建筑设计史论文题目大全高中英语版

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世纪末的中国建筑史研究论文摘要：自70 年代末国门打开以来，战后西方已流行2O一3O年乃至晚近的10、2O年的各种哲学方法论和思潮流派蜂拥而人。其中以二元分立的方法论模式首当其中，如结构主义的“表层结构一深层结构”模式，符号学的“能指——所指”模式，现象学的“科学客观的物理世界一纯粹意识的生活世界”模式，及其衍生的各种建筑历史与理论学说。还有格式塔心理学、环境心理学、新史学、贡布里希的艺术史理论、甚至自然科学方法等等，不一而足，使入耳目一新，视野大开。关键词：中国建筑史现状对我们这些青年学者群来说，整个80年代可以说是一个方法论的年代，建筑历史与理论研究亦不例外。自70年代末国门打开以来，战后西方已流行2O一3O年乃至晚近的10、2O年的各种哲学方法论和思潮流派蜂拥而人。其中以二元分立的方法论模式首当其中，如结构主义的“表层结构一深层结构”模式，符号学的“能指——所指”模式，现象学的“科学客观的物理世界一纯粹意识的生活世界”模式，及其衍生的各种建筑历史与理论学说。还有格式塔心理学、环境心理学、新史学、贡布里希的艺术史理论、甚至自然科学方法等等，不一而足，使入耳目一新，视野大开。在这些方法论的影响下，青年学术导向着眼于对建筑历史的宏观概括，抽象思辨，及大胆的诠释和推论，希冀启迪现实，预见未来，而不甘于传统的考据与实证式的“做学问”。一批才华横溢，西学中用，推古论今的佳作就此涌现出来。但是在正统的历史科学看来，正如任何历史理论研究一样，建筑史研究无论采用什么方法，其目的都应是解决某种问题，引发某种思考，或提供某种借鉴。而如果没有较深厚的实证基础和学术素养，各种有关建筑的“历史哲学”、“理论框架”、“模式”等终不过是昙花一现，多雷电而少雨露。因为推论仓促，于史无补；思辩高寒，于世无缘。这些看法对青年学子未免苛刻了些，也未必就能言中，但却反映了一个事实，即对建筑哲理的“论”偏多，尽管其中层次高下悬殊，而对建筑史的探究则少人问津，至于对建筑现实的评论更是少的可怜。这里先撇开“论”，从“史”的一方面来说，应该承认，哲学方法论层次上对逻辑实证的批判与具体问题研究上对实证方法的否定从来不是一回事，建筑历史研究上的“先锋派”是很难担当的。确实，10余年来以这些“新方法论”、“新角度”来研究中国建筑史的高水平成果并不多。这是否说明，方法论本身虽自有其生命力，但建筑史研究上片面对待方法论的时代却应该结束了。然而中国建筑史研究的真正危机还不在于此。以中国古代建筑史研究为例即可说明。首先，这方面研究的任何实质性进展，都倚重于扎实的实物及文献资料功底，有时甚至还会借助于音韵、训诂等旧国学考证方法。但实际情况则往往是“大胆假设”有余，“小心求证”不足，尤其对于不少青年学者来说，由于主客观原因而在这方面显得薄弱。其次，“全国一盘棋”的协作奉献式研究局面已难维持。而造就信息共享的当代研究条件却为期尚远。再加上社会乃至有关机构对建筑史研究的实用主义态度，以及经费来源的枯竭等。使这门学问愈来愈显冷僻、萎缩，且后继乏人。尽管如此，近些年来中国建筑史研究方面依然成绩裴然，令人振奋。如傅熹年先生对元、明清皇家建筑型制、构图与象征的研究。杨鸿勋先生对古代著名建筑的复原研究，潘谷西先生、郭湖生先生及其学术梯队分别进行的建筑文化和中外建筑关系系列研究，汪宁生先生对古代明堂的文化人类学分析，龙庆忠先生及其学术梯队的古建筑防灾系列研究，陆元鼎先生、黄汉民先生、路秉杰先生等各自对华南一些典型传统民居的调查研究、曹汛先生对古建命题的缜密考证，张良皋先生对华夏建筑亚文化圈的推论，萧默先生的敦煌建筑研究，王其亨先生等对风水内涵的发掘诠释，以及各地民居和古建筑的研究拓展等，当然还应特别提到汪坦先生主持的中国近代建筑史研究，陈志华先生等所进行的乡土建筑调查研究等。凡此种种，举不一一，都对中国建筑史的领域拓展和深化研究产生了很大影响。即将付梓的五卷集《中国建筑史》和《中国建筑艺术史》将全面反映近年来的中国古代建筑研究水平和成果。前景建筑史研究的对象是历史上建筑所包含的思想和技巧（或曰意匠），其时空发展序列，其历史价值以及对后世、对现实以至对未来的影响。太史公的“究天入之际、通古今之变”至今也依然是治建筑史的要旨。当然还可以加上“辨中外之异同”等。跨世纪的中国建筑史研究仍存在两大方面。一是史的方面，以中国古代建筑史为例，近 l0余年来随着新的考古资料的不断增加，如大汉口原始社会建筑群遗址和广汉上古三星堆遗址的性质，郑州邙山早期城市遗址对版筑技术的上移。歧山周原遗址对造砖技术的推前，始皇陵遗址对陵寝制度的佐证，唐九成宫建筑布局和型制的发现，以及各地民居的深入研究等，都为补充和部分改写中国古代建筑史提供了新的资料基础。应该指出的是，未来的中国建筑史或应更多地渗入和吸收考古学、文化人类学、文化史、艺术史、科技史等相关学科的知识、方法和研究经验。另一个方面的研究涉及建筑历史与现实的关系。面向社会，接触实践，是使建筑历史研究走出困境的契机。如乡土建筑的研究，不仅是对民居资料的调查，也不仅是对人文景观的记录，而且应该是在乡村迅速的城市化中，对一些曾与自然生态相适应的中国传统聚居方式进行保护性改造的对策研究。这一任务可能部分地要由中国建筑史研究来担当。当然这些工作需要社会学、文化人类学、乡村规划等方面的知识准备。再如文物建筑的保护及其技术研究，国外许多建筑院系都设有建筑保护专业（preservation），笔者曾在科伦坡参加“国际纪念遗址理事会”（ICOMOS）第十届大会，亲眼看到一些第三世界国家对其历史建筑具有很强的保护意识，保护措施中技术含量很高，研究相当深入。这些研究主要由考古学家和建筑史专家来完成。而且不仅是保护文物建筑本身，随着城乡改造的大规模开展，历史地段人文景观的保护性改造与开发利用课题亦会愈来愈多，是改造项目一揽子研究计划的组成部分。因而想到我国的一流建筑院系亦应设置历史建筑保护专业，以便深入进行这方面研究，和培养高层次的专门人才提供基地。这一领域应引入电脑辅助研究，建立历史建筑数据、图像库等，以配合维修、复原及保护性设计。此外，还有对建筑文化和现实建筑创作关系的讨论，这也是未来中国建筑历史与理论研究的一大领域。一些建筑文化理论常用“三段式”，先释何为“文化”，再论何为“建筑文化”。最后再谈及一点建筑。其实建筑自古就是文化的载体，是文化史留下烙印最集中、最深刻的东西。建筑文化的讨论应从建筑本身谈开去，然后向其他相关文化领域延展与交织，并且形成关于社会、文化，与空间、建筑间相互关系的评论及批评氛围。应该指出，建筑历史和建筑文化研究与现实创作脱节的最明显表征之一，就是近几年来北京高层建筑上泛滥的“小亭子”。建筑学界由于对大半个世纪的传统与创新之争没有一个理论与实践层面的总结与升华，缺乏城市空间及其历史理论的多元批评和价值判断；城市设计控制作用的滞后，对使传统建筑语言转译为现代建筑语言的迷茫，从而导致修辞手法上的平庸与退化；以及决策方面在城市景观历史意识与现代观念上的误解和误导，从而提出对古今生硬“嫁接”的强制性要求等。都使现在的“高层十小亭子”形体中相当大的一部分，犹如旧“民族形式”概念的回光返照，但又远不及中国现代建筑史上几次复古思潮及其作品来的明亮。这显然也涉及今后一个重要的历史理论研究课题——城市景观脉络的“可持续发展”而不仅是一个“古都风貌”如何保留的问题。中国建筑史研究如能从一个角度对此有所贡献将是颇有现实意义的。跨世纪的中国建筑史研究需要顾后而瞻前，领会整体而又深谙一隅，在总结古今建筑意匠的同时，并对形成新的城乡景观脉络关系进行探索。笔者认为，这是未来中国建筑史研究的两个主要方向论文天下

