,剩下的干扰是无法预测的模型,通过使用。也提供了较强的抵抗扰动适应驱动参数变化,感知和抵消作为等效干扰在适应网络带宽。

一篇机械英语论文 是关于 高速伺服的精度跟踪控制器设计 的 希望有份合理通顺并准确的翻译 如翻译得好还有追加分数 应付的Common技术结构共鸣有是塑造,控制信号的前馈弹道命令的prefiltering命令输入和山谷filtering。 在这些方法,振动衰减根据被塑造的动力学。 然而,作为machine’s configuration功能,频率和阻止结构方式,以及等效惯性特征,也许随着时间的推移变化并且。 这些问题通过获取预定和鲁棒控制器设计被论及了。干扰例如非线性摩擦可以塑造和补偿与在前馈的合理的严紧,缓和象限小故障在行动逆转。 扭矩波纹,作为马达位置和扭矩命令功能和补偿在控制器,导致不精确的扭矩交付,能也被塑造。 干扰适应战略可能部分地补尝剩余的干扰,不可能通过使用模型被预言。 干扰适应也提供强壮反对推进参量变异,察觉并且取消等值在适应带宽之内干扰。

机械专业科技英语论文范文

随着现代化的不断向前发展,不断更新换代,不断进步的步伐,机械工程方面的发展同样也不甘落后。下面是由我整理的机械学术论文,谢谢你的阅读。 机械学术论文篇一 机械制造中的机械设计技术分析 摘 要:随着现代化的不断向前发展,不断更新换代,不断进步的步伐,机械工程方面的发展同样也不甘落后。在机械工程中,一个不可或缺的组成部分就是机械设计,可以说机械设计是非常重要的一个方面了,现代化的设计水平与各方面都有相应的联系,如产品的性能问题、质量问题的研究等,同时也关乎到了一个企业的经济效益的发展问题。随着近几年来科学技术水平的不断发展,现代技术也应用的越来越广了,在机械设计中的应用也非常常见了,并且还有新的设计技术不断涌现。 关键词:机械制造;机械设计;设计技术;分析; 中图分类号:C35文献标识码: A 引言:在机械工程领域,机械设计是非常重要和关键的环节,它直接决定了机械产品的技术水平、研发周期、经济效益以及实际性能水平。所谓的机械设计主要是指,在深刻理解、熟练掌握机械工作原理的基础上,根据设计目标和需要达成的效果来构思、计算以及分析机械的结构形式、能量传递模式、润滑方式、运动形式、零件尺寸和形状等,并将分析结果和计算数据转变成为具体描述。在以上过程中,需要综合考虑各种因素,并对其进行统筹协调。时代和科技的进步突出了现代设计技术的重要性。本文以现代设计技术为主要研究对象,分析和探讨了在机械设计中应用现代设计技术的相关情况。 一、 基于IT技术的设计技术 1、 仿真与虚拟设计技术 计算机的不断发展,出现的大量的设计软件,如:PROE、CAD、ANSYS、SOLIDWORKS等。这些仿真画图软件形成了更为强大的人机交互系统。所谓仿真便是以计算机为工具,通过软件模拟出与实际想适应的系统模型,通过改变控制条件研究模型运行结果的计算机与机械相结合的技术。当然,工具不是无所不能的,而是为人所用的,软件只是辅助设计师进行设计工作,没有设计师的工作,软件是不会自动完成任何设计的。虚拟设计即是在这种多维化人机交互信息环境中从事设计的技术。目前投入使用的虚拟设计采用的是通过对数据格式进行适当的转换输出利用现有的CAD系统进行建模的环境系统。 2、 网络协同技术 网络协同设计是在支撑平面和高效的协同工作机制下完善信息管理将分散的设计工作流和资源有机的统一起来从而完成产品的开发设计。网络技术的发展使得网络上大量数据传输和分布的数据库管理成为现实,从而解决了数据在网络上的访问、传输、修改等问题,构造一个三维的网络机械设计平台。 3、 并行设计 传统的机械设计每下一个分支工作必须等上一个结束后才能开始,这是低效的串行设计,这种设计缺乏信息交换以及可操作性。并行设计作为一种设计哲理,是在原有信息集成基础上,集成地、并行地设计产品。并行设计更强调功能上和过程上的集成,在优化和重组产品开发过程的同时,实现多学科领域专家群体协同工作。从任何产品设计来看,并行设计采用每个时刻可容纳的设计过程相应增加,使整个设计过程尽可能同时进行。并行设计的特点是并发个协同,并发是指设计活动的并发进行,协同是指多学科设计队伍活动的协作。网络技术的发展以使得并行设计成为机械设计的重要方法之一。 4、 智能设计 智能设计的发展,从根本上取决于对设计本质的理解,智能设计系统不仅仅是对人脑某些思维特征的模拟,而且需要具有自学习适应的能力,能够较好地支持设计过程自动化。我国市场经济的发展对产品设计与开发提出了强烈的创新要求。在当前的市场经济体系中,对产品设计不仅要求特立独行,还要求简单方便效率的设计。 二、基于数学知识的设计技术 1、 有限元设计 有限元法又称有限单元法,是求解偏微分方程的一种有效的数值方法。有限元法发展至今天,已经成为工程数值分析的有力工具,取得了巨大的进展,利用它成功地解决了一大批有重大意义的问题,很多通用程序和专用程序投入了实际应用,而且应用愈加广泛,已拓展到诸多领域。 2、 优化设计 优化设计就是在满足特定的约束条件下,利用建立数学模型的方法来求取设计的最佳值。优化设计的目标就是最优化设计对象,其手段便是依靠先进的计算机辅助软件。因此,优化设计还可以被看作为通过计算机语言来模拟达到最佳设计方案的现代科技手段。优化设计大体上包括两点内容:首先,建立符合实际的数学模型,把设计要求抽象为约束条件和函数;其次,根据所建立的模型利用计算机进行数学模型的求解从而得到优化设计方案。任何机械设计问题,总是要求满足一定的工作条件、载荷和工艺等方面要求,并在强度、刚度、寿命、尺寸范围及其他一些技术要求的限制条件下寻找一组设计参数。 3、可靠性设计 产品可靠性设计是指在产品的开发设计阶段将载荷、强度等有关设计量及其影响因素作为随机变量对待,应用可靠性数学理论与方法,使所设计的产品满足预期的可靠性要求。产品开发设计阶段的主要内容还包括预测设计对象的可靠度、找出并消除薄弱环节、不同设计方案之间的可靠性指标比较等,可分为定量分析与定性分析两个方面。定量分析是应用概率统计方法、布尔代数、马尔可夫过程理论、故障树分析等计算产品的失效概率。定性分析是通过故障模式、影响及致命度分析、事件树分析、故障树分析等对事故种类、原因、后果等进行罗列和分析。 三、 机械设计技术分析 机械设计是机械制造的前提和基础,对机械制造过程中的具体流程、操作以及问题解决都有一定的知道与规划,因此机械设计对机械制造而言非常重要。机械设计过程中设计到很多领域以及学科知识,随着社会发展,对设计技术层面的要求也越来越高,机械设计所应用到的层面也越来越广泛,下面将从机械设计的规划、方案、技术以及发展趋势等方面对机械设计的技术进行具体分析。 1、 初期规划设计分析 机械设计的初期规划设计流程和操作与计算机软件需求分析设计非常相似,都是在设计之前就要对机器性能以及具体设计要求进行充分的调查和分析,并整理数据得出相关重要结果和信息,这些信息包括所设计的机器应该具备哪些功能和特点,怎样确保制造流程更加便捷高效等等。机械设计的初期规划是机械设计的基础,是机械设计如何进行的引导和约束条件,也是机械制造工程的约束条件。 2、方案分析 在机械设计过程中,方案设计是在初期规划基础上对机械设计构想的具体实施,机械设计的方案设计是机械设计的关键,是机械设计成功与否的决定性因素,在方案设计过程中所要注意的问题也要多于机械设计其他环节,方案设计还要克服设计创想与设计实践之间的差距,避免设计方案的不可实施,确保机械制造安全有效。这就要求设计方案要同时考虑到机械制造的创新技术和机械自身性能及要求两个方面,二者相互渗透,缺一不可,这样才能确保机械设计的设计方案可实行、有创新。机械设计中的方案设计主要包括工作原理运用、机械结构认识、运动方式设计、零件设计与选取、制图以及检查等方面,这些因素构成了机械设计中方案设计的具体流程。 3、 技术设计分析 机械设计中的技术设计是整个设计过程中的灵魂,对于技术层面的要求最为严格,该流程主要是针对设计图纸的具体计算与核对。在技术设计过程中,设计师及相关人员还应将总设计图纸与设计草图进行认真比对并分析,避免出现严重错误,对每个设计环节以及设计部分都要进行严格审查,一旦出现错误或者漏洞,设计人员及工作人员要及时处理并做好校对工作。可以说技术设计环节是对整个设计过程的全面掌控,要求最高,审查也应该最为严格。 结语 :随着科技的不断进步与发展,机械设计对技术的要求越来越高,要想使设计的产品满足全球化经济市场的竞争与需求,必须将现代科学技术应用于机械设计的领域。相关的工程技术人员也应适应时代的需求,拓展设计思维,灵活运用现代设计技术,提高产品的市场竞争力。 参考文献: [1]董立立,赵益萍,梁林泉,朱煜,段广洪.机械优化设计理论方法研究综述[J].机床与液压,2010 [2]张冠军,陈立人.我国石油机械制造业热处理的现状与展望[J].金属热处理,2010, 机械学术论文篇二 机械设计与机械制造技术探讨 摘 要:随着我们国家社会主义经济在不断的发展,机械制造工程越来越多。而机械设计和机械制造是密不可分的,机械制造要以机械设计作为前提,在经过设计以后才能进行制造,同时,也能更好的保证制造的流畅性。