有关汽车文化的论文标题大全英文

汽车，即本身具有动力得以驱动，不须依轨道或电力架设，得以机动行驶之车辆。广义来说，具有四轮行驶的车辆，普遍多称为汽车。虽然，长久以来学术各界对“谁是第一位汽车发明者”皆有不同的看法及论述，未有完全一致性的看法，但是，绝大部份学者皆将德国工程师卡尔·本茨视为第一位发明者。美国人亨利·福特首先大量生产平价汽车，是使汽车得以普及化的人。汽车（Car，卡尔·本茨发明）是一种现代交通工具，英文原译为“自动车”，在日本也称“自动车”（日本汉字中的汽车则是指我们所说的火车），其他文种也多称为“自动车”，只有在中国例外。由动力驱动，具有四个或四个以上车轮的非轨道承载的车辆，主要用于：——载运人员和/或货物（物品）；——牵引载运货物（物品）的车辆或特殊用途的车辆；——专项作业。本术语还包括：a）与电力线相联的车辆，如无轨电车；b) 整车整备质量超过 400kg的不带驾驶室的三轮车辆；c) 整车整备质量超过 600kg的带驾驶室的三轮车辆。

让你同学帮你在一些高校的图书馆里找，那里都有电子档的

How Manual Transmissions Work by Marshall Brain If you drive a stick-shift car， then you may have several questions floating in your How does the funny "H" pattern that I am moving this shift knob through have any relation to the gears inside the transmission? What is moving inside the transmission when I move the shifter? When I mess up and hear that horrible grinding sound， what is actually grinding? What would happen if I were to accidentally shift into reverse while I am speeding down the freeway? Would the entire transmission explode? In this article， we'll answer all of these questions and more as we explore the interior of a manual Cars need transmissions because of the physics of the gasoline First， any engine has a redline -- a maximum rpm value above which the engine cannot go without Second， if you have read How Horsepower Works， then you know that engines have narrow rpm ranges where horsepower and torque are at their For example， an engine might produce its maximum horsepower at 5，500 The transmission allows the gear ratio between the engine and the drive wheels to change as the car speeds up and slows You shift gears so the engine can stay below the redline and near the rpm band of its best Photo courtesy DaimlerChrysler Mercedes-Benz Actros， manual See more transmission Ideally， the transmission would be so flexible in its ratios that the engine could always run at its single， best-performance rpm That is the idea behind the continuously variable transmission (CVT) A CVT has a nearly infinite range of gear In the past， CVTs could not compete with four-speed and five-speed transmissions in terms of cost， size and reliability， so you didn't see them in production These days， improvements in design have made CVTs more The Toyota Prius is a hybrid car that uses a CVT The transmission is connected to the engine through the The input shaft of the transmission therefore turns at the same rpm as the engine