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建筑设计史论文题目大全高中英语

Along with the our country economic development rapid development， the lives of the people level unceasing enhancement， the city uses to be day by day anxious， urges the building to face the direction is This kind of high level civil construction repair needed materials and the way also more hasten the diversification， and along with uses electricity the load and coal gas consumption quantity enlarging， proposed to the fire auto-alarm system design is higher， a stricter In order to guarantee the people life and property the security， the fire auto-alarm system design has become in the high level civil construction design one of most important design Presently based on the author fire of auto-alarm system design overseeing work in the high level civil building experience， proposed in present national related standard and standard unclear true detail shallow opinion， by for the colleagues to discuss and to point out First， design basis The fire auto-alarm system design is a specialized very strong technology work， at the same time also has the very strong policy- Therefore， first should be clear about the following design basis: 1st， must grasp the architectural design fire protection standard， the system design standard， the equipment manufacture standard， the installment construction approval standard and the administration laws and regulations and so on five big aspects fire laws and regulations， and in practical understanding present country related standard and standard positive word: "Must"， "be supposed"， "to be suitable"， "may" and the reverse side word: "Strictly prohibits"， "should not"， "not have"， "not to be suitable" the 2nd， must aim at high level civil building function， use and the protection object fire protection rank， earnestly carries out the present national related standard and the standard， earnestly treats the public security fire prevention surveillance department the examination and approval Second， fire auto-alarm system equipment establishmentFire detector establishmentOpens wide either the seal or the stair hall should alone divide the search coverage， and each 2 ~ 3 establish a fire The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room， fire elevator room， fire elevator with guards against the front room which smoke stair hall comes in handy) and the aisle should distinguish alone to divide the search coverage， specially front the room and the lift well， the scattered stair hall and the aisle are interlinked， has time the fire haze to be easier to gather or to flow， is the personnel disperses which saves goal with the fire prevention， therefore should install the fire Regarding common elevator in front of room although is not the personnel disperses ， but this front room and the lift well are interlinked， has time the fire haze to be also easy to gather or to flow， suitably alone divides the search coverage and installs the fire The electric cable shaft therefore is easy to form pulls out the smoke inflammation the channel; Has when the fire the fire intensity not easily extends along the electric cable burns， for this， "the high level civil construction design fire protection standard" and "the civil construction electricity design standard" separately proposes the detailed specific stipulation in the construction and in the electric wire or on the electric cable But considered implements specifically the difficulty and the present situation， the electric cable shaft installs the fire detector is extremely essential， and coordinates the shaft the fire protection separation request， each 2 ~ 3 or each level The elevator machine room should install the fire detector， its elevator is the important vertical transportation vehicle; Its two elevator machine room has has the fire risk; Its three lift well existence essential opens the hole， like the level gate opens between the hole， the air vent， the between permanence opens the hole with the elevator machine room or the pulley and so on; Its four when has the fire， the lift well often becomes the fire intensity spread the channel， is easy to threaten the elevator machine room the Therefore， the elevator machine room establishes the fire detector is necessary， crown of also suitable establishment fire detector lift 2nd， the manual fire reports to the police the button establishment(Including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in view of various floors front room in front of room， fire elevator room， fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention， should report to the police the button first choice spot as the establishment manual In addition， the room also should establish the manual fire to the common elevator in front of to report to the police the In the public active place (including hall， hall， dining room， multi-purpose hall and so on) and the main thoroughfare and so on place， the personnel very is all centralized， and mainly disperses the Therefore should report to the police the button in these public active places main access establishment manual fires; The manual fire establishes which in the main thoroughfare reports to the police the button to guarantee "to a manual fire which most is close to reports to the police the button distance from a fire protection district any position not to be supposed to be bigger than 30 meters"3rd， the fire emergency broadcasts the speaker the establishmentThe aisle， the hall， the dining room and so on the public place personnel very are all centralized， and mainly disperses the Therefore should press in these public places "to a recent speaker distance is not bigger than 25 meters from a fire protection district any spot" and "in the aisle last should not be bigger than 5 meters the speaker to the aisle terminal distance" the establishment fire emergency to broadcast the speaker; Next also should establish the fire in the public bathroom place emergency to broadcast the The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room， fire elevator room， fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention， also has the fire door separation and the sounds of people is confused and noisy， therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the In front of the common elevator the room also should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the Disperses the stair hall also is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with the fire prevention， also the sounds of people are confused and noisy， therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker， by favors the fire emergency broadcast to disperse the 4th， fire alarm installment establishmentThe establishment fire emergency broadcast fire auto-alarm system， the author thought also should install the fire alarm installment， but its control procedure should be: The alarm apparatus should confirm after the fire， uses manual or the automatic control mode unification to the fire correlation region transmission warning， stops the alarm apparatus work in the stipulation time， the rapid linkage fire emergency broadcast and broadcasts to the people disperses the The fire alarm installment establishment position， the author thought should report to the police the button position with the manual fire