良好的机械设计能够提高机械产品的性能,同时,对机器的质量以及可靠性有很大的影响。本文针对机械设计技术以及机械制造技术进行了分析。 关键词:机械设计;机械制造;技术探讨 中图分类号:TD402文献标识码: A 前言:在机械工程当中,机械设计是指机械设计人员按照机械原理对机器的结构、运动方式、能力以及力的传递方式进行设计,对不同的零部件进行组织构思。在进行设计时,可以对制造的需要进行满足,以此为依据来设计方案。 1、 机械设计与机械制造的背景 就在1969年美国的《机械设计概论》杂志主刊上已登载了机电一体化这一概念。随后,机电一体化进行了持续的拓展。英国机械制造工程师会所在1986年为现代化机械论述了这样的定义:现代化机械是“根据计算机讯息网络调控的,用以实现包含机械动力、运转和能量流动等动力学任务的机械或机电零部件互相联系的体系”。它和前面所提到的机电一体化是相同的,所以能说现代化机械自然是指机电一体化体系。20世纪80年代国际机械和单位理念联合协会进行了如下的定义:机电一体化是精密机械系统、电子调控和体系思想在机械设计和机械制造流程中的协作融合。所以又能说机电一体化根本上是在机械设计和机械制造与其自动化基础上的拓展。把以往的机械设计制造与现代的机械自动化实施了对比,显示出具有自动化的特性是现代化机械和以往的机械在性能上的根本区别。机械自动化在所有行业的运用和拓展,表现出机械自动化的优势和功效。就是功能多样化、高效率节奏、高度可信率、节约材料、节约资源,持续完善人们生产生活的多元化需要。 2、 机械设计的技术分析 机械设计的初期计划设计分析 机械设计要进行初期的计划设计,其在工作方面和计算机软件的设计需求析比较类似,在设计之前要对机器设计的要求进行调查和分析,在分析要求的过程中,对机器应该具备的功能也要进行掌握。以此作为机械设计的基础,然后在设计以及制造过程中要对相应的约束条件进行规定。 机械设计的设计方案分析 在机械设计中,方案设计是关键的部分,方案也是设计的灵魂,其决定着设计的成败。在设计阶段,会遇到很多的问题,主要要面对的问题就是实际和理论之间的矛盾。方案设计不仅仅要符合机器本身的性能,同时,在功能方面也要进 行满足。在方案设计方面,对检验人员对机器开发、认识以及创新方面都要进行重视。在设计阶段,主要的步骤可以简单概括为对工作原理进行定义、对机器结构进行确定、对机器运动方式进行设计、对零部件的选取与设计进行判断、对制图进行设计以及对初步设计进行调查。 机械设计的主要技术设计分析 机械设计中,对技术层面的要求最为严格,在这个阶段要对设计图纸进行校对,同时,要对图纸进行计算,对设计总图和部分草图要进行对比和核对分析。在机械设计方面对每个部分都要进行设计,设计时要进行非常严格的核对,不能出现疏漏的情况,同时,在校对方面也要保证质量。对要进行产品生产的机械,在设计时,要根据产品进行定型设计。 机械设计的技术发展趋势分析 针对现代机械产品的机械设计 现代机械产品对机械设计提出了更高的要求,因此,在进行机械设计时,在技术层面一定要不断的进行改善。机械产品设计要更加具有智能化特点,主要的方式就是利用现代化设计手段,在设计过程中应用设计软件和虚拟的设计技术,对产品设计进行虚拟化,同时,利用多媒体技术对产品的性能、结构进行模拟演示,以达到更好的设计效果。在机械设计方面要更加的系统化,机械设计 中包含着很多的部件,这些部件要有机的结合在一起才能形成整体的设计,同时,要具有一定的层次性,在经过系统设计以后才能实现机械产品的设计目标。最后是要具有模块化特点,这种理念在设计方面比较简单,但是,要保证机械设计功能实现模块组合,在产品方案设计过程中进行实现。机械产品设计要具有特性,要根据所生产的产品特性来进行机械设计,在这个过程中要利用计算机对产品进 行构建,同时,进行必要的推理,最终形成方案设计。 现代机械设计的未来发展与前景分析 机械产品在性能方面要更加的优良,因此,在进行机械设计过程中要以提高产品的性能为目标,其中机械产品的优良性主要体现在可靠性技术以及控制技术方面。机械设计要更加适合市场发展,在激烈的市场竞争中能够获得发展空间,产品在形成以后要能够在市场中进行拓展。同时,在经济环境不断变化的情况下,要不断开发新技术,这样能够在机械设计方面应用新技术。新技术要具备一定的竞争优势,主要体现在技术方面的创新,成本方面的降低,智能化设计等。应用新技术来提高机械设计的市场竞争能力,对企业未来在机械设计方面,节能环保理念也要进行体现,近年来,人们对环境保护越来越重视,在机械设计过程中,绿色设计成为了主要发展方向。机械设计产品以智能化和绿色化为基础,在对能源进行利用时,能够利用机械设计技术实现能源的利用最大化,对实现资源的循环利用更加有帮助。 3、机械制造的技术分析 机械制造技术的特点分析 机械制造技术要符合当代技术发展要求,在机械设计方面要更加具备当代的特点。传统的机械设计在应用过程中出现了越来越不能满足现代机械产品需求的情况,虽然其在制造技术方面在不断的更新,同时,使用的设备也在不断的更换,但是,在原有基础上要不断的更新技术,对技术进行利用,作为其发展的基础。 市场经济不断发展过程中,机械制造技术要做到能够适应经济的发展。工业发展过程中对各方面都提出了新的要求,近年来,工业发展速度非常快,而且在不断的融入新的技术体系。工业生产过程中对计算机技术以及信息技术进行了很好的融合,为了更好的提高生产效率,应该对机械制造技术进行革新。提高生产效率满足客户的需要,能够提高市场占有率。机械制造技术在技术范围上要进行扩大,同时,在生产加工方面要不断的发展。 我国机械制造技术的现状以及发展方向分析 机械制造的管理。计算机管理制度对于机械制造业而言,是一种未来发展的方向。组织体制与生产模式的更新发展,营造出最新的 JIT、AM、LP 以及 CE 等管理理念。在我国,这种管理机制还是比较匮乏的,只有很少的机械制造企业进行这样的管理。因此,我国应该加强机械制造的管理机制。机械制造的设计。工业发达国家都会采用设计方法,并且不断更新设计数据。尤其是计算机辅助软件的应用-CAD 技术的应用,让更多企业开始了无图纸的机械制造。然而,在我国,则缺乏这种计算机软件技术,或者是这样的技术应用并不广泛。因此,在这一技术层面上,我国需要努力与发展。机械制造的工艺分析。机械制造以高精度、高精细加工作为其发展的趋势。最新的技术,如微型加工、纳米加工技术、激光加工技术、电磁加工技术等等。这些技术都属于高端的加工技术,在工业发达的国家,这些技术应用较为广泛。 4、结束语 综上所述,由于现代化机械自动化在设计和制造上具备多功能性、高品质、高可信率、低能源消耗的优势,因此机械设计与制造都是环绕机械自动化来施行的。机电一体化的拓展就是机械自动化的拓展。所有设计师必需清楚地意识到机械设计制造唯有朝机械自动化设计制造的前景拓展,才可能是机械工业拓展中独辟蹊径的出路。 参考文献: [1]张义臣. 现代机械设计与机械制造的相关技术分析[J]. 科技创业家,2014,08. [2]关晓铮. 机械设计与机械制造的技术探讨[J]. 企业技术开发,2014,08. [3]王晓晨. 浅析机械设计与机械制造技术[J]. 科技创新与应用,2014,23. [4]陈火文. 基于卓越计划的机械设计制造技术探讨[J]. 科技创新与应用,2014,25.看了"机械学术论文"的人还看: 1. 机械类论文格式范文 2. 关于机械方面的论文范文 3. 机械专业论文范文 4. 关于机械毕业论文精选 5. 机械类论文摘要范文

在全球化时代,随着国际交流日益增多,中国对高质量英语人才的要求也达到了前所未有的高度。英语教学在中国高等 教育 体系中占据着举足轻重的地位,也肩负着社会培养高质量人才的重任。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于 毕业 英语论文 范文 大全的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考!毕业英语论文范文大全篇1 浅谈老水手的心理历程——《苦舟子咏》 读后感 [摘要]:《苦舟子咏》是英国19世纪湖畔派诗人柯勒律治的一首长诗。全诗是一个充满了奇幻之美的的航海 故事 。全诗探索人生的罪与罚问题,诗人把热爱宇宙的万物泛神论思想和____思想结合起来,宣传仁爱和基督____罪思想。诗中的水手的心理活动刻画得细致入微,水手杀掉信天翁表示他拒绝社会给他的礼物,他除掉了深爱自己并代表超自然的事物,也就除掉了对这个世界的感情,最后水手内心发生转变,以新的态度对待自然,为此他才得以解脱出来。 [关键词]:老水手;道德;内疚;痛苦;赎罪 Abstract: “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” is one of Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s masterpieces. It is a long poem, telling a story in the form of ballads .The poem can be approached as a dream voyage to another realm, as a story of sin and expatiation, or as the quiet essential representation of the alienated isolated modern individual. 