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写论文属于问题解决吗英语怎么说

发布时间:2024-07-19 19:27:27

写论文属于问题解决吗英语怎么说

应该是说明文吧,如果是讨论类,那才是议论文。单纯的解释阐述就是说明文

当然属于议论文 但是文中的这一段“分别从几个方面结合举例和道理引用去论证怎么样实现这种积极现象的方法和途径”中引用的例子和道理不算是论据 论点和论据应该是什么? 如果作者在文中提出一种现象 然后说这是正确的或是错误的 这是论点 然后他举例或通过其他方式证明他的论点是正确的 这才是论据 他证明的过程当然就是论据论证 当然作者在证明自己的论点正确以后 也可以“分别从几个方面结合举例和道理引用去论证怎么样实现这种积极现象的方法和途径” 但这与论据无关

gavin7991 - 举人 四级 说的很详细,但更加简洁明了的说法是:硕士论文用thesis, MA thesis (文学硕士论文),博士论文用dissertation, 学期论文或发表的文章可用paper,essay指篇幅较短小的文章,相当于作文类或散文类

有钱的话,找机构翻译咯,250词50。不过很多是假人工翻译。

写论文属于问题解决吗英语

中国的环境保护问题(英汉对照)中国政府十分重视因人口增长和经济发展而出现的环境问题,把保护环境作为提高人民生活水平和生活质量的一个重要方面。为了促进经济、社会与环境的协调发展,中国在80年代制定并实施了一系列保护环境的方针、政策、法律和措施。The Chinese government has paid great attention to the environmental issues arising from the country's population growth and economic development, and has made protecting the environment an important aspect of the improvement of the people's living standards and quality of In order to promote coordinated development between the economy, the society and the environment, China enacted and implemented a series of principles, policies, laws and measures for environmental protection in the ——确立环境保护为中国的一项基本国策。防治环境污染和生态破坏以及合理开发利用自然资源关系到国家的全局利益和长远发展,中国政府坚定不移地贯彻执行环境保护这项基本国策。-- Making environmental protection one of China's basic national The prevention and control of environmental pollution and ecological destruction and the rational exploitation and utilization of natural resources are of vital importance to the country's overall interests and long-term The Chinese government is unswervingly carrying out the basic national policy of environmental ——制定经济建设、城乡建设和环境建设同步规划、同步实施、同步发展,实现经济效益、社会效益、环境效益相统一的指导方针,实行“预防为主,防治结合”、“谁污染,谁治理”和“强化环境管理”三大政策。-- Formulating the guiding principles of simultaneous planning, simultaneous implementation and simultaneous development for economic construction, urban and rural construction and environmental construction, and combining the economic returns with social effects and environmental benefits; and carrying out the three major policies of ``prevention first and combining prevention with control,'' ``making the causer of pollution responsible for treating it'' and ``intensifying environmental '' ——颁布实施环境保护的法律法规,把环境保护建立在法制的基础上,不断完善环境法律体系,严格执法程序,加大执法力度,保证环境法律法规的有效实施。-- Promulgating and putting into effect laws and regulations regarding environmental protection and placing environmental protection on a legal footing, continuously improving the statutes concerning the environment, formulating strict law-enforcement procedures and increasing the intensity of law enforcement so as to ensure the effective implementation of the environmental laws and ——坚持环境保护纳入国民经济和社会发展计划,实施国家指导下的宏观调控与管理,逐步增加对环境保护的投入,使环境保护与各项建设事业统筹兼顾,协调发展。-- Persisting in incorporating environmental protection into the plans for national economic and social development, introducing to it macro regulation and management under state guidance, and gradually increasing environmental protection input so as to give simultaneous consideration to environmental protection and other undertakings and ensure their coordinated ——建立健全各级政府的环境保护机构,形成比较完善的环境管理体制,充分发挥环境监督管理的作用。-- Establishing and improving environmental protection organizations under governments at all levels, forming a rather complete environmental control system, and bringing into full play the governments' role in environmental supervision and ——加速环境科学技术的进步。加强基础理论研究,组织科技攻关,开发和推广防治环境污染的实用技术,扶植环境保护产业的发展,初步形成了环境保护科研体系。-- Accelerating progress in environmental science and Strengthening research into basic theories, organizing the tackling of key scientific and technological problems, developing and popularizing prac"itical technology for environmental pollution prevention and control, fostering the growth of environmental protection industries, and giving initial shape to an environmental protection scientific research ——开展环境宣传教育,提高全民族的环境意识。广泛进行环境宣传,逐步普及中小学环境教育,发展环境保护在职教育和专业教育,培养环境科学技术和管理方面的专门人才。-- Carrying out environmental publicity and education to enhance the whole nation's awareness of the Widely conducting environmental publicity work, gradually popularizing environmental education in secondary and primary schools, developing on-the-job education in environ"imen tal protection and vocational education, and training specialized personnel in environmental science and technology as well as environmental ——推进环境保护领域的国际合作。积极发展同世界各国和国际组织在环境与发展方面的交流与合作,认真履行国际环境公约,努力发挥中国在国际环境事务中的作用。-- Promoting international cooperation in the field of environmental Actively expanding exchanges and cooperation concerning the environment and development with other countries and international organizations, earnestly implementing international environmental conventions, and seeking scope for China's role in global environmental 进入90年代,国际社会与世界各国在探索解决环境与发展问题的道路上迈出了重要一步。1992年6月,联合国环境与发展大会把可持续发展作为未来共同的发展战略,得到了与会各国政府的普遍赞同。Since the beginning of the 1990s the international community and various countries have made an important step forward in exploring solutions to problems of the environment and The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in June 1992, made sustainable development the strategy for common development in the future, and this won wide acclaim from the governments of all countries represented at the 1992年8月,联合国环境与发展大会之后,中国政府提出了中国环境与发展应采取的十大对策,明确指出走可持续发展道路是当代中国以及未来的必然选择。In August 1992, shortly after that conference, the Chinese government put forward ten major measures China was to adopt to enhance its environment and development, clearly pointing out that the road of sustainable development was a logical choice for China now and in the 1994年3月,中国政府批准发布了《中国21世纪议程 ——�中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书》,从人口、环境与发展的具体国情出发,提出了中国可持续发展的总体战略、对策以及行动方案。