to be same， its wall surface installment should for be apart from the ground 8 meters highly5th， fire special use telephone establishmentInstalls the fire special use telephone extension telephone， should be located the engine room which related also some people is on duty frequently with the fire linkage control (including fire water plant， spare electricity generation engine room， matches substation， mainly ventilates with air conditioning engine room， discharges fume engine room， fire prevention elevator machine room and other)， the fire fighting control system operates the equipment place or the control room， the fire duty officers observation room， the security manages spot and so on public Sedan of theater box the fire elevator and in the ordinary elevator all should suppose the special use telephone， requests the elevator machine room and the elevator sedan theater box， the elevator machine room and the fire control room， the elevator sedan theater box and the fire control room and so on three compositions is reliable to speaks the correspondence telephone Usually in fire control room; The establishment elevator monitoring demonstration plate (including position indicator， direction indicating lamp， to speaks correspondence telephone， trouble lamp and so on)， in order to carries on the necessity to the elevator running status which in the surveillance and the emergency case Is equipped with the manual fire to report to the police position and so on button， fire hydrant button also should install the fire special use telephone Third， fire linkage control 1st， the fire linkage control should include the control fire pump to open， to stop， also should demonstrate opens pumps the button the position and the fire pump work and the When the fire hydrant is equipped with the fire hydrant button， its electric installation work spot also should demonstrate the fire pump the working mode active status (namely establishment fire pump work indicating lamp) 2nd， the fire linkage control should include the control spraying of water and the water atomization fire fighting system opens， stops， also should demonstrate the fire pump the work and the malfunction and the fluent display， reports to the police the valve， the safety signal valve working mode active In addition， to the basin， the water tank water level also should carry on the demonstration monitor; In order to prevent the overhaul signal valve is shut down， the author thought should use the belt electric signal the control signal valve by to demonstrate it opens the 3rd， the fire linkage control other controls and the demonstration function， should carry out the present national related standard and the standard specific Fourth， fire auto-alarm system wiringIn order to prevent the fire occurs when the fire control， the correspondence and the warning line severance， causes the fire fighting work to be unable to carry on， creates the bigger economic loss; Also for the suppression electronmagetic interference (for example transformer， electric motor， electric cable and so on) the influence which produces to the fire auto-alarm The fire auto-alarm system transmission line and the fire control， the correspondence and the warning line should use the being flame-resistant electric cable， and should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking The fire manual positive governing installment line should use the fireproof electric cable， its electric cable also should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking Uses Ming Fushi， should takes the fire protection protective measures on the metal tube or the enclosed metal Fifth， concluding remarkThe author rests on the concrete project to implement the experience， elaborated the design basis， fire auto-alarm design actual problem and so on system equipment establishment， fire linkage control and its wiring pulls out some shallow opinions， its goal is enhances the fire auto-alarm system the design quality， discovered early and the notification fire， prevented and reduces the fire to harm， by protects the person and the property 随着我国经济发展快速发展，人民生活的水平不断提高，城市使用是每天着急，敦促建设面临着发展的方向。这种高层次的民间建筑维修所需的材料和方式也更加多样化加快，而且随着使用电力负荷和煤气消费量扩大，提议消防自动报警系统设计较高，更严格的要求。为了保证人民生命和财产的安全，消防自动报警系统的设计已经成为在高级别民间建筑设计的一个最重要的设计内容。目前的基础上撰文火灾自动报警系统设计监督工作的高层次的民间建设的经验，建议在目前国家相关标准和标准不清楚真正详细浅见解，为同事们的讨论，并指出错误。首先，设计依据火灾自动报警系统的设计是一家专业非常强的技术工作，同时还具有很强的政策性。因此，首先应明确以下设计依据：第一，必须紧紧抓住的建筑设计防火标准，该系统的设计标准，标准的设备制造，安装施工审批标准和管理的法律和规章等五大方面的消防法律法规，并在实际了解国家有关本标准和标准积极字： “必须” ， “必须假定” ， “不适合” ， “可能”和反面词： “严格禁止” ， “不应该” ， “没有” ， “不适合“的含义。第二，必须着眼于高层次的民间建筑的功能，利用和保护对象的防火等级，认真开展本标准和国家有关标准，认真对待公安防火监督部门的审批意见。其次，火灾自动报警系统设备的建立建立火灾探测器要么全打开的印章或楼梯大厅应单独划分搜索范围，每个2 〜 3建立火灾探测器。第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防前面房间烟雾楼梯大会堂来用场）和过道应区分单独划分搜索范围，特别是前面的房间，以及电梯，分散楼梯大厅和走道都是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾比较容易收集或流动，是人员分散保存目标与防火，因此，应该安装火警探测器。关于共同电梯前室虽然不是人员分散，而且这方面的空间和良好的电梯是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾也很容易被收集或流动，适当地划分为单独的搜索覆盖面和安装消防探测器。电缆轴因此很容易形成掏出烟炎症渠道，拥有火灾时的火强度不容易延伸沿电缆燃烧，为此， “高级别民间建筑设计防火标准”和“民用建筑电气设计标准“分别提出了详细具体的规定，在建筑和在电线或电缆塑造。但认为具体实施的难度和目前的情况下，电缆竖井安装了火灾探测器是非常必要的，坐标轴的防火分隔要求，每2 〜 3或每一级安装。电梯机房应安装火灾探测器，它的电梯是重要的垂直交通工具，其两个电梯机房已具有火灾危险性，其存在的三个基本解除以及打开洞，像打开闸门的水平之间的球洞，在气孔，持久的关系打开了洞与电梯机房或滑轮等，其时，有四个火，升降机以及往往成为火灾强度传播渠道，很容易危及电梯机房设施。因此，电梯机房建立了火灾探测器是必要的，也适用于皇冠建立火灾探测器举井。 2 ，手动火警报警按钮建立（包括防前面的烟雾楼梯大厅鉴于各层前房间前面的房间，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时人员驱散节省目标，防火，应立即向警方举报的按钮，首选地点设立手动火警。此外，该室也应建立防火手册的共同电梯前，向警方报案的按钮。在公共活动场所（包括会堂，礼堂，餐厅，多功能厅等）和主要通道等场所，是所有工作人员非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应立即向警方举报的按钮，在这些公共活动场所主要通道设立手册火灾;该手册规定的火灾中的主要通道报警按钮，以保证“ ，以手动火警最接近报警按钮距离防火区的任何位置不应该超过30米。 “ 第三，消防紧急广播喇叭建立走道，大厅，餐厅等公共场所的工作人员都非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应该按这些公共场所的“最近的一项发言距离不超过25米的防火保护区的任何位置”和“在走道上不应大于十二点五米扬声器的过道末端距离”建立消防应急广播喇叭;下一步还应当建立消防在公共浴室的地方紧急广播喇叭。第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也有分离和防火门的声音，人民的混乱和嘈杂，因此，应建立消防应急广播喇叭。在前面的共同电梯房也应建立消防应急广播喇叭。分散大厅楼梯也已经火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也是人民的声音和嘈杂的混淆，因此应建立消防应急广播喇叭，由主张消防紧急广播驱散指令。第四，建立火灾报警装置建立消防应急广播火灾自动报警系统，笔者认为还应该安装消防报警装置，但它的控制程序应该是：该报警器应确认火灾后，利用手动或自动控制模式统一消防相关区域传输预警，报警器停止工作时间的规定，迅速联系消防应急广播和电视节目，并且分散了人们的指示。火警警报装置建立的立场，笔者认为应该向警方报案的按钮位置的手动火警是相同的，它的墙面安装应为距地面8米高度第五，消防专用电话设立安装消防专用电话分机电话，应设机房其中也涉及一些人是在工作地点经常与消防联动控制（包括消防给水设备，备件发电机房，火柴变电站，主要ventilates空调引擎室，排放烟气轮机室，防火电梯机房及其他），消防控制系统的经营场所或设备的控制室，消防责任人员观察室，现场的安全管理等公共空间。轿车的影院中消防电梯和普通电梯应假设所有使用的特殊电话，请电梯机房和电梯轿车影院中，电梯机房及消防控制室，电梯轿车影院方块和消防控制室等三个成分是可靠的讲通信电话系统。通常在消防控制室;建立电梯监测演示板（包括位置指示器，显示方向灯，以讲信函电话，麻烦灯等），以进行必要的电梯在运行状态的监视和紧急情况下的控制。配备了手动火警报警位置等按钮，消火栓按钮，还应该安装消防专用电话插座。第三，消防联动控制第一，消防联动控制应包括控制消防泵开启，停止，也应表现出的按钮，打开泵的位置和消防泵的工作和故障。当消火栓设有消火栓按钮时，其电气安装工程现场也应表现出的消防泵的工作模式有效状态（即建立消防泵工作表明灯）。第二，消防联动控制应包括控制喷洒水和水雾化灭火系统打开，停止，也应表现出的消防泵的工作和故障和流利显示，报警阀，安全信号阀工作模式积极的地位。此外，该盆地，水箱水位也应进行示范监测;为了防止检修信号阀关闭，作者认为应该使用带电信号控制信号阀证明它打开条件。第三，消防联动控制其他控制和示范作用，应进行本标准和国家有关标准的具体规定。第四，火灾自动报警系统布线为了防止火灾发生时，消防控制，通信和警戒线遣散，使灭火工作无法进行，造成了更大的经济损失，也为抑制electronmagetic干扰（例如变压器，电电机，电缆等）的影响而产生的火灾自动报警系统。火灾自动报警系统的输电线路和消防控制，通信和预警线应使用被阻燃电缆，并应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。消防手册积极理事分期付款行应使用防火电缆，其电缆也应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。使用明复，应采取防火保护措施的金属管或封闭金属Fifth ，结论备注作者取决于具体的项目实施经验，阐述了设计依据，火灾自动报警设计和实际问题，以便建立系统设备，消防联动控制及其接线拿出一些肤浅的意见，其目的是增强了火灾自动报警系统的设计质量，早期发现，并通知消防，预防和减少火灾危害，通过保护个人和财产安全。