一、作者简介 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯尔律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)1772年10月21日生于英格兰西南部德文郡一个乡镇牧师的家庭。9岁丧父,被送往伦敦基督慈幼学校上学,熟读希腊、罗马文学。19岁入剑桥大学,与骚塞相识。当时两人都同情法国革命,但又都害怕革命暴力,于是设想去美洲建立乌托邦社会。计划失败后柯尔律治移居英格兰部西部湖区,致力于写诗,并与华兹华斯结成密友。他憎恶资本主义城市文明和冷酷的金钱关系,于是远离城市,隐居于昆布兰湖区,寄情山水或缅怀中世纪的宗法社会。他们创作出歌颂大自然的或美化宗法制农村生活方式的诗篇,以抵制丑恶的资本主义现实。因此被称为“湖畔派诗人”。1798年,两人合作出版著名的《抒情歌谣集》。同年他与华兹华斯兄妹到德国 留学 ,被康德的哲学和耶拿派的诗歌理论和创作所吸引。回国后继续居住于湖区,与华兹华斯保持往来。柯尔律治年青时代即患有风湿痛等多种疾病。为求镇痛他长期服食鸦片竟至上瘾,故健康大受损害。晚年他贫病交加,1834年7月25日逝世于海格特。柯尔律治的作品以真的细节描绘超自然的神秘事物,令人甘愿暂时不去考虑普通情理而信以为真,并在领略到一种怪异的美的同时获得教益或良知的觉醒。柯尔律治的创作实践和理论建设,不仅影响过他的同时代人,也影响了包括和他政治态度相左的拜伦、雪莱和济慈,而且,对于时至今日的诗歌艺术探索者,仍具有重要的借鉴价值。他在英国文学史上有重要地位,是浪漫主义思潮的重要代表。 二、《苦舟子咏》简介 《苦舟子咏》是柯尔律治唯一一部完整的长诗。这部长625行的叙事谣曲是一个神秘恐怖的浪漫故事:一名老水手对一个赴结婚宴的客人讲述了他自己的可怕的故事。客人想走开,赶快去赴宴,却为老水手眼中的特殊表情所吸引住,不得不站在那里把这个故事听完了。老水手和同伴们坐了一艘船出海去。一路上很平安。然后遇到了一阵暴风,暴风过后,这位水手却无端地射杀一只了航海者认为好运象征的信天翁。因此,厄运又降临了。船驶进静海中,那里没有风也没有浪;太阳如火如荼地照耀着。海水绿绿地满载着腐物。船停在那里不动,老水手被视为这次厄运的造因者。水手们都渴得要死去,仿佛有一只船要驶进救他们却又消失不见了。那是一只幻船,水手们一个个都死在甲板上,每个死者的眼光都注定在这位杀死信天翁的水手身上。全船的人,只有他没有死。后来,他对于自所做的恶罪觉得悔恨。于是天使们可怜他的悲苦,使死尸们站了起来,仍去做水手们的职务。他们开上了帆。虽然没有风,船却渐渐地移动。于是,这船一直驶到了老水手的故乡。一个领航者离了海岸,出来迎接。但在他到这船之前,它却突然地沉下了,留下了这位老水手在海波中与死神挣扎着。他被领航者所救。后来,他一想起那时受的言之不尽的痛苦,便不能忍。他的心在体内烧着,一直到了把这可怕的故事说了出来,方才觉得舒服。 三、分析老水手的心理历程 “自由、平等、博爱”是资产阶级道德重要规范。“自由、平等、博爱”的 口号 是资产阶级革命时期提出来的。它既是资产阶级的政治主张,又是资产阶级道德的重要内容。这一口号的提出不仅在政治上曾经起过推动历史进步的作用,而且在人类道德发展史上也是一个巨大的进步,因为它否定了人身依附关系,肯定了人身自由;否定了等级特权,肯定了人的平等;否定了把人不当人的非人道主义的博爱思想。一句话,肯定了人的尊严、价值以及个人对幸福的追求。所以,它对个性的张扬和自我意识的发展,对人们挣脱禁欲主义、蒙昧主义、等级主义的枷锁都起到了巨大的革命作用。 西方____的万物泛神论主张神无处不在,万物都是神的表象。这种主张认为:上帝就等于万事万物;任何个别事物就是上帝;世上的事物实际上都是虚无的。 在这两种思想的支配下,作者把信天翁认为是基督____徒。老水手无端地射死了信天翁,表示他拒绝社会给他的礼物,他除掉了深爱自己并代表超自然的事物,也就除掉了对这个世界的感情。老水手违反上天的指意,违反自然规律,射死了无辜的信天翁,必然要受到惩罚。于是,灾难来了:风停了,船无法前进,阳光酷热,水手们口干舌燥。这时候,有人指责老水手——“你怎敢放肆,将神鸟射死!是它引来了南风。”此时,老水手开始意识到自己行为的错误。于是,他开始不断地感到内疚。心理学认为,在道德情感系统中,羞耻感是其中的一个元素。毕达哥拉斯要求人们对自己言行进行反省以后,就应该在内心里对卑劣的行为感到羞耻、悲哀和恐惧;对善良行为感到欣喜。沙莆慈伯利认为,道德上的善恶主要取决于感情系统中的羞耻感。他说:“凡出自不公正的情感所作的,就是不义恶行和过失;如果情感公正、健全、良好,并且情感的内容有益于社会,而且还是以有益于社会方式施行,或有所感动,这就必定在任何行动中构成我们所说的公平和正直。”不义、恶行和过失将引起人们的羞耻感。羞耻感是个人的自我道德意识的一种表现,表示一个人对自己的行为、动机和道德品质的谴责时的内心体验。良心是羞耻感的的主要作用机制,常表现出焦虑、羞愧和内疚等情绪。道德焦虑是一种复合情绪。其中,痛苦和畏惧是主要构成“因子”。但它仅以避免外在处罚为目的,是低级形式的羞耻感,可又是羞耻感发生的基础。那么,羞耻感的真正作用是什么?是内疚,只有内疚才是高度的主体意识的产物,它激活潜在的思维和力量,专注与对过失的懊悔和追悔的行为,促进个体的心理成熟。如果个体内疚匮乏,那他将对道德不屑一顾,达不到“有羞知格”的认识。同时,羞耻感要以自尊为前提,一个没有自尊的人是不会知耻的,更不会自责。自尊体现了对自我社会话的切近,没有自尊的防卫,就不可能有自责的意识和行为的发生。老水手对自己的不道德行为知耻,惭愧和悔恨。老水手真是由于良心发现才深感自己行为的错误,于是惶惶终日,不断自责自己。 事态进一步发展,在他忏悔和祈祷下挂在脖子下的鸟掉下来了,但是同行的水手都因为缺水而一个个地死去,只有老水手一个人活着。这似乎是上帝对他的又一个惩罚。他一方面觉得自己的罪行深重,导致了其他水手的死亡——痛苦;另一方面在茫茫大海中,一条船上就他孤零零的一个人——恐惧。于是他的内心又经历了一场痛苦与恐惧的考验。良心是每个人自身内部的道德评析,是自己对自己行为道德价值的认识、认知、判断、态度、感情、体验、意向、意志、动机等一切心理反应活动。老水手不断对自己惊醒良心谴责。良心的基本因素是感情,感情是对需要的体验,是心理的动力因素。它一方面产生良心的认知因素,推动自己去判断自己行为的道德价值;另一方面则产生良心意志因素,推动自己做出改过迁善的选择。在行为过后,良心对行为的后果有影响和评价作用。对于履行了道德义务并产生了好后果的影响和行为,它便于进行自我谴责,使人感到内疚、惭愧和悔恨。这种自我谴责,往往能形成一种力量,促使人们改正自己的行为。 后来,老水手虔诚地祈求海蛇破开魔法,他才获救得以回家。人非圣贤,孰能无过?人生在生活中不免发生道德过失。道德反省就是通过对道德过失的追悔,从而激励人们采用新的道德行为去补救已经酿成的道德不幸,并且通过对道德过失的觉醒为将要开始的道德行为提供罗盘。道德反省的实质在于主体对自己已作的道德选择进行批判性的分析,是在主体已经体验到自己的道德行为存在着过失的情况下,从而进行的对自己内心的深刻 反思 。通过反思,要为今后的行为提供新的路线和方案,明白来者可追,逝者可补。在今后的行动过程中,要用千倍的补偿替代原有的损失;通过反思,主体对自我发展和自我需要与社会道德的系统会领悟得更加深刻。 故事的最后,老水手回到了家。于是出现了开篇的那一幕:他极力拉住去赴婚宴的人,让他们听他讲这个离奇的故事——他想寻找听众,承认自己的错误,说出自己的故事,解除内心的痛苦——赎罪。尽管老水手已经虔诚忏悔,但还是有种负罪感难以释怀,于是他渴望被人理解,宣泄出来以排除内心的痛苦。生活也是这样,当我们遇到困难、痛苦的时候,不要封闭自己,找一个忠实的听众,把自己的苦恼说给他听。这是一种释放压力的好 方法 。 总之,柯尔律治的这首诗歌以神秘、怪诞著称,其中的心理描写可谓是典范!诗歌探讨了罪与罚、善与恶,生与死等哲学问题,宣传了一切生物皆上帝听造的教义。但诗歌的真正价值并不在故事本身或它所包含的哲理上,而在以造型艺术的精确性和音乐的流动感为读者创造了一幅幅神奇的海洋画面:时而风平浪静,沉寂安宁;时而风暴骤起,一片喧嚣。在写作此诗时,柯尔律治并不熟悉大海,但他能凭借想象,使真实的情形与幻想的景象互相交织,把平凡的细节与诗意的象征融为一体,充分显示了瑰丽奇特的想象能力。在诗艺上,长诗将英国民歌的自由与古典文人诗的谨严冶于一炉,炼就出适合表达浪漫主义情绪的活泼自然的诗体,而长诗的音韵与节奏之美,也表现了诗人能让文字进行歌唱的本领。 [参考文献]: 《英美文学选读》 天津大学出版社出版 《英国文学简史》 河南人民出版社出版 《道德心理学》 中南大学出版社出版 毕业英语论文范文大全篇2 浅谈东西方数字九的 文化 对比分析与翻译 一、前言 "数是人类思维发展到一定阶段,为适应社会生产活动的需要,在符号的帮 助下产生的。"(苏金智,19 91)"数字是语言学中的一个特殊的领域。在科 学的数字世界里,它的功能是计算,秩序严谨,职司分明,是 实数;而在人类 心灵的数字世界中,它的功能是表义,许多数字经过“神化”后成为“玄数”、 “虚数”、“ 天数"。它们有着极其丰富的外延和内涵。"(王秉钦,1998) 由于受东西方文化传统、宗教信仰、语言崇拜、地理环境等方面的影响,数 字的神化存在着东西方的差异 ,但也存在着共性,有着共同的规律。在"数的 灵物崇拜"上各民族都有普通性。东方人有自己心目中的"天 数",而西方人 也有自己心目中的"神数"。神秘数字的演化规律一般经过"神化—泛化—虚 化"的过程。( 王秉钦,1998) 东西方已有不少有关数字科学的专著和论文, 如毕达哥拉斯(phythagoras) 学派的T·丹齐克的《数 科学语言》(商务印书馆,1998),英国人伦拉德·法 拉的《七的探源》;国内也有不少学者就数字写过著作 和论文,并开展过学术探 讨。如,王秉钦教授在其《语言与翻译新论》的中篇第六章就以"数的语义范围 比较 与翻译"为专题;苏金智曾写过《数的灵物崇拜》(载〈语言、社会、文化》 440页, 语文出版社,1991,1) 等。在1998 年南昌大学主办的"中国英汉语 比较研究会第二届年会暨第三次学术研讨会"上,英汉文化对比专 业委员会会 员曾就中南工业大学外语学院吴玲英老师的《中西文学中"以三为法”的文化模 式》展开了激烈的 讨论。本人认为东方人,尤其是中国人,自己心目中的天数 是"九"而不是"三",也并非完全是因为"九" 是"三"的倍数。 二、东西方数字"九"的文化对比分析 在我国,人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字, 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义(symbolicmeaning),在我国可 以说历时最久,涉及面也最广。 "九"作为数不同于一 般数字,在中国古代被 认为是一种神秘的数字,它起初是龙形(或蛇形)图腾化之文字,继而演化出"神 圣" 之意,于是中国古代历代帝王为了表示自己神圣的权力为天赐神赋,便竭 力把自己同“九”联系在一起。如天 分九层,极言其高,天证/诞日为正月初 九,天子祭天一年九次。更有趣的是连皇宫建筑都与"九"有关。例 如,北京 城有九门,天安门城楼面阔九问,门上饰有九路钉(即每扇门的门钉纵横各九排)。 汉语词汇中也常 用"九"来形容帝王将相的称谓,如"九五之尊"(imperial throne);称官位仅次于皇帝的王爷为"九千岁 "等。 根据阴阳五行与数的关系,万物之根均为数,宇宙也是数。数始于1而终于 10,五行也是数,按传统的五行 理论来划分,则1、2为木:1为阳木,2为阴 木。以3、4为火:3为阳火,4为阴火。以5、6为土:5为阳土,6为 阴土。 以7、8为金:7为阳金,8为阴金。以9、10为水:9 为阳水,10为阴水。这 就是将"象"、"数"与五行 结合起来推演变化,用以显示事物发展变化的内 在联系。由此看来,"九"是最大的阳数,象征着天。 传说 古 代中国人把天分 为九层,九层天是天的最高处,汉语中有关词汇有"九重霄"(指极高的天空, "九霄云外" ,"九天揽月","九天九地"等。另外,天坛,这个明清两代 祭天的场所,其建筑无处不体现着“九”的象 征意义。 民间传说中还有"九头 鸟"(nine-headed bird: a fabulous bird whose appearance was f ormerlyregarded as a bad omcn)的故事。 中国人以"九"为大数,刘师培在《古书疑义举例补》一书中写道:"凡数 指其极者,皆得称之为'九' ;"《素问》中说:"天地之数,始于一,终于 九。"因此,汉语中有"九九归一"或"九九归原"之说。因 从"九"为数之 极而引出人生之限,故"明九"或"暗九"均为人生之"坎",避讳有“九”之 岁。例如:“ 老太太因明年八十一岁,是个暗九。"(《红楼梦》)。日本人一般 认为"九"是"苦命和痛苦"的象征,因 为"九"与"苦"同音,因此忌讳 "九"。然而,《外语与外语教学》曾报道过国内一位学者曾为考证这一点 ,采 用"全选法"将日本某地电话号码其中的几千个姓和名分别进行统计,结果发现 将"九"作为姓的只占极 少数(约占),而将"九"作为名的却不少(约 占35%)。看来,日本人忌讳"九"也并非绝对。 此外,《词源》中说:"九:虚指多数。""九"作虚数解时,是数的一种 语义模糊现象。《现代汉语词 典》中,"九"的意思有三个:(1)数目,八加一 后所得;(2)从 冬至 起每九天是一个"九",从一"九" 数起,二"九"、三 "九",一直数到九"九"为止。冬练三九,夏练三伏;(3)表示多数或多次: 九泉,三 弯九转等。因此, 汉语中有不少和"九"有关的 成语 。如:"九牛一 毛"、"九死一生"、"九牛二虎之力" 、"九流宾客"等等。 在我国,数字"九"涉及面在所有数字中最广。含有数字"九"的词汇也十 分丰富。如,"九州"是指传 说中的我国上古行政区划,后用作"中国"的代 称。因此,有的全国性的电视节目就取名为“九州方圆”;“ 九族"(the nine degrees of kindred: either thenine generations from one's great-great-gr andfather down toone's great-great-grandson;or four generations of one'spatemal relations, three generations of one's matemalrelations, and two generations of noe's wife's relatio ns),古代有一种残酷的刑法叫"诛灭九族";古代传说 "龙生九子,各有所好"。因此,《红楼梦》第九回 中用"一龙生九种,种种各 别"来比喻贾氏家族族大人多,龙蛇混杂,好坏不一,各种各样的人都有。还有 " 九龙杯"等。此外,在文娱、体育等词汇中,数字"九"也比比皆是。如, 许多歌名都以"九"开头:"九妹 "、"九九艳阳天"、"九百九十九朵玫瑰" 等;乐器中也有"九音锣";在体育活动中,"九柱戏"(nine pins),兵器中 有"九节鞭"[但这与西方文化中的"九尾鞭”(cat-o '-nine- tails: an instrurnent of punishment so calledfrom the nine pieces of leather or cord which compose it)意义不大一样]。 地名中也有一些以"九"开头的,如"九 寨沟"、"九华山"、"九江"和"九龙"等。此外,中国人常把" 九"看成 为吉祥数字之一。在申请电话号码时,人们宁愿多出 钱去买一个尾数为"8"或 "9"的吉祥号码。比 如,湖南有线电视台的"欢乐热线"号码为"16899919"。 在西方,数字"九"也是人们心目中的"神数"之一。对西方人来说, "九"的象征意义是"神性"、 "神圣之至"。 英语权威字典Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary and Webster's ThirdIntema tional Dictionary 中 对"九"所解释的意义比《现代汉语词典》所解释的意义还多,分别有: 1)one more than eight, three threes, the square of three;2) nine units of objects (a tota l of nine) ; 3) a: thenumerable quantity symbolized by the arabic numeral 9; b: thefigure 9 ; 4) nine o'clock——compared Bell table, timeillustration; 5) the ninth size in a set series: as a; aplaying team of nine members, baseball team; b:the firstor last 9 hol es of an 18-hole golf course…。 其中收入与"九"有关词语和成语多达近二十条。