期刊投稿百科

全球史论文题目大全初中英语单词

发布时间:2024-07-08 11:27:26

全球史论文题目大全初中英语单词

你是想写什么类型的呢?我遇到很多英语专业的同学,发的不是语言研究就是教学研究的论文,语言语法类的可以去参考下现代语言学期刊,教学类的可以参考创新教育研究期刊,总的来说就是,想找什么类型的就去对应的期刊找文献

学术堂整理了十五个好写的英语论文题目,供大家进行参考: 试论简奥斯汀生活对其小说的影响 (On the Impact of Jane Austen’s Life on Her Novels) “真实的诺言”与传统文化的碰撞——简析“真人秀”的实质和本地化过程 (When True Lies Challenge Tradition—An Analysis of the Reality and Localization of Reality TV) 从台湾问题看中美关系 (The Sino-US Relation—The Taiwan Issue)《傲慢与偏见》的生命力 (The Great Vitality of Pride and Prejudice) 平凡中的不平凡——《傲慢与偏见》(Significance in Commonplace—Pride and Prejudice) 萨皮尔沃夫理论 (Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis) 论格里高尔的悲剧 (An Analysis of Gregor’s Tragedy) 对大学生心理健康问题予更多关注 (More Attention to the Psychological Health of College Students) 文体学: 语言学习的科学 (Stylistics: A Scientific Approach) 佛教在西方 (Buddhism in the West) 非语言交际 (Nonverbal Communication) 国际反恐 (International Anti-Terrorism) 全球资金市场近期特征与走向 (The Character and Tendency of Global Capital Market in Recent Decades) 从《老人与海》中桑堤亚哥的性格可知——人是打不败的 (A Man Cannot Be Defeated—From the Character of Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea) 南方的失落 (The Loss of the South)

建筑史论文题目大全初中英语单词

词汇是语言的基本材料,是语言的三大要素之一,掌握好词汇是学好英语的重要基石。离开词汇,语言就失去了实际意义。如果词汇贫乏,词义含混,就会造成理解和表达的障碍。英国语言学家威尔金斯曾经说过:“没有语法,人们表达的事物寥寥无几,而没有词汇,人们则无法表达任何事物。”由此可见,词汇教学在语言教学中占有重要的地位。今天为同学们整理了初中词汇背诵版+检测版,需要的同学收藏起来学习。01背诵版02检测默写版