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China built environment the value of cultural significanceAbstract: This paper discusses the traditional Chinese culture in the built environment and value embodied in， and when the built environment and cultural traditions and modern analysis， elaborated on China built environment of the significance of cultural development for the traditional architectural culture and modern development of the bonding In the context of Chinese culture， China's built environment to show with the people and the natural environment for the financial - body balance each Key words:Construction，Environment，Traditional，Modern，CultureChinese ancient architecture has a brilliant achievement， in the palace， gardens， construction of space processing， architectural art and material structure of harmony and unity，， have excellent creativity and contribution to the formation of the regression of other buildings in the West of special character， in the human construction played an important role in the Today， the nature of architectural culture more and more attracted From the Great Hall of the People in Beijing after the founding of the end of the twentieth century buildings， hotels， and other Xiangshan inherited the traditional Chinese architectural art of the essence， but also a combination of modern Western art of architecture new concepts， new technologies， to become both fresh ethnic characteristics， strong characteristics of the times and the construction of cultural China's urban construction regardless of the ancient and contemporary， are in a particular space in cultural phenomenon， its richness and complexity of all the researchers can not be Since modern times， Chinese culture began the difficult process of From a traditional society to a modern social changes， but also depends on cultural If it is said that traditional Chinese culture in history and evolution of the track is more clear， then， the changes in modern times seem very China's vast territory， different parts of the larger cultural and economic In modern times， China and the western city undoubtedly follow a different path of development， not only to form their own political， economic and cultural systems， but also formed their own style of urban planning and architectural In modern times， with the intrusion of Western powers， as well as imported culture， including architectural culture of the Western urban culture， including the start of the Chinese have an enormous Because of this， including the China Architectural Culture urban culture， but also the beginning of the transition from traditionalism to modernization profound Today， in China's architectural theory and creative activity， people fond of tradition and modernity， inheritance and innovation， China and the West， such as a class of architectural culture and the phenomenon of comparison and controversy， it is But the debate of these issues should be made clear its purpose， that is， it should promote a culture of development and construction， and promote its progress， and not just be satisfied with the basis of these cultural phenomena to make objective and accurate Such as: During the discussion of traditional and modern， inheritance and innovation of the issue， many people keen on from the style， form or technology to argue their superiority， the wild， but it is not with the people from their survival and livelihood of the fundamental link go to explore their During the discussion of Chinese and Western architectural culture， people in the space of Chinese and Western concepts， behavior and attitude toward life and so a detailed comparison， based on the discovery and summed up the Chinese architectural concepts with Westerners differences and their respective characteristics， and then in creation and insufficient emphasis on theory and embody the characteristics of this， of course， is On the other hand， people are less human existence from the perspective of the state of traditional and modern， inheritance and innovation， Chinese and Western architecture to make further value Thus， the "tradition" of "modern" "inheritance" "innovation" "China" "Western" and so the purpose of turning themselves Building a culture of comparison and debate should therefore not achieve the purpose of architectural culture can not lead to real A long time， research in the field of architectural history， there is a "Western Center on" The view that the West is a historical tradition of urban construction， the East Building of non-historical In弗莱彻尔"comparative Architectural History" on the issue there is a "construction of the tree，" with illustrations， the center of the tree trunk is marked with Greece， Rome， Lo Man-style， top of the six main branches are some European and American countries Gothic architecture， Renaissance architecture and modern But Egypt， India， Mexico， China and so before the following number of delicate young branches， the United States on the center of the tree trunk on top， great image to express the author's construction of "Western-centered" There is no denying that the Western Urban Architecture in the past few centuries is indeed developing rapidly， both in content and form， or in technology and theory， aesthetics are taking shape on the forefront in the However， "Western Center on the" point of view is no doubt there is a problem with the development of world architectural history， not just the West， and no hall， which has become more and more consensus building and cultural ① Western post-modernist theorists Architectural Culture Frampton that: traditional architecture， especially folk architecture is the formation of specific locations in the building system with a function and structure is Especially in dealing with a number of specific factors， such as ventilation， lighting， insulation， with excellent Therefore， we can not simply deny according to the location， physical geography of the specific cultural environment and human development of the local Traditional Chinese architectural culture research， is to open up a theoretical level， the health of Chinese architectural Building Cultural Studies is not confined to explain a variety of architectural culture phenomenon， it is to building a culture of value-oriented Therefore， the architectural culture should be critical and To provide value-oriented， we must make a value assessment， it is necessary to establish one set of Human beings are different from their own cultural backgrounds， different building events are also a certain degree of architectural culture But culture is also a double-edged On the one hand， are the essence of any culture coexist with the dross， even if it is the essence， but also often can not be separated from the specific conditions of time and space; On the other hand， both the traditional culture may be a heavy cross， stifle the creative potential of modern people can also be become a treasure house of wisdom and enrich our imagination， expand our scale of Reality and future requirements of the complexity of life， far from being mechanically copy a certain kind