期刊投稿百科

汽车前沿系列专题论文范文英文版

发布时间:2024-07-09 04:06:11

汽车前沿系列专题论文范文英文版

Electronic brakeforce distribution or EBD or EBFD is an automobile brake technology that automatically varies the amount of force applied to each of a vehicle's brakes, based on road conditions, speed, loading, Always coupled with anti-lock braking systems, EBD can apply more or less braking pressure to each wheel in order to maximize stopping power whilst maintaining vehicular [1][2] Typically, the front end carries the most weight and EBD distributes less braking pressure to the rear brakes so the rear brakes do not lock up and cause a [3]How ABS worksUnder heavy braking, vehicle wheels may lock- The anti-lock braking system (ABS) monitors wheel speeds and releases pressure on individual wheel brake lines, rapidly pulsing individual brakes to prevent lock- During heavy braking, preventing wheel lock-up helps the driver maintain steering Modern ABS has four individual brake lines for each wheel, enabling different braking pressure on different road For example, less braking pressure is needed to lock a wheel on ice than a wheel which on bare If the left wheels are on asphalt and the right wheels are on ice, during an emergency stop, ABS detects the right wheels about to lock and reduces braking force on the right wheels, helping to avoid lock-up and loss of vehicle How EBD worksAs per SAE technical paper #920646 - Buschmann et "The job of the EBD as a subsystem of the ABS system is to control the effective adhesion utilization by the rear The pressure of the rear wheels is approximated to the ideal brake force distribution in a partial braking To do so, the conventional brake design is modified in the direction of rear axle overbraking, and the components of the ABS are EBD reduces the strain on the hydraulic brake force proportioning valve in the EBD optimizes the brake design with regard to: adhesion utilization; driving stability; wear; temperature stress; and pedal "EBD may work in conjunction with ABS and Electronic Stability Control ("ESC") to minimize yaw accelerations during ESC compares steering wheel angle to vehicle turning rate using a yaw rate "Yaw" is the vehicle's rotation around its vertical center of gravity (turning left or right) If the yaw sensor detects more/less yaw than the steering wheel angle should create, the car is understeering or oversteering and ESC activates one of the front or rear brakes to rotate the car back into its intended For example, if a car is making a left turn and begins to understeer (the car plows forward to the outside of the turn) ESC activates the left rear brake, which will help turn the car The sensors are so sensitive, and the actuation is so quick that the system may correct direction before the driver ABS helps prevent wheel lock-up and EBD helps apply appropriate brake force to make ESC work

Society into the information network era, the requirements of the vehicle no longer be satisfied with a means of transport, but also want to live and work car is an extension of the scope, in the car like in their own office and home work and At the same time, the growing automotive electronics and also the rapid development of automotive technology was considered in the development process of a revolution of automotive electronics is a measure of the degree is seen as an important level of Hyundai Motor With computer technology, communication technology, the rapid development of integrated circuit technology in order to figure represented Fieldbus field instrument, equipment, a large number of applications, red tape has been the scene of a single simple connection of fieldbus networks in place of, the quality of signal transmission also greatly improved, cars have begun to enter the Internet A In the last decade, the users of motor vehicles for the comfort, safety and environmental requirements such as performance In order to meet these ever-increasing demand for computer-controlled vehicle electrical and electronic equipment increased dramatically, making vehicles (especially cars) the design of the layout of electrical circuits has become increasingly In addition, a variety of automotive electrical and electronic connector of the ensuing surge in the number of motor vehicles traveling on the course because of the failure point connector automotive electrical and electronic equipment on the issue of failure to perform its functions more and more To address these problems, many new models (especially the high-end models) the beginning of the development of the wider use of computer network In this paper, computer network technology in the automotive application of the basic principles of network technology on the inside and outside the vehicle, the introduction of the internal network, introduced the characteristics of automotive and automotive standards for the internal network, focuses on the control of the main local area network CAN characteristics and their Vehicle performance in accordance with the role of the impact of division of motor vehicle electronic products can be summarized as two types: one is the automotive electronic control devices, including the engine, chassis and body electronic One is car-car electronic devices, including motor vehicle information systems, navigation systems, car audio and video entertainment systems, automotive communications systems, Internet

With the entry of informative network times is comimg, people are not simply satisfied with Atuo as the means of walking replacement, but to expect it can be closely related life to work, just as we work in the office or at home while we take the Meanwhile, Auto electronic rapid developing is regarded as the revolution of Auto technology E-vehicle developing level is one of the key points to measure modern auto Followed the rapid development of comupter, telecommunication and integrated circuit technology, the typified digital field bus of field instrument and other related instruments widely used, and the complicated live link are replaced by simple live network link, the quality of signal transmission becomes much better than before, so that Auto gradually enters internet In reccent decade, customers have higher quality on comfort, security, eco-friendliness of A To meet these increasing demands, many electronic equipment controlled by computer is sharpely increasing in Auto, as a result of line connection becomes more difficult in Auto, especially in Besides, the quantity of electronic line point shows Inevitably it’ll has some troubles or blocks in So that many new model or high-level model auto is using network technology in the process of research to solve these This essay talks about how network is used in inner and outer auto, refering to the characteristic and standard of inner network used in A While the key point is to emphasise on the main features and using of controlling local area According to driving performance, auto electronic products could be classified as followings: one is Auto electronic control devices, including engine, chassis and body electronic The other is car electronic devices, including motor vehicle information systems, navigation systems, car audio and video entertainment systems, automotive communications systems, internet equipment