有关部门和地方也分别制定了实施可持续发展战略的行动计划。In March 1994 the Chinese government approved and promulgated China's Agenda 21 -- White Paper on China's Population, Environment, and Development in the 21st C This document, proceeding from the country's specific national conditions in these three respects, put forward China's overall strategy, measures and program of action for sustainable The various departments and localities also worked out their respective plans of action to implement the strategy for sustainable 1996年3月,第八届全国人民代表大会第四次会议审议通过的《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展“九五”计划和2010年远景目标纲要》,把实施可持续发展作为现代化建设的一项重大战略,使可持续发展战略在中国经济建设和社会发展过程中得以实施。 At its Fourth Session in March 1996 China's Eighth National People's Congress examined and adopted the Ninth Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China for National Economic and Social Development and the Outline of the Long-Term Target for the Year Both the Plan and Outline take sustainable development as an important strategy for modernization, thus making it possible for the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development in the course of China's economic construction and social 二、逐步完善的法律体系与管理体制 中国重视环境法制建设,目前已经形成了以《中华人民共和国宪法》为基础,以《中华人民共和国环境保护法》为主体的环境法律体系。 《中华人民共和国宪法》规定:“国家保护和改善生活环境和生态环境,防治污染和其他公害。”“国家保障自然资源的合理利用,保护珍贵的动物和植物。禁止任何组织或者个人用任何手段侵占或者破坏自然资源。” 《中华人民共和国环境保护法》是中国环境保护的基本法。该法确立了经济建设、社会发展与环境保护协调发展的基本方针,规定了各级政府、一切单位和个人保护环境的权利和义务。 中国针对特定的环境保护对象制定颁布了多项环境保护专门法以及与环境保护相关的资源法,包括:《水污染防治法》、《大气污染防治法》、《固体废物污染环境防治法》、《海洋环境保护法》、《森林法》、《草原法》、《渔业法》、《矿产资源法》、《土地管理法》、《水法》、《野生动物保护法》、《水土保持法》、《农业法》等。 中国政府还制定了《噪声污染防治条例》、《自然保护区条例》、《放射性同位素与射线装置放射防护条例》、《化学危险品安全管理条例》、《淮河流域水污染防治暂行条例》、《海洋石油勘探开发环境保护管理条例》、《海洋倾废管理条例》、《陆生野生动物保护实施条例》、《风景名胜区管理暂行条例》、《基本农田保护条例》、《城市绿化条例》等30多件环境保护行政法规。此外,各有关部门还发布了大量的环境保护行政规章。 中国地方人民代表大会和地方人民政府为实施国家环境保护法律,结合本地区的具体情况,制定和颁布了600多项环境保护地方性法规。 环境标准是中国环境法律体系的一个重要组成部分,包括环境质量标准、污染物排放标准、环境基础标准、样品标准和方法标准。环境质量标准、污染物排放标准分为国家标准和地方标准。到1995年底,中国颁布了364项各类国家环境标准。中国法律规定,环境质量标准和污染物排放标准属于强制性标准,违反强制性环境标准,必须承担相应的法律责任。 在建立健全环境法律体系的过程中,中国把环境执法放在与环境立法同等重要的位置,连续4年开展了全国环境执法检查,对污染和破坏环境的行为进行严肃查处,对环境违法犯罪行为进行严厉打击。中国十分重视人民群众和新闻舆论对环境违法行为的监督,开辟了人民群众反映环境问题的渠道,加强了新闻媒介对环境违法行为的揭露和曝光。 应该指出的是,中国的环境法制建设还需要进一步完善,如某些方面存在着立法空白、有些法律的内容需要补充和修改、有法不依、执法不严的现象等。因此,继续加强环境法制建设仍是一项重要的战略任务。 中国同样重视环境管理体制建设,现在已经建立起由全国人民代表大会立法监督,各级政府负责实施,环境保护行政主管部门统一监督管理,各有关部门依照法律规定实施监督管理的体制。 全国人民代表大会设有环境与资源保护委员会,负责组织起草和审议环境与资源保护方面的法律草案并提出报告,监督环境与资源保护方面法律的执行,提出同环境与资源保护问题有关的议案,开展与各国议会之间在环境与资源保护领域的交往。一些省、市人民代表大会也相应设立了环境与资源保护机构。 国务院环境保护委员会由国务院有关部门的领导成员组成,是国务院环境保护工作的议事和协调机构。其主要任务是:研究和审议国家环境保护与经济协调发展的方针、政策和措施,指导并协调解决有关的重大环境问题,监督检查各地区、各部门贯彻执行环境保护法律法规的情况,推动和促进全国环境保护事业的发展。省、市、县人民政府也相应设立了环境保护委员会。 国家环境保护局是国务院环境保护行政主管部门,对全国环境保护工作实施统一监督管理。省、市、县人民政府也相继设立了环境保护行政主管部门,对本辖区的环境保护工作实施统一监督管理。目前,中国县级以上环境保护行政主管部门有2500多个,从事环境行政管理、监测、监理、统计、科学研究、宣传教育等的总人数达8万人。 中国各级政府的综合部门、资源管理部门和工业部门也设立了环境保护机构,负责相应的环境与资源保护工作。中国多数大中型企业也设有环境保护机构,负责本企业的污染防治以及推行清洁生产。目前,各部门和企业的各类环境保护人员已达20多万人。 China pays great attention to environmental legislative work and has now established an environmental statutory framework that takes the Constitution of the People's Republic of China as the foundation and the Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China as the main The Constitution of the People's Republic of China stipulates, ``The state protects and improves the living environment and the ecological environment, and prevents and remedies pollution and other public hazards,'' and ``The state ensures the rational use of natural resources and protects rare animals and The appropriation or damage of natural resources by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohib"'' The Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China is the cardinal law for environmental protection in C The law has established the basic principle for coordinated development between economic construction, social progress and environmental protection, and defined the rights and duties of governments at all levels, all units and individuals as regards environmental China has enacted and promulgated many special laws on environmental protection as well as laws on natural resources related to environmental They include the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution, Law on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes, Marine Environment Protection Law, Forestry Law, Grassland Law, Fisheries Law, Mineral Resources Law, Land Administration Law, Water Resources Law, Law on the Protection of Wild Animals, Law on Water and Soil Conservation, and Agriculture L The Chinese government has also enacted more than 30 administrative decrees regarding environmental protection, including the Regulations for the Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution, Regulations on Nature Reserves, Regulations on the Prevention of and Protection Against Radiation from Radio Isotopes and Radioactive Device, Regulations on the Safe Administration of Chemicals and Other Dangerous Materials, Provisional Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in the Huaihe River Drainage Area, Regulations Governing Environmental Protection Administration in Offshore Oil Exploration and Development, Regulations on the Control of Marine Wastes Dumping, Regulations for the Implementation of the Protection of Terrestrial Wildlife, Pro"ivisional Regulations on the Administration of National Parks, Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland, and