Building a culture rooted in the natural environment of Habitat  Different geographical They certainly have different natural environment: topography, sunshine point of view, sun and tides, currents and winds, temperature, pressure, food, land, water, vegetation and so As an intermediary between man and nature of the construction, the external should be conducive to the formation of district external environment should be conducive to the protection of the domestic indoor environment H These buildings, like plants, the roots, making a day, or geographical areas of the natural environment suitable for the requirements of integration with   In Southeast Asia and South Asia, in China's Hainan Island and Taiwan Island, Coconut Grove dense, hot weather, people with palm leaves, palm-leaf built to adapt to the tropical rainforest of thatched rooms, small, ventilation, cool, lightweight, simple , built a tropical rain forest   In Central Asia, West Asia, in China's western alpine region, people with stones, the mountain has been built on the powerful stone building, take shelter from the wind, blocking snow, heat, warm, building construction has become Such as China, Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan and other ethnic minorities in China's western mountains and on the potential to build a wide variety of mountain   Loess Plateau in China, the Gobi Mobei, low rainfall, dry climate, people use the hillside slopes built tunneling room, built with distinct characteristics of immature soil Gansu Dunhuang Art Exhibition Hall of the building buried in the hillside, the semi-open entrance connected hillside retaining wall, construction features of immature soil is very   In the eastern part of the United States, in Australia, in China's south, rainfall, mild climate, people use wood, brick and mountains on the potential, in line with local conditions, build a shade shelter from the rain, ventilation, styling and unique architectural humid   These architectural forms, of various styles, suitable for different regions of the natural environment, with the landscape, vegetation, terrain together, forming a natural environment is rooted in a variety of architectural Building both rooted in the natural environment, but also subject to the natural environment, this is the architects must follow a basic   Second, the social space-time caused by environmental differences in the diversification of architectural culture  Different regions, different countries, different nations have different social and historical European countries, the Americas, Asia and Africa and other developing countries, land of different religious beliefs, economic development of the different regions have different cultural Habitat in different parts of the social differences in time and space environment, resulting in the architectural culture and the diversity of time and space, resulting in ancient or modern Chinese architectural culture, the Russian architectural culture, architectural culture in Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States Architectural Culture, the African Architectural Culture and so Ancient Greek architecture in Europe, North Africa, the ancient Egyptian architecture, the South Asian Association for the ancient Indian architecture, ancient Chinese architecture is the world's architectural and cultural history of ethnic Catholic, Jesus taught, Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, such as the formation and development of religion, a profound impact on the religious beliefs of countries and regions, but also a profound impact on those areas of construction, forming a rich and colorful culture of religious   China several thousand years long history, has followed so far, both ancient and extensive, since ancient times by Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Zen, such as the impact of ethical Especially Confucianism ruled China for 2 000 years, deep- To this culture of Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and Zen eclectic variety of ideas, together brilliant, independent nations of the   Architectural Culture under certain conditions, can be Geographical, ethnic and cultural construction under certain conditions, can be transformed into international architectural culture, and international architectural culture can also be absorbed, the integration of the region and the national character of the new architectural In today's world, building a culture of development and progress, both the transformation of the former to the latter, which also includes the absorption and integration of the The two also both opposing reunification, complement each other, affect each other and common development, only the protection and development of a variety of architectural culture of all ethnic groups, the promotion of world architectural culture of pluralism, and ultimately to create a "different and" the human society   Three Chinese and foreign construction and cultural development and blend  Architectural Culture in the global "big culture" systems, all nationalities, all geographical construction symbiotic culture in this form the world's architectural culture S Social process of globalization has brought to the cultural collision with the rendezvous, conflict and   For thousands of years, the Chinese culture to external sources of Buddhist culture have originated in India, Zhang Qian as envoy to the Western Regions of the Western Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty Master Xuan Zang went to India to learn from their experience Chuan-by, the impact of China's 2,000 years of B However, the contents of Buddhism, Buddha, like Maung, the shapes with the Chinese Buddhist temple in cultures, the formation and development of a unique Chinese Buddhist architectural   As early as the 20th century, 20 years, China's modern architects returned from studying abroad, most of whom are scholars in the United States, they are building at the time of Western academic and cultural concepts and China Architectural Culture nationalistic concept of the double impact, emphasizing cultural exchange between Chinese and Western architecture focused on the architectural style for the first time a creative way to design a number of products, creating a cultural exchange between Chinese and foreign construction of a new For example, the first batch of US architect M Lv Yanzhi Canton 20's design Zhongshan Memorial Hall, D Sun Yat-sen in Nanjing and so on, in the Chinese construction industry has played a really ground-breaking effect in stimulating the Chinese and foreign architectural culture of the integration   The early founding of New China, the