of traditional methods， approaches， they can be met， we must absorb， draw upon their strengths needed to pick up In addition， the creation of the characteristics is still a serious topic， require a combination of specific locations， conditions， on the design requirements for specific Creative methods， the use of "abstract inheritance， moved like a wonderful" principle， may find a new Wu Liangyong， a so-called "abstract inheritance" means from the construction of traditional Chinese traditional architectural design principles and the basic theory of the essence of part of the development， applied to the reality created in the And the traditional image of the most distinctive part of extracted through abstract and concentrate to improve as a motif， be innovative and creative design in order to inspire the current Formal At the same time， should touch the pulse of China's traditional culture， digging out of the traditional architectural art connotation of time and space， first of all， attention should be paid to the art of architecture and the restoration of cultural values and spiritual function， not only the architectural and artistic works as industrial products and daily necessities， more efforts should not only its immediate physical This kind of inheritance， is not a form of plagiarism or the old parts of the permutation and combination， both creative principle of the succession and development， and the image of the drawing and So that the design of both the spirit likeness seek， nor exclusive to some extent， the details of the shape of a key is based on the location， condition And "want to move too wonderful，" "move to" is to their own imagination into the image of the object to， "Miao was" refers to grasp the true expression of the ② Extensive and profound traditional Chinese culture， architecture is the same We should not only from the perspective of the form， and from culture to understand the depth of the traditional， such as: the first level， the traditional beauty of classical architecture in the roof， brackets， shapes portico features， poetry， calligraphy and technology combined with the fitting-out forms ， as well as all kinds of doors and windows Prism Grid， decorative patterns; second level， the courtyard-style layout of the space rhythm， natural and architectural environment of complementary design， poetic， full of the humanistic spirit of gardening art， shape， number of paintings， azimuth the appearance of a symbol and metaphor practices; the third level， "harmony between man and nature" of the nature and focus on environmental effects of "feng shui" of thought， yin-yang confrontation， interaction， and the corresponding philosophical thinking and the "body， mind， and gas" competent a concept of health， and so Of them contains a wealth of content， deep philosophy and ③ which states that the value of traditional to modern needs in our new building works to discover， to Therefore， we should try to find traditional， modern values， and carry forward in preserving the essence of their traditional at the same time， get rid of its backward， not suited to modern development of things， to seek traditional architectural culture and the modern development of the combination of points， reflect the traditional architecture and cultural respect Heaven and Earth，Humanistic， say the pro-and thinking of materialist Carry forward the tradition of architectural culture are also available from traditional architecture design principles， spatial composition， composition methods， ideas have inspired the expression，， have to inherit and use the development of innovation， continuous exploration of thinking of traditional architecture and modern architecture thinking， traditional technologies with modern technology， traditional and modern aesthetic of a combination of aesthetic consciousness， the outstanding traditional architectural culture into modern architecture Notes ①Chen Lixu urban culture and the spirit of the Southeast University P 2002， 142②Wu Liangyong broad architecture， Tsinghua University P 1989， the first 65-66 pages ③ Yang Y Building 100 words， China Building Industry Press， N 62中国建筑环境文化的价值意义内容摘要：本文论述了中国传统文化在建筑环境中的体现与价值，以及时建筑环境文化传统与现代的分析，阐明了中国建筑环境文化发展的意义，寻求传统建筑文化和现代发展的结合点。在中国的文化背景下，中国的建筑环境表现出了与人与自然环境融为—体，互为平衡。关键词：建筑环境传统现代文化中国古代建筑有着灿烂的成就，在宫室、园林、建筑空间的处理、建筑艺术与材料结构的和谐统一等方面，都有着卓越的创造与贡献，形成了迥别于西方建筑的特殊风貌，在人类建筑史上占有重要的地位。时至今日，建筑文化的特质愈来愈引起人们的重视。从建国后的北京人民大会堂到二十世纪末的香山饭店等建筑都继承了中国传统建筑艺术的精华，又融汇了西方现代建筑艺术的新观念、新技术，成为既有鲜活民族特色，又有强烈时代特征的建筑文化丰碑。中国的城市建筑无论古代、当代，都是在特定的空间中产生的文化现象，其丰富性与复杂性令所有研究者无法回避。自近代以来，中国文化开始了艰难的转变过程。从传统社会向现代社会的转变，也是有赖于文化的转变。如果说中国传统文化的历史脉络和演变轨迹是较为清晰的话，那么，近代以来的转变似乎显得非常复杂。中国地域广阔，不同地区的文化和经济差异较大。在近代以前，中国和西方城市无疑遵循着不同的发展道路，不仅形成了各自的政治、经济和文化制度，而且也形成了各自的城市规划风格和建筑风格。近代以来，随着西方列强的侵入以及文化的传入影响，包括建筑文化在内的西方城市文化，开始对中国产生巨大的影响。由此，包括建筑文化在内的中国城市文化，也开始了从传统到现代的深刻的转型。当今，在我国的建筑理论和创作活动中，人们喜欢对传统与现代、继承与革新、中国与西方等一类建筑文化问题和现象进行比较和争论，这是必要的。但是争论这些问题应该明确它的目的，那就是它应当促进一种文化的发展和建构，推动它的进步，而不是仅仅满足于依据对这些文化现象做出客观、准确的描述。如：在讨论传统与现代、继承与革新的问题时，许多人热衷于从风格、形式或技术等方面去争论它们的高下、文野，却不是从它们与现代人的生存和生活的根本联系上去探讨它们的意义。在讨论中西方建筑文化时，人们在对中西方空间观念、行为方式和生活态度等等进行详尽比较的基础上，发现和总结出中国人同西方人建筑观念的差异和各自的特点，进而在创作和理论中充分强调和体现这种特点，这当然是好的。但是另一方面，人们却较少从人的存在状态的角度对传统与现代、继承与革新、中国与西方的建筑做出更进一步的价值判断。于是，“传统”“现代”“继承”“革新”“中国”“西方”等等本身变成了目的。建筑文化的比较和争论因此就没有达到应有的目的，不可能导致建筑文化的真正进步。长期以来，在建筑史研究领域中，存在着一种“西方中心论”的观点，即认为西方城市建筑是历史传统，东方建筑是非历史传统。在弗莱彻尔的《比较建筑史》上刊有一幅“建筑之树”的插图，树的中心主干标明是希腊、罗马、罗蔓式，上端的6根主分枝分别是欧美一些国家哥特式建筑、文艺复兴建筑和近代建筑。却把埃及、印度、墨西哥、中国等都摆在下面一些纤弱的幼枝上，把美国放在这棵树的中心主干的顶端，极为形象地表达了作者的建筑“西方中心论”思想。无可否认，西方城市建筑在近几个世纪以来确实发展迅速，无论在内容和形式上，还是在科技和理论上、美学形态上都走在世界的前列。但是“西方中心论”的观点无疑是有问题的，世界建筑历史的发展，决不只此西方而别无殿堂，这已成为越来越多的建筑文化史家的共识。①西方后现代主义建筑文化理论家佛朗普顿认为：传统建筑特别是民俗建筑是在特定地点形成的建筑体系，具有功能和结构上的合理性。特别是在处理一些具体因素，如通风、采光、保温等方面具有优良的特点。所以，不能简单否定依地点、体具体的地理情况和人文文化环境发展起来的地方风格。对中国传统建筑文化的研究，是为了在理论层面上开拓一条中国建筑的健康发展之路。建筑文化学并不局限于解释各种建筑文化现象，它是要为建筑文化的发展提供价值导向。因此，建筑文化应该是批判的与实践的。要提供价值导向，先要作出价值评判，所以必须树立一种价值观。不同的人类都各有自己的文化背景，不同的建筑事件也都有一定的建筑文化影子。然而文化也是一柄双刃剑。一方面，任何文化都是精华与糟粕并存，即便是精华，也往往离不开具体的时空条件；另一方面，传统文化既可能成为一副沉重的十字架，扼杀现代人的创造潜能，也可以成为一座智慧的宝库，丰富我们的想象，扩大我们思维的尺度。现实及未来生活的复杂要求，远非机械地搬用某一种传统方法、途径，就可以得到满足的，必须博采所长，取我所需。另外，对于本特色的创造仍然是一个严肃的课题，需要结合具体地点、条件，对设计要求作具体分析。在创作方法上，采用“抽象继承、迁想妙得”的原则，可能会找到一条新途径。吴良镛提出所谓“抽象继承”是指从建筑传统中，将传统建筑的设计原则和基本理论的精华部分加以发展，运用到现实创作中来。并且把传统形象中最有特色的部分提取出来，经过抽象，集中提高，作为母题，予以新意，以启发当前设计创作形式美的创造。同时应当摸到中国传统文化的脉搏，挖掘出传统建筑艺术的时间和空间内涵，首先是要重视和恢复建筑艺术的文化价值和精神功能，不能只把建筑艺术作品当作工业产品和生活用品，更不应当只抓其眼前的物质功能。这样的继承，并非形式的抄袭或旧零件的排列组合，既有创作原理的继承与发展，又有形象的借鉴与创造。使设计既求神似，也不排斥某种程度、某一细节的形似，关键是根据地点、条件的需要。而“迁想妙得”，“迁想”是将自己的想象力深入到对象的形象中去，“妙得”是指把握对象的真正神情。② 中国传统文化博大精深，建筑文化也是同样。我们应不仅从形式的角度，而且从文化的深度来理解传统，譬如：属于第一层面的，传统建筑中古典美的屋顶、斗拱、柱廊的造型特征，诗文、书画与工艺结合的装修形式，以及各式门窗菱格、装饰纹样；第二层面的，庭院式布局的空间韵律、自然与建筑互补的环境设计，诗情画意、充满人文精神的造园艺术，形、数、画、方位的表象与隐喻的象征手法；第三层面的，“天人合一”的自然观和注重环境效应的“风水”思想，阴阳对立、互动、相应的哲学思维和“身、心、气”合一的养生观，等等。它们之中蕴含着丰富的内涵、深邃的哲理和智慧。③这些都阐明，传统对现代的价值还需要我们在新建筑的创作中去发掘，去感知。因此，我们应当努力去寻找传统的现代价值，在保存和发扬其传统精华的同时，摒弃其落后的，不适应现代发展的东西，寻求传统建筑文化和现代发展的结合点，体现传统建筑文化尊天地、重人本、讲亲和的唯物辩证思想。弘扬传统建筑文化还可从传统建筑的设计原理、空间组合、构图手法、意念表达等方面有所启迪、有所继承和运用、有所发展创新，不断探索传统建筑思维与现代建筑思维、传统技术与现代技术、传统审美与现代审美意识的结合方式，把优秀的传统建筑文化结合到现代建筑文化之中。注释 ①陈立旭都市文化与都市精神．东南大学出版社．2002 第142页 ②吴良镛，广义建筑学，清华大学出版社．1989，第65—66页 ③杨永生．建筑百家言，中国建筑工业出版社，1998．第62页仅供参考，请自借鉴希望对您有帮助