Guide the future development of the concept of automotive vehicles Summary of high-tech popularization and application makes the pace of replacement automotive products faster and faster， also makes the Chinese automotive industry independent research and development level and technical level with the international on the growing gap in the development of the concept car is even more the difference between the very WTO accession for China car alarm sounded， but also tremendous opportunity， our government， as well as automotive companies must increase their research and automotive design input， to establish a positive right car design concept， the concept of extensive vehicle design Keywords concept car designed to develop science， technology and culture Technology start-ups PIONEERINGWITHSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMONTHLY The 21st century， in order to lead and performance of the new century， the development of future automotive trends， a number of international auto companies， one after another at the major auto show in the world to launch its own concept car and new There is， however， must be caused by a phenomenon we are concerned about: As a car big country， but few Chinese car makers to launch its own development and design concept Are one of the main reasons for China's automotive design concepts and methods， as well as the lack of research and development of concept cars do not pay enough It can be said that a self-designed and self-development capacity of the automobile industry， it is difficult to say that is a complete auto Thus we must intensify the study of automotive design and input， to establish a positive right car design concept， the concept of extensive vehicle 1 "concept car" is defined The so-called "concept cars" that have not yet begun to enter the market with a design unique and must advance the awareness of the new Its main characteristics are: it must give people are to consider that can guide the new concept It has just the design in general at the time， people's aesthetic ideas， the purchasing power and even the level of motor vehicle manufacturing industry is also Generally it will be it avant-garde design， innovative materials， bold use of a more perfect performance， the new car interior design indicates that the direction of development of the automobile Some of the world's largest car company every year to spend many human and material resources to design their own concept car， and in some large auto exposition on It can be said that with the continuous introduction of concept cars， the near future may occur on some concept cars have today， some features or functions of the But not necessarily a concept car will each eventually evolve into mass production cars to enter the market， the majority of concept cars are finally only a "concept" for people to discuss the 2 concept car， in reality the meaning of 1 concept car design and development of automotive products reflected the development trend of 1 the performance of the highest scientific level and the most sophisticated technology in concept car At the International Motor Show the previous， and the major automotive companies and the introduction of the concept of lot of cars， concept cars to remove these sleek， but also more integrated into a large number of high-tech and modern means of the introduction of the concept car to become Motor Company takes pride in the idea of the concept of automotive research and development are often accompanied by new technologies and the use of new materials with certain forward-looking， herald a new stage of development and the beginning for this reason that car companies the development of the concept car has invested great human and material resources， with its show car the company's strong momentum of Various high-tech applications， making car slowly evolved into information， communications， entertainment centers and the exchange of information with the outside world， the computer functions and Internet all-round involvement， in-car information and entertainment equipment， advanced navigation equipment， real-time traffic information function of the growing popularity of the inevitable demand of these high-tech automotive designers transcend time and space to establish a new value system， the emergence of various new technologies for the automotive design freely given to a wider Function of motor vehicles for further expansion and development of the concept car， the car gradually from the cold machinery into human information exchange platform， if the concept car has its own way of expressing their emotions with pregnant， anger， sadness and joy， such as facial expression make the concept car than in high volume production cars， become a new symbol of Concept Car Design of automotive products have greater and greater impact， it represents the development direction of the automobile industry and the basic idea of the automobile company design standards and a symbol of scientific and technological 2 human physiological needs and psychological needs of the largest Satisfied --- Automotive Engineering in the Ergonomics Ergonomics are 50 in the early 20th century with the rapid development of a new subject with the aim of research， design and engineering technology to solve the relationship between the human Car body design in ergonomics， it is to people (drivers and passengers) as the center， from the body's physiology， psychology， and exercise the human body， the research body design， layout and equipment in terms of how to adapt to people need to create a manipulation convenient， safe， reliable， beautiful and comfortable driving environment and take the environment， that is the best person to design a - vehicle - environment Automotive Design Human-Computer analysis of the first ministries to human size required for measurement， statistics and analysis， conducting interior layout design as a basis to determine the effective space vehicle， as well as parts， assemblies (seats， dashboard ， steering wheel， ) position and dimensions of the relationship between Through the study of human physiological structure， so that the seat design in full compliance with the requirements of human Based on the manipulation of human manipulation of the scope and power to determine the layout of the manipulator position and force size， so that when the human body to manipulate natural， rapid， accurate and lightweight， so as to reduce the degree of manipulation of Through the visual characteristics of the human eye， the effect of vision research， testing， checking driver information system， to ensure that drivers have access to proper driving Exercise in accordance with the characteristics of the human body to study the automobile collision on the human body， a reasonable protection， the right to determine the hinged point seat belts and binding on the human body to study the vibration of the impact on ride comfort， research on and get off at the convenience of passengers， and door openings in order to determine location and According to the body's physiological requirements， reasonable certainty that the air-conditioning system and Research on the psychological characteristics and requirements， to design a comfortable， beautiful， relaxed by the 3 virtual product development technology At present， a growing number