常用的有: a nine-day's wonder (an object or event that creates ashort-lived sensation) ____Those political expositions…that make a nine day'snine wonder till something fresh c omes alone——Mary Deasy. nine times out of ten(very often) be dressed up to the nines(elaborately dressed, as for aformal occasion) ____She dressed herself up to the nines and went to theparty. in the nineholes:in the difficult situation nine-men's morris: morris played with nine counters A cat has nine lives: A cat can move so fast and jump sowell that he seems to escape being killed many times. 从以上的解释还可以发现一个规律:数字"九"及其倍数在西方也被广泛运 用于文娱和体育活动中。如, 保龄球(bowling )中的瓶状木柱数(ninepins) 为"九"; 高尔夫球 球场有一十八个洞:跳子棋的棋板上各 方均为九个孔; 古 时英国还有一种九个男人一起跳的舞蹈(morrisdance)等。由此看来,数字"九" 也倍 受西方人的青睐。 总之,在东西方文化中,数字"九"含有以下主要共性: 1)东西方大多数人把数字"九"看成神秘的数字, 其象征意义均有"神 圣"之意。 2)在东西方文化中,数字"九"均可虚指多数。 3)数字"九"被广泛运用于文体项目中。 数字“九”在东西方文化中的个性恐怕主要在于:对中国人来说,其神奇色 彩要比西方人更浓;其象征意 义的历史在东方文化中比西方文化中更悠久;其 涉及面在东方文化中比西方文化中更广泛。 三、数字"九"的翻译问题 罗马西塞罗说过:"翻译不是字当句对,而是保留语言的总风格和力 量。""按分量而不是按数量译词" 。此处所说的数字是指经过神化、泛化、 虚化了的"虚数","实数"的翻译不在此例。根据这一理论,结合 东西方文 化的共性与个性,可采用如下的翻译方法,并遵循以下的翻译原则。 可采取的翻译方法主要有: (一)保留原数字 . We thought our cat would be killed when he fell fromthe roof of the house. He was not, he used up one of his ninelives. 我们以为我们的猫从屋顶掉下来会死了,它并没死,只失掉九条命中的一条。 这样翻译过来,人们很容易接受,因为人们已熟悉"猫有九命"这个成语, 并能够促进东西方文化的融合 。 (二)转换成各民族喜爱的数字 out of ten——十之八九 nine days' wonder———可翻译为"昙花一现", 这样翻译可以加深对奈 达的"对等"和纽马克的"转 换"翻译理论的理解。 (三)增舍数字 比如,"九死一生"可翻译成"a narrow escape from death;survival after many hazards";又如 ,"九九归一,还是他说的话对。"可翻译成"All things considered,what he says is right."其译文均 舍弃了数字,转译其 形象意义。 应遵循的原则主要有: (一)民族性原则 比如,汉语中的"费了九牛二虎之力",《汉英词典》(外研社,1996)的译 文有三个:"strain onese lf to the limit; use everyounce of one's strength; make herculean efforts"。笔者认为第二种译文 "use every ounce of one's strength "更符合"民族性原则”,成功地将东方文化中该成语的比喻意义转 化成了西方文化语言中的形象意义。 (二)习语性原则 比如:"匡超人此时恍若亲见瑶宫仙子,月下嫦娥,那魂灵都飘到九霄云外 去了。"(《儒林外史》), 其译文为"Kuang felt that he was gazing at a goddess and his spirit had flown to heaven."这种译 文因遵循了"习语性原则", 充分地体现了人类交际行为的一个最根本原则——语言——符号的经济原则。 (三)形象性原则 数字用于模糊意义时,一般都失去了其数量意义而具有形象意义。翻译时, 必须越出其理性意义而捕捉其 与 其它 的词结合后所产生的形象意义。 比如:"飞流直下三千尽,疑是银河落九天(李白)。"此句诗中的"九天" 的形象意义为"极高的天空 ",因此,可翻译成"Down itcascades a sheer three thousand feet—As if the Silver River [. the Milky. Way]were falling from heaven!"猜你喜欢: 1. 毕业英语论文范文 2. 英美文学毕业论文优秀范文 3. 商务英语专业毕业论文范文 4. 大学英语毕业论文范文 5. 英语专业论文范文 6. 本科英语专业论文范文

中国是世界上机械发展最早的国家之一。中国的机械工程技术不但历史悠久,而且成就十分辉煌,不仅对中国的物质文化和社会经济的发展起到了重要的促进作用,而且对世界技术文明的进步做出了重大贡献.传统机械方面,我国在很长一段时期内都领先于世界。到了近代由于特别是从18世纪初到19世纪40年代,由于经济社会等诸多原因,我国的机械行业发展停滞不前,在这100多年的时间里正是西方资产阶级政治革命和产业革命时期,机械科学技术飞速发展,远远超过了中国的水平。这样,中国机械的发展水平与西方的差距急剧拉大,到十九世纪中期已经落后西方一百多年。新中国建立后特别是近三十年来,我国的机械科学技术发展速度很快。向机械产品大型化,精密化、自动化和成套化的趋势发展。在有些方面已经达到或超过了世界先进水平。总的来说,就目前而言中国机械科学技术的成就是巨大的,发展速度之快,水平之高也是前所未有的。这一时期还没有结束,我国的机械科学技术还将向更高的水平发展。只要我们能够采取正确的方针、政策、用好科技发展规律并勇于创新,我国的机械工业和机械科技一定能够振兴,重新引领世界机械工业发展潮流。就小型夯实机械而言:上世纪60年代以前,我国小型夯实机械非常缺乏,很多小型场地的夯实基本上采用人工夯实。上世纪60年代初期,长沙建设机械研究所与北京建筑工程学院等单位合作,在群众性技术革新成果的基础上总结发明了具有中国特色的蛙式夯实机,1962年获国家科技发明奖。蛙式夯实机结构简单,维修、使用方便,很快成为我国60年代夯实机械的主导产品。据不完全统计蛙式夯实机累计产量达到50000多台,在我国经济建设中发挥了重要作用。70年代以后,蛙式夯实机逐渐被性能更先进的振动冲击夯和振动平板夯所替代,目前蛙式夯实机已经很少,基本被淘汰。1964年,长沙建设机械研究所开发了HB120型内燃式夯实机,开始由上海工程机械厂生产,后来主要由津市洞庭工程机械厂生产,年产量200台左右。80年代,内燃式夯实机产品质量有较大提高,曾出口东南亚和非洲地区。90年代以后,内燃式夯实机产销售量也在逐渐减少,目前只有少数小型民营企业生产。1977年,长沙建设机械研究所和柳州市建筑机械厂开发了我国第一台HZR250型和HZR70型振动平板夯,这两种产品分别于1979 年和1982年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定。随后义乌建筑机械厂、四平建筑机械厂、安阳振动器厂、津市洞庭工程机械厂等多家企业都开始生产振动平板夯。1986年长沙建设机械研究所又开发了较大的HZR450型振动平板夯。上世纪90年代以后,振动平板夯在我国有了较快的发展,产品品种、规格和生产企业增多,国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。1983年,长沙建设机械研究所和湖北振动器厂联合开发了我国第一台HZR70型振动冲击夯,1984年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定,1985年获建设部科技进步三等奖。由于振动冲击夯具有压实效果好、生产率高、体积和重量小、轻便灵活等突出特点,深受用户欢迎,得到了迅速的推广使用,并很快发展到资江机器厂、新乡第三机床厂和津市洞庭工程机械厂等几十家企业生产。振动冲击夯虽然比振动平板夯开发晚,但发展速度、产销量和使用广泛性比振动平板夯大得多,目前已成为我国夯实机械中产销量最大的主导产品。上世纪90年代以后,国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。振动冲击夯和振动平板夯在我国的成功开发,不仅为我国建设施工部门提供了性能先进的夯实机械,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益,而且使我国夯实机械技术向前跨进了一大步,缩短了与世界先进水平的差距,促进了我国压实机械的发展。