Chinese government, mechanisms copied the Soviet model, the Chinese all over the building of a group of Russian cultural identity building construction, the formation and development of China's 50's "socialism" of architectural Since reform and opening up, China's open-door once again, the introduction of Western economic management model to imitate, "European style", RTHK construction, post-modernism almost swept the country, the formation and development of China's 80's "reform and opening-up" construction It goes without saying that all countries in the world of architectural culture at that time are subject to local political systems, economic conditions, technical level of restraint, in conflict with each other, mutual exchanges, mutual influence, mutual However, what kind of fusion and exchange with vitality, stand the test of time and space? Only those who learned the essence of eastern and western cultures, integration-oriented areas of national culture and national character of the construction only has great   Fourth, cultural exchange between old and modern architectural exploration and the pursuit of  Ancient and modern cultures, the past serve the present, what? Need to analyze the "ancient" and "today" in the construction of content changes that have taken These qualitative change is the social system, production technology, living habits, work, cultural values, building materials in the construction sector caused by the inevitable As M Wu Yurong in the evaluation of the French engineer G Eiffel designed the Eiffel Tower noted: "People are trying to adapt to every human life an art form the new direction of development and to make all the human activities and the rapidly changing era of emotion caused by the new "  To explore ancient and modern blend of traditional architecture and modern architecture combining China's traditional architectural culture has many features, such as the overall layout of buildings, in line with local conditions, and be full of change; architectural style, rich and colorful; space separated, flexible and diverse; interior decoration, pay attention to the connotation; color to use, colorful; garden green, it is implicitly lively, changeable, unique in the In the creation of modern architecture, the contemporary architects should learn from ancient architecture and cultural wealth of nutrition, according to the modernization of a wide range of requirements, from the analysis of the various contradictions in the exploration and pursuit of people's lives to adapt to the new direction of development and people's construction activities and the rapid caused by the changing times adapt to new   Since the founding of New China, focusing on the succession of Chinese tradition, carry forward the, creative architectural art of the problems the United States experienced a number of exploration and Experienced the liberation of the early to imitate the "big roof" retro nostalgia period; experienced a critical retro, and copy the Soviet "model" dogmatism stage; experienced the Cultural Revolution, servility to foreigners critical philosophy, the implementation of "dry-base hit," the poor during the transition; experienced early advocate of reform and opening up the West, the popular "Hong Kong style" After exploring the difficulties and setbacks, China began to follow the traditional architect, to adapt to function, the use of high-tech, to explore ancient and modern cultures, the realization of the modernization of architectural creation of the correct   In this paper, talking about building a culture of environment and blend only preliminary study, many deep theoretical issues need further Our generation of architects should be firmly established the "scientific concept of architectural culture" to the Chinese culture as the main body, to accelerate the construction of culture and environment, and the nation, and society, and the blending process with the   =================================================  一 建筑文化根植于人居自然环境之中  不同的地域自然有不同的自然环境:地形地貌、日照角度、日月潮汐、水流风势、气温、气压、食物、土地、水质、植被等等。作为人与自然中介的建筑,对外应有利于形成小区外部环境,对内应有利于保障人居的室内环境。这些建筑像植物一样,落地生根,合天时,合地利,适宜于地区自然环境的要求,与大自然融为一体。  在东南亚和南亚各国,在中国的海南岛和台湾岛,椰林茂密,气候炎热,人们用椰树叶、棕榈叶盖起了适应热带雨林的茅草房、小木楼,通风、凉爽、轻盈、简洁,建起了热带雨林建筑。  在中亚、西亚,在中国的西部高寒地区,人们用石块垒砌、依山就势盖起了石板建筑,避风、挡雪、保温、御寒,筑成了高原山地建筑。如中国的西藏、青海、四川等少数民族在中国西部依山就势建起了各式各样的山地建筑群。  在中国的黄土高原,漠北戈壁,雨量稀少,气候干燥,人们利用山边、土坡挖洞筑房,建起了具有鲜明特色的生土建筑。甘肃敦煌艺术陈列馆把建筑埋入山坡下,半开敞式入口,山坡挡墙甬道,生土式建筑特征十分明显。  在美国的东部,在澳大利亚,在中国的南方,雨量充沛,气候温和,人们用木材、砖瓦依山就势,因地制宜,盖起了遮阳避雨、通风透气、造型别致的湿热地区建筑。  这些建筑形式多样,风格各异,适宜于不同地区自然环境,与风景、林木、地形融为一体,形成了根植于自然环境的各种建筑文化。建筑既要根植于自然环境,又要服从于自然环境,这是建筑师必须遵循的一条基本原则。  二 社会时空环境差异造成建筑文化的多元化  不同的地域、不同的国家、不同的民族,有不同的社会历史形态。欧洲国家、美洲国家、亚洲与非洲等发展中国家,国度不同,宗教信仰不同,经济发展状况不同,各地区的文化习俗也不同。不同地区的人居社会时空环境的差异,造成了建筑文化的时空性和多元性,因而产生了古代的或现代的中国建筑文化、俄罗斯建筑文化、东南亚建筑文化、欧美建筑文化、非洲建筑文化等等。欧洲的古希腊建筑、北非的古埃及建筑、南亚的古印度建筑、古代中国建筑是世界民族建筑文化的历史源流。天主教、耶稣教、印度教、伊斯兰教、佛教等宗教的形成和发展,深刻地影响到信仰宗教的国家和地区,也深刻地影响到这些地区建筑,形成了丰富多彩的宗教建筑文化。  中国几千年悠久的历史文化,沿袭至今,既古老又博大,自古以来受到儒家、道家、佛教、禅宗等思想伦理的影响。特别是儒教统治中国2 000多年,根深蒂固。这种文化把儒、道、佛、禅各种思想观念兼收并蓄,融为一体,光辉灿烂,独立于世界民族之林。  建筑文化在一定条件下是可以转化的。地域、民族性的建筑文化在一定条件下可以转化为国际性建筑文化,国际性建筑文化也可吸收、融合新的地区与民族性建筑文化。在当今世界里,建筑文化的发展和进步,既包含前者向后者的转化,也包含后者对前者的吸收与融合。这两者既对立又统一,相互补充,彼此影响,共同发展,只有保护和发展丰富多彩的各民族建筑文化,促进世界建筑文化的多元化构成,最终才能建立一个 “和而不同”的人类社会。  三 中外建筑文化的发展与交融  建筑文化处于全球“大文化”系统之中,各民族、各地域的建筑文化在此共生共荣,组成了世界建筑文化的交响曲。全球化的社会进程给文化交流带来了碰撞与会合,冲突与交融。  几千年来,中国受外来文化的影响渊源流长。佛教文化本来发源于印度,随着西汉张骞出使西域,唐代玄奘法师赴印度取经传经,佛教影响中国2000多年。但是,佛教的内容,佛祖的像貌,佛庙的形制与中国文化交融,形成和发展了独特的中国佛教建筑文化。  早在20世纪20年代,中国近代出国留学归国的建筑师,大多数是留美的学者,他们受当时西方学院派建筑文化观念和中国国粹主义建筑文化观念的双重影响,强调中西建筑文化交融的重点在建筑风格上,第一次创造性地设计出了一批精品,开创了中外建筑文化交融的新纪元。例如由第一批留美建筑大师吕彦植先生20年代设计的广州中山纪念堂、南京中山陵等等,在当时中国建筑界的确起到了石破天惊的影响,推动了中外建筑文化的融合进程。  新中国建国初期,中国政体、机制照搬苏联模式,中国各地建设了一批具有俄罗斯建筑文化特征的建筑,形成和发展了中国50年代“社会主义”建筑文化。改革开放以来,我国又一次打开国门,引入西方经济管理模式,模仿“欧陆风格”、港台建筑,后现代主义几乎风靡全国,形成和发展了中国80年代“改革开放”建筑文化。不言而喻,世界各国的建筑文化均要受到当时当地政治体制、经济状况、技术水平的约束,相互冲突,相互交流,相互影响,相互融合。然而,什么样的交融和交流具有生命力,经受得起时空的考验?只有那些吸取了东西方文化精髓,融合为本民族的地区与民族性建筑文化,才具有强大的生命力。  四 古今建筑文化交融的探索和追求  古今交融,古为今用,用什么?必须分析“古”与“今”在建筑内容上所发生的变化。这些质的变化是社会制度、生产技术、生活习惯、工作方式、文化观念、建筑材料在建筑领域引发的必然结果。正如吴裕容先生在评价法国工程师古斯塔夫。艾菲尔设计的艾菲尔铁塔时指出的:“人们试图让每一种艺术适应人类生活发展的新方向,并且使所有的人类活动与迅速变化中的时代所造成的新情感相适应。”  古今交融探索的是传统建筑与现代建筑相结合的问题。我国传统建筑文化有着许多特点,如建筑群的总体布局,因地制宜,富于变化;建筑造型,丰富多彩;空间分隔,灵活多样;室内装饰,讲究内涵;色彩运用,五彩缤纷;庭园绿化,更是含蓄活泼,变化万千,在世界上独树一帜。在创作现代建筑当中,当代建筑师应吸取古代建筑文化丰富的营养,按现代化多方面的要求,从分析各种矛盾中探索和追求适应人们生活发展的新方向,并且使人们的建筑活动与迅速变化中的时代造成的新情感相适应。  新中国成立以来,围绕继承中国传统,发扬民族形式,创作建筑艺术美的问题经历过多少次探索和讨论。经历了解放初期模仿“大屋顶”的怀旧复古时期;经历了批判复古主义,照搬苏联“模式”的教条主义阶段;经历了文革批判洋奴哲学,推行“干打垒”穷过渡的年代;经历了改革开放初期崇尚西方,风靡“欧陆风情”时期。经过反复摸索的艰难曲折以后,中国建筑师开始走继承传统,适应功能,采用高新技术,探索古今交融,实现建筑创作现代化的正确之路。  本文所谈建筑文化的环境与交融只是初步探讨,许多深层理论问题还须进一步研究。我们这一代建筑师应当牢固地树立起“科学的建筑文化观”,以中国文化为主体,加速建筑文化与环境、与民族、与社会、与时代的交融进程。