of automotive design companies and manufacturing companies to start using virtual product development technology， using three-dimensional virtual reality 3D technology development concept Opel car using 3D virtual reality technology concept car design and Designers can experience floating in the air of a virtual image of car design and manufacturing， saving considerable development costs， and plans to be extended to its North American assembly plant to Britain's Rolls-Royce， Renault， France， Germany Audi， as well as Italy， Sweden and other auto plants are actively engaged in this virtual design and Over the past automotive research and development centers to develop new or modified are first shaped body sludge physical model， is extremely time-consuming Now automotive R & D， in particular the development of concept cars are increasingly seeking the shortest development If the introduction of virtual product development technologies， as long as the computer input data to construct a model figure model， in the laboratory can show an ideal vehicle images， as long as the engineers wear eyepiece， you can see clearly， there is such as a car in front of us true， after all the discussion of design engineers modifications， you can quickly design an ideal new Stereotypes， the computer can use the data， outsourcing trial and trial fitted the new parts and components， assembly achieve zero error， and the development of aging more rapidly than in the 4 the concept of green environment-friendly vehicles to the development trend of Since entering the 21st century， countries around the world have been produced about 5 billion vehicles， according to expert estimates that in 2010 global vehicle production will reach 75 People sigh at the rapid development of automobile industry， but also an increasing awareness of pollution from motor vehicles to harm human beings， so many countries of the vehicle to develop environmental protection measures and regulations to protect the environment for human survival， so automotive environmental protection the design of this new concept car design to be placed in a prominent position on the Improve energy efficiency， improved engine configurations， including electronically controlled fuel injection system， secondary air injection， thermal reactor， exhaust gas recirculation system， catalytic purification device， crankcase ventilation systems， fuel evaporation control The development of alternative fuels， research and development of new environmentally-friendly energy， including natural gas， liquefied petroleum gas， fast charging batteries， hybrid power， hydrogen In the automotive manufacturing process， use of green materials， green packaging， green manufacturing processes and equipment and equipment Green car recycling 2 Concept car indicates road traffic in the evolution of human behavior 1 Concept foretells the future of the way road traffic trends Along with the development of automobile， the vehicle status is also slowly change， now car in people's minds as a symbol， a symbol of wealth and the embodiment of a status， but the car as a way of the nature of road traffic has Concept car design is based on the nature of a car's innovative design Concept car at the design of the way through the daily life of mankind， human beings in road traffic in the use of methods such as behavior and ways of life all aspects of prediction and analysis， it is envisaged to solve the future in the way road traffic between the object harmonious Strong and high-speed in today's technology enables the development of means of transport have a much broader space for development， more and more high-tech continuously applied at a new At present many of the world's major auto companies have realized that the development of the next car is no longer the biggest obstacles are technical limitations， but limits the designers Now appearing in major auto show concept cars are generally two types: one is based on the latest available technology can achieve another kind of concept cars are those who put forward some innovative technology options but is still in the research phase of the concept Able to express their feelings such as car， truck can random shell replacement car， be able to easily change the driving mode of motor vehicles， be able to swim in the water of the amphibious vehicle， able to fly in space vehicles， be able to change Like from Toyota and Sony jointly developed by "POD" cars， will be able to through the car before the lights， mirrors， antenna， as well as the rear seat to the car owners to express their "" Like Volkswagen's Seat International Auto Show in the United States on the introduction of multi-functional concept car "Sal? Juancheng sa"， there are sports， comfort and three kinds of urban-type driving mode selection for 2 Concept of culture differences in performance The United States as a world leader in the auto industry， concept cars at the manufacturing are on the forefront in the At the United States because of cultural blending， collision， so the concept car embodies the greater the diversity of cultures; are also caused by a highly developed country commercial， commercial design and pragmatism prevailed， so the design is set up at a deep aesthetic Ethics on the real and solve practical With the American cars are in sharp contrast to the Japanese concept Japan as the world's output of the second car big country， its concept car many practical and imagination， technology is better than art， more concerned about solving technical problems， it can be said in Japan This is the premise of the concept of car design， each model is to solve one kinds of technical problems The Japanese car model to maintain a small， simple， style characteristics of the economy and harmonious relations between man-machine deal with the Japanese are reflected as a delicate oriental thinking and compromise approach to solve the The United States put the design of commercial operation as an important aspect， Japan put out of Products Designed to accelerate as a tool， Germany put Designed as a social and cultural foundation， while the French took the design as a designer of stage From various countries so the concept of car design in different styles， we can see different countries， different concepts， as well as their different cultural backgrounds 3 Concluding remarks The future of automotive design as the development of the inevitable progress of Automotive Technology with each passing day， many of the artistic style of the designer will make it even more widely and more strongly reflected in the car design， and give people a wider Under high-tech， and personality of the car more humane 21st century will be the necessity of the development of the automobile industry， because it is consistent with human culture， the pursuit of individuality and Therefore， the increase in automobile design concept of the attention and input， will be the development of China's automobile industry has played a great role in pushing References 1尹定邦 Introduction to Study Design [M] Hunan: Hunan Science and Technology Press， 1999 2张洪欣 Auto Design [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press， 1997 3 Tang Jia-Ti， Han Xiao Jian had --- Product conceptual design theory， methods and techniques [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press， 2002