就机械加工而言:热加工 铸造 据考古发现,在北京平谷、昌平、房山等处曾出土了公元前16世纪(商代)的青铜礼器。 明永乐年间(1403~1424年),北京制造出享誉世界的明永乐大铜钟(吨)和钟楼大铜钟(63吨)及铁钟(25吨),采用分炉熔化、地坑造型和陶范法铸造。 20世纪50年代以前,北京在铸造上采用粘土砂手工造型。1955年,北京第一机床厂开始采用漏模造型、双面模型型板及铁型板和标准砂箱造型。1965年,开始采用塑料模型。 1980 年,北京市机电研究院与北京玛钢厂研制成功工频无芯塞杆底注式保温浇注电炉。1982年,该院与北京机床铸造二厂研究成功冲天炉风口吹氧技术。 1985~1988年,北京机床研究所试验成功浮动端面密封环的压力铸造工艺。 锻压 1959年,北京第二通用机械厂(后改名北京重型机器厂)建成2500吨水压机。1971年,该厂制造出6000吨水压机,这是当时北京最大的锻压设备。 1968~1979年,北京起重机器厂先后采用300吨油压机和2000吨油压机制造出起重机吊臂和大型覆盖件。 80年代,北京市机电研究院和北京市模具中心研制出一系列高精度多工位冲裁模具,接近或达到进口模具水平,改变了北京精密冲裁模具依赖进口的局面。 热处理 1949年前,北京已采用电炉、盐溶炉、热电偶等手段进行零件退火、回火、淬火、正火、调质、渗碳等热处理。 1956年,北京第一机床厂开始采用高频感应淬火。1961年,北京第二机床厂开始采用气体氮化淬火。1969年,北京量具刃具厂开始采用光亮淬火。 1978年,北京机床研究所研究完成机床导轨表面接触淬火工艺及设备、淬火质量检查技术条件的研究。1979年,铁道科学研究院和中国科学院力学研究所等合作完成大功率柴油机缸套表面的激光改性处理的研究。 1979年,北京市机电研究院研制成功千瓦级二氧化碳激光器,并于80年代初分别应用于汽缸套和邮票印刷设备的激光热处理。其中,清华大学、北京市机电研究院、北京邮票厂共同完成邮票厂七色机打孔器表面激光强化研究。 1984~1990年,北京市热处理研究所研究成功真空热处理、气体渗碳微机控制技术(与北京航空航天大学合作)、稀土软氮化、粉末冶金制品表面强化、煤油加甲醇小滴量法微机可控渗碳、固体渗硼、渗碳过程微机辅助工艺设计及跟踪控制系统等热处理新技术,并应用于生产。 焊接与切割 1949年,北京已有气焊、电弧焊及氧乙炔火焰切割等手工作业。 1963年,北京金属结构厂与一机部机械科学研究院合作开发出钨极氩弧焊,并实现了氮气等离子切割不锈钢。1964年,用直流钨极氩弧焊及焊丝合金化技术解决了核工业用倾斜式电解糟纯镍焊接。 1966年,北京金属结构厂开发出了使被焊球体旋转的埋弧自动焊。1968年,该厂开始以液化石油气代替乙炔切割。 80年代初,清华大学发明了新型MIG焊接电弧控制法,在控制电弧技术上取得突破。 80年代初,北京城建设计院等完成液化石油气移动式气压焊轨技术的研究和应用。 1990年,北京金属结构厂开始采用数控精密切割和具有光电跟踪及数控寻踪读入自动编程的大功率等离子切割技术。可见,我国机械发展在近代发展其迅速。China is the world's first national machinery development. Chinese mechanical engineering technology not only has a long history and splendid achievements in Chinese is not only the material culture and social economic development plays an important role in the world, and to promote the progress of civilization, technology has made great contribution to Chinese traditional machine. And in a long period ahead in the world. In modern times, especially from the early 18th century, due to the nineteen forties, due to the economic and social reasons, such as the China machinery industry, stagnation, in the 100 years is western bourgeois political revolution and industrial revolution, mechanical science and technology is developing rapidly, and far more than the level of China. So, China mechanical development level and the western gap widens, sharply to the 19th century middle behind western one hundred the founding of new China, especially in the past 30 years, our country's mechanical science and technology development speed. To the mechanical product large-scale, precision, automation and discusses the trend of development. In some aspects has reached or exceeded the world advanced level. Generally speaking, currently China mechanical science and technology achievement is huge, developing fast, high level of unprecedented. In this period, China has no end of mechanical science and technology will develop to a higher level. As long as we can adopt the correct policy, with good technology development and innovation, our machinery industry and mechanical technology can revitalize, leading to the development trend of mechanical small ramming machinery:In the 1960s, China mechanical very small tamp lack, many small venues ramming basically USES artificial 1960s, changsha construction machinery institute and Beijing architectural engineering institute, etc., the technical innovation achievements in mass on the basis of summing up Chinese characteristic invented the breaststroke ramming machine, 1962 exceeded national science and technology. The breaststroke ramming machine structure is simple, easy to use and maintenance in 1960s, soon became the dominant products to consolidate machinery. According to not complete count breaststroke tamp cumulative yield reached more than 50,000 machine, in the economic development of our country has played an important role. Since 1970's, the breaststroke ramming machine was gradually more advanced performance of vibration shock ram and vibrating plate ram, now replaced by