China built environment the value of cultural significanceAbstract: This paper discusses the traditional Chinese culture in the built environment and value embodied in, and when the built environment and cultural traditions and modern analysis, elaborated on China built environment of the significance of cultural development for the traditional architectural culture and modern development of the bonding In the context of Chinese culture, China's built environment to show with the people and the natural environment for the financial - body balance each Key words:Construction,Environment,Traditional,Modern,CultureChinese ancient architecture has a brilliant achievement, in the palace, gardens, construction of space processing, architectural art and material structure of harmony and unity, , have excellent creativity and contribution to the formation of the regression of other buildings in the West of special character, in the human construction played an important role in the Today, the nature of architectural culture more and more attracted From the Great Hall of the People in Beijing after the founding of the end of the twentieth century buildings, hotels, and other Xiangshan inherited the traditional Chinese architectural art of the essence, but also a combination of modern Western art of architecture new concepts, new technologies, to become both fresh ethnic characteristics, strong characteristics of the times and the construction of cultural China's urban construction regardless of the ancient and contemporary, are in a particular space in cultural phenomenon, its richness and complexity of all the researchers can not be Since modern times, Chinese culture began the difficult process of From a traditional society to a modern social changes, but also depends on cultural If it is said that traditional Chinese culture in history and evolution of the track is more clear, then, the changes in modern times seem very China's vast territory, different parts of the larger cultural and economic In modern times, China and the western city undoubtedly follow a different path of development, not only to form their own political, economic and cultural systems, but also formed their own style of urban planning and architectural In modern times, with the intrusion of Western powers, as well as imported culture, including architectural culture of the Western urban culture, including the start of the Chinese have an enormous Because of this, including the China Architectural Culture urban culture, but also the beginning of the transition from traditionalism to modernization profound Today, in China's architectural theory and creative activity, people fond of tradition and modernity, inheritance and innovation, China and the West, such as a class of architectural culture and the phenomenon of comparison and controversy, it is But the debate of these issues should be made clear its purpose, that is, it should promote a culture of development and construction, and promote its progress, and not just be satisfied with the basis of these cultural phenomena to make objective and accurate Such as: During the discussion of traditional and modern, inheritance and innovation of the issue, many people keen on from the style, form or technology to argue their superiority, the wild, but it is not with the people from their survival and livelihood of the fundamental link go to explore their During the discussion of Chinese and Western architectural culture, people in the space of Chinese and Western concepts, behavior and attitude toward life and so a detailed comparison, based on the discovery and summed up the Chinese architectural concepts with Westerners differences and their respective characteristics, and then in creation and insufficient emphasis on theory and embody the characteristics of this, of course, is On the other hand, people are less human existence from the perspective of the state of traditional and modern, inheritance and innovation, Chinese and Western architecture to make further value Thus, the "tradition" of "modern" "inheritance" "innovation" "China" "Western" and so the purpose of turning themselves Building a culture of comparison and debate should therefore not achieve the purpose of architectural culture can not lead to real A long time, research in the field of architectural history, there is a "Western Center on" The view that the West is a historical tradition of urban construction, the East Building of non-historical In弗莱彻尔"comparative Architectural History" on the issue there is a "construction of the tree," with illustrations, the center of the tree trunk is marked with Greece, Rome, Lo Man-style, top of the six main branches are some European and American countries Gothic architecture, Renaissance architecture and modern But Egypt, India, Mexico, China and so before the following number of delicate young branches, the United States on the center of the tree trunk on top, great image to express the author's construction of "Western-centered" There is no denying that the Western Urban Architecture in the past few centuries is indeed developing rapidly, both in content and form, or in technology and theory, aesthetics are taking shape on the forefront in the However, "Western Center on the" point of view is no doubt there is a problem with the development of world architectural history, not just the West, and no hall, which has become more and more consensus building and cultural ① Western post-modernist theorists Architectural Culture Frampton that: traditional architecture, especially folk architecture is the formation of specific locations in the building system with a function and structure is Especially in dealing with a number of specific factors, such as ventilation, lighting, insulation, with excellent Therefore, we can not simply deny according to the location, physical geography of the specific cultural environment and human development of the local Traditional Chinese architectural culture research, is to open up a theoretical level, the health of Chinese architectural Building Cultural Studies is not confined to explain a variety of architectural culture phenomenon, it is to building a culture of value-oriented Therefore, the architectural culture should be critical and To provide value-oriented, we must make a value assessment, it is necessary to establish one set of Human beings are different from their own cultural backgrounds, different building events are also a certain degree of architectural culture But culture is also a double-edged On the one hand, are the essence of any culture coexist with the dross, even if it is the essence, but also often can not be separated from the specific conditions of time and space; On the other hand, both the traditional culture may be a heavy cross, stifle the creative potential of modern people can also be become a treasure house of wisdom and enrich our imagination, expand our scale of Reality and future requirements of the complexity of life, far from being mechanically copy a certain kind of traditional methods, approaches, they