有关汽车文化的论文标题大全

你自己没思路的话~可以看下（机械工程与技术）期刊里面的文献啊~看下这类论文别人是研究什么的~说不定就能找到自己的灵感

你好的！ ① 中国知网也好、万方数据也好都有例子！ ② 并且大部分的院校都有免费的接口！ ③ 如果真没有免费的接口，那就百度知道悬赏求助下载吧！ ④ 要是要外文的论文准备翻译的话，最好的办法就是【谷歌学术】 ⑤ 需要什么语言的论文直接就用相应的语言搜索！100% 能找到类似的！【友情提示】==================论文写作方法=========================== {首先就不要有马上毕业，最后一次花点钱就得了的想法} ① 其实，原创的论文网上没有免费为你代谢的！谁愿意花时间给你写这个呢？难道你在空闲的时间原以为别人提供这种毫无意义的服务么？所以：还不如自己写。主要是网上的不可靠因素太多，万一碰到骗人的，就不上算了。 ② 写作论文的简单方法，首先大概确定自己的选题【这个很可能老师已经给你确定了】，然后在网上查找几份类似的文章。 ③ 通读一些相关资料，对这方面的内容有个大概的了解！看看别人都从哪些方面写这个东西！ ④ 参照你们学校的论文的格式，列出提纲，接着要将提纲给你们老师看看，再修改。等老师同意你这个提纲之后，你就可以补充内容！ ⑤ 也可以把这几份论文综合一下，从每篇论文上复制一部分，组成一篇新的文章！然后把按自己的语言把每一部分换下句式或词，经过换词不换意的办法处理后，网上就查不到了！ ⑥ 最后，到万方等数据库进行检测【这里便宜啊，每一万字才1块钱】，将扫红部分进行再次修改！ ⑦ 祝你顺利完成论文!【WARNING】========================================================= [Ⅰ] 如果确认找人代笔，交押金的要慎重考虑！ [Ⅱ] 淘宝交易的话，一定看好他的打款时间，有的设定为【3天】，到期之后人家自然收到钱！ [Ⅲ] 希望用我的回答能让童鞋们多个心眼！

你好！论文结合自己的工作任务，对工作方法及技巧进行总结，并说说自己对问题的解决或技能的掌握过程中的心得体会。三、选题范围1）发动机故障的诊断与排除过程2）汽车底盘方面的故障排除过程3）汽车电器方面的故障排除过程4）汽车电控方面的故障排除过程5）汽车美容操作工艺总结6）汽车钣金工艺总结过程7）汽车相关工作（工艺）流程

有关汽车维修的论文标题大全英文

Electronic brakeforce distribution or EBD or EBFD is an automobile brake technology that automatically varies the amount of force applied to each of a vehicle's brakes， based on road conditions， speed， loading， Always coupled with anti-lock braking systems， EBD can apply more or less braking pressure to each wheel in order to maximize stopping power whilst maintaining vehicular [1][2] Typically， the front end carries the most weight and EBD distributes less braking pressure to the rear brakes so the rear brakes do not lock up and cause a [3]How ABS worksUnder heavy braking， vehicle wheels may lock- The anti-lock braking system (ABS) monitors wheel speeds and releases pressure on individual wheel brake lines， rapidly pulsing individual brakes to prevent lock- During heavy braking， preventing wheel lock-up helps the driver maintain steering Modern ABS has four individual brake lines for each wheel， enabling different braking pressure on different road For example， less braking pressure is needed to lock a wheel on ice than a wheel which on bare If the left wheels are on asphalt and the right wheels are on ice， during an emergency stop， ABS detects the right wheels about to lock and reduces braking force on the right wheels， helping to avoid lock-up and loss of vehicle How EBD worksAs per SAE technical paper #920646 - Buschmann et "The job of the EBD as a subsystem of the ABS system is to control the effective adhesion utilization by the rear The pressure of the rear wheels is approximated to the ideal brake force distribution in a partial braking To do so， the conventional brake design is modified in the direction of rear axle overbraking， and the components of the ABS are EBD reduces the strain on the hydraulic brake force proportioning valve in the EBD optimizes the brake design with regard to: adhesion utilization; driving stability; wear; temperature stress; and pedal "EBD may work in conjunction with ABS and Electronic Stability Control ("ESC") to minimize yaw accelerations during ESC compares steering wheel angle to vehicle turning rate using a yaw rate "Yaw" is the vehicle's rotation around its vertical center of gravity (turning left or right) If the yaw sensor detects more/less yaw than the steering wheel angle should create， the car is understeering or oversteering and ESC activates one of the front or rear brakes to rotate the car back into its intended For example， if a car is making a left turn and begins to understeer (the car plows forward to the outside of the turn) ESC activates the left rear brake， which will help turn the car The sensors are so sensitive， and the actuation is so quick that the system may correct direction before the driver ABS helps prevent wheel lock-up and EBD helps apply appropriate brake force to make ESC work