laying machine has rarely breaststroke, basically be 1964, changsha construction machinery institute HB120 developed movable type, type of Shanghai began laying machine, engineering machine production mainly by tianjin municipal later, annual production engineering machinery dongting about 200. In the 1980s, movable type ramming machine product quality has increased greatly, have exported to southeast Asia and Africa. Since 1990s, internal-combustion type ramming machine production sales, and gradually decreased in only a few small private enterprise 1977, changsha construction machinery factory buildings and developed in liuzhou HZR250 type and the HZR70 type vibrating plate ram, these two kinds of products in 1979 and 1982 passed by the ministry of construction of the organization. Then yiwu building construction machinery factory, siping, anyang vibrators factory, tianjin municipal engineering machinery dongting and other enterprises have started producing vibrating plate ram. In 1986, changsha construction machinery research and develop a larger HZR450 type of vibrating plate ram. Since 1990s, vibrating plate ram in our country has developed very quickly, varieties of products, specifications and increase production enterprises, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese 1983, changsha construction machinery institute and the joint development of hubei vibration in the first HZR70 type vibration shock ramming, 1984, passed by the ministry of construction, organization construction technology progress in 1985 won prizes. Due to the vibration impact compaction result has good ramming, productivity, high volume and weight of small, lightweight flexible outstanding characteristics, deeply user etc, obtained a rapid promotion, and soon ZiJiang development to the factory, xinxiang municipal engineering machine tool plant and tianjin dozens of dongting production factory etc. Vibration shock ramming although than vibrating plate ram, but later development speed of development, production and use of extensive than vibrating plate ram, has become the largest in China in the ramming machinery products. Since 1990s, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese shock ramming and vibrating plate ram the successful development in our country, not only for our construction department provides advanced performance of mechanical, laying have achieved good economic benefit and social benefit, and make our ramming mechanical technology into a big step forward, shorten the gap with the advanced world level, promoting the development of compaction mechanical processing:According to the archaeological discovery, hot-working casting in Beijing pinggu, changping and so have proved that the 16th century BC shang dynasty (bronze objects. Ming yongle (1403-1424 years), Beijing produce world-renowned Ming yongle great 3-ton bell made ( tons) and tower (63 tons of great 3-ton bell made of iron clock (25) and the furnace of melting, pit TaoFan model and method of casting. In the 1950s, Beijing based on clay sand castings in manual. In 1955, Beijing first machine tool plant began using leakage mould modelling, double-sided model and iron plate type plate and standard sand box modelling. In 1965, start using plastic model. In 1980, the institute and Beijing municipal electrical factory has successfully developed line frequency coreless bathroom plug stem bottom note type electric insulation casting. In 1982, hospital and Beijing the casting machine research cupola tuyere oxygen blowing technology. 1985-1988, Beijing institute of machine of floating end face seal ring by die successful test pressure casting 1959, Beijing second metalforming machinery general factory changed (Beijing) built 2500 ton heavy-duty hydraulic press. In 1971, the factory produced 6,000 tons, which is then Beijing hydrtesting biggest metalforming equipment. 