跨国公司文化管理论文英文怎么说呢
朋友,从你这标题来看:奢侈衣服品牌的跨文化管理,应该不好写议论文的。如果你在企业上班,这类题目应该写报告或者规划管理。因为议论文三要素论点,论据,论证。你这标题里突出的是管理,你无法用论据来论证你的论点。如果是辩论会,还有情可原。而你又要写5000字。个人认为写报告文学好一些。
先去知网上找资料看看
英国有啥奢侈品牌?除了巴布瑞,还能拿出手的就不多了。感觉感觉以中法或者中意两国为例更容易入手,存在着巨大的差异,而且资料更为详实
跨国公司文化管理论文英文怎么说
你是让人翻译汉字啊还是你标题上英文啊,汉字就免了,这么长谁有那么多的时间啊。Cultural conflict and the cross-cultural management 意思是: 文化冲突和各种文化下的管理
先去知网上找资料看看
英国有啥奢侈品牌?除了巴布瑞,还能拿出手的就不多了。感觉感觉以中法或者中意两国为例更容易入手,存在着巨大的差异,而且资料更为详实
Forging cross-cultural communication skills across the cross-cultural communication barriers Abstract: the main co-exist in a variety of cultural circumstances, cross-cultural communication and management of modern enterprise has become one of the key questions Should study the modern enterprise, cultivate cross-cultural communication skills and Key words: cross-cultural management cross-cultural communication barrier-free communication With Beijing's successful Olympic bid and China's accession to the WTO, "internationalization" of "globalization" such as the use of Chinese vocabulary in the frequency of rapidly rising, more and more people recognize that globalization is the future of enterprise development inevitable The globalization of the economy resulted in business is no longer a single localization, but the main multi-cultural co-exist, therefore, cross-cultural management has become a modern enterprise important problem faced by However, in order to carry out a successful cross-cultural management, is inseparable from the success of cross-cultural communication, then, as business executives how to handle the situation? A very important point is to actively cultivate international personnel, and international personnel have the most basic quality is the ability to cross-cultural First, cross-cultural management and cross-cultural communication Cross-cultural management is the end of the 20th century in Europe and the United States and other Western countries in order to meet the needs of international business activity and the rise of an emerging disciplines, in research the process of multinational companies came into being, the main study and compare in different countries and cultural organization behavior, and to explore ways to improve management at the different culture methods to enhance management Its purpose lies in how different forms of culture in the atmosphere, the design of practical organization and management mechanism, to maximize the identification and use of the potential of enterprises and According to information available, about 82% of the failure of multinational companies are cross-cultural management failures There are about 1 / 3 of the well-known multinational companies because of mismanagement pluralistic Culture facing the state of internal Cross-cultural communication skills refers to managers at different culture, can effectively and from different countries and cultural backgrounds of the people's ability to Many of the world famous enterprise managers will be this ability to communicate as they are the key to Recently, Nokia Chief Executive Officer Speaking at the Chief Executive Officer should have the most important capacity that are effective communication and manage the competency of In the West, cross-cultural communication has become a new cross-cutting disciplines, but also in today's world-class international business school Two, human cross-cultural communication barriers exist Culture goes back to ancient times, all-embracing, omnipresent, it is difficult to have a unified According to world-renowned cross-cultural and management experts galt • Ted霍弗斯definition, culture is a member of the crowd from which the other members of the crowd of common way of thinking, culture includes value systems, values are the cornerstone of Countries differences in values and norms, resulting in the countries of people's way of thinking and different code of In international business, these differences can easily lead to misunderstanding between both American well-known international business scholar D Hendrix, put many large companies in the international business culture because of its lack of understanding and lead to