How to keep up with the updated management situation of automobile maintenance industry新兴行业 New Sunrise Industry激烈的竞争 fierce competition 服务观念 Service Concept市场准入制度 Marketing Entrance System

有关汽车文化的论文题目大全英语

一样的题目。。。今年让做ppt 。。。

你的论文准备往什么方向写，选题老师审核通过了没，有没有列个大纲让老师看一下写作方向？　　老师有没有和你说论文往哪个方向写比较好？写论文之前，一定要写个大纲，这样老师，好确定了框架，避免以后论文修改过程中出现大改的情况！！　　学校的格式要求、写作规范要注意，否则很可能发回来重新改，你要还有什么不明白或不懂可以问我，希望你能够顺利毕业，迈向新的人生。　　　　（一）选题　　毕业论文（设计）题目应符合本专业的培养目标和教学要求，具有综合性和创新性。本科生要根据自己的实际情况和专业特长，选择适当的论文题目，但所写论文要与本专业所学课程有关。　　（二）查阅资料、列出论文提纲　　题目选定后，要在指导教师指导下开展调研和进行实验，搜集、查阅有关资料，进行加工、提炼，然后列出详细的写作提纲。　　（三）完成初稿　　根据所列提纲，按指导教师的意见认真完成初稿。　　（四）定稿　　初稿须经指导教师审阅，并按其意见和要求进行修改，然后定稿。　　一般毕业论文题目的选择最好不要太泛，越具体越好，而且老师希望学生能结合自己学过的知识对问题进行分析和解决。　　不知道你是否确定了选题，　　确定选题了接下来你需要根据选题去查阅前辈们的相关论文，　　看看人家是怎么规划论文整体框架的；　　其次就是需要自己动手收集资料了，　　进而整理和分析资料得出自己的论文框架；　　最后就是按照框架去组织论文了。　　你如果需要什么参考资料和范文我可以提供给你。　　还有什么不了解的可以直接问我，希望可以帮到你，祝写作过程顺利　　　　　　毕业论文选题的方法:　　一、尽快确定毕业论文的选题方向在毕业论文工作布置后，每个人都应遵循选题的基本原则，在较短的时间内把选题的方向确定下来。从毕业论文题目的性质来看，基本上可以分为两大类:一类是社会主义现代化建设实践中提出的理论和实际问题;另一类是专业学科本身发展中存在的基本范畴和基本理论问题。大学生应根据自己的志趣和爱好，尽快从上述两大类中确定一个方向。　　　　　　二、在初步调查研究的基础上选定毕业论文的具体题目在选题的方向确定以后，还要经过一定的调查和研究，来进一步确定选题的范围，以至最后选定具体题目。下面介绍两种常见的选题方法。浏览捕捉法 :这种方法就是通过对占有的文献资料快速地、大量地阅读，在比较中来确定论文题目地方法。浏览，一般是在资料占有达到一定数量时集中一段时间进行，这样便于对资料作集中的比较和鉴别。浏览的目的是在咀嚼消化已有资料的过程中，提出问题，寻找自己的研究课题。这就需要对收集到的材料作一全面的阅读研究，主要的、次要的、不同角度的、不同观点的都应了解，不能看了一些资料，有了一点看法，就到此为止，急于动笔。也不能“先入为主”，以自己头脑中原有的观点或看了第一篇资料后得到的看法去决定取舍。而应冷静地、客观地对所有资料作认真的分析思考。在浩如烟海，内容丰富的资料中吸取营养，反复思考琢磨许多时候之后，必然会有所发现，这是搞科学研究的人时常会碰到的情形。浏览捕捉法一般可按以下步骤进行: 第一步，广泛地浏览资料。在浏览中要注意勤作笔录，随时记下资料的纲目，记下资料中对自己影响最深刻的观点、论据、论证方法等，记下脑海中涌现的点滴体会。当然，手抄笔录并不等于有言必录，有文必录，而是要做细心的选择，有目的、有重点地摘录，当详则详，当略则略，一些相同的或类似的观点和材料则不必重复摘录，只需记下资料来源及页码就行，以避免浪费时间和精力。第二步，是将阅读所得到的方方面面的内容，进行分类、排列、组合，从中寻找问题、发现问题，材料可按纲目分类，如分成: 系统介绍有关问题研究发展概况的资料; 对某一个问题研究情况的资料; 对同一问题几种不同观点的资料; 对某一问题研究最新的资料和成果等等。第三步，将自己在研究中的体会与资料分别加以比较，找出哪些体会在资料中没有或部分没有;哪些体会虽然资料已有，但自己对此有不同看法;哪些体会和资料是基本一致的;哪些体会是在资料基础上的深化和发挥等等。经过几番深思熟虑的思考过程，就容易萌生自己的想法。把这种想法及时捕捉住，再作进一步的思考，选题的目标也就会渐渐明确起来。