can be met, we must absorb, draw upon their strengths needed to pick up In addition, the creation of the characteristics is still a serious topic, require a combination of specific locations, conditions, on the design requirements for specific Creative methods, the use of "abstract inheritance, moved like a wonderful" principle, may find a new Wu Liangyong, a so-called "abstract inheritance" means from the construction of traditional Chinese traditional architectural design principles and the basic theory of the essence of part of the development, applied to the reality created in the And the traditional image of the most distinctive part of extracted through abstract and concentrate to improve as a motif, be innovative and creative design in order to inspire the current Formal At the same time, should touch the pulse of China's traditional culture, digging out of the traditional architectural art connotation of time and space, first of all, attention should be paid to the art of architecture and the restoration of cultural values and spiritual function, not only the architectural and artistic works as industrial products and daily necessities, more efforts should not only its immediate physical This kind of inheritance, is not a form of plagiarism or the old parts of the permutation and combination, both creative principle of the succession and development, and the image of the drawing and So that the design of both the spirit likeness seek, nor exclusive to some extent, the details of the shape of a key is based on the location, condition And "want to move too wonderful," "move to" is to their own imagination into the image of the object to, "Miao was" refers to grasp the true expression of the ② Extensive and profound traditional Chinese culture, architecture is the same We should not only from the perspective of the form, and from culture to understand the depth of the traditional, such as: the first level, the traditional beauty of classical architecture in the roof, brackets, shapes portico features, poetry, calligraphy and technology combined with the fitting-out forms , as well as all kinds of doors and windows Prism Grid, decorative patterns; second level, the courtyard-style layout of the space rhythm, natural and architectural environment of complementary design, poetic, full of the humanistic spirit of gardening art, shape, number of paintings, azimuth the appearance of a symbol and metaphor practices; the third level, "harmony between man and nature" of the nature and focus on environmental effects of "feng shui" of thought, yin-yang confrontation, interaction, and the corresponding philosophical thinking and the "body, mind, and gas" competent a concept of health, and so Of them contains a wealth of content, deep philosophy and ③ which states that the value of traditional to modern needs in our new building works to discover, to Therefore, we should try to find traditional, modern values, and carry forward in preserving the essence of their traditional at the same time, get rid of its backward, not suited to modern development of things, to seek traditional architectural culture and the modern development of the combination of points, reflect the traditional architecture and cultural respect Heaven and Earth,Humanistic, say the pro-and thinking of materialist Carry forward the tradition of architectural culture are also available from traditional architecture design principles, spatial composition, composition methods, ideas have inspired the expression, , have to inherit and use the development of innovation, continuous exploration of thinking of traditional architecture and modern architecture thinking, traditional technologies with modern technology, traditional and modern aesthetic of a combination of aesthetic consciousness, the outstanding traditional architectural culture into modern architecture Notes ①Chen Lixu urban culture and the spirit of the Southeast University P 2002, 142②Wu Liangyong broad architecture, Tsinghua University P 1989, the first 65-66 pages ③ Yang Y Building 100 words, China Building Industry Press, N 62中国建筑环境文化的价值意义内容摘要:本文论述了中国传统文化在建筑环境中的体现与价值,以及时建筑环境文化传统与现代的分析,阐明了中国建筑环境文化发展的意义,寻求传统建筑文化和现代发展的结合点。在中国的文化背景下,中国的建筑环境表现出了与人与自然环境融为—体,互为平衡。 关键词:建筑 环境 传统 现代 文化 中国古代建筑有着灿烂的成就,在宫室、园林、建筑空间的处理、建筑艺术与材料结构的和谐统一等方面,都有着卓越的创造与贡献,形成了迥别于西方建筑的特殊风貌,在人类建筑史上占有重要的地位。时至今日,建筑文化的特质愈来愈引起人们的重视。从建国后的北京人民大会堂到二十世纪末的香山饭店等建筑都继承了中国传统建筑艺术的精华,又融汇了西方现代建筑艺术的新观念、新技术,成为既有鲜活民族特色,又有强烈时代特征的建筑文化丰碑。中国的城市建筑无论古代、当代,都是在特定的空间中产生的文化现象,其丰富性与复杂性令所有研究者无法回避。 自近代以来,中国文化开始了艰难的转变过程。从传统社会向现代社会的转变,也是有赖于文化的转变。如果说中国传统文化的历史脉络和演变轨迹是较为清晰的话,那么,近代以来的转变似乎显得非常复杂。中国地域广阔,不同地区的文化和经济差异较大。 在近代以前,中国和西方城市无疑遵循着不同的发展道路,不仅形成了各自的政治、经济和文化制度,而且也形成了各自的城市规划风格和建筑风格。近代以来,随着西方列强的侵入以及文化的传入影响,包括建筑文化在内的西方城市文化,开始对中国产生巨大的影响。由此,包括建筑文化在内的中国城市文化,也开始了从传统到现代的深刻的转型。 当今,在我国的建筑理论和创作活动中,人们喜欢对传统与现代、继承与革新、中国与西方等一类建筑文化问题和现象进行比较和争论,这是必要的。但是争论这些问题应该明确它的目的,那就是它应当促进一种文化的发展和建构,推动它的进步,而不是仅仅满足于依据对这些文化现象做出客观、准确的描述。如:在讨论传统与现代、继承与革新的问题时,许多人热衷于从风格、形式或技术等方面去争论它们的高下、文野,却不是从它们与现代人的生存和生活的根本联系上去探讨它们的意义。在讨论中西方建筑文化时,人们在对中西方空间观念、行为方式和生活态度等等进行详尽比较的基础上,发现和总结出中国人同西方人建筑观念的差异和各自的特点,进而在创作和理论中充分强调和体现这种特点,这当然是好的。但是另一方面,人们却较少从人的存在状态的角度对传统与现代、继承与革新、中国与西方的建筑做出更进一步的价值判断。于是,“传统”“现代”“继承”“革新”“中国”“西方”等等本身变成了目的。建筑文化的比较和争论因此就没有达到应有的目的,不可能导致建筑文化的真正进步。 长期以来,在建筑史研究领域中,存在着一种“西方中心论”的观点,即认为西方城市建筑是历史传统,东方建筑是非历史传统。在弗莱彻尔的《比较建筑史》上刊有一幅“建筑之树”的插图,树的中心主干标明是希腊、罗马、罗蔓式,上端的6根主分枝分别是欧美一些国家哥特式建筑、文艺复兴建筑和近代建筑。却把埃及、印度、墨西哥、中国等都摆在下面一些纤弱的幼枝上,把美国放在这棵树的中心主干的顶端,极为形象地表达了作者的建筑“西方中心论”思想。无可否认,西方城市建筑在近几个世纪以来确实发展迅速,无论在内容和形式上,还是在科技和理论上、美学形态上都走在世界的前列。但是“西方中心论”的观点无疑是有问题的,世界建筑历史的发展,决不只此西方而别无殿堂,这已成为越来越多的建筑文化史家的共识。①西方后现代主义建筑文化理论家佛朗普顿认为:传统建筑特别是民俗建筑是在特定地点形成的建筑体系,具有功能和结构上的合理性。特别是在处理一些具体因素,如通风、采光、保温等方面具有优良的特点。所以,不能简单否定依地点、体具体的地理情况和人文文化环境发展起来的地方风格。 对中国传统建筑文化的研究,是为了在理论层面上开拓一条中国建筑的健康发展之路。建筑文化学并不局限于解释各种建筑文化现象,它是要为建筑文化的发展提供价值导向。因此,建筑文化应该是批判的与实践的。要提供价值导向,先要作出价值评判,所以必须树立一种价值观。不同的人类都各有自己的文化背景,不同的建筑事件也都有一定的建筑文化影子。然而文化也是一柄双刃剑。一方面,任何文化都是精华与糟粕并存,即便是精华,也往往离不开具体的时空条件;另一方面,传统文化既可能成为一副沉重的十字架,扼杀现代人的创造潜能,也可以成为一座智慧的宝库,丰富我们的想象,扩大我们思维的尺度。 现实及未来生活的复杂要求,远非机械地搬用某一种传统方法、途径,就可以得到满足的,必须博采所长,取我所需。另外,对于本特色的创造仍然是一个严肃的课题,需要结合具体地点、条件,对设计要求作具体分析。在创作方法上,采用“抽象继承、迁想妙得”的原则,可能会找到一条新途径。吴良镛提出所谓“抽象继承”是指从建筑传统中,将传统建筑的设计原则和基本理论的精华部分加以发展,运用到现实创作中来。并且把传统形象中最有特色的部分提取出来,经过抽象,集中提高,作为母题,予以新意,以启发当前设计创作形式美的创造。同时应当摸到中国传统文化的脉搏,挖掘出传统建筑艺术的时间和空间内涵,首先是要重视和恢复建筑艺术的文化价值和精神功能,不能只把建筑艺术作品当作工业产品和生活用品,更不应当只抓其眼前的物质功能。这样的继承,并非形式的抄袭或旧零件的排列组合,既有创作原理的继承与发展,又有形象的借鉴与创造。使设计既求神似,也不排斥某种程度、某一细节的形似,关键是根据地点、条件的需要。而“迁想妙得”,“迁想”是将自己的想象力深入到对象的形象中去,“妙得”是指把握对象的真正神情。② 中国传统文化博大精深,建筑文化也是同样。我们应不仅从形式的角度,而且从文化的深度来理解传统,譬如:属于第一层面的,传统建筑中古典美的屋顶、斗拱、柱廊的造型特征,诗文、书画与工艺结合的装修形式,以及各式门窗菱格、装饰纹样;第二层面的,庭院式布局的空间韵律、自然与建筑互补的环境设计,诗情画意、充满人文精神的造园艺术,形、数、画、方位的表象与隐喻的象征手法;第三层面的,“天人合一”的自然观和注重环境效应的“风水”思想,阴阳对立、互动、相应的哲学思维和“身、心、气”合一的养生观,等等。它们之中蕴含着丰富的内涵、深邃的哲理和智慧。③这些都阐明,传统对现代的价值还需要我们在新建筑的创作中去发掘,去感知。 因此,我们应当努力去寻找传统的现代价值,在保存和发扬其传统精华的同时,摒弃其落后的,不适应现代发展的东西,寻求传统建筑文化和现代发展的结合点,体现传统建筑文化尊天地、重人本、讲亲和的唯物辩证思想。弘扬传统建筑文化还可从传统建筑的设计原理、空间组合、构图手法、意念表达等方面有所启迪、有所继承和运用、有所发展创新,不断探索传统建筑思维与现代建筑思维、传统技术与现代技术、传统审美与现代审美意识的结合方式,把优秀的传统建筑文化结合到现代建筑文化之中。 注释 ①陈立旭都市文化与都市精神.东南大学出版社.2002 第142页 ②吴良镛,广义建筑学,清华大学出版社.1989,第65—66页 ③杨永生.建筑百家言,中国建筑工业出版社,1998. 第62页 仅供参考,请自借鉴希望对您有帮助