failures into "International Business Mistakes" book one of these failures and the lessons are mostly because senior management does not understand other country's culture and specific circumstances Serious obstacles to cross-cultural communication and there will be a "cultural " "Culture shock" refers to when people to work abroad, study or settle in to an unfamiliar cultural environment to live, often experience varying degrees of psychological "Culture shock" upon their arrival in the new environment of working a great influence on At the same culture, communication management and leadership are an important part of the Communication process is signal encoding, decoding process, including the speech signals and non-verbal signals, such as acts of non-verbal signals (gestures), objects, which form in the body language to Some of the same body language and objects, in different cultures have different The largest such as cross-cultural error than Nixon at first visit to Brazil If Nixon's people know him are aware favorites gestures, but also on behalf of his gestures, hands above their heads is ok to do like, at this gesture on behalf of the United States culture and friendly win, however, in Brazil on otherwise, and culture in Brazil This is the most obscene gesture, equivalent to American culture up the middle finger Nixon the error caused by the impact of self- Cross-cultural communication and the fundamental point is open heterogeneous culture hidden layer, to transcend cultural barriers, so that all exchanges between the state and the nation
跨国公司文化管理论文英文翻译怎么说
Forging cross-cultural communication skills across the cross-cultural communication barriers Abstract: the main co-exist in a variety of cultural circumstances, cross-cultural communication and management of modern enterprise has become one of the key questions Should study the modern enterprise, cultivate cross-cultural communication skills and Key words: cross-cultural management cross-cultural communication barrier-free communication With Beijing's successful Olympic bid and China's accession to the WTO, "internationalization" of "globalization" such as the use of Chinese vocabulary in the frequency of rapidly rising, more and more people recognize that globalization is the future of enterprise development inevitable The globalization of the economy resulted in business is no longer a single localization, but the main multi-cultural co-exist, therefore, cross-cultural management has become a modern enterprise important problem faced by However, in order to carry out a successful cross-cultural management, is inseparable from the success of cross-cultural communication, then, as business executives how to handle the situation? A very important point is to actively cultivate international personnel, and international personnel have the most basic quality is the ability to cross-cultural First, cross-cultural management and cross-cultural communication Cross-cultural management is the end of the 20th century in Europe and the United States and other Western countries in order to meet the needs of international business activity and the rise of an emerging disciplines, in research the process of multinational companies came into being, the main study and compare in different countries and cultural organization behavior, and to explore ways to improve management at the different culture methods to enhance management Its purpose lies in how different forms of culture in the atmosphere, the design of practical organization and management mechanism, to maximize the identification and use of the potential of enterprises and According to information available, about 82% of the failure of multinational companies are cross-cultural management failures There are about 1 / 3 of the well-known multinational companies because of mismanagement pluralistic Culture facing the state of internal Cross-cultural communication skills refers to managers at different culture, can effectively and from different countries and cultural backgrounds of the people's ability to Many of the world famous enterprise managers will be this ability to