汽车与人们日常、汽车与科技、经济、社会发展的关系　　汽车提高了速度，使人们的时间变得越来越快，加快了生活节奏和事件的发生，增加了对人们的心理的刺激，带了各种生活压力，导致现代社会心理的疲惫与紊乱。。　　还是古代好啊，生活节奏很慢，人们有充足的时间进行思考。。　　效率与压力并存，关系就是大大增加了文明之间交流的频度和广度。　　汽车缩小了时间上的距离，拉近了空间上的距离。　　汽车能给我们带来很多方便，现在汽车的价值也有很多档次，一切都跟我们的社会在不断的进步，科技高速不发展分不开，但私家车不段增加，我们的能源就会加速的减少，但到目前为止还没有真正的一种能够代替石油的能源，汽车不断增加，有利也有弊，我们要用全面的眼光看待这个问题，不能盲目　　汽车是改变世界的机器用是作为人们的代步工具有了汽林的喜剧小品中领略到老爷车的现代社会，汽车已经和人类的车，人类的自由活动半径大大增加笨拙可爱之处，又可以从现代电影生活密不可分了。　　汽车制造是大规模生产的行业，具有规模经济效应　　社会对汽车不断增长的要求，促使汽车工业人日益繁荣。一辆汽车有上万个零件，由钢铁、有色金属、塑料、橡胶、玻璃、纺织品、木材、涂料等繁多材料制成；应用冶炼、锻造、锻压、机械加工、焊接、装配、涂装等许多工艺技术制成；涉及冶金、机械制造、化工、电子、电力、石油、轻工等部门，汽车的销售和营运还涉及金融、商业、运输、旅游、服务等第三产业。可以断言，没有哪个行业与汽车完全无关。汽车业是一个关联度非常大的产业，汽车产业自身发展的同时，还可以带动约150多个上下游产业，从而促进城市经济的发展。此外汽车工业也给社会带来许多机会----日本的汽车制造、销售、营运等行业职工占全国就业人数的1/9，美国和德国的这个比例更高，占1/6。汽车工业的发展无疑回促进个行业的繁荣兴旺，带动整个国民经济的发展。汽车工业一是经济利益很高的产业。在发达国家中，许多著名的汽车企业举足轻重，在世界500强企业的排行榜中均名列前茅，这些国家汽车工业的产值约占国民经济总产值的7%～8%，占机械工业总产值的30%，其实力足以左右国民经济的动向。因此，世界各各发达国家几乎无一例外地把汽车工业作为国民经济的支柱产业。　　我国的汽车工业起步较晚，1953年7月15日第一汽车制造厂在长春动工兴建。1956年10月，第一汽车制造厂开工生产，结束了我国不能制造汽车的历史。1953～1958年是中国汽车产业的创建阶段，长春第一汽车制造厂的建成是这一阶段的标志。这一阶段的特点为建设工作是在原苏联的全面援助下进行的，产品由苏联引进，工艺流程由苏联设计，主要设备由苏联提供，连厂房设计也是由苏联方面承担的。1968年第二汽车制造厂在湖北十堰动工兴建，1975年投产。这个阶段的汽车制造厂及其主要产品由于依赖国家提供原材料和报销全部产品，汽车企业“缺重少轻”、“轿车基本空白”的缺陷后来又因为文革的原因，汽车产量停滞不前。1958～1984 年是中国汽车产业的第二阶段。1958年左右，中苏关系恶化。中国汽车产业与其他经济部门一起进入自力更生的时期。在初步形成了自己的基础工业之后，我国各地纷纷仿造和试制了多款汽车，逐渐形成了几个较有规模的汽车制造厂。改革开放以后，我国汽车行业逐渐从计划经济走向市场经济，开始的蓬勃发展时期。通过引进先进技术和整车项目，已经建立了完整的汽车工业体系，随着国民经济的蓬勃发展和生活水平的提高，对汽车的需求愈来愈旺盛，中国迅速跃升为巨大的汽车市场。我国的汽车产量已跻身于世界生产大国的前列。但是，我国还不是汽车工业强国，我国的汽车工业水平仍然落后，汽车企业多而分散，竞争力不强，不能与汽车工业迅猛发展的形势相适应。　　首先，基于相关行业对汽车工业的作用，由依附、被动到今天走到“台前”，是一种历史进步，汽车业界就不应该总是抱怨“环境不好”，而应该树立一种“在困境中培养坚强”的积极心态。这对整个汽车产业链的发展都是必要的，有益的。　　其次，汽车媒体和专家们由此可以摆脱原有思维惯性，不再“就汽车说汽车”，而要从多方面、多角度、多侧面地研究如何迎接汽车社会的到来？如何认识汽车与汽车文化的关系？如何推动汽车与社会的可持续发展？汽车的普及和与之相关产业的发展将会给经济和社会可持续发展带来什么样的机遇和挑战？怎样促进经济和社会各项事业的协调发展？汽车进入更多普通市民生活后对城市建设和城市管理提出了哪些新要求？具体有哪些改良和改革措施？汽车文化的魅力将如何冲击或影响人们生活方式的改变？等等等等。否则，仅是在汽车降价呀、新车上市呀、怎样修车呀上面打转转，实在是肤浅而又“同质化”的，对整个汽车产业的推动也是十分有限的。