Guide the future development of the concept of automotive vehicles Summary of high-tech popularization and application makes the pace of replacement automotive products faster and faster, also makes the Chinese automotive industry independent research and development level and technical level with the international on the growing gap in the development of the concept car is even more the difference between the very WTO accession for China car alarm sounded, but also tremendous opportunity, our government, as well as automotive companies must increase their research and automotive design input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle design Keywords concept car designed to develop science, technology and culture Technology start-ups PIONEERINGWITHSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMONTHLY The 21st century, in order to lead and performance of the new century, the development of future automotive trends, a number of international auto companies, one after another at the major auto show in the world to launch its own concept car and new There is, however, must be caused by a phenomenon we are concerned about: As a car big country, but few Chinese car makers to launch its own development and design concept Are one of the main reasons for China's automotive design concepts and methods, as well as the lack of research and development of concept cars do not pay enough It can be said that a self-designed and self-development capacity of the automobile industry, it is difficult to say that is a complete auto Thus we must intensify the study of automotive design and input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle 1 "concept car" is defined The so-called "concept cars" that have not yet begun to enter the market with a design unique and must advance the awareness of the new Its main characteristics are: it must give people are to consider that can guide the new concept It has just the design in general at the time, people's aesthetic ideas, the purchasing power and even the level of motor vehicle manufacturing industry is also Generally it will be it avant-garde design, innovative materials, bold use of a more perfect performance, the new car interior design indicates that the direction of development of the automobile Some of the world's largest car company every year to spend many human and material resources to design their own concept car, and in some large auto exposition on It can be said that with the continuous introduction of concept cars, the near future may occur on some concept cars have today, some features or functions of the But not necessarily a concept car will each eventually evolve into mass production cars to enter the market, the majority of concept cars are finally only a "concept" for people to discuss the 2 concept car, in reality the meaning of 1 concept car design and development of automotive products reflected the development trend of 1 the performance of the highest scientific level and the most sophisticated technology in concept car At the International Motor Show the previous, and the major automotive companies and the introduction of the concept of lot of cars, concept cars to remove these sleek, but also more integrated into a large number of high-tech and modern means of the introduction of the concept car to become Motor Company takes pride in the idea of the concept of automotive research and development are often accompanied by new technologies and the use of new materials with certain forward-looking, herald a new stage of development and the beginning for this reason that car companies the development of the concept car has invested great human and material resources, with its show car the company's strong momentum of Various high-tech applications, making car slowly evolved into information, communications, entertainment centers and the exchange of information with the outside world, the computer functions and Internet all-round involvement, in-car information and entertainment equipment, advanced navigation equipment, real-time traffic information function of the growing popularity of the inevitable demand of these high-tech automotive designers transcend time and space to establish a new value system, the emergence of various new technologies for the automotive design freely given to a wider Function of motor vehicles for further expansion and development of the concept car, the car gradually from the cold machinery into human information exchange platform, if the concept car has its own way of expressing their emotions with pregnant, anger, sadness and joy, such as facial expression make the concept car than in high volume production cars, become a new symbol of Concept Car Design of automotive products have greater and greater impact, it represents the development direction of the automobile industry and the basic idea of the automobile company design standards and a symbol of scientific and technological 2 human physiological needs and psychological needs of the largest Satisfied --- Automotive Engineering in the Ergonomics Ergonomics are 50 in the early 20th century with the rapid development of a new subject with the aim of research, design and engineering technology to solve the relationship between the human Car body design in ergonomics, it is to people (drivers and passengers) as the center, from the body's physiology, psychology, and exercise the human body, the research body design, layout and equipment in terms of how to adapt to people need to create a manipulation convenient, safe, reliable, beautiful and comfortable driving environment and take the environment, that is the best person to design a - vehicle - environment Automotive Design Human-Computer analysis of the first ministries to human size required for measurement, statistics and analysis, conducting interior layout design as a basis to determine the effective space vehicle, as well as parts, assemblies (seats, dashboard , steering wheel, ) position and dimensions of the relationship between Through the study of human physiological structure, so that the seat design in full compliance with the requirements of human Based on the manipulation of human manipulation of the scope and power to determine the layout of the manipulator position and force size, so that when the human body to manipulate natural, rapid, accurate and lightweight, so as to reduce the degree of manipulation of Through the visual characteristics of the human eye, the effect of vision research, testing, checking driver information system, to ensure that drivers have access to proper driving Exercise in accordance with the characteristics of the human body to study the automobile collision on the human body, a reasonable protection, the right to determine the hinged point seat belts and binding on the human body to study the vibration of the impact on ride comfort, research on and get off at the convenience of passengers, and door openings in order to determine location and According to the body's physiological requirements, reasonable certainty that the air-conditioning system and Research on the psychological characteristics and requirements, to design a comfortable, beautiful, relaxed by the 3 virtual product development technology At present, a growing number of automotive design companies and manufacturing companies to start using virtual product development technology, using three-dimensional virtual reality 3D technology development concept Opel car using 3D virtual reality technology concept car design and Designers can experience floating in the air of a virtual image of car design and manufacturing, saving considerable development costs, and plans to be extended to its North American assembly plant to Britain's Rolls-Royce, Renault, France, Germany Audi, as well as Italy, Sweden and other auto plants are actively engaged in this virtual design and Over the past automotive research and development centers to develop new or modified are first shaped body sludge physical model, is extremely time-consuming Now automotive R & D, in particular the development of concept cars are increasingly seeking the shortest development If the introduction of virtual product development technologies, as long as the computer input data to construct a model figure model, in the laboratory can show an ideal vehicle images, as long as the engineers wear eyepiece, you can see clearly, there is such as a car in front of us true, after all the discussion of design engineers modifications, you can quickly design an ideal new Stereotypes, the computer can use the data, outsourcing trial and trial fitted the new parts and components, assembly achieve zero error, and the development of aging more rapidly than in the 4 the concept of green environment-friendly vehicles to the development trend of Since entering the 21st century, countries around the world have been produced about 5 billion vehicles, according to expert estimates that in 2010 global vehicle production will reach 75 People sigh at the rapid development of automobile industry, but also an increasing awareness of pollution from motor vehicles to harm human beings, so many countries of the vehicle to develop environmental protection measures and regulations to protect the environment for human survival, so automotive environmental protection the design of this new concept car design to be placed in a prominent position on the Improve energy efficiency, improved engine configurations, including electronically controlled fuel injection system, secondary air injection, thermal reactor, exhaust gas recirculation system, catalytic purification device, crankcase ventilation systems, fuel evaporation control The development of alternative fuels, research and development of new environmentally-friendly energy, including natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, fast charging batteries, hybrid power, hydrogen In the automotive manufacturing process, use of green materials, green packaging, green manufacturing processes and equipment and equipment Green car recycling 2 Concept car indicates road traffic in the evolution of human behavior 1 Concept foretells the future of the way road traffic trends Along with the development of automobile, the vehicle status is also slowly change, now car in people's minds as a symbol, a symbol of wealth and the embodiment of a status, but the car as a way of the nature of road traffic has Concept car design is based on the nature of a car's innovative design Concept car at the design of the way through the daily life of mankind, human beings in road traffic in the use of methods such as behavior and ways of life all aspects of prediction and analysis, it is envisaged to solve the future in the way road traffic between the object harmonious Strong and high-speed in today's technology enables the development of means of transport have a much broader space for development, more and more high-tech continuously applied at a new At present many of the world's major auto companies have realized that the development of the next car is no longer the biggest obstacles are technical limitations, but limits the designers Now appearing in major auto show concept cars are generally two types: one is based on the latest available technology can achieve another kind of concept cars are those who put forward some innovative technology options but is still in the research phase of the concept Able to express their feelings such as car, truck can random shell replacement car, be able to easily change the driving mode of motor vehicles, be able to swim in the water of the amphibious vehicle, able to fly in space vehicles, be able to change Like from Toyota and Sony jointly developed by "POD" cars, will be able to through the car before the lights, mirrors, antenna, as well as the rear seat to the car owners to express their "" Like Volkswagen's Seat International Auto Show in the United States on the introduction of multi-functional concept car "Sal? Juancheng sa", there are sports, comfort and three kinds of urban-type driving mode selection for 2 Concept of culture differences in performance The United States as a world leader in the auto industry, concept cars at the manufacturing are on the forefront in the At the United States because of cultural blending, collision, so the concept car embodies the greater the diversity of cultures; are also caused by a highly developed country commercial, commercial design and pragmatism prevailed, so the design is set up at a deep aesthetic Ethics on the real and solve practical With the American cars are in sharp contrast to the Japanese concept Japan as the world's output of the second car big country, its concept car many practical and imagination, technology is better than art, more concerned about solving technical problems, it can be said in Japan This is the premise of the concept of car design, each model is to solve one kinds of technical problems The Japanese car model to maintain a small, simple, style characteristics of the economy and harmonious relations between man-machine deal with the Japanese are reflected as a delicate oriental thinking and compromise approach to solve the The United States put the design of commercial operation as an important aspect, Japan put out of Products Designed to accelerate as a tool, Germany put Designed as a social and cultural foundation, while the French took the design as a designer of stage From various countries so the concept of car design in different styles, we can see different countries, different concepts, as well as their different cultural backgrounds 3 Concluding remarks The future of automotive design as the development of the inevitable progress of Automotive Technology with each passing day, many of the artistic style of the designer will make it even more widely and more strongly reflected in the car design, and give people a wider Under high-tech, and personality of the car more humane 21st century will be the necessity of the development of the automobile industry, because it is consistent with human culture, the pursuit of individuality and Therefore, the increase in automobile design concept of the attention and input, will be the development of China's automobile industry has played a great role in pushing References 1尹定邦 Introduction to Study Design [M] Hunan: Hunan Science and Technology Press, 1999 2张洪欣 Auto Design [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 1997 3 Tang Jia-Ti, Han Xiao Jian had --- Product conceptual design theory, methods and techniques [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 2002