Regulations on Urban A In addition, departments concerned have also issued a number of administrative rules and decrees on environmental To implement the state's environmental protection laws and regulations, people's congresses and people's governments at local levels, proceeding from specific conditions in their own areas, have enacted and promulgated more than 600 local laws on environmental Environmental standards are an important component of China's environmental statutory They include environmental quality standards, pollutant discharge or emission standards, basic environmental criteria, criteria for samples, and criteria for The environmental quality standards and pollutant discharge or emission standards are divided into state standards and local By the end of 1995, China had promulgated state environmental standards on 364 As stipulated in Chinese law, the environmental quality standards and pollutant discharge standards are compulsory standards, and those who violate these compulsory environmental standards must bear the corresponding legal In the process of establishing and improving the environmental statutory framework, China attaches equal importance to environmental law enforcement and environmental For four years in a row, China has conducted nationwide checks on the enforcement of environmental legislation to seriously deal with acts of polluting and damaging the environment and severely punish environmental law China pays great attention to supervision exercised by the people and media over law-breaking activities regarding the environment -- it has opened channels for the masses of people to report on environmental problems and adopted measures for the media to expose environmental law-breaking But it should be pointed out that China's environmental legislative work needs to be further For instance, some areas still remain uncovered, some contents are yet to be amended or revised and there are still the phenomena of not fully observing or enforcing Therefore, to make continuous efforts to strengthen environmental legislative work remains an important strategic China attaches equal importance to the establishment of an environmental administrative It has established a system in which the National People's Congress enacts the laws, governments at different levels take responsibility for their enforcement, the administrative departments in charge of environmental protection exercise overall supervision and administration and the various departments concerned exercise supervision and administration according to the stipulations of the The National People's Congress has established an Environment and Resources Protection Committee, whose work it is to organize the formulation and examination of drafted laws related to environmental and resources protection and prepare the necessary reports, exercise supervision over the enforcement of laws governing environmental and resources protection, put forward motions related to the issue of environmental and resources protection, and conduct exchanges with parliaments in other countries in the field of environmental and resources The people's congresses of some provinces and cities have also established corresponding environmental and resources protection The Environmental Protection Committee under the State Council is made up of leaders of various related ministries under the State C It is the State Council's consultancy and coordination agency for environmental protection Its major tasks are studying and examining the principles, policies and measures relating to coordinative development of the country's economy and environmental protection, giving guidance to and coordinating efforts in tackling major environmental problems, exercising supervision over and conducting checks on the implementation of the environmental protection laws and regulations by various localities and departments, and promoting the development of environmental protection undertakings throughout the The people's governments at the provincial, city and county levels have also established corresponding environmental protection The National Environmental Protection Agency is the competent environmental protection administration agency under the State Council, whose task it is to exercise overall supervision and administration over the country's environ"imen tal protection The people's governments at the provincial, city and county levels have also successively established environmental protection administration departments to carry out overall supervision and administration of the environ"imen tal protection work in their At present, there are nationwide more than 2,500 environmental protection administration departments above the county level with a total staff of 88,000 engaged in environmental administration, monitoring, inspection and control, statistics collection, scientific research, pub"ilicity and Environmental protection organizations have also been established in comprehensive administration departments, resources administration departments and industrial departments under governments at various levels to take charge of related environmental and resources protection Most of China's large and medium-sized enterprises have also set up environmental protection organizations responsible for their own anti-pollution work and the promotion of cleaner At present, the total number of various types of environmental protection workers employed by the various departments and enterprises exceeds 200,