你看看交通技术期刊或者直接去汉斯出版社的官网检索相关文献就可以哈，看看别人是怎么写的，你找找灵感

有关汽车的文章或论文标题大全英文

In recent years， engine manufacturers have been required to reduce the levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in diesel engine exhaust to meet Tier 3 emission standards required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) One of the reasons for this mandate by the EPA is because NOx has been associated with respiratory disease and This requirement is accomplished by changes in engine designs that include retarded timing， raised piston rings， selective catalytic reduction and the use of exhaust gas recirculating (EGR) New engine designs use EGR to control NOx emissions by recirculating exhaust gases back into the combustion chamber to be burned a second time， thereby reducing emissions associated with health The amount of exhaust gas introduced into the combustion chamber will displace oxygen， creating cooler In doing this， many of the exhaust contaminants end up in the engine lubricating Diesel engine oils are now exposed to a higher level of contamination that can degrade the oil and damage engine There is concern that exhaust gas recirculation can have a detrimental effect on engine durability and its effects on the Oils exposed to the EGR environment show an increase in soot content， acid number (AN) and viscosity， while the engine and oil are both exposed to corrosive/acidic gases and particle According to Elizabeth Kobert who wrote a article titled “Running on Fumes” for the New Yorker， she says that there are about 9 personal cars per 1，000 eligible people in C In India， there are about 11 cars per 1，000 eligible The comparison becomes interesting when you factor in cars in the United S Kobert says that we have 1，114 automobiles per 1，000 eligible These figures help us understand why the United States is the top consumer of fossil fuels and emitter of The really frightening aspect of all of this is knowing that both China and India's economies are on a substantial growth track that will forever change the above automobile They are hungry for all of the amenities that are synonymous with a comfortable modern life and driving is one of The urbanization of China has been dramatic over the past Peasants have left the countryside for jobs in urban areas and the promise of a better As a result， urban areas have sprung up almost overnight to accommodate the boom in With a population if over 1 billion people， China has over 200 cities with at least 1 million As they increase their income， they will have expendable income that will allow them to purchase The future looks bright for car sales in China and I Kobert argues that if China and India were to reach car ownership at just half the numbers of American drivers， those two countries would burn through 100 million barrels of oil a If they were to match the number of United States drivers， they would need 200 million barrels of oil a To the average person these numbers appear quite meaningless until you understand that the current total world consumption a day is about 86 million barrels of This level of oil production has plateaued since December of 2005 and many are worried that we have begun the inevitable decline in our ability to pump oil at these This would all be just an interesting academic discussion if it weren't for the fact that 35 billion dollars was just sucked out of our economy due to the increase in fuel prices as we were heading into the Christmas Money spent on fuel is not money spent on the A recent poll by by Gfk Roper Public Affairs and Media reports that 27 million Americans will need to borrow money to pay their fuel bills this winter， 20 million of them will use credit cards to pay for heat to stay This comes at a time when utility companies are expanding the payment options for households and for many this includes credit As we look forward， a prudent person would understand that we are facing several enormous First of all， the world must drastically reduce the amount of carbon we are releasing into the An increasing reliance on the internal combustion engine will obviously seal our If we were to develop an alternative car right now that does not emit carbon it would take years to replace the current stock of The average car stays on the road for 7 The hundreds of millions of vehicles on the road right now will be with us for years to As China and India add to their vehicle stock， it is likely that these vehicles will live out their life cycle as Lastly， it is clear that if we continue to burn fossil fuels we will all be competing for a dwindling The laws of economics tell us that prices will increase as demand outstrips The future appears The implications for increased military conflict to secure our energy future has already begun and will worsen as supply