communicate as they are the key to Recently, Nokia Chief Executive Officer Speaking at the Chief Executive Officer should have the most important capacity that are effective communication and manage the competency of In the West, cross-cultural communication has become a new cross-cutting disciplines, but also in today's world-class international business school Two, human cross-cultural communication barriers exist Culture goes back to ancient times, all-embracing, omnipresent, it is difficult to have a unified According to world-renowned cross-cultural and management experts galt • Ted霍弗斯definition, culture is a member of the crowd from which the other members of the crowd of common way of thinking, culture includes value systems, values are the cornerstone of Countries differences in values and norms, resulting in the countries of people's way of thinking and different code of In international business, these differences can easily lead to misunderstanding between both American well-known international business scholar D Hendrix, put many large companies in the international business culture because of its lack of understanding and lead to failures into "International Business Mistakes" book one of these failures and the lessons are mostly because senior management does not understand other country's culture and specific circumstances Serious obstacles to cross-cultural communication and there will be a "cultural " "Culture shock" refers to when people to work abroad, study or settle in to an unfamiliar cultural environment to live, often experience varying degrees of psychological "Culture shock" upon their arrival in the new environment of working a great influence on At the same culture, communication management and leadership are an important part of the Communication process is signal encoding, decoding process, including the speech signals and non-verbal signals, such as acts of non-verbal signals (gestures), objects, which form in the body language to Some of the same body language and objects, in different cultures have different The largest such as cross-cultural error than Nixon at first visit to Brazil If Nixon's people know him are aware favorites gestures, but also on behalf of his gestures, hands above their heads is ok to do like, at this gesture on behalf of the United States culture and friendly win, however, in Brazil on otherwise, and culture in Brazil This is the most obscene gesture, equivalent to American culture up the middle finger Nixon the error caused by the impact of self- Cross-cultural communication and the fundamental point is open heterogeneous culture hidden layer, to transcend cultural barriers, so that all exchanges between the state and the nation
Impact of Multinationals Acquisition on Industrial Security in China
Impact of Multinational Corporation Acquisition onto Safety as for Chinese Industry翻译供参
the cultural impact of market Of a national cultural understanding, the strategy will influence transnational operations of the market area Some internationally renowned scholars on the issue the following understanding : marketing experts believe that between the tendency to depend largely on innovation between cultural traditions and new products entering the market Innovation affects theories believe that the dissemination or exchange of ideas, in the same cultural background internal groups easier, otherwise very Sociologists believe that the world is divided into a culture of "high context" and "low context" culture of the two major categories of In the high-cultural background, identical with the types of internal and common identical, and therefore easy to disseminate In the low cultural background, social differences within the large presence of many "Asian culture" mutually Such information is not easily spread, nor acceptable in the business performance of the innovation process for new products imitators For example, research has shown that Japan, South Korea, China and Taiwan three high background cultural market "replication tendency coefficient" is larger than the United S They introduce new products rather late, but speed than American