汽车前沿系列专题论文范文

我所要研究的课题是“中国医药批发企业现状与发展”。对一个医药批发企业来说,最重要的就是药品的来源和销售,每个医药企业都有固定的供应商和一定的营销手段,药品的供应需要医药物流的支持,而销售呢,就需要医药销售的支持,所以医药批发企业的现状与发展,是随着医药物流和医药销售而走的。 然而,在进公司工作一段时间后,我慢慢的对企业有了一定的了解,知道了一个医药批发企业如果想做大做好,就要运用网络,建立医药电子商务,这样医药批发企业才会有更好的发展。最后,我根据自己的个人看法,对医药批发企业的发展趋势做了几点归纳, 本次我要做的课题的目的和意义是:随着医药行业的发展,医药批发企业也孕育而生,得到了飞速的发展。而医药批发企业又是药厂与医院、药店的连接线,所以,医药批发企业的现状和发展再医药行业中占有很重要的地位。同时,本次所做的课题,让我深刻地了解了医药批发企业现状与发展。使我对医药批发企业有了一个深刻的了解。同时对我以后的工作有很大的帮助。

我可以给你,不上传,

首先文献综述分为标题、前言、正文和总结四个部分。下面阐述写这几部分的方法。1、标题。文献综述的标题一般多是在设计(论文)选题的标题后加“文献综述”字样。2、提要或前言。此部分一般不用专设标题,而是直接作为整个文献综述的开篇部分。内容是简要介绍本课题研究的意义;将要解决的主要问题;如果本课题涉及到较前沿的理论,还应对该理论进行简要介绍;最后要介绍研究者搜集的资料范围及资料来源,其中要讲清查阅了哪些主要著作、在网络中查询了哪些资料库(如中国期刊网全文数据库、学位论文全文数据库等)、并以怎样的方式进行搜索(如通过输入“关键词”或“作者名”或“文章名”进行搜索,一般用精确匹配), 共搜索到的相关论文的篇目数量多少,对自己有直接参考价值的论文有多少等信息。3、正文。这是文献综述的核心部分。应在归类整理的基础上,对自己搜集到的有用资料进行系统介绍。撰写此部分时还应注意以下两点:其-对已有成果要分类介绍,各类之间用小标题区分。以下是常见的分类线索:按时空分类;按本课题所涉及的不同子课题分类;按已有成果中的不同观点进行分类,等等。其二既要有概括的介绍,又要有重点介绍。根据自己的分类,对各类研究先做概括介绍,然后对此类研究中具有代表性的成果进行重点介绍。重点介绍时要求要点明作者名、文献名及其具体观点。无论是概括介绍还是重点介绍的文献资料均要求将文献来源在参考文献中反映出来,但不要求一一对应。4、总结。对上述研究成果的主要特点、研究趋势及价值进行概括与评价。此部分应着重点明本课题已有的研究基础(已有成果为自己的研究奠定了怎样的基础或从中受到怎样的启发)与尚存的研究空间(本课题已有研究中存在的空白或薄弱环节)。文献综述范文:农村中学学生自学方法研究国外的研究现状国外的自学方法很多。美国心理学家斯金纳提出程序学习法 ,程序学习使学习变得相对容易,有利于学生自学。美国心理学家桑代克所创设的试误学习法 ,它主要解决学习中的问题。还有超级学习法,查、问、读、记、复习法、暗示法等。国内的研究状况我国古代就非常重视自学方法的研究,有“温故而知新”,“学而时习之” ,我国现代教育家叶圣陶先生主张培养学生的自学能力 ,中国科学院心理研究所卢仲衡同志首先提出“自学辅导教学法” ,这种方法的主要优点在于 ,魏书生的语文教学主张通过提高学生学习的自觉性来提高学习效率 以上国内外的研究经验为我们的课题研究提供了宝贵的经验。写一篇文献综述确实不容易,但是只要你仔细阅读文献,善于总结,那么这也不是什么难事。