应该是说明文吧,如果是讨论类,那才是议论文。单纯的解释阐述就是说明文

英语论文写作问题怎么解决

这么w宽泛的题目,想必老师也e是个u。。。哎,个f人t建议吧,选定一q个d或者几x个k特定国家(含民族)的人r,介3绍下j他们的文3化7和谈判特点,写一o些自己x认5为4比7较适用的方8法。但是突出的主题则应该是,不m管对哪国或者哪个p公3司,自身的homework至关重要。你可以3结合如果做homework来写。 pヮ╔g瘠нl

想要避免英语论文写作当中的常见错误,最基础的就是从英语论文本身下手,从英语语法、漏洞方面查缺补漏,对论文进行合理化、合规化的修改,最终使得论文呈现出应有的成色,从而达到期刊发表的标准。除此之外,还可以邀请别人帮你排查语法之类的常规错误,减少病句产生,让文章更加流畅,内容更为饱满。若身边没有合适的人选的时候,推荐使用爱思唯尔(Elsevier)一类的第三方学术平台,能够有效保证论文质量,还能够给出一系列写作方面的建议,让以后的写作之路更平坦。

论文写作问题及解决办法英文怎么说

我们简单来谈谈英文文章的写作和注意事项:题目:概括性强、体现创新性、精炼题目写作注意事项:英文题目以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题目基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成,例如The fabrication of…短语型题目要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要,词序不当,会导致表达不准。题目一般不应是陈述句,因为题目主要起标示作用,而陈述句容易使题目具有判断式的语义;况且陈述句不够精练和醒目,重点也不易突出。少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题目,因为疑问句可有探讨性语气,易引起读者兴趣。题目中的缩略词语,已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语,才可用于题目中,否则不要轻易使用。另外,还要注意题目字数的限制,国外科技期刊一般对题目字数有所限制,这些规定可供我们参考。总的原则是,题目应确切、简练、醒目,在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下,题目词数越少越好。摘要:与结论不重复,体现整个文章的结论和思想,包括研究工作的目的、方法、结果和应用等摘要写作注意事项: 摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。具体地讲,就是研究工作的主要对象和范围,采用的手段和方法,得出的结果和重要的结论,有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要信息。摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不阅读全文,就能获得必要的信息。A.英文摘要的时态:时态运用也以简练为佳,常用一般现在时、一般过去时,少用现在完成时、过去完成时,进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。一般现在时,用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等,当然也要用一般现在时。一般过去时,用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程)。需要指出的是,用一般过去时描述的发现、现象,往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的,而只是当时如何如何,所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。现在完成时和过去完成时,完成时少用,但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来,而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情,或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。B英文摘要的语态: 采用何种语态,既要考虑摘要的特点,又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短,尽量不要随便混用,更不要在一个句子里混用。主动语态:现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多,因其有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。被动语态:以前强调多用被动语态,理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过,至于那件事是谁做的,无须一一证明。事实上,在指示性摘要中,为强调动作承受者,还是采用被动语态为好。即使在报道性摘要中,有些情况下被动者无关紧要,也必须用强调的事物做主语。C英文摘要的人称: 原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper…等开头,现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。例如:To describe…,To study…,To investigate…, To assess…,To determine…,行文时最好不用第一人称,以方便文摘刊物的编辑刊用。D避免一些语法错误:冠词,主要是定冠词the易被漏用。the用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握,用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则,即当我们用the时,听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如:The author fabricated a new The machine is operated with solar 由于现在缩略语越来越多,要注意区分a和an,如an X ray…数词。避免用阿拉伯数字作首词,比如8 turn solenoid inductor…单复数。一些名词单复数形式不易辨认,从而造成谓语形式出错。尽量使用短句。因为长句容易造成语义不清,但要避免单调和重复。科技期刊涉及专业多,英文更是不易掌握,各行各业甚至表达方式、遣词造句都有区别。多看英文文献,也会有助于我们英文写作及水平的提高。引言: 主要研究进展,有代表性的同行研究工作,自己与他人工作对比的优势和不足,前言的参考文献选取代表性的、重要的文献参考文献选取要有代表性,除非那种特殊专业,我觉得参考文献不要参考会议的文章,尤其那些不知名的会议文章引用。文献要尽量全面客观:不要对相似文献避而不引,或者只引别人早期的工作,这会让人感到你对该领域了解不够,甚至是有意回避,就有学风问题的嫌疑。不能过低贬低别人的研究工作,要考虑自己和别人工作的时间差,不在一个时代的研究当然不能说自己比前人好,所以英语用词要注意些,客观些。引言写作注意事项: 好的引言相当于文章成功一半,最重要是保持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性,层层递进关系。首先阐述自己研究领域的基本内容,要尽量简洁明了。一些显而易见的知识要用概括性的而不是叙述性的语言来描述。其次文献的总结回顾,要特别着重笔墨来描写。一方面要把该领域内的过去和现在的状况全面的概括总结出来,不能有丝毫的遗漏,特别是最新的进展和过去经典文献的引用。这是两个最容易出现的问题,应该是我们要极力避免的。再就是分析过去研究的局限性,并且阐明自己研究的创新点,这是整个引言的高潮所在,所以更是要慎之又慎。阐明局限要客观,在阐述自己的创新点时,要仅仅围绕过去研究的缺陷性来描述,完整而清晰的描述自己的解决思路,并且文章摊子不要铺得太大。创新性描述得越多越大,越容易被审稿人抓住把柄。最后就是总结性的描述论文的研究内容,可以分为一二三四等几个方面来描述,为引言做好收尾工作,最后对引言检查。讨论: 这部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法,研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件,并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等首先讨论要重新说明主要发现,用一个句子表示较为理想。实际上,审稿人和读者最注意研究的短处,审稿人和读者一旦发现研究的短处,而作者未加讨论,他们对文章的信任会发生动摇,心生疑窦:是否还有他们和作者都未发现的其它弱点呢?其次,将该研究与以前的工作联系起来,不炫耀自己的工作比以前的工作如何好,而是比较其优劣,与其它研究进行对照,切忌将自己的缺陷掩盖起来。重要的是应该讨论为什么会得出不同于别人的结论,如果弄不清自己的研究结果为什么与别人的结果有差别,就不该断言自己的研究结果正确,而别人是错误的。接着应该讨论自己的研究“表明”什么,如何解释自己的研究发现,以及本研究有什么意义?作者甚至可以指出研究结果证明不了什么,防止读者得出过度、不实的结论。最后,应点明哪些问题尚未解答,以及要继续做的工作,审稿人和读者都不喜欢夸大的作法。图表:清晰直观、代表性清晰直观是基础,要让审稿人和读者不看正文就明白要表达的意思,代表性无论是自己实验结果还是和别人工作的比较,都要体现重点,无关的数据不要罗列在图表。合理解释每一个参数,合理说明每一个步骤。审稿人没时间考虑细节,程序和参数的合理化显示出你知道你在做什么,而不是凑数据。 没理由要找理由,有理由要强调。逻辑性:审稿人审稿时碰到作者的结论性错误,Microelectronic Engineering期刊的那篇,后来我给他指出错误并给他参考文献,不要轻易下结论,这很糟糕的。我就觉得这个作者文献还是看少了,特别是理论性的东西,所以他下错误结论。后来在修稿中改正了。 IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies的那篇,我认为作者没有好好解释实验结果,图中曲线的解释不是很好。比方说,1、2、3、4条曲线不同尺寸(1mm、2mm、3mm、4mm)出现轨迹差不多,但是第5条曲线(5mm)在x轴前半部分和其它四条轨迹差不多,但x轴后半部分曲线却异常,作者只是给出结果,但没解释,我审稿时就提出,怎么解释5mm的曲线后半部分与其它四条曲线不同,那6mm的曲线又会是什么样子?5mm是一个关键尺寸么?所以在画实验数据图时,特别注意异常点和异常曲线,要解释异常的原因,如果涉及到尺寸的曲线,还要考虑关键尺寸或者临界尺寸。 不要指望审稿人疏忽,还是要方方面面考虑文章,毕竟发文章是严格的学术活动。语法:写作时注意语言精炼准确,使用长句时不要出现语法错误,拼写错误可以完全避免的一般编辑审稿的文章,语法错误主要出现在介词、从句、对比语句和长句杂糅的错误,使用长句时注意不要让读者困惑或者产生歧义。介词比如in和on的混用,还有of和with的混用,对比语句主要是将A和B两事物,比如实验结果作对比、比较或并列,但出现了语法错误,长句杂糅主要体现在一些从句中,比如定语从句、非限制定语从句等缺少必要的主语、谓语或者其它句子成分。有些研究生说目前的感觉是没有一篇文章很顺利,感觉很郁闷,但郁闷是暂时的,后面会好起来的。特别是发第一篇外文,那种感觉我想每个研究生都会兴奋的。所以为了那种感觉,多多努力。