E 2, the cultural impact of the provision of products and In deciding what to foreign markets for products and services, we must consider cultural For example, China pure, noble symbol of the lotus designs in Japan has expressed ceremonies of I "California Beef Noodles" There is a branch in Los Angeles only, and there are 77 outlets in China, the Chinese public very US "CoCa CoLa" international marketing strategies victory suitable for the production of advertising depends on its national conditions, but now the "Coca Cola" has deeply rooted in the hearts of the Chinese 3, based on the choice of cultural differences into new In entering a new market, we must give full consideration to international cultural differences which determine market access methods, and this is one of the key factors in determining the
跨国公司文化管理论文英文版
文化差异在企业管理中的冲突和融合--中韩企业跨文化管理研究新一代的学术数据库--科技期刊这个需要密码去中国期刊网搜索吧中文的话应该是有英文版的。
文化差异与冲突始终伴随着跨国经营的全过程 ,跨文化管理是减少文化冲突、创建企业竞争优势的有效手段。
英国有啥奢侈品牌?除了巴布瑞,还能拿出手的就不多了。感觉感觉以中法或者中意两国为例更容易入手,存在着巨大的差异,而且资料更为详实
朋友,从你这标题来看:奢侈衣服品牌的跨文化管理,应该不好写议论文的。如果你在企业上班,这类题目应该写报告或者规划管理。因为议论文三要素论点,论据,论证。你这标题里突出的是管理,你无法用论据来论证你的论点。如果是辩论会,还有情可原。而你又要写5000字。个人认为写报告文学好一些。
跨国公司文化管理论文英文版怎么写
Forging cross-cultural communication skills across the cross-cultural communication barriers Abstract: the main co-exist in a variety of cultural circumstances, cross-cultural communication and management of modern enterprise has become one of the key questions Should study the modern enterprise, cultivate cross-cultural communication skills and Key words: cross-cultural management cross-cultural communication barrier-free communication With Beijing's successful Olympic bid and China's accession to the WTO, "internationalization" of "globalization" such as the use of Chinese vocabulary in the frequency of rapidly rising, more and more people recognize that globalization is the future of enterprise development inevitable The globalization of the economy resulted in business is no longer a single localization, but the main multi-cultural co-exist, therefore, cross-cultural management has become a modern enterprise important problem faced by However, in order to carry out a successful cross-cultural management, is inseparable from the success of cross-cultural communication, then, as business executives how to handle the situation? A very important point is to actively cultivate international personnel, and international personnel have the most basic quality is the ability to cross-cultural First, cross-cultural management and cross-cultural communication Cross-cultural management is the end of the 20th century in Europe and the United States and other Western countries in order to meet the needs of international business activity and the rise of an emerging disciplines, in research the process of multinational companies came into being, the main study and compare in different countries and cultural organization behavior, and to explore ways to improve management at the different culture methods to enhance management Its purpose lies in how different forms of culture in the atmosphere, the design of practical organization and management mechanism, to maximize the identification and use of the potential of enterprises and According to information available, about 82% of the failure of multinational companies are cross-cultural management failures There are about 1 / 3 of the well-known multinational companies because of mismanagement pluralistic Culture facing the state of internal Cross-cultural communication skills refers to managers at different culture, can effectively and from different countries and cultural backgrounds of the people's ability to Many of the world famous enterprise managers will be this ability to communicate as they are the key to Recently, Nokia Chief Executive Officer Speaking at the Chief Executive Officer should have the most important capacity that are effective communication and manage the competency of In the West, cross-cultural communication has become a new cross-cutting disciplines, but also in today's world-class international business school Two, human cross-cultural communication barriers