中药学毕业论文范文题目:中药学专业人才培养路径的构建  摘要:为顺应中药事业传承、创新、发展的新时代需求,中药学专业人才培养路径的探索和创新是实现中药高等教育内涵式发展的重要组成。在进一步提升中药学专业人才质量的目标下,上海中医药大学通过对人才培养实施路径构建的实践与探索,打造具备“合、通、博、辨”(知行合一、汇通中西、旁搜博览、慎思明辨)4大特征的高质量中药学专业人才,为中药学专业人才培养提供新的思路和方法。  关键词:人才培养路径;中药高等教育;中药学专业  我国中药学专业人才培养内涵的现状  随着“一带一路”倡议、“健康中国”国家战略需求的提出,为中药高等教育主动融入国家发展大势提供了契机,也为推动中药高等教育改革提供内在动力。各院校坚持立德树人贯穿人才培养全过程,践行“双思维”,推进中药高等教育改革。近年来,随着“互联网+”的升级及大中药健康产业的转型优化新态势,加快推动中药行业从传统转向绿色智能。但目前中药学类专业定位和专业布局与其存在一定差距[1],培养专业从业人员数量不能满足产业人力需求、高校间中药本科教学存在一定的同质化倾向、部分高校中药学类专业的设置与区域中药大健康产业发展需求脱节、人才培养模式尚未发挥引领带动作用、专业核心课程的建设与整合还未达到与前沿研究进展深入对接等诸多不足,使学生还不能完全适应产业链新兴行业对跨学科、多元化的需求。因此,通过专业人才培养路径的构建、着力提升中药学专业人才内涵特质,使之具备的综合素质能适应更为动态、复杂、开放的中医药发展环境,从而服务国家战略、匹配大中药健康事业发展转型升级尤为重要。  我校高质量中药学专业人才培养目标及实施路径  上海中医药大学以地处上海和“双一流”学科建设为依托,坚持“立德树人”与“传道授业”同向同行,加大将地域优势与优质学科资源直接转化为中药学专业资源的力度,保障中药高等教育与国家及上海重大发展战略相对接,以造就具备“合、通、博、辨”(知行合一、汇通中西、旁搜博览、慎思明辨)4大特征的高质量中药学专业人才,不断提升与中医药科技创新、健康服务特色优势及上海开放型地区经济形势的吻合度。  2.1知行合一  知行合一,即为专业知识和实践能力培养的有机交融。中药学专业的重要特点是专业实践性强,有效培养学生“知中有行、行中有知”,帮助学生形成较强的知识运用能力和实践能力。上海中医药大学根据中医药高等教育的教学规律[2],在中药人才培养方案中突出实验、实训、实习和社会实践时长,通过认知—实践—再认知—再实践的反复强化,达到培养专业基础扎实、实践能力突出的效果。(1)教学内容及方法的有效更新,打好学生扎实专业知识功底。围绕提升中药学专业学生学以致用能力,在药用植物学、中药学、方剂学、有机化学、分析化学、中药化学、中药药剂学、中药分析、中药炮制学、中药综合实验等多门主干课程课堂教学中导用启发式、探究式、参与式[3]、研究性[4]、情景式[5]等混合教学模式,配合“基本型—综合型—研究创新型实验”的梯次拓展实验教学体系以及中药基本技能多站式考核平台、虚拟仿真实验平台,在四年学制中递进式强化,打造扎实过硬的专业基础功底。(2)科学思维的有效融入,创造早期介入科学研究训练环境。学校注重对学生科学思维的锻炼,以众多高水平科研平台为支撑,整合优质科研资源向人才培养集聚。例如:专业核心课程教学设计做到科学思维融入全覆盖,依托高水平科研实验平台营造早期介入科学研究训练的环境,通过低年级学生与导师结对、高年级学生毕业实习等载体,将优质学科资源转化为中药学专业资源。在2017年以学生为第一作者发表的SCI论文最高影响因子达3.55[6]。(3)研究创新能力的有效培养,提升学生对中医药事业的兴趣与自信。学院以“学术导向,兴趣驱动”为理念的大学生科技创新资助,极大地激发了学生探索中药的热情与原创能力。此外,灵活设置毕业实习时间段,严格实施“一人一题”,将张江高科技园区的生物医药集聚优势融入学生创新能力培养,使学生的知识层面在此过程中得以拓展、延伸以及应用。学生开发“中药饮片识别”APP、“药用植物虚拟解剖实验室”等科创成果在2016年举办的第九届全国大学生创新创业年会中得到展示。  2.2汇通中西  汇通中西,即培养、继承和发扬中医药传统理论能力的同时,强化国际化视野和中医药融入世界能力的培养。上海中医药大学秉承“海派中医文化”的精髓,一方面将融入中医药思维的教学案例全覆盖写入中药学专业核心课程学习指南[7];另一方面加大国际化合作力度及普及面,通过“海外名师”项目、组织学生参加境外访学、短期交流等多种方式,从而培养具有全球视野且具备跨文化沟通交流能力的中药学专业人才。(1)中医药思维的有效聚焦,打造一流中医药精品教育。为了培养学生中医药思维成为经常性思维习惯、引导学生重视中医药经典着作的学习,通过在药用植物学、中药学等引入导修课程;开设中医文化趣谈、中华文明史撷要等传统文化类课程;新增说文解药等通识拓展类课程,将中医药思维序贯于4年的培养方案中。另外在中药学讲授过程中,吸纳中药化学、中药药理学等学科的最新研究成果[8],例如“历久弥香数陈皮”“九九重阳探茱萸”等,结合名师名医的中医药学术思想、中药文化现象切入中药性能功效、精准把握思辨特点,协调传统与现代、继承与创新、中医药思维与国际视野等方面的辩证关系。(2)国际视野的有机融合,内化中医药文化认同感。