关于“绿色建筑”和适宜技术“绿色建筑”也称为生态建筑、可持续建筑，最早是在1992年联合国环境与发展大会上明确地提出来的。用建设部仇保兴副部长的总结——“绿色建筑”就是指为人们提供健康、舒适、安全的居住、工作和活动的空间，同时在建筑全生命周期(物料生产、建筑规划、设计、施工、运营维护及拆除、回用过程)中实现高效率地利用资源(能源、土地、水资源、材料)、最低限度地影响环境的建筑物。可见，绿色建筑理念的提出，就是为了使得建筑在满足人类不断提高的健康、舒适、安全的需要基础上。对环境、资源影响最小，最终做到可持续发展．前提都是为了人类的永久利益。社会上有一些观点把绿色建筑看得很片面、绝对化，要不就是极端限制人的合理需求，以保护环境为唯一目的；而另一些观点就是把绿色建筑当成是仅仅是为人类的眼前利益、健康或舒适(像绿色建材、绿色蔬菜一样看待)而不怎么从整体上、长期上考虑对环境的影响。这两种观点可能都不利于“绿色建筑”的健康发展和推广。绿色建筑最终的目标是以“绿色建筑”为基础，进而扩展至“绿色社区”、 “绿色城市”层面。达到促进建筑永续发展的目标。这意味着建筑不仅被作为非生命元素来对待，更被视为自然生态循环系统的一个有机组成部分。中国的国情中国作为最大的发展中国家，二氧化碳排放居第二位，根据《京都议定书》的要求，中国要采取一系列减少温室气体排放的政策和措施，包括努力提高能源利用效率，改善能源结构，促进新能源和可再生能源的利用等。就能源消费而言，在我国化石能源资源探明储量中，90％以上是煤炭，人均储量也仅为世界平均水平的二分之一；人均石油储量仅为世界平均水平的1 1％；天然气仅为4 5％；而目前我国单位建筑面积能耗水平是发达国家的2～3倍以上。就土地的情况而言，我国人均耕地只有世界人均耕地的1／3，水资源仅是世界人均占有量的1／4；实心黏土砖每年毁田12万亩；物耗水平与发达国家相比，钢材消耗高出10％～25％，每拌和1立方米混凝土要多消耗水泥80公斤；卫生洁具的耗水量高出30％以上，而污水回用率仅为发达国家的25％。严峻的事实表明，中国不仅要走可持续发展道路，发展节能与绿色建筑也刻不容缓。我们应该认识到我国不仅经济上“穷”，在资源和环境上更“穷”，但要想做到可持续发展的目标就要摆脱狭隘的“唯经济穷论”，全面在“四节一环保”上提高标准，用强有力的税收、金融、土地政策鼓励有条件的地区或开发绿色建筑项目，走在地区、国内甚至国际的前列。同时，强制要求经济发达地区和大型城市的节约标准，提到一个和自身地区资源相符合的程度。成本问题从全国范围里来讲。绝大多数普通的民用建筑在节能等方面存在巨大的缺陷和不足，因此需要我们进行综合的设计来增加建筑这些方面的品质和性能，每一方面的改善基本上都需要增加一定的成本，比如成本增加10％以上，是必然的。就住宅而言，一说到因为“节能要增加成本”，就有许多人说会增加购房人的负担，好像以后使用过程中的使用成本对老百姓无关紧要一样。因此，我们不仅要关注建造的经济成本，更要关注今后使用中的经济成本以及生态成本和社会成本。就生态成本来讲，今天对环境的污染今后需要花费更大的代价去治理；就社会成本来说，绿色建筑由于改善了室内的环境，使人的疾病发生率大幅度下降，因为人有80％的时间是在室内活动，这样疾病发生率将会大幅度下降．寿命将会延长，生存质量也大大提高，这就是另一方面的节约；同时，在建筑数十年的使用过程中．使用成本将高于建造成本数倍以上。，因此，我们应该把注意力放在生态成本、社会成本和全寿命周期的经济成本上，况且现在的房价即使没有技术含量和“四节”，性能的提高也在不断的增加，这种价格的增加加大了房地产泡沫的可能性，因此房地产价格的理性回归应该是建立在价值的增加基础上的。我认为可以鼓励各个地方的高档住宅或其他民用建筑通过适当的高投入，带来项目的内外环境质量、提升“绿色”性能，从而提高房子的品质，以品质来支撑高于其他普通房子的价格，让这些高价房成为“绿色建筑”的榜样，以此带动地方住宅技术及产业化的发展，最终让更多的普通房子更容易实现“绿色”梦想。绿色建筑需要什么样的技术? 在探索绿色建筑的技术路线时．经常会听到一些专家主张应该采用“低技术”，有些认为应该采用“适宜技术”，还有些认为应该采用“适宜技术结合高技术”等等不同的观点，我个人认为这种争论没有意义。技术是用来解决我们所面临的具体问题的，应该根据具体项目的具体情况和实际需求来选择。更多技术选择的可能性一方面能够满足建筑师的创造需要，另一方面能够满足市场的需求。。在我们国家目前普遍技术非常落后的今天，如果不是大力去发展高新技术而一味强调低技术，只能是更落后，离我们自己的标准也会越来越远。在技术选择上，我们应该从所需要的建筑性能和全寿命周期的观点去分析、判断、计算、选择。汪光焘部长说过，要充分认识资源环境问题已成为国民经济和社会发展的重大制约因素。，我们当前在经济增长方式方面主要还存在“高投入、高消耗、高排放、不协调、难循环、低效率”的问题。这些问题如果低技术能够解决还需要拖到今天吗?高低是相对的，适宜不适宜也是相对的，如果站在国际的水平上看，我们国内有些专家认为的“高技术”早已经是“低技术”和“适宜技术”了。所以根据我们的国情，恰恰需要去大力鼓励开发绿色高新技术甚至是自主知识产权的高新技术，同时去大力鼓励使用高新技术，工程实践能促使技术的发展，使之变成适宜技术。只有这样．到2020年我们的住宅和公共建筑的能源资源消耗水平才有可能接近或达到现阶段中等发达国家的水平，这是我们国家建筑发展的总目标。总之，绿色建筑的发展建设需要正确看待卫生、安全、健康、舒适的问题和当地资源情况，目前各地的节能标准里面所假定的舒适度，前提是小康标准的，是最基本的，不能完全体现今后的发展方向。随着生活水平的提高，舒适度的标准也会提高，能源等资源的消耗也将会大幅提高。因此应该根据当地气候和生活习惯、经济水平分级，适应不同收入阶层和满足不同的需求，要有一定的前瞻性。同时，绿色建筑的设计需要将有关今后使用费用(如采暖制冷等)或能耗等定量化，要具体到单位使用者，这样有利于老百姓的选择权、知情权和监督。有了老百姓的参与，绿色建筑才会更加迅速和健康地发展。 On the "green building" and appropriate technology "Green building" also known as eco-architecture， sustainable construction， was first at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development clearly put With the Ministry of Construction Qiu Baoxing， vice minister of the summing up - "green building" refers to provide people with healthy， comfortable， safe living， work and activities in space， while the entire life cycle in the construction (of material production， construction planning， design， construction， operational maintenance and dismantling， reuse process) to achieve efficient use of resources (energy， land， water， materials)， the minimum impact on the environment of This shows that green building concept proposed， is to allow construction to meet the ever-increasing human health， comfort， safety needs On the environment， resources， the least impact， and ultimately to achieve sustainable Premised on the permanent interests of That there are some points to green building can see that very one-sided， absolutized， or is the extreme limit of a reasonable person needs to protect the environment for the sole purpose; while others point of view is that as a green building is only for human eyes interests， health or comfort (such as green building materials， look like green vegetables) instead of how a whole， to consider the long-term impact on the These two views may not be conducive to "green building" the healthy development and The ultimate goal of green building is "green building" as the basis， and then extended to the "green communities" and "Green City" The promotion of sustainable development to achieve the goal of This means that the building not only as a non-life element to treat， but also be seen as the natural ecology of the circulatory system an integral China's national conditions As the largest developing country， ranked second in carbon dioxide emissions， according to the "Kyoto Protocol"， China should adopt a series of reducing greenhouse gas emissions policies and measures， including efforts to improve the efficiency of energy use， improve energy structure， promote the development of new and renewable sources of energy use， such On energy consumption， in China's proven reserves of fossil energy resources， 90% of which is coal， the per capita reserves are only half the world average; oil reserves per capita world average is only 1 1 percent; natural gas only 4 5%; and the current construction area of China's unit energy consumption levels in developed countries more than 2 ~ 3 On the land's case， China's per capita arable land per capita cultivated land is only the world's 1 / 3， is the world's water resources per capita is only 1 / 4; solid Clay eradication 12 million mu each year; material level with the developed countries， steel consumption has risen by 10% to 25%， every one cubic meters of concrete mixing more cement consumption of 80 kilograms; sanitary water consumption by more than 30% higher， while the wastewater reuse rate was only 25 percent in developed The grim fact that China has not only take the road of sustainable development， development of energy-saving and green building is also We should be aware that our country not only economically "poor" in terms of resources and the environment more "poor"， but in order to achieve the goal of sustainable development will be out of narrow "Only the poor economic theory"， fully in