exist Culture goes back to ancient times, all-embracing, omnipresent, it is difficult to have a unified According to world-renowned cross-cultural and management experts galt • Ted霍弗斯definition, culture is a member of the crowd from which the other members of the crowd of common way of thinking, culture includes value systems, values are the cornerstone of Countries differences in values and norms, resulting in the countries of people's way of thinking and different code of In international business, these differences can easily lead to misunderstanding between both American well-known international business scholar D Hendrix, put many large companies in the international business culture because of its lack of understanding and lead to failures into "International Business Mistakes" book one of these failures and the lessons are mostly because senior management does not understand other country's culture and specific circumstances Serious obstacles to cross-cultural communication and there will be a "cultural " "Culture shock" refers to when people to work abroad, study or settle in to an unfamiliar cultural environment to live, often experience varying degrees of psychological "Culture shock" upon their arrival in the new environment of working a great influence on At the same culture, communication management and leadership are an important part of the Communication process is signal encoding, decoding process, including the speech signals and non-verbal signals, such as acts of non-verbal signals (gestures), objects, which form in the body language to Some of the same body language and objects, in different cultures have different The largest such as cross-cultural error than Nixon at first visit to Brazil If Nixon's people know him are aware favorites gestures, but also on behalf of his gestures, hands above their heads is ok to do like, at this gesture on behalf of the United States culture and friendly win, however, in Brazil on otherwise, and culture in Brazil This is the most obscene gesture, equivalent to American culture up the middle finger Nixon the error caused by the impact of self- Cross-cultural communication and the fundamental point is open heterogeneous culture hidden layer, to transcend cultural barriers, so that all exchanges between the state and the nation
Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the W" The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well- As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte, Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng' In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
一、跨文化管理的核心 跨文化管理又称交叉文化管理,就是在跨国经营中,对不同种族、不同文化类型、不同文化发展阶段的子公司所在国的文化采取包容的管理方法,其目的在于如何在不同形态的文化氛围中设计出切实可行的组织结构和管理机制,在管理过程中寻找超越文化冲突的公司目标,以维系不同文化背景的员工共同的行为准则,从而最大限度地控制和利用企业的潜力与价值。 二文化冲突和威胁 在进行全球发展时,跨国公司由于加入了另一种文化的观念,势必会造成文化冲突。跨国公司跨文化冲突的特征有:1、非线性不同质的文化像不同的水域,几片或多片水域的冲突与交融,常常表现出错综复杂的状态,因而具有非线性特征。2、间接性文化冲突一般都在心理、情感、思想观念等精神领域中进行,其结果是人们在不知不觉中发生变化。但是这种变化需要通过较长的时间才表现出来。3、内在性文化是以思想观念为核心的,因此,文化的冲突往往表现在思想观念的冲突上。4、交融性。文化冲突与文化交融始终相伴而行。跨文化管理的任务在于从不同的文化中寻求共同的能体现各种文化精髓的东西,这样才能在各种文化环境中生存。 每种文化背后都有一组隐含的假设,生活与该文化下的人通常不会觉察这些假设的存在,因为这些信念几乎是与生俱来的根深蒂固埋藏于潜意识中。一旦这些信念受到挑战,人们便会感受到文化冲击,觉得是外来的侵犯,然而事实上真正让人感到震惊的是:他们将会发现不同的文化内涵通常只是一体两面,甚或是特定尺度的两种极端 承认并理解差异的客观存在,克服狭隘主义的思想,重视他国语言、文化、经济、法律等的学习和了解。当跨国公司的管理人员到具有不同文化的东道国工作时,往往会遇到很多困难。反映了特有文化的语言、价值观念、思维形式等因素在跨文化管理中会形成障碍,产生矛盾,从而影响跨国经营战略的实施。理解文化差异是发展跨国文化管理能力的必要条件。理解文化差异有两层含义:一是理解东道国文化如何影响当地员工的行为;二是理解母国文化如何影响公司派去的管理人员的行为。不同类型的文化差异可以采用不同的克服措施。因管理风格、方法或技能的不同而产生的冲突可以通过互相传授和学习来克服则比较容易改变;因生活习惯和方式不同而产生的冲突可以通过文化交流解决,但需较长的时间;人们基本价值观念的差异往往较难改变。只有把握不同类型的文化差异才能有针对性地提出解决文化冲突的办法。 三跨文化管理竞争优势 把文化的差异看成是一种优势而不只是一种劣势,恰当、充分地利用不同文化所表现的差异,为企业发展创造契机。西方有谚语:任何事物都有两面性。文化也是一把双刃剑。文化给企业开展国际运营带来了机遇,但更多的却是巨大的挑战。广州本田汽车公司总经理门胁轰二先生曾说:“我们企业内部的矛盾颇多,但这也正是本田好的一面。我们在中国选择合作伙伴时,总是喜欢挑选一些与我们想法不同的合作者,这使我们经常发生意见的碰撞,这样不同思想的碰撞就会产生新的想法,从而创造出本田新的企业文化。”在广州本田看来,矛盾和冲突的正确对待,不仅不会形成障碍,反而会是企业发展的动力,企业创新的源泉。 从文化差异中得到竞争优势。利用文化差异的战略能够产生竞争优势,所以,与其让一种文化控制另一种,或是采取同哪一方都不对立的折衷安全解决方案,不如让我们面临一个挑战--采取积极的解决文化差异的方法,使得总体共同作用产生的结果优于各部分作用的简单加和。多样性就是将来自不同背景、具有不同期望、处于不同生活阶段的人们集合到一起,在给公司带来盈利性和竞争力这一力量的驱使下共同工作。