学校致力于为师生创造更多的国际化发展机遇与平台。依托与新西兰奥克兰大学、巴美国圣马丁大学、香港大学等合作机制,推进骨干教师各类访学进修、学习计划,增加学生在学期间赴海外交流人数,帮助师生扩充自身国际知识储备、开拓国际视野。同时,发挥学生参与建设具有国际传播力的中医药慕课及“药论———一带一路与中药”系列微视频拍摄的能动性,促进学生能够正确地看待、理解中医药文化的内涵和价值,进而树立起自身在中药学专业知识传承过程中的责任感、提升中医药文化自信。  2.3旁搜博览  旁搜博览,即为构建学生广博的中医药知识体系。为了使学生具备丰富的知识积淀,学校重点营造开放的、一流的学术环境和学习环境,加强课程中心、文献资料库等网络资源建设,并设定教师坐班答疑制度保障,着力拓展及融合中药质量标准化、中药创新药物研究等交叉学科知识,引导学生深度学习,提升群体知识结构的多元组合效应,增强学生适应中医药发展的契合性和时效性。(1)个性化学习环境的有效构筑,实现学生博览并蓄的条件保障。中医药院校的教学基础设施、信息化和实践条件对中药学专业的教学、科研、学生培养、对外交流发挥着非常重要的作用。上海中医药大学近年来以“浸润式学习”为理念拓展开放式学习与讨论式学习空间。充分挖掘学分制及优质网络平台潜力,建设“走近中药”“中药麻黄”“杏林探宝———带你走进中药”“中药与文化”等品牌课程,创建开放性、交互性和自主性的学习环境,鼓励学生依据自己的内在需求、有效地进行知识内容的选择和学习。(2)多学科的有效交叉,强化学生对知识的融合理解。学校强调科研反哺教学,鼓励有较高的学术水平的科研和教学人员开设本草基因组学、中医药与“一带一路”等具有中医药特色的学科交叉创新课程的品牌课程群。同时,每月邀请学术大家、中医药产业链各环节行业专家开设高水平专题讲座,凸显交叉科学特有的发展性、前沿性和创新性。此外,精心打造学科融合性课程,对专业核心知识点进行关联、衔接和组合,引导学生树立及强化对中药研究的系统性和整体化观念,提升交叉知识的有效融会贯通。  2.4慎思明辨  慎思明辨,即为树立正确的成才观和形成批判性思维。学校通过建构“全员育人、全程育人、全方位育人”的“跨界协同德育”工作体系,实现100%的课程建立德育目标并渗透德育元素。此外,通过热点话题的引入,鼓励学生在扎实学习中医药理论知识的基础上,善于发现问题,培养其问题意识和创新精神。(1)专业特色与德育的有机融合,发挥价值取向引领的作用。近年来,学校始终把德育作为人才培养的生命线,把优秀传统文化菁华与时代精神相结合,挖掘中药的职业行为与德育相关的元素。例如:在中药学课程教学中以中药文化的角度阐释中药药性中的对立统一、中药理论中的破立有度等方面特性[9],达到“以文化人”的作用。此外,将科研学术思路作为与思想政治教育有效衔接的途径,撰写22门核心课程学习指南和教学设计汇编,并在课堂教学过程中强调专业成才与价值观完善的同频共振,有效提升学生自我认知层次。(2)批判性思维的有效建构,培养学生独立思考问题的能力。在中药学、中药药理学、中药分析等主干课程中为学生提供小班化教学环境,并构建中药药性理论分析、中药质量标准进展、药事热点讨论等若干情境或案例,激活课堂教学。例如“以马兜铃酸毒性事件论中药传承与创新”“从药性角度看干姜、附子、吴茱萸的毒性”“从对黄疸的认识比较利胆退黄与利湿退黄的异同”等话题,通过教师的引导,启发学生以开放的角度进行详细探问、加强信息分析处理,达到明晰分辨的效果。  实施成效  上海中医药大学近3年通过对中药学专业人才培养路径构建的探索及创新,人才培养成效已初步呈现,具体表现在:①学生在全国医药院校知识技能及实验技能大赛中连续多次荣获团体第一及多个个人奖项的佳绩,凸显专业知识和实践能力相通达;②新增9门次国家级精品视频公开课、微课、市级精品课程、全英语示范性课程,取得3项教育教学类项目研究支持,在专业教学中逐步实现经典传统与现代科技相贯通;③不断优化、丰富软硬件条件,吸纳学生参与各级各类科研课题60余项,帮助学生以第一作者发表论文12篇(含SCI论文3篇),促进学生多学科知识能力的交叉和拓展;④结合德育元素加强课内、课外批判性思维及创新思维的训练,使学生在全国医药院校药学/中药学大学生创新创业大赛、江中远志杯、上汽教育杯、知行杯等竞赛及评选活动中表现出色,获市级及以上奖项27人次,增强学生自身知识储备与创新能力的运用相融通。3年来学生出国和升学率平均约占30%;毕业就职于研发公司、科研院所、药学服务、文化信息、大健康相关企业的人数整体呈逐年上升趋势;在上海浦东张江高科技产业园区生物医药企业就业人数的比例超过15.8%,实现了服务国家“一带一路”倡议和上海地域中药行业需求的有效对接,为全国中医药院校中药学专业人才培养提供了可传播与推广的成功经验。  参考文献:  [1]杨琳,郭宏伟,彭代银,等.“健康中国”背景下中药学类专业设置的思考[J].安徽中医药大学学报,2018,37(5):85-88  [2]郭宏伟.中医药高等教育教学规律研究[J].中医教育,2017,36(2):10-13  [3]尤丽莎,安叡,梁琨,等.构建“为学习而评价”的有机化学评价体系[J].药学教育,2016,32(3):20-23  作者:沈岚 夏瑜桢 徐宏喜 单位:上海中医药大学中药学院范文来源:学术堂