the "4 A environmental protection "to improve standards， with strong revenue， finance， land policy to encourage the development of regional or conditional green building projects in the region， domestic and even international At the same time， mandatory for economically developed areas and large cities， saving standards， referring to a region and their own resources in line with the Cost From across the country in terms The vast majority of ordinary civil construction in such areas as energy saving was greatly flawed and inadequate， so we need an integrated design to increase the quality of construction in these areas and performance improvement in every aspect of almost all the need to increase some costs， such as increase the cost of more than 10%， are inevitableResidential is concerned， I said because "energy-saving to increase the cost"， there are many people that will increase the burden on home buyers who， like later use in the process of using the cost of ordinary people as Therefore， we must not only concern the construction of the economic cost， but also concerned about the future use of the economic costs and ecological costs and social On the ecological cost is concerned， the pollution of the environment today， the future will take an even higher price to governance; on social costs， green building as a result of improved indoor environment in which the significant decline in the incidence of disease， because 80 % of the time in indoor activities， so that the incidence of disease will fall significantly． Life will be extended， which has greatly improved the quality of life， that is， on the other hand， savings; At the same time， in the construction for several decades the use of the Cost will be higher than the construction costs over several Therefore， we should focus our attention on the ecological costs， social costs and the whole life-cycle economic costs Besides， now that housing prices even in the absence of technical content and "4"， performance improvement has been an increase in such The increase in prices has increased the possibility of the real estate bubble， real estate prices is therefore rational regression should be based on the value of the increase on the basis I think we can encourage each of the local high-end residential or other civil construction through appropriate high input， internal and external environment brought about by the project quality， and enhance the "green" performance， thereby enhancing the quality of the house， to support quality higher than that of other ordinary house prices to enable thesebecome a "green building" an example to stimulate local technology and industrialization of residential development， and ultimately allow more ordinary house easier to achieve "green" Green building what kind of technology? Green Building in exploring the technical Often heard some experts advocate should adopt a "low-tech"， and some think we should adopt "appropriate technology"， and some think we should adopt "appropriate technology combines high-tech" and so on different points of view， I personally think that this argument no Technology is used to solve our specific problems faced by， and should be based on the specific circumstances of specific projects and the actual demand to More on the one hand， the possibility of technical options to meet the needs of architects to create， on the other hand to meet the needs of the In our country is now generally very backward technology today， if not vigorously to develop high-tech and low-skilled blindly emphasizes， can only be even more backward， away from our own standards will become farther and Technology choice， we should be required for building performance and life-cycle perspective to analyze， judge， calculated Wang Guangtao， minister said， should fully understand the resources and the environment has become a national economic and social development of the major Our current mode of economic growth in the main there are still "high input， high consumption， high emission， lack of coordination， difficult cycle， low-efficiency" These problems can be solved if the low-skilled today also need to drag it? Is relative low， and suitable for inappropriate relative， if the level of standing on the international point of view， our domestic and some experts believe that the "high-tech" have been "low Technology "and" appropriate technology "has Therefore， in accordance with our national conditions， it needs to vigorously encourage the development of green and even their own intellectual property rights of high-tech high-tech， at the same time to strongly encourage the use of high technology， engineering practice to promote technological development， make the appropriate Only in this By 2020， our residential and public buildings of energy resource consumption level will it be possible to approach or reach the level of moderately developed countries at this stage， this is our country's overall goal of building In short， the development of green building-building needs a correct view of health， safety， health， comfort issues and local resources， the current energy efficiency standards around the inside of the supposed comfort， the premise that a well-off standard， is the most fundamental and can not be fully reflected the future direction of With the improvement of living standards， comfort of the standards will also increase the consumption of energy and other resources will also be greatly And should therefore be based on local climate and living habits， economic level of classification， to adapt to different income groups and to meet different needs， it must be forward-At the same time， green building design needs to be used for future costs (such as heating refrigeration， ) or the quantification of energy consumption to specific units of the user， so that is conducive to people's right to choose， the right to information and With the participation of ordinary people， green building will be more rapid and healthy