《授予页之共同德- Stijl流程,因为城市建筑师的鹿特丹的绝好例子提供和他的Kiefhoek理性主义建筑住宅房地产和社区的钩子荷兰。早在1921年他增进了建筑如下,的紧张,因为它正以审美的眼光意识到在大的节奏,在均衡复杂的相互借鉴和影响部分,将一个支持审美的意图,在那里没有其他可以添加和移除中各部分,藉此工作的地位和测量有关的完全本身其他部分和作为一个整体,任何——即使是最小的——变化的结果完全破坏的平衡。今天的建筑上缺乏达到平衡和自己的资源,它纠正运用点缀。一个ornament-free建筑的最大的纯度要求建筑组成”。这将是一个客观的没有蜕变成的贫瘠的理性主义“但是在说:“将立即看到某事物的”、“精英展吸引栽培资料,清晰的闪光的玻璃,四舍五入的表面,闪耀的、卓越的颜色,闪亮的钢等。”,从而“能够超过古典纯度通过缺乏所有你们”

全球史论文题目大全初中英语

世界市场的形成 从新航路开辟到第一次工业革命到第二次工业革命再到现在。

你是想写什么类型的呢?我遇到很多英语专业的同学,发的不是语言研究就是教学研究的论文,语言语法类的可以去参考下现代语言学期刊,教学类的可以参考创新教育研究期刊,总的来说就是,想找什么类型的就去对应的期刊找文献

中国建筑史论文题目大全初中英语单词

对传统持否定性的整体观。其原因就是他认为中国传统的政治、军事、文化、制度……已经形成了一个不可分 鲁迅将中国封建社会几千年的历史与传统概括为吃人的筵宴,这种吃人是建筑在封建的等级制度上的。鲁迅指出

果断最主要的就是设计,你可以注意一下,基本所有课程都是为了设计而服务的。好比说建筑制图,讲的透视,画图基本,设计的基础;素描水彩水粉,手绘基础;电脑制图,设计所需要的所有软件;构造,力学,大跨,室内设计原理等等都是为了设计,以后工作还是靠的设计。也请你别轻视其他的科目,这些都是影响设计的基础。勤学点,多学点没有害处

不知你说的学科是指在考前复习用还是在学习建筑学以后需要哪些学科为你助力。考前的话一般院校只不过多了一门美术加试,往往都是通过静物写生(素描或色彩)来区分学生,所以手绘功夫越纯熟越好,当然了,一类的重点院校如:清华、同济、天大等对此次考试会把的很严,不合格的学生会跳级到其他相关专业。而二本的建筑学院校或一本的一般建筑学院校可能不会这么严厉,最多手绘能力欠缺的学生在分班上不占优势,但是不影响专业的选择。作为助力学科的话很多方面都要有涉猎了,如建筑史,建筑构造,建筑物理等都是理论上的基本学科,这些都是要稳步加强的。同时为方案考虑,手绘是一定要提高的,画法几何,一点透视,两点透视,三点透视的画法,需要反复的练习,这个很重要,同时表达方案构想没有这几点的训练是画不出正确的效果的。其他方面还有什么要咨询的欢迎继续提问。建筑学大五毕业同学问您解答。(纯手打)

