有关满族文化的论文范文英语翻译

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满族是一个不同于原始民族的复杂民族，其文化模式是与原始民族文化模式不同的，是一种复杂的社会观念体系，从中我们能体会和发现满族的思维方式、行为心理、价值观念和思想理论。《满族文化模式》（manju uksura i ?u wen i muru）共分八章，其中包含的主要观点如下：1）满族家庭的住宅结构、房间配置和环境的特点，对满族人的行为方式、心理意识、价值观念有很大影响，在这样的环境中，满族形成了重视群体的意识、内外有别意识、卫生意识、社会开放心理、公共监督意识、包容与吸纳心理。满族家庭属于父系制家庭，在对家庭成员的资格认同上，主要强调血缘的共同性，但也不排除共同生活的“场”，在父母在世时，嫁出去的女儿的家庭成员身份没有完全丧失。在满族家庭中，妻子常常居于主导地位，父母重长更重少，重男不轻女，儿子或儿媳也会成为父子联合家庭里的一家之长。满族尊敬老人，注重孝道，但父母之爱并非对子女全程服务，子女孝行与父母之爱相挂钩。清代满族人将忠孝结合，忠高于孝，守法爱民即为孝，愚孝不为孝。儿子成家即分出单过，谁养老谁继承遗产。满族人通过婚嫁的方式解决青春期问题，满族的政府积极帮助国人成家立业，宣布婚姻自由原则。满族注重保护孕妇和婴儿，