国内一些较好的杂志,现在附了英文题目和摘要,目的是让国外读者也能了解论文写作的大概内容。摘要要说明本文的研究动机、类型、贡献和实验结果,各用一句话说 明。一般都introduce某个概念,present某个方法,propose某个主意,或者provide某个系统的描述。很少用bring out, discuss, analyze等这样的动词。我发现,我们论文写作摘要喜欢写得模糊一点。你说它错吧,它不错;你说它对吧,又不知所云。写英文不能这样写。尽可能直来直去。一 般来说,只要中文摘要写得好,英文没有语法错,应该问题不大。  写英文的文章对我们母语是汉语的人来说,比较困难。我虽然已经发表了125篇英文文章,但是,实际上我还是写不好。听、说、读、写,写是最困难的。不过, 我觉得我在斯坦福大学的训练对我帮助很大。麦克劳斯基教授的研究组出文章是有严格手续的。先要把想法向他汇报,如果他认为尚可,就下周到讨论班上报告,听 取意见。然后自己写。写好以后,交给他指定的一位博士生修改。然后送给他的Research Associate修改定稿,最后由他过目,才能投出去。不像我们现在有些学生,离截稿日期只有一周,甚至几天,还让我帮他修改,这当然几乎不可能,投出 去的文章就可能英文错误百出,实在不行只好拒绝。记得我在论文中用到circuit on gate level。这位博士生认为不对,应该用at gate level。我不服,他说你到人家论文上去找例子,看有谁用on。我找不到,这事给我很深的印象。on,in,at这些前置词的使用,必须特别小心。我们 英文写不好,就尽量用简单句,不要用很复杂的带许多从句的长句子。你的目的是让人家看懂。你几乎不可能用精彩的文笔取胜,要靠你的技术内容。你觉得很得意 的句子,可能常常是人家看不懂的句子。对于第一次写英文文章的同学,我还是建议先写中文稿,至少写中文提纲,然后再写英文稿。当然,英文稿并不需要是中文 稿的译文。等你写了若干篇,基本上可以用英文思考了,再直接写英文稿。下面提几点我经常看到的毛病,供大家参考。好像在网上专门有文章,列出我们常犯的一 些错误。我这里写得当然不全,但我有研究生论文的例子。  1。不能用and或数字作为句子的开头。  2。如果不用复数,必须用a或an。用the必须有明确的特指的名词。用it必须有所指。  3。逗号后面要空一格,句号后面空两格。少用;,:等标点符号。不要一逗到底。只要是一个句子就要用句号。我们中国人喜欢把if放在句子的前面,这当然也不是不可以。但是按照他们的习惯,先说结论,接着是if如何如何。  4。and前后应该并列。一般不能前面是一个名词,后面却是一个动名词短语,中间用and。5。Chinglish要防止,例如,。。。has very important   6。论文中尽量少用第一人称。论文基本用一般现在时,即使引用人家的文章也用现在时,不用现在完成时或过去时。  7。不要滥用缩写,尤其不要自造。除非非常常用的缩写,第一次出现时要有说明。题目中最好不用缩写。  以上内容来自辑文编译

academic thesis writing

个人观点1,especially就是强调程度的,widely used可以省略2,这句要表达什么意思?把中文意思补充上!