Cars in America(美国的汽车)Cars in AmericaCars are an important part of lifein the United S The car made the UnitedStatesanationon Andit helped to make the United States what it is There are three main reasons why the car became so popular in the United S First of all the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in The cars provide the most comfortable and cheapest form of The second reason that cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the Nowadays there is a good system of air service provided by But it is too expensive to be used The third reason is the most important one， The American spirit of independence is what really made cars Americans don't like to wait for a bus， or a train or even a They don't like to have to follow an exact And the freedom a car gives them is what Americans want most to The decrease of gas supplies has caused a big problem for A But the answer will not be a bigger system of public The real solution will have to be a new kind of car， one that does not use so much

3000-4000字？！我劝你还是先找到英文文献再来百度问翻译的事情吧，这不是一般的翻译量啊，一般的上班的或者在学校的学生哪有时间给你翻译啊？再说在百度上问到的免费翻译你觉得可信么？给你推荐一家专业的翻译公司吧，沈阳美东旭翻译公司，他们是来自美国的翻译公司，有15年翻译行业经验，拥有积累多年的术语库，并且如果你有需要的话，可以为你提供以英语为母语的专业外籍人士进行翻译和校对哦，希望能对你有帮助。

-- Scott Perl， Albuquerque， NM A: Auto racers have told us the main advantage in filling tires with nitrogen instead of ambient air is that nitrogen tends to maintain more consistent tire pressure over a wide range of As friction between the tire and pavement drives up the temperature， air with varying amounts of moisture content responds differently and can cause inconsistencies in tire While racing drivers are more likely to notice the advantages of nitrogen than everyday drivers， we haven't heard of any disadvantages to using Skeptics question the practice， noting that ambient air is about 80% nitrogen and that it expands and contracts at the same rate as pure A number of readers say there's no appreciable difference in how the tires will react if filled with nitrogen， especially in everyday Q: Is it safe to use cruise control in rain or on wet pavement? -- Scott Brake， Westminster， C A: Car makers often warn that cruise control should be used only in light traffic on open roads and in good There have been reports of accidents involving cruise control when the car lost traction -- or hydroplaned -- in slippery Some car makers warn that the steady throttle of cruise control -- like keeping one's foot on the gas -- could cause the wheels to spin when they hit a wet or icy patch of Car-company representatives say the cruise- control warnings reflect the fact that drivers should be particularly vigilant when conditions are less than ideal， and cruising along on what amounts to partial autopilot tends to lull some drivers into a false sense of Q: If an automobile manual suggests a certain weight oil (such as， 5W-30)， would adding a quart of a different weight oil (say， 10W-40) between complete oil changes damage the car's engine? -- Gil Ehrenkranz， Potomac， M A: Probably But today's engines generally are more precisely engineered than those of 20 or 30 years Many of us at some point have topped off our cars with whatever oil happened to be available without causing damage -- at least not that we know Auto makers， however， say modern engines can be more sensitive to a change in oil weight， and using the wrong oil， even in small amounts， can hurt an engine's performance and even cause Q: What is a sequential manual transmission? How does it differ from an automatic or a standard manual transmission? -- Harry J Jaffe， Germantown， T A: A sequential manual transmission is a gearbox that requires gear changes to be made in order (first to second to third)， instead of having a shift pattern with a lever that allows the driver to skip Motorcycles have used such transmissions for decades and racing cars began using them years ago because they allow quicker Shifting is usually done through levers， buttons or The sequential transmissions advertised today -- mainly in high- performance cars such as Ferraris， Aston Martins and some BMWs -- are technically manual transmissions， except that the clutch and the gear changes are controlled The advantage is that gear changes can be made more quickly and precisely than a human shifting the old-fashioned Traditionalists say the downside is that they simply aren't as much fun to drive and require less driver