全球史论文题目大全初中英语作文

7 历史文化1 发展历程殖民时期以前在四万多年前,有一批来自亚洲的流浪者,经由北美到中南美洲,这些人就是印第安人的祖先。当哥伦布到达他认为的新大陆时,居住在美洲的印第安人,约有3,000万,其中有大约2000万人住在现在的加拿大和美国中北部, 其余绝大部分住在现在的墨西哥和美国南部。大约1万年前,又有另一批亚洲人,移居到北美北部,这是后来的爱斯基摩人。而最早到美洲的白种人大概是维京人,他们是一群喜好冒险的捕渔人,有人认为他们在1,000年前曾到过北美东海岸。殖民时期1607年,一个约一百人的殖民团体, 在乞沙比克海滩建立了詹姆士镇,这是英国在北美所建的第一个永久性殖民地, 在以后150年中,陆续涌来了许多的殖民者,定居于沿岸地区,其中多来自英国,也有一部分来自法国、德国、荷兰、爱尔兰和其他国家。18世纪中叶,13个英国殖民地逐渐形成, 他们在英国的最高主权下有各自的政府和议会。这13个殖民区因气候和地理环境的差异,造成了各地经济形态、政治制度与观念上的差别。独立运动美国自由女神18世纪中叶,英国在美洲的殖民地与英国之间,已有了裂痕。随着殖民地的不断扩张,逐渐使他们意识到事态发展的严重性,从而萌生独立的念头。1773年,波士顿倾茶事件,反英国殖民者倾销。1774年,来自13州的代表聚集在费城,召开第一次大陆会议,希望能与英国和平解决问题。然而英王却坚持殖民地必须无条件臣服于英王,并接受处分。1775年,在马萨诸塞州来克星顿点燃战火,北美独立战争爆发。1776年5月,在费城召开第二次大陆会议,坚定了战争与独立的决心,并发表著名的《独立宣言》,提出充分的理由来打这场仗。颁布《独立宣言》被认为是美国建立的开端,此日(7月4日)亦被美国作为国庆日。1777年10月,萨拉托加大捷,扭转了独立战争初期的不利的态势。此役使美国人民信心大增,并得到了国际上的支援。1778年2月法美签订军事同盟条约,法国正式承认美国。法国、西班牙、荷兰相继参战。1781年,约克城战役大捷,美军赢得决定性的胜利。约克敦战役后,除了海上尚有几次交战和陆上的零星战斗外,北美大陆战事已基本停止。革命的成功,使美国人民有了以立法形式表达他们政治观念的机会。1787年,在费城举行联邦会议,会中华盛顿被推为主席,他们采取一项原则,即中央权力是一般性的,但必须有审慎的规定和说明,同时,他们也接受一项事实,那就是全国性政府必须有税收、铸造货币、调整商业、宣战及缔结条约的权力。此外,为了防止中央权力过大,而采取孟德斯鸠的均权政治学说,即政府中设置三个平等合作与制衡的部门,即立法、行政、司法三种权力相互调和制衡,而不使任何一权占控制地位。1812年,英国再度入侵刚成立的美国,史称第二次独立战争,战后美国各州更加团结。西进运动19世纪初期,数以千计的人,越过阿巴拉契亚山脉向西移动,有些开拓者,移居到美国的边界,甚至深入属于墨西哥的领地、以及介于阿拉斯加与加利福尼亚的俄勒冈。殖民者的贪得无厌和对利益的追求使得美国一步步地蚕食周边地区,给临近国家带来了深重的苦难和久久无法弥合的创伤。1846年,美墨战争爆发,美国扩充了自己的国土面积。南北战争引起南北战争的原因,不单是经济上、政治上、军事上的问题,还包括思想上的冲突。南北之间,为奴隶问题而起争执,南方在全国政治上的主要方针,就在保护和扩大“棉花与奴隶”制度所代表的利益;而北部各州,主要以制造业、商业和金融业为主,这些生产无需依赖奴隶。相反的,奴隶制严重制约了劳动力的流动,使得急需大量劳动力的北方各州工商业受到很大抑制。南北战争这种经济上和政治上的冲突由来已久了。1860年代初期,11个南方的州脱离联邦,组建南部邦联;北方则表示,为了统一将不惜付出一切代价。1861年,南方种植园主以林肯就任美国总统为由挑起内战,内战爆发了,这是一场美国人面对面的流血战争。1863年元旦全体黑人奴隶欢呼,纷纷加入北方军队,其原因是林肯颁布了《解放黑人奴隶宣言》,北方得到雄厚的兵源。1865年4月9日,南方政府以失败告终,这项胜利不但使美国恢复了统一,而且从此全国各地不再施行奴隶制度。20世纪19世纪初,美国开始工业化,而内战之后则步入成熟阶段。在从内战至第一次世界大战的不到50年的时间里,美国从一个农村化的共和国变成了城市化的国家。从1890到1917年的近30年间被称为进步时期。1914年,第一次世界大战爆发;1917年,美国被卷入大战漩涡中,并且在世界上尝试扮演新的角色。1929年发生了资本主义大萧条,大萧条影响的不只是美国,世界各国都受到牵连。经济大恐慌使上百万的工人失业,大批的农民被迫放弃耕地,工厂商店关门,银行倒闭,一片萧条。1932年,富兰克林·罗斯福(1882~1945)当选总统,全面推行以政府干预市场为主要手段的“罗斯福新政”,他主张政府应拿出行动来结束经济大恐慌,随后推出一系列政策暂时解决缓解了许多困难,但美国的经济还是要到第二次世界大战后才苏醒起来。1930年代末,第二次世界大战爆发。1941年12月7日日本偷袭珍珠港后美国参战。二战后,随着轴心国的战败、英法实力的衰退,美国和苏联成为了超级大国,世界被分成了东西方两大阵营。美苏及其各自阵营分别在军事、政治、经济、宣传各方面全面对抗,一如战时,史称“冷战”。1950年,朝鲜战争爆发,美军参战并与刚刚成立的中华人民共和国志愿军进行了交战,战争双方以三八线为界签署停战协议告终。战后,以反共为主要宗旨的麦卡锡主义左右了美国外交政策,冷战逐步升级。1962年,古巴导弹危机使冷战带来的恐慌达到最高峰。1969年,阿波罗计划将人送上了月球,美国在太空竞赛中逐渐超越了苏联。[3]11事件1960年代中期,越南战争爆发,许多美国人开始不满政府的对外政策,反战游行伴马丁路德金讲演随着各种民权运动风起云涌。此外,由于工业的发展与人口的集中,60年代后期,生态环境的污染广受注意。70年代初期,因能源危机而导致的经济萧条是历来最严重的一次。70年代中期,美国经济一度复苏,但70年代末期又出现了通货膨胀。1976年,美国建国200周年,全国举行各项庆祝活动。由于拥有全球政治、经济、科技等方面的全面优势,美国在冷战中最终拖垮苏联,1991年,随着苏联解体,美国赢得了冷战的最终胜利,成为世界上唯一的超级大国。11事件2001年9月11日当天的恐怖袭击对美国及全球产生了巨大的影响。这次事件是继第二次世界大战期间珍珠港事件后,第一次有组织袭击美国本土。在9·11事件中共有2998人遇难,其中2974人被官方证实死亡,另外还有24人下落不明。遇难人员名单中包括:四架飞机上的全部乘客共246人,世贸中心2603人,五角大楼125人。共有411名救援人员在此事件中殉职。