论文必须要解决问题吗英语

论文写作常见问题(1)摘要方面的问题摘要内容是独立于正文而存在的,其主要作用是为读者的阅读和信息检索提供方便。摘要写作的好坏将直接决定论文能否被阅读、引用和收录。摘要中应包含研究背景、研究方法、研究结果与结论四个要素,分别与正文中的前言、实验部分、结果与讨论和结论相对应。摘要应具有独立性和自明性,即使不阅读全文也能从摘要中获得必要的信息。摘要写作的常见问题是摘要所应包含的四个要素叙述不完整,具体表现在:①缺少研究背景,或研究背景叙述过多;②缺少研究方法;③直接叙述实验结果,而没有明确地给出实验体系和实验条件;④缺少具体的实验结果,直接叙述结论。(2)前言方面的问题前言需提供足够的研究工作背景,使读者了解为何选择这个课题及此项研究的创新性和重要性,是科技论文的重要组成部分,主要包括研究背景、研究现状和不足以及本文的研究目的、新意和主要研究内容。前言写作应该开门见山、简明扼要地向读者说明本研究的来龙去脉。前言写作存在的主要问题有:①侧重叙述要做什么、怎样做的,但却很少阐述为什么要这样做;②研究背景叙述过多,铺垫过远,甚至叙述一些同行熟知或教科书中常识性的内容;③缺少必要的与本课题相关领域研究的文献综述;④大量举例文献的堆砌,没有树立问题,缺乏逻辑;⑤将详细的研究结果写入前言。(3)实验部分的问题实验部分是为了让读者了解作者采用什么材料、仪器、方法进行了哪些实验和测试分析,应写明实验材料的物性特征、实验条件和测试指标。实验部分写作存在的主要问题有:①文章格式为技术报告,实验部分缺失;②将实验部分分散写入结果与讨论部分;③实验材料不明确,有的只有功能名称而无具体的牌号,有的即使给出牌号,但却不准确,缺乏对重要试剂的充分界定;④实验条件不明确,对实验的具体步骤描述不清;⑤过多地详细叙述他人方法或相关标准,而未引用参考文献。(4)结果与讨论部分的问题结果与讨论部分是论文的关键部分,这部分要求如实的报道结果。为了充分说明问题,可结合图、表等附件,对实验结果做出理性的分析。这部分的常见问题有:①实验结果所对应的实验体系、实验条件叙述不清楚;②图表中给出的是未经整理的原始数据,缺乏可比性和说服力;③只给出研究结果,或仅对数据走势作浅显的表面分析,而未对研究结果进行深入的理论讨论和分析;④文字分析与图、表中的数据不符;⑤各部分间的排序缺乏逻辑性,整体结构散乱,无法很好地对主题进行阐述说明。(5)结论的问题结论是整篇文章的归结,展示撰写论文的目的,明确回答通过本篇论文“研究出了什么”。因此,结论应以正文中的实验现象、数据、分析、计算及推导为基础,重点展示从研究结果中获得的原理及规律;与前人研究的异同点;本技术研究中存在的问题;本技术需要继续研究的问题;提出重要的有价值的建议。这部分常见的问题有:①只是正文中各小段的简单重复,没有叙述从结果所得到原理或者规律性;②仅着重叙述做了哪些方面的工作,缺少具体结果的支持;③出现正文中没有的数据和观点;④出现大而广的概括性语句。