汽车前沿系列专题论文范文大全

学术堂整理了一份汽车系毕业论文范文,供大家进行参考:  范文题目《浅谈混合动力汽车的检测与维修》  摘要:目前已研制成功并投入使用的混合动力电动汽车主要是内燃机与蓄电池混合的混合动力电动汽车,它被称为油电混合动力汽车。首先,随着汽车电控化程度的提高,特别是未来混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车以及燃料电池汽车的发展,汽车的主要故障将出现在电路方面,面对复杂、纷乱的汽车电路时,只有具备了过硬的理论知识后才有可能将它们理清楚、弄明白,才有可能进一步的形成正确的诊断思路,找到正确的维修方法。我们知道不同的混合动力系统其结构和工作原理各不相同,这就使得不同的混合动力汽车其检测与维修的方法也会有很大的差异。  关键词:混合动力汽车,检测,维修  混合动力电动汽车的英文是“Hybrid Electric Vehicle”,简称“HEV”。根据国际机电委员会下属的电力机动车技术委员会的建议,混合动力电动汽车是指有两种或两种以上的储能器、能源或转换器作驱动能源,至少有一种能提供电能的车辆称为混合动力电动汽车。目前已研制成功并投入使用的混合动力电动汽车主要是内燃机与蓄电池混合的混合动力电动汽车,它被称为油电混合动力汽车。本论文所述的混合动力汽车也只局限于这类油电混合动力汽车。  所谓油电混合动力电动汽车(以下简称混合动力汽车),是指采用传统的内燃机和电动机(电池) 做为动力源,通过使用热能和电力两套系统驱动汽车。混合动力汽车采用的内燃机既可是汽油机也可以是柴油机,而使用的电动系统包括高效强化的电动机、发电机和蓄电池。两套系统的联合使用使得内燃机、电动机都可在高效区经济内运行,输出功率相对稳定。燃油提供了车辆运行所需的大部分能量来源,而辅助动力单元即动力电池通过电机使车辆具有更好的动力性和经济性。  一、混合动力汽车的检测与维修概述  汽车维修工作主要分为保养、机械维修、电器及电控系统维修、钣金和喷漆这几个部分。对于混合动力汽车来说,它与传统的内燃机汽车的主要差别在于增加了一套电驱动系统,这套系统的增加使得原本就复杂的电控系统变得更加复杂,电器及电控系统的维修难度之大不言而喻。由于增加了一套电驱动系统并对原有内燃机汽车的结构作了相应的改造,这决定了混合动力汽车必将产生出新的特有的故障类型,原本适用于传统内燃机汽车的一些维修经验、诊断思路和检测方法在混合动力汽车上可能将不再适用,所以,作为一名维修人员如果墨守成规、依赖经验,不注重理论知识的学习和诊断思维的培养,将很快被淘汰。那么我们应该如何来面对接下来的挑战呢?  首先,随着汽车电控化程度的提高,特别是未来混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车以及燃料电池汽车的发展,汽车的主要故障将出现在电路方面,面对复杂、纷乱的汽车电路时,只有具备了过硬的理论知识后才有可能将它们理清楚、弄明白,才有可能进一步的形成正确的诊断思路,找到正确的维修方法。  其次,多观察、多比较。在掌握相关理论知识的基础上要回到实践当中来,多观察、多比较。仔细观察汽车的结构,认真的比较它与传统的内燃机汽车的异同点,将理论与实践紧密的连接起来。  再次,勤总结。混合动力汽车必然会出现不同于现有传统内燃机汽车的特有的故障类型,应该在维修实践中将其详细的记录下来并认真的分析和总结,日积月累便能形成一套适合于混合动力汽车的行之有效的维修方法。  二、混合动力汽车的检测与维修  我们知道不同的混合动力系统其结构和工作原理各不相同,这就使得不同的混合动力汽车其检测与维修的方法也会有很大的差异。本文以丰田普锐斯混合动力汽车为例简单的介绍一下与混合动力汽车的检测与维修相关的问题。  1、普锐斯混合动力汽车检测与维修注意事项  普锐斯采用的是高压电路,动力电池组的额定电压为6V,发电机和电动机发出(或使用)的电压为500V。在普锐斯的电路系统中,高压电路的线束和连接器都为橙色,而且蓄电池等高压零件都贴有“高压”的警示标志,注意!不要触碰这些配线。论文格式。在检修过程中一定要严格按照正确的操作步骤操作。在检修过程中(如安装或拆卸零部件、对车辆进行检查等)必须注意以下几点:  (1)对高压系统进行操作时首先应将车辆电源开关关闭;  (2)穿好绝缘手套(戴绝缘手套前一定要先检查手套,不能有破损,哪怕针眼大的也不行,不能有裂纹,不能有老化的迹象,也不能是湿的);  (3)将辅助蓄电池的负极电缆断开(在此之前应先查看故障码,有必要的化将故障码保存或记录下来,因为与传统内燃机汽车一样,断开蓄电池负极电缆故障码将被清除);  (4)拆下检修塞,并将检修塞放在衣袋里妥善保管,这样可以避免其他人员误将检修塞装回原处,造成意外;  (5)拆下检修塞后不要操作电源开关,否则可能损坏混合动力ECU;  (6)拆下检修塞后至少将车辆放置5分钟后再进行其他操作,因为至少需要5分钟的时间对变频器内的高压电容器进行放电;  (7)在进行高压系统的作业时,应在醒目的地方摆放警告标志,以提醒他人注意安全;  (8)不要随身携带任何金属物体或其他导电体,以免不小心掉落引起线路短路;  (9)拆下任何高压配线后应立刻用绝缘交代将其包好,保证其完全绝缘;  (10)一定要按规定扭矩将高压螺钉端子拧紧。扭矩过大或过小都有可能导致故障;  (11)完成对高压系统的操作后,在重新安装检修赛前,应再次确认在工作平台周围没有遗留任何零件或工具,并确认高压端子已拧紧,连接器已插好。论文格式。  2、普锐斯的基本检修程序  (1)车辆进入车间。  (2)分析各户所述的故障。  (3)将智能诊断仪II连接到车辆的诊断插座上。  (4)读取故障码和定格数据,并将其记录下来。如果出现与CAN通信系统有关的故障码则应首先检查并修复CAN通信。  (5)清除故障码。  (6)故障症状确认。若故障未出现则进行故障症状模拟;若故障出现则查看故障码及相关数据流以获取相关信息。  (7)进行基本检查,查阅相关资料。  (8)根据故障现象、故障码、相关数据流并结合其他的检测手段进行故障诊断,找出故障原因。  (9)排除故障。  (10)确认故障排除。  3、普锐斯混合动力汽车混合动力控制系统的检测与维修  (1)对混合动力汽车控制系统进行操作前必须弄清楚混合动力汽车控制系统的组成和工作原理并结合电路图和相关的维修资料严格按规范的操作步骤进行。  (2)普锐斯混合动力系统的相关检查  ①检查变频器  查看故障码;清除故障码;戴上绝缘手套;关闭电源开关;拆下检修塞;拆下变频器盖,断开端子A和B。  将电源开关拨到IG位置,此时会产生互锁开关系统的故障码;在线束侧用电压表测电压,同时用欧姆表测电阻。  ②检查转换器(戴上绝缘手套操作)  若混合动力系统警告灯、主警告灯和充电警告灯同时点亮,则检查故障码并进行相应的故障排除。  ③检查速度传感器  用欧姆表测量端子间的电阻,其值应符合标准值,否则更换变速驱动桥总成。  ④检查温度传感器  用欧姆表测量端子间的电阻,应符合标准值,否则更换变速驱动桥总成。  ⑤检查加速踏板位置信号  将电源开关拨到IG位置;用电压表测量混合动力车辆控制ECU连接器B中相应端子的电压,应符合标准值,否则更换加速踏板连杆总成。  4、普锐斯混合动力汽车电池系统的检测与维修  普锐斯混合动力汽车电池系统主要由以下几部分组成:动力电池组、12V辅助电池、电池ECU、冷却系统、电流传感器、检修塞系统主继电器等组成。  动力电池组:普锐斯采用的是镍-氢动力电池组,它具有高功率密度和常使用寿命的特点。该电池组由28个电池模块串联而成,每个模块由6个1V或2V的单节电池串联而成。所以整个电池组共168个单节电池,可以得到6V的高电压。论文格式。  电池ECU:电池ECU的功能是用来检测电池组的充电状态(SOC)、温度、电压、电流以及是否漏电,并将这些信息发送到HV ECU(混合动力ECU)。电池ECU还负责控制冷却风扇的工作,确保电池组处于正常的温度范围内。  电池组冷却系统:电池组冷却系统由冷却风扇,一个进气温度传感器和3个位于电池内的温度传感器以及通风管路组成。3个温度传感器和一个进气温度传感器随时检测蓄电池及进气口的进气温度,若温度升高到一定值,电池ECU将启动冷却风扇,直到温度下降到规定值,从而使电池组的温度始终保持在正常的范围内。  检修塞:检修塞位于电池组第19模块和第20模块中间,在检查或维修前拆下检修塞便可以切断电池组中部的高压电路,可以保证维修期间的人员安全。  系统主继电器(SMR):系统主继电器的作用是按照HV ECU的指令连接和断开到高压电路的动力。系统主继电器共由3个继电器组成,两个位于正极分别为SMR1、SMR2,一个位于负极SMR3。电路接通时,SMR1和SMR3工作,而后SMR2工作而SMR1关闭。  辅助蓄电池:普锐斯采用的是12V的免维护电池,它与传统的汽车用蓄电池类似,负极也是通过车身接地的。该电池对高压很敏感,对其充电时应将它从车上拆下,用丰田专用的充电机充电,普通充电器没有专用的电压控制功能,有可能毁坏电池。  参考文献  [1] 陈清泉,孙逢春 编译 混合电动车辆基础[M] 北京:北京理工大学出版社,  [2] 张金柱 混合动力汽车结构、原理与维修[M] 北京:化学工业出版社,  [3] 耿新 混合动力技术的原理和应用[J] 汽车维修与保养,  [4] Jon M 用于混合动力/电动汽车的可靠锂离子电池监视系统[J] CompoTechChina,2008(10)  [5] 陈宗璋,吴振军 电动汽车动力源类型[J] 大众英雄,2008,(3)