简史美国总统已经有美国的许多总统,因为宣言中独立自主是在1776年签署,但很少有人意识到,Presidentialhistory还包括一个总统系列谁带领殖民地长beforethe美国Stateswas的成立,作为一个自由的国家。尽管菌落由KingGeorge三控制,这管辖下的国王殖民地的代表大会导致BYA总裁。由时间1776年7月2日推出,并围绕该宣言中独立自主签署,殖民地已经有两个总统,PeytonRandolph和亨利·米德尔顿。约翰·汉考克是总统年内美国宣布我们的Independencefrom英国。 约翰·汉考克,美国的第一任总统约翰·汉考克是,对于所有意图andpurposes,从1776邦联通过1781年第一任总统。 JohnHancock是第一个真正的爱国者谁领导的independencefrom皇冠上的战斗之一。这是有充分理由的,他的签名是第一位的独立theDeclaration。他领导的革命在波士顿和抗击冠提前ofall其他爱国分子。英王乔治想约翰的头在那一刻theDeclaration被送到了国王。一旦革命胜利了,所有的成员membersOf新一届国会终于在1771年签下了自己的名字宣言中独立自主,和所有13个州批准了新的联邦于1781年。 乔治·华盛顿,通用和爱国者一旦康沃利斯勋爵投降于1781年,托马斯·麦基恩成为国会当选总统。从1781至1789年,总统约翰·汉森,埃利亚斯Boudinot,托马斯·米夫林,李泽楷,JohnHancock,纳撒尼尔哥尔罕,亚瑟St。Clair和Cyrus格里芬,所有servedterms。最后,乔治·华盛顿当选为1789年。从各方面来看,GeorgeWashington是谁带来的Statestogether作为一个统一的国家肯定是第一任总统。 乔治·华盛顿的生活领导到hispresidency很有意思。他打动他周围的人,不与greatspeaking能力和人格魅力,但他良好的意识和爱国的看法。 Hestarted他的军事生涯作为一名年轻男子在边境。他战斗了为french士兵在法国和印度之战的开始。后勇敢地leadingthe英国后在弗吉尼亚州一战安全,华盛顿升任指挥弗吉尼亚州的After赢得各种战斗和安邦俄亥俄州,年方二十七岁,他娶了玛莎丹德里奇卡斯蒂斯,并且退休了aplantation在芒特弗农。种地了数年,在1775年,当他从服务于theContinental国会再次指挥一支军队去了,但是这一次是theContinental军反对英国在波士顿之后。 一些破碎的失败之前,华盛顿的军队越过特拉华州,各地Washingtonturned他的部队在1776年圣诞之夜,在美国历史上greatestmilitary操作之一后。当晚,Washington'stroops横渡在特拉华州和overpoweredthe驻军在特伦顿,并subsequentlyovertook驻军在普林斯顿的After获得康沃利斯投降的约克镇,革命战争胜利。再次,Washingtonretired他的种植园在芒特弗农。 第一届“美的”总统华盛顿观察公共事务与不舍,因为工会是从战争削弱withdebts,注意力不收取收益,并theConfederation整体阳痿国会。 Washingtonwrote詹姆斯·麦迪逊,国会需要一个强有力的宪法。 1787年,华盛顿去Philadelphiato出席成立邦联条款的约定。 Afterthe宪法被批准,首次总统选举举行,anddespite他渴望再次退役芒特弗农,他收到了票从everysingle选民。乔治·华盛顿仍然在美国historywho的唯一的总统被选为总统一致通过的人。

云块遮没了我们观看日环食的希望,我们都有点扫兴突然,不知谁喊了一声:“太阳出来了!”我抬头望去,只见太阳从云幕中飘然而出“看!天狗咬太阳了!”一个满脸稚气的小孩一手指着太阳,一手拿着观察仪喊道,可不是吗,太阳还真像被谁咬过一口似的,活像孙悟空头上的紧箍咒,两头高高地翘起;又像一艘宇宙飞船,邀请我们到太空去遨游此时,我想起了奶奶给我讲过的一个神话:从前,由于太阳给地球上的人类带来了温暖和光明,很受人们的崇拜一只天狗看了很妒忌,趁太阳睡着的时候,就一下子把太阳衔到了嘴里,天地间顿时昏暗起来人们敲锣打鼓,四下呼喊,才把天狗吓跑了哈!现在想起来真可笑听自然老师讲,日环食是一种自然奇观,好多年才出现一次在太阳系里,地球绕着太阳转,月亮绕着地球转,当三个星球运行到一条直线上,月亮在另外两球之间时,就形成了日食不信,你看!太阳正像一叶扁舟,在云海里飘呀,飘呀!它周围的云彩也好像受到了感染,变得像一团团红红的火焰,给那厚厚的黑云镶上了一条瑰丽的金边太阳还在继续向前飘去这时,我觉得身上有点冷,天色也变得发暗了,点点日光洒向大地,大地就像穿上了华丽的银装我尽情地享受着这清幽的日光,仿佛到了一个迷人的童话世界这时的太阳像弯弯的细眉,又像魔术师变出的美丽的金钩最精彩的一刻终于到了!太阳变成了灿烂美丽的光圈,像那闪光的金环,又像哪咤的护身法宝乾坤圈这可真是百年不见的奇异景象呀!正在这时候,一些同学却围在大树底下议论着什么我跑去一看,嘴巴也合不拢了,只见那树叶的影子也都成了一个一个的圆圈,就和这时天空中太阳的形状一模一样,我的脑子里出现了一个大问号…… 天上的云块不知什么时候已经散去我在想,这宇宙间真是无奇不有,神秘莫测还有好多问号正期待着我们去换成感叹号啊!我们能担起这样的重任吗?

相关百科
热门百科
首页
发表服务