中国的环境保护问题(英汉对照)中国政府十分重视因人口增长和经济发展而出现的环境问题,把保护环境作为提高人民生活水平和生活质量的一个重要方面。为了促进经济、社会与环境的协调发展,中国在80年代制定并实施了一系列保护环境的方针、政策、法律和措施。The Chinese government has paid great attention to the environmental issues arising from the country's population growth and economic development, and has made protecting the environment an important aspect of the improvement of the people's living standards and quality of In order to promote coordinated development between the economy, the society and the environment, China enacted and implemented a series of principles, policies, laws and measures for environmental protection in the ——确立环境保护为中国的一项基本国策。防治环境污染和生态破坏以及合理开发利用自然资源关系到国家的全局利益和长远发展,中国政府坚定不移地贯彻执行环境保护这项基本国策。-- Making environmental protection one of China's basic national The prevention and control of environmental pollution and ecological destruction and the rational exploitation and utilization of natural resources are of vital importance to the country's overall interests and long-term The Chinese government is unswervingly carrying out the basic national policy of environmental ——制定经济建设、城乡建设和环境建设同步规划、同步实施、同步发展,实现经济效益、社会效益、环境效益相统一的指导方针,实行“预防为主,防治结合”、“谁污染,谁治理”和“强化环境管理”三大政策。-- Formulating the guiding principles of simultaneous planning, simultaneous implementation and simultaneous development for economic construction, urban and rural construction and environmental construction, and combining the economic returns with social effects and environmental benefits; and carrying out the three major policies of ``prevention first and combining prevention with control,'' ``making the causer of pollution responsible for treating it'' and ``intensifying environmental '' ——颁布实施环境保护的法律法规,把环境保护建立在法制的基础上,不断完善环境法律体系,严格执法程序,加大执法力度,保证环境法律法规的有效实施。-- Promulgating and putting into effect laws and regulations regarding environmental protection and placing environmental protection on a legal footing, continuously improving the statutes concerning the environment, formulating strict law-enforcement procedures and increasing the intensity of law enforcement so as to ensure the effective implementation of the environmental laws and ——坚持环境保护纳入国民经济和社会发展计划,实施国家指导下的宏观调控与管理,逐步增加对环境保护的投入,使环境保护与各项建设事业统筹兼顾,协调发展。-- Persisting in incorporating environmental protection into the plans for national economic and social development, introducing to it macro regulation and management under state guidance, and gradually increasing environmental protection input so as to give simultaneous consideration to environmental protection and other undertakings and ensure their coordinated ——建立健全各级政府的环境保护机构,形成比较完善的环境管理体制,充分发挥环境监督管理的作用。-- Establishing and improving environmental protection organizations under governments at all levels, forming a rather complete environmental control system, and bringing into full play the governments' role in environmental supervision and ——加速环境科学技术的进步。加强基础理论研究,组织科技攻关,开发和推广防治环境污染的实用技术,扶植环境保护产业的发展,初步形成了环境保护科研体系。-- Accelerating progress in environmental science and Strengthening research into basic theories, organizing the tackling of key scientific and technological problems, developing and popularizing prac"itical technology for environmental pollution prevention and control, fostering the growth of environmental protection industries, and giving initial shape to an environmental protection scientific research ——开展环境宣传教育,提高全民族的环境意识。广泛进行环境宣传,逐步普及中小学环境教育,发展环境保护在职教育和专业教育,培养环境科学技术和管理方面的专门人才。-- Carrying out environmental publicity and education to enhance the whole nation's awareness of the Widely conducting environmental publicity work, gradually popularizing environmental education in secondary and primary schools, developing on-the-job education in environ"imen tal protection and vocational education, and training specialized personnel in environmental science and technology as well as environmental ——推进环境保护领域的国际合作。积极发展同世界各国和国际组织在环境与发展方面的交流与合作,认真履行国际环境公约,努力发挥中国在国际环境事务中的作用。-- Promoting international cooperation in the field of environmental Actively expanding exchanges and cooperation concerning the environment and development with other countries and international organizations, earnestly implementing international environmental conventions, and seeking scope for China's role in global environmental 进入90年代,国际社会与世界各国在探索解决环境与发展问题的道路上迈出了重要一步。1992年6月,联合国环境与发展大会把可持续发展作为未来共同的发展战略,得到了与会各国政府的普遍赞同。Since the beginning of the 1990s the international community and various countries have made an important step forward in exploring solutions to problems of the environment and The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in June 1992, made sustainable development the strategy for common development in the future, and this won wide acclaim from the governments of all countries represented at the 1992年8月,联合国环境与发展大会之后,中国政府提出了中国环境与发展应采取的十大对策,明确指出走可持续发展道路是当代中国以及未来的必然选择。In August 1992, shortly after that conference, the Chinese government put forward ten major measures China was to adopt to enhance its environment and development, clearly pointing out that the road of sustainable development was a logical choice for China now and in the 1994年3月,中国政府批准发布了《中国21世纪议程 ——�中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书》,从人口、环境与发展的具体国情出发,提出了中国可持续发展的总体战略、对策以及行动方案。有关部门和地方也分别制定了实施可持续发展战略的行动计划。In March 1994 the Chinese government approved and promulgated China's Agenda 21 -- White Paper on China's Population, Environment, and Development in the 21st C This document, proceeding from the country's specific national conditions in these three respects, put forward China's overall strategy, measures and program of action for sustainable The various departments and localities also worked out their respective plans of action to implement the strategy for sustainable 1996年3月,第八届全国人民代表大会第四次会议审议通过的《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展“九五”计划和2010年远景目标纲要》,把实施可持续发展作为现代化建设的一项重大战略,使可持续发展战略在中国经济建设和社会发展过程中得以实施。 At its Fourth Session in March 1996 China's Eighth National People's Congress examined and adopted the Ninth Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China for National Economic and Social Development and the Outline of the Long-Term Target for the Year Both the Plan and Outline take sustainable development as an important strategy for modernization, thus making it possible for the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development in the course of China's economic construction and social 二、逐步完善的法律体系与管理体制 中国重视环境法制建设,目前已经形成了以《中华人民共和国宪法》为基础,以《中华人民共和国环境保护法》为主体的环境法律体系。 《中华人民共和国宪法》规定:“国家保护和改善生活环境和生态环境,防治污染和其他公害。”“国家保障自然资源的合理利用,保护珍贵的动物和植物。禁止任何组织或者个人用任何手段侵占或者破坏自然资源。” 《中华人民共和国环境保护法》是中国环境保护的基本法。该法确立了经济建设、社会发展与环境保护协调发展的基本方针,规定了各级政府、一切单位和个人保护环境的权利和义务。 中国针对特定的环境保护对象制定颁布了多项环境保护专门法以及与环境保护相关的资源法,包括:《水污染防治法》、《大气污染防治法》、《固体废物污染环境防治法》、《海洋环境保护法》、《森林法》、《草原法》、《渔业法》、《矿产资源法》、《土地管理法》、《水法》、《野生动物保护法》、《水土保持法》、《农业法》等。 中国政府还制定了《噪声污染防治条例》、《自然保护区条例》、《放射性同位素与射线装置放射防护条例》、《化学危险品安全管理条例》、《淮河流域水污染防治暂行条例》、《海洋石油勘探开发环境保护管理条例》、《海洋倾废管理条例》、《陆生野生动物保护实施条例》、《风景名胜区管理暂行条例》、《基本农田保护条例》、《城市绿化条例》等30多件环境保护行政法规。此外,各有关部门还发布了大量的环境保护行政规章。 中国地方人民代表大会和地方人民政府为实施国家环境保护法律,结合本地区的具体情况,制定和颁布了600多项环境保护地方性法规。 环境标准是中国环境法律体系的一个重要组成部分,包括环境质量标准、污染物排放标准、环境基础标准、样品标准和方法标准。环境质量标准、污染物排放标准分为国家标准和地方标准。到1995年底,中国颁布了364项各类国家环境标准。中国法律规定,环境质量标准和污染物排放标准属于强制性标准,违反强制性环境标准,必须承担相应的法律责任。 在建立健全环境法律体系的过程中,中国把环境执法放在与环境立法同等重要的位置,连续4年开展了全国环境执法检查,对污染和破坏环境的行为进行严肃查处,对环境违法犯罪行为进行严厉打击。中国十分重视人民群众和新闻舆论对环境违法行为的监督,开辟了人民群众反映环境问题的渠道,加强了新闻媒介对环境违法行为的揭露和曝光。 应该指出的是,中国的环境法制建设还需要进一步完善,如某些方面存在着立法空白、有些法律的内容需要补充和修改、有法不依、执法不严的现象等。因此,继续加强环境法制建设仍是一项重要的战略任务。 中国同样重视环境管理体制建设,现在已经建立起由全国人民代表大会立法监督,各级政府负责实施,环境保护行政主管部门统一监督管理,各有关部门依照法律规定实施监督管理的体制。 全国人民代表大会设有环境与资源保护委员会,负责组织起草和审议环境与资源保护方面的法律草案并提出报告,监督环境与资源保护方面法律的执行,提出同环境与资源保护问题有关的议案,开展与各国议会之间在环境与资源保护领域的交往。一些省、市人民代表大会也相应设立了环境与资源保护机构。 国务院环境保护委员会由国务院有关部门的领导成员组成,是国务院环境保护工作的议事和协调机构。其主要任务是:研究和审议国家环境保护与经济协调发展的方针、政策和措施,指导并协调解决有关的重大环境问题,监督检查各地区、各部门贯彻执行环境保护法律法规的情况,推动和促进全国环境保护事业的发展。省、市、县人民政府也相应设立了环境保护委员会。 国家环境保护局是国务院环境保护行政主管部门,对全国环境保护工作实施统一监督管理。省、市、县人民政府也相继设立了环境保护行政主管部门,对本辖区的环境保护工作实施统一监督管理。目前,中国县级以上环境保护行政主管部门有2500多个,从事环境行政管理、监测、监理、统计、科学研究、宣传教育等的总人数达8万人。 中国各级政府的综合部门、资源管理部门和工业部门也设立了环境保护机构,负责相应的环境与资源保护工作。中国多数大中型企业也设有环境保护机构,负责本企业的污染防治以及推行清洁生产。目前,各部门和企业的各类环境保护人员已达20多万人。 