汽车前沿系列专题论文范文初中

你这是写什么类的呢?我给不了你范文,不过可以推荐你去看看几篇参考文献,如:1、施一敏 轻量化在汽车线束技术中的应用[J] 交通技术, 2013, 2(3): 190- 2、孙志诚, 陈光, 戴天禄, 朱凯, 贺可勋, 黎苏 实际道路工况对电动汽车能耗的影响[J] 交通技术, 2019, 8(6): 403-3、王永红, 武志斐, 梅军豪 电动汽车悬架动态特性仿真[J] 仪器与设备, 2019, 7(2): 106-4、陈光, 孙志诚, 戴天禄, 王晓兵, 朱凯 基于实际道路的电动汽车能耗分析[J] 交通技术, 2019, 8(6): 376-

我有 你加球球 574691615

厢式汽车底盘改装设计【摘要】根据用户需求,使厢式汽车具有各种功能,必须对其底盘进行改造。文章在分析底盘改装设计内容和要求的基础上,对车架后悬的改装,千斤顶的安装,油箱的移位等提出改造设计方案,并提出了操作注意事项。【关键词】底盘;改装设计;注意事项0引言厢式汽车是具有独立的封闭结构车厢或与驾驶室联成一体的整体式封闭结构车厢,装备有专用设施,用于载运人员、货物或承担专门作业的专用汽车厢式汽车主要由二类汽车底盘、车厢,连接装置等组成。多数情况下,生产厢式汽车的专用汽车改装厂自己不生产底盘,而是从生产汽车的主机厂购买二类汽车底盘,回厂后根据需要对底盘进行改装设计。为了满足用户提出的要求,保证厢式车具有各种各样的功能,需要对底盘进行这样那样的改装设计总结笔者多年来的工作经验,底盘改装项目主要有车架后悬的改变、加装千斤顶、油箱移位、移动横梁、移动汽液管等。改装时,总的原则是不影响、不降低原二类底盘的性能,不允许随意改变底盘轴距、轮距,保证改装后底盘的强度性能。改装设计应使原来底盘的保养部位、润滑点、注油口、蓄电池和驾驶室翻转操纵机构易于接近,便于操作,不能损坏原底盘上为用户正确使用而设置的各种标识,不应使底盘的维修及保养变得困难[1]。1车架后悬的改造1后悬改装设计车架后悬的改造有两种情况,1)后悬缩短。2)后悬加长。按照GB7258《机动车运行安全技术条件》[2]要求,客车及封闭式车厢的车辆后悬不得超过轴距的65%,最大不得超过5m。对于特殊改装汽车,除了满足上述条件外,为了保证车辆越野性,还要满足离去角要求,GJB219B《军用通信车通用规范》[3]中规定,底盘改装后离去角不得小于26°。一般情况下,车架后端至上装车厢后端的距离不得超过400 mm。当缩短车架后悬时,要保留后横梁或直接利用后横梁附近之前的横梁,同时注意不能损坏板簧后吊耳的连接。当加长车架后悬时,后横梁至前一横梁的距离不应大于1 200mm~1 400 mm,必要时在延长的空间内纵向增加辅助横梁。不论缩短还是加长车架后悬,改制后的后横梁在车架大梁前大约50mm左右(见图1)。后悬加长设计时,为了保证车架的强度,要采用与原车架纵横梁同型号、规格的材料,材料的性能、质量应符合相应标准的规定,一般车架都选用16MnL专用材料。2后悬改装操作注意事项后悬改装时要移动后横梁或增加辅助横梁,横梁与纵梁上下翼联接最好采用铆接方式。铆接具有工艺简单、抗震、耐冲击和牢固可靠等优点。如果采用螺栓联接,要注意螺栓应采用强度等级不低于8级的螺栓,螺母应采用自锁螺母,整体上要保证强度和防松要求。纵梁加长一般采用焊接方式,为了确保车架加长不出现质量问题,一般企业都制定了《车辆改装车架接长专用工艺规程》,其中规定了焊接人员、设备、材料、操作方法等,每批产品改装前都要做焊缝强度试验,试验合格后,才允许按照工艺要求进行施工。试样材料与被接长的纵梁一致,一般都是16MnL,按照下图制作两件(见图2)。两件对接立焊,采用J507或J502焊条,分两次焊完,底层采用!(2 mm焊条,顶层采用(!4 mm焊条,电流I=110~170A。焊缝要求如下(图3)。