1968-1979, Beijing hoisting machine factory has 300 tons of using hydraulic press 2000 tons and create crane and large panel. In the 1980s, Beijing institute of electrical and developed a series of Beijing mould centre high-precision cutting die, the multistage close to or to import mould level, changed Beijing precision punching moulds dependence on 1949, Beijing has heat treatment furnace, salt dissolved by thermocouples means furnace, quenching and tempering, parts of annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, carburizing and etc. In 1956, Beijing first began using high-frequency quenching machine tool plant. In 1961, the Beijing second machine tool plant began using gas nitriding quenching. In 1969, the following enterprise by Beijing gage start light quenching. In 1978, the complete machine tool research institute of Beijing guide surface contact quenching process and equipment, quenching condition of quality inspection. In 1979, scientific research institute of China academy of railway and mechanical institute of high-power diesel engine cylinder collaboration of surface modification of laser. In 1979, Beijing institute of electrical carbon dioxide laser is developed, and the kilowatt in early 1980s respectively applied in cylinder and stamp printing equipments of laser treatment. Among them, tsinghua university, Beijing, Beijing institute of electrical YouPiaoChang jointly completed YouPiaoChang seven color machine DaKongQi laser surface strengthening research. From 1984 to 1990, Beijing institute of vacuum heat treatment research, gas carburizing microcomputer control technology (Beijing university of aeronautics &astronautics and cooperation), rare earth soft nitriding, powder metallurgy products surface strengthening, kerosene and methanol small drops of microcomputer control method of carburizing, solid boriding and carburizing process computer aided process planning and tracking control system, and the application of new technology heat in production. Welding and cutting in 1949, Beijing has geo-drilling, electric welding and cutting etc oxyacetylene flame manual operation. In 1963, Beijing metal structure and YiJiBu mechanical science research cooperation to develop tungsten argon arc welding, and realize the nitrogen plasma cutting stainless steel. In 1964, the use of dc argon arc welding and tungsten wire alloying technology solved by tilting electrolysis industry worse pure nickel welding. In 1966, Beijing metal structure factory developed by rotating sphere of the submerged arc welding automatic welding. In 1968, the plant began to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) instead of acetylene cutting. In the early 1980s, tsinghua university invented new MIG welding arc arc technology in control, control a breakthrough. In the early 1980s, the Beijing urban construction design completed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mobile pneumatic rail welding technology research and application. In 1990, Beijing metal structure factory to adopt CNC precision cutting and with photo-electricity tracking and CNC pursuit of high input automatic programming technology plasma , China mechanical development in modern development of its rapid.

摘要- Cobots是一类机器人的使用不断 无级变速发展高保真可编程 约束的表面。 Cobots消耗很少的电力 即使在提供高输出部队,其传输效率高众多的 传动比。 Cobotic变速箱也有能力 采取行动作为一个制动器或将成为完全免费。设计 和性能Cobotic手控制器,最近 发达国家六自由度触觉显示器,是审查。 这个装置表明,高动态范围和低功耗 消费实现的cobots 。彻底的比较 电源效率cobotic系统与传统的 机电系统提供。 三个关键要求机器人技术用于 假肢和康复是低体重,低功耗 消费和安全性。我们建议cobotic技术作为 传输架构,可以处理这些问题。 Cobots是机器人利用非完整约束 的指导车轮的相对速度有关的 机制的联系。阿cobotic传播是一个不断 无级变速器(无级变速器)之间的积极和消极 比率,可以涉及两个平移速度,两个 旋转速度,或旋转速度为平移 速度[ 1 ] 。我们最近推出了Cobotic手 控制器(图1 ) ,六自由度动力 合作机器人,并阐述其能力作为触觉界面[ 2 , 3 ] 。通过本论文中,我们表明, 机械结构和传输中使用 Cobotic手控制器处理所有三个以上 上述要求的假肢和机器人 康复。

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