China pays great attention to environmental legislative work and has now established an environmental statutory framework that takes the Constitution of the People's Republic of China as the foundation and the Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China as the main The Constitution of the People's Republic of China stipulates, ``The state protects and improves the living environment and the ecological environment, and prevents and remedies pollution and other public hazards,'' and ``The state ensures the rational use of natural resources and protects rare animals and The appropriation or damage of natural resources by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohib"'' The Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China is the cardinal law for environmental protection in C The law has established the basic principle for coordinated development between economic construction, social progress and environmental protection, and defined the rights and duties of governments at all levels, all units and individuals as regards environmental China has enacted and promulgated many special laws on environmental protection as well as laws on natural resources related to environmental They include the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution, Law on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes, Marine Environment Protection Law, Forestry Law, Grassland Law, Fisheries Law, Mineral Resources Law, Land Administration Law, Water Resources Law, Law on the Protection of Wild Animals, Law on Water and Soil Conservation, and Agriculture L The Chinese government has also enacted more than 30 administrative decrees regarding environmental protection, including the Regulations for the Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution, Regulations on Nature Reserves, Regulations on the Prevention of and Protection Against Radiation from Radio Isotopes and Radioactive Device, Regulations on the Safe Administration of Chemicals and Other Dangerous Materials, Provisional Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in the Huaihe River Drainage Area, Regulations Governing Environmental Protection Administration in Offshore Oil Exploration and Development, Regulations on the Control of Marine Wastes Dumping, Regulations for the Implementation of the Protection of Terrestrial Wildlife, Pro"ivisional Regulations on the Administration of National Parks, Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland, and Regulations on Urban A In addition, departments concerned have also issued a number of administrative rules and decrees on environmental To implement the state's environmental protection laws and regulations, people's congresses and people's governments at local levels, proceeding from specific conditions in their own areas, have enacted and promulgated more than 600 local laws on environmental Environmental standards are an important component of China's environmental statutory They include environmental quality standards, pollutant discharge or emission standards, basic environmental criteria, criteria for samples, and criteria for The environmental quality standards and pollutant discharge or emission standards are divided into state standards and local By the end of 1995, China had promulgated state environmental standards on 364 As stipulated in Chinese law, the environmental quality standards and pollutant discharge standards are compulsory standards, and those who violate these compulsory environmental standards must bear the corresponding legal In the process of establishing and improving the environmental statutory framework, China attaches equal importance to environmental law enforcement and environmental For four years in a row, China has conducted nationwide checks on the enforcement of environmental legislation to seriously deal with acts of polluting and damaging the environment and severely punish environmental law China pays great attention to supervision exercised by the people and media over law-breaking activities regarding the environment -- it has opened channels for the masses of people to report on environmental problems and adopted measures for the media to expose environmental law-breaking But it should be pointed out that China's environmental legislative work needs to be further For instance, some areas still remain uncovered, some contents are yet to be amended or revised and there are still the phenomena of not fully observing or enforcing Therefore, to make continuous efforts to strengthen environmental legislative work remains an important strategic China attaches equal importance to the establishment of an environmental administrative It has established a system in which the National People's Congress enacts the laws, governments at different levels take responsibility for their enforcement, the administrative departments in charge of environmental protection exercise overall supervision and administration and the various departments concerned exercise supervision and administration according to the stipulations of the The National People's Congress has established an Environment and Resources Protection Committee, whose work it is to organize the formulation and examination of drafted laws related to environmental and resources protection and prepare the necessary reports, exercise supervision over the enforcement of laws governing environmental and resources protection, put forward motions related to the issue of environmental and resources protection, and conduct exchanges with parliaments in other countries in the field of environmental and resources The people's congresses of some provinces and cities have also established corresponding environmental and resources protection The Environmental Protection Committee under the State Council is made up of leaders of various related ministries under the State C It is the State Council's consultancy and coordination agency for environmental protection Its major tasks are studying and examining the principles, policies and measures relating to coordinative development of the country's economy and environmental protection, giving guidance to and coordinating efforts in tackling major environmental problems, exercising supervision over and conducting checks on the implementation of the environmental protection laws and regulations by various localities and departments, and promoting the development of environmental protection undertakings throughout the The people's governments at the provincial, city and county levels have also established corresponding environmental protection The National Environmental Protection Agency is the competent environmental protection administration agency under the State Council, whose task it is to exercise overall supervision and administration over the country's environ"imen tal protection The people's governments at the provincial, city and county levels have also successively established environmental protection administration departments to carry out overall supervision and administration of the environ"imen tal protection work in their At present, there are nationwide more than 2,500 environmental protection administration departments above the county level with a total staff of 88,000 engaged in environmental administration, monitoring, inspection and control, statistics collection, scientific research, pub"ilicity and Environmental protection organizations have also been established in comprehensive administration departments, resources administration departments and industrial departments under governments at various levels to take charge of related environmental and resources protection Most of China's large and medium-sized enterprises have also set up environmental protection organizations responsible for their own anti-pollution work and the promotion of cleaner At present, the total number of various types of environmental protection workers employed by the various departments and enterprises exceeds 200,

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