汽车经纪人联盟NO:1 93637379 汽车经纪人联盟NO:2 72554607 高级群汽车经纪人联盟NO:3 93700584 汽车经纪人联盟NO:4 65582720

汽车前沿系列专题论文题目

你的论文准备往什么方向写,选题老师审核通过了没,有没有列个大纲让老师看一下写作方向?  老师有没有和你说论文往哪个方向写比较好?写论文之前,一定要写个大纲,这样老师,好确定了框架,避免以后论文修改过程中出现大改的情况!!  学校的格式要求、写作规范要注意,否则很可能发回来重新改,你要还有什么不明白或不懂可以问我,希望你能够顺利毕业,迈向新的人生。    (一)选题  毕业论文(设计)题目应符合本专业的培养目标和教学要求,具有综合性和创新性。本科生要根据自己的实际情况和专业特长,选择适当的论文题目,但所写论文要与本专业所学课程有关。  (二)查阅资料、列出论文提纲  题目选定后,要在指导教师指导下开展调研和进行实验,搜集、查阅有关资料,进行加工、提炼,然后列出详细的写作提纲。  (三)完成初稿  根据所列提纲,按指导教师的意见认真完成初稿。  (四)定稿  初稿须经指导教师审阅,并按其意见和要求进行修改,然后定稿。  一般毕业论文题目的选择最好不要太泛,越具体越好,而且老师希望学生能结合自己学过的知识对问题进行分析和解决。  不知道你是否确定了选题,  确定选题了接下来你需要根据选题去查阅前辈们的相关论文,  看看人家是怎么规划论文整体框架的;  其次就是需要自己动手收集资料了,  进而整理和分析资料得出自己的论文框架;  最后就是按照框架去组织论文了。  你如果需要什么参考资料和范文我可以提供给你。  还有什么不了解的可以直接问我,希望可以帮到你,祝写作过程顺利      毕业论文选题的方法:  一、尽快确定毕业论文的选题方向 在毕业论文工作布置后,每个人都应遵循选题的基本原则,在较短的时间内把选题的方向确定下来。从毕业论文题目的性质来看,基本上可以分为两大类:一类是社会主义现代化建设实践中提出的理论和实际问题;另一类是专业学科本身发展中存在的基本范畴和基本理论问题。大学生应根据自己的志趣和爱好,尽快从上述两大类中确定一个方向。      二、在初步调查研究的基础上选定毕业论文的具体题目在选题的方向确定以后,还要经过一定的调查和研究,来进一步确定选题的范围,以至最后选定具体题目。下面介绍两种常见的选题方法。 浏览捕捉法 :这种方法就是通过对占有的文献资料快速地、大量地阅读,在比较中来确定论文题目地方法。浏览,一般是在资料占有达到一定数量时集中一段时间进行,这样便于对资料作集中的比较和鉴别。浏览的目的是在咀嚼消化已有资料的过程中,提出问题,寻找自己的研究课题。这就需要对收集到的材料作一全面的阅读研究,主要的、次要的、不同角度的、不同观点的都应了解,不能看了一些资料,有了一点看法,就到此为止,急于动笔。也不能“先入为主”,以自己头脑中原有的观点或看了第一篇资料后得到的看法去决定取舍。而应冷静地、客观地对所有资料作认真的分析思考。在浩如烟海,内容丰富的资料中吸取营养,反复思考琢磨许多时候之后,必然会有所发现,这是搞科学研究的人时常会碰到的情形。 浏览捕捉法一般可按以下步骤进行: 第一步,广泛地浏览资料。在浏览中要注意勤作笔录,随时记下资料的纲目,记下资料中对自己影响最深刻的观点、论据、论证方法等,记下脑海中涌现的点滴体会。当然,手抄笔录并不等于有言必录,有文必录,而是要做细心的选择,有目的、有重点地摘录,当详则详,当略则略,一些相同的或类似的观点和材料则不必重复摘录,只需记下资料来源及页码就行,以避免浪费时间和精力。 第二步,是将阅读所得到的方方面面的内容,进行分类、排列、组合,从中寻找问题、发现问题,材料可按纲目分类,如分成: 系统介绍有关问题研究发展概况的资料; 对某一个问题研究情况的资料; 对同一问题几种不同观点的资料; 对某一问题研究最新的资料和成果等等。 第三步,将自己在研究中的体会与资料分别加以比较,找出哪些体会在资料中没有或部分没有;哪些体会虽然资料已有,但自己对此有不同看法;哪些体会和资料是基本一致的;哪些体会是在资料基础上的深化和发挥等等。经过几番深思熟虑的思考过程,就容易萌生自己的想法。把这种想法及时捕捉住,再作进一步的思考,选题的目标也就会渐渐明确起来。

汽车未来发展方向有三个,你可以选其一作为论文题目:1、关于汽车节能方面的,如轻量化,汽车发动机控制等2、关于汽车环保方面的,如电子电器控制方面的;3、关于汽车安全反面的,如有限元分析方面的,结构耐撞性研究等

你看看交通技术期刊或者直接去汉斯出版社的官网检索相关文献就可以哈,看看别人是怎么写的,你找找灵感

相关百科
热门百科
首页
发表服务