建筑设计史论文题目大全高中英语范文

你看下，vip英语论文这方面的东西比较多

有一篇施工监控的论文，你查收一下吧，希望对你有用！

题目：贵阳市金阳新区五星级酒店设计一、研究的现状金阳新区是近年来贵阳市的重点建设项目，新区的五星级酒店的建设在提升城市形象，改善地方旅游环境、投资环境，满足豪华消费需求方面能够发挥作用。建五星级酒店，在一定程度上也反映了当地经济发展良好态势与市场前景。二、研究目的和意义通过该五星级酒店的规划设计任务，合理解决设计中所遇到的问题。提高综合运用所学的理论知识独立分析和解决问题的能力。了解当代建筑领域的新技术和新形势，使现有学习的理论适应时代的发展。三、研究内容(内容、结构框架以及重点、难点)区位说明该用地位于金阳新区，是贵阳市锐意开发建设的城市新区，位于贵阳市域地理中心，地处百花山脉与黔灵山脉之间，环绕观山水库，拥有山环水抱的优越自然环境;距中心区仅12公里，通过贵遵高等级公路和川黔、滇黔公路与云南、重庆、四川相联系，交通便利，地势平坦，是投资建设的理想境地。各类重要建设项目概述金阳新区是未来贵阳市级领导机关所在地，市级体育中心位于新区南部，占地约73公顷;市级文化中心位于新区中部，占地28公顷;未来的贵阳大学城位于新区西部占地170公顷;高新科技工业园区位于新区东南部，占地约190公顷。金阳新区是园林式生态型可持续发展的新区，是塑造贵阳城市新形象的广阔空间。区位优势金阳新区地形平坦、地质条件优越、气候宜人、环境优美、交通便捷、拥有60平方公里集中的丘陵用地，是贵阳市周围难得的开发新区的理想境地。四、研究方法、手段通过前期调研掌握大量资料为下一部进行设计做好基础，从功能及形象入手布置平面，同时对结构有初步定位，逐步完善建筑单体的同时兼顾整个场地的规划，最终完善方案各项目标，最终绘制正式图。研究方法、手段：通过前期调研掌握大量资料为下一部进行设计做好基础，从功能及形象入手布置平面，同时对结构有初步定位，逐步完善建筑单体的同时兼顾整个场地的规划，最终完善方案各项目标，最终绘制正式图。以上就是小编分享的关于建筑设计论文的开题报告的一个优秀的范文，小伙伴们可以仔细研究其中的内容，为自己的毕业论文寻找一些灵感，更多论文相关内容，请关注本平台，小编会做及时的整理与发布。

建筑设计史论文题目大全高中英语作文

_englishwriting/p394780/本篇阅读材料“现代建筑林立凸显伦敦塔不受尊重”选自《卫报》（原文标题：'The surrounding modern buildings show no respect for the Tower of London' 20Bad Unesco may soon strip London's two most prominent tourist sites， Westminster's Parliament Square and the Tower of London in the City of their world heritage Chief reason is the towering Shard， which will be western Europe's tallest building， now looming over both of them from its launch pad on the south side of London B Westminster's grouping of Abbey， Houses of Parliament， Big Ben and Whitehall is probably far enough away to survive the The Tower of London is a different

My School (100 words)My school is very good having four storey It is like a temple where we go daily to First of all in the early morning， we pray to God for our better study and say good morning to our class Then we start study according to our I like to go school My school has very strict discipline which we need to follow on regular I like my school dress very It is situated around 2 km away from my sweet I go to school by yellow school My school is located at very peaceful place and away from the pollution， noise， dust， noise and smoke of the

中国建筑史论文题目大全高中英语版

1、支持“课内翻转”的多元化中学化学微课设计。2、现有中学语文微课存在的问题与作用。3、中学心理健康教育的问题与应对策略。4、中学语文多媒体教学中存在的问题及对策。5、探析信息技术与中学生物教学整合的模式和策略。6、中学英语教学与交互式电子白板整合应用研究。7、从《亲爱的安德烈》中看中西方教育的差别。8、浅谈多媒体在中学数学教学中的应用。9、中学心理健康课校本课程开发的思考。10、中学生的心理问题及自我调适。11、信息化教育环境下的中学思政课堂创新教育。12、高中学优生心理健康教育策略及实证研究。13、试论中学心理健康教育实施策略。14、浅谈心理健康教育在中学教学中的改进。15、善用心理学原理指导中学学困生教育。16、义务教育均衡发展的困难案例分析--以Y中学为例。17、教育信息化视域下中学微课的设计研究。18、多媒体教育在中学历史教育中的问题与出路。19、素质教育中学困生的转化策略。

要:为了在西方文化强势入侵的今天，寻求中国传统建筑文化发展的新方向，假设中国传统建筑没有因西方文化入侵而出现文化上的断裂，遵循原有的道路发展，而由于木建筑损耗