文化多样性的优势在于:(1)市场方面,提高公司对于地方市场上文化偏好的应变能力;(2)资源获取方面,提高公司从具有不同国家背景的人中聘用员工、充实当地公司人力资源的能力;(3)成本方面,减少了公司在周转和聘用非当地人士担任经理方面花费的成本;(3)解决问题方面,更广阔的视角范围和更严格的分析提高了制定决策的能力和决策质量;(4)创造性方面,通过视角的多样性和减少关于一致性的要求来提高公司的创造力;(5)系统灵活方面,提高了组织在面临多种需求和环境变化时的灵活应变能力。 四.跨文化管理的关键是人的管理,实行全员跨文化管理。 这是因为:1、跨文化管理的客体是人,即企业的所有人员。跨文化管理的目的就是要使不同的文化进行融合,形成一种新型的文化,而这种新型的文化只有根植于企业所有成员之中,通过企业成员的思想、价值观、行为才能体现出来,才能真正实现跨文化管理的目的,否则跨文化管理则流于形式。2、实施跨文化管理的主体也是人,即企业的经营管理人员。在跨国公司中,母公司的企业文化可通过企业的产品、经营模式等转移到国外分公司,但更多的是通过熟悉企业文化的经营管理人员转移到国外分公司,在跨国公司的资源转移中,除资本外就是经营管理人员的流动性最强。由于跨文化管理的主体和客体都涉及到人,因此跨国公司的跨文化管理中要强调对人的管理,既要让经营管理人员深刻理解母公司的企业文化,又要选择具有文化整合能力的经营管理人员到国外分公司担任跨文化管理的重要职责,同时要加强对公司所有成员的文化管理,让新型文化真正在管理中发挥其重要作用,促进跨国公司在与国外企业的竞争中处于优势地位。 五.跨文化管理的策略 1、本土化策略。要本着“思维全球化和行动当地化”的原则来进行跨文化的管理。通常跨国企业在海外进行投资,就必须雇用相当一部分的当地职员。这主要是因为当地雇员熟悉当地的风俗习惯、市场动态以及政府方面的各项法规,而且和当地的消费者容易达成共识,雇用当地雇员无疑方便了跨国企业在当地拓展市场、站稳脚跟。“本土化”有利于跨国公司降低海外派遣人员和跨国经营的高昂费用、与当地社会文化融合、减少当地社会对外来资本的危机情绪;有利于东道国在任用管理人员方面,主要考虑的是该雇员的工作能力及与岗位的匹配度,选用最适合该岗位的职员。 2、文化相容策略。根据不同文化相容的程度又可以细分为以下两个不同层次:(1)文化的平行相容策略。这是文化相容的最高形式,习惯上称之为“文化互补”。就是在跨国公司的子公司中并不以母国的文化或是开发国的文化作为子公司的主体文化。母国文化和东道国文化之间虽然存在着巨大的文化差异,但却并不互相排斥,反而互为补充,同时运行于公司的操作中,充分发挥跨文化的优势。一种文化的存在可以充分地弥补另外一种文化的许多不足及其比较单调的单一性。美国肯德基公司在中国经营的巨大成功可谓是运用跨文化优势,实现跨文化管理成功的典范。(2)隐去两者的主体文化,和平相容策略。就是虽然跨国公司中的母国文化和东道国文化之间存在着巨大的文化差异,而两者文化的巨大不同也很容易在子公司的日常运作中产生“文化摩擦”,但是管理者在经营活动中却刻意模糊这种文化差异,隐去两者文化中最容易导致冲突的主体文化,保存两者文化中比较平淡和微不足道的部分。由于失去了主体文化那种对不同国籍的人所具有的强烈影响力,使得不问文化背景的人可以在同一公司中和睦共处,即使发生意见分歧,也很容易通过双方的努力得到妥协和协调。 3、文化创新策略。文化创新策略即母公司的企业文化与国外分公司当地的文化进行有效的整合,通过各种渠道促进不同的文化相互了解、适应、融合,从而在母公司和当地文化基础之上构建一种新型的国外分公司企业文化,以这种新型文化作为国外分公司的管理基础。这种新型文化既保留着强烈的母公司企业文化特点,又与当地的文化环境相适应,既不同于母公司企业文化,又不同于当地企业文化,是两种文化的有机整合。因为要从全世界角度来衡量一国或一地区文化的优劣是根本不可能的,这中间存在一个价值标准的问题,只有将两种文化有机地融合在一起,才能既含有母公司的企业文化内涵,又能适应国外文化环境,从而体现跨国企业竞争优势。 4、文化规避策略。这是当母国的文化与东道国的文化之间存在着巨大的不同,母国的文化虽然在整个于公司的运作中占了主体,可又无法忽视或冷落东道国文化存在的时候,由母公司派到子公司的管理人员,就必须特别注意在双方文化的重大不同之处进行规避,不要在这些“敏感地带”造成彼此文化的冲突。特别在宗教势力强大的国家更要特别注意尊重当地的信仰。 5、文化渗透策略。文化渗透是个需要长时间观察和培育的过程。跨国公司派往东道国工作的管理人员,基于其母国文化和东道国文化的巨大不同,井不试图在短时间内迫使当地员工服从母国的人力资源管理模式。而是凭借母国强大的经济实力所形成的文化优势,对于公司的当地员工进行逐步的文化渗透,使母国文化在不知不觉中深入人心,东道国员工逐渐适应了这种母国文化并慢慢地成为该文化的执行者和维护者。 6、借助第三方文化策略。跨国公司在其他的国家和地区进行全球进行发展时,由于母国文化和东道国文化之间存在着巨大的不同,而跨国公司又无法在短时间内完全适应由这种巨大的“文化差异”而形成的完全不同于母国的东道国的经营环境。这时跨国公司所采用的人事管理策略通常是借助比较中性的,与母国的文化己达成一定程度共识的第三方文化对设在东道国的子公司进行控制管理。用这种策略可以避免母国文化与东道国文化发生直接的冲突。如欧洲的跨国公司想要在加拿大等美洲地区设立子公司,就可以先把子公司的海外总部设在思想和管理比较国际化的美国,然后通过在美国的总部对在美洲的所有子公司实行统一的管理。而美国的跨国公司想在南美洲设立子公司,就可以先把子公司的海外总部设在与国际思想和经济模式较为接近的巴西,然后通过巴西的子公司总部对南美洲其他的子公司实行统一的管理。这种借助第三国文化对母国管理人员所不了解的东道国子公司进行管理可以避免资金和时间的无谓浪费,使子公司在东道国的经营活动可以迅速有效地取得成果。 7、占领式策略。占领式策略是一种比较偏激的跨文化管理策略,是全球发展企业在进行国外直接投资时,直接将母公司的企业文化强行注入国外的分公司,对国外分公司的当地文化进行消灭,国外分公司只保留母公司的企业文化。这种方式一般适用于强弱文化对比悬殊,并且当地消费者能对母公司的文化完全接受的情况下采用,但从实际情况来看,这种模式采用得非常少。 总之,全球发展企业在进行跨文化管理时,应在充分了解本企业文化和国外文化的基础上,选择自己的跨文化管理模式,从而使不同的文化达到最佳的结合,形成自己的核心竞争力。
%D6%D0%CE%F7&btn=+%CB%D1%CB%F7+ 1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史,无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧,都起源于民间,并与原始人祭祀神灵,欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史,它发展快,成就高,在世界上的影响很 类别:毕业论文 大小:95 KB 日期:2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临,中国与外界的交流越来越频繁,特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界,如同一个大家庭,参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因,各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增,同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现,跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道,这种文化差异时而会造成 类别:毕业论文 大小:96 KB 日期:2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征:儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗,宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰,以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线,在思想上追求人格的完美,以“谦谦君 类别:毕业论文 大小:90 KB 日期:2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同 类别:毕业论文 大小:88 KB 日期:2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年,西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化;西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天,中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国 类别:毕业论文 大小:100 KB 日期:2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天,旅游业风风火火地发展起来了,作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来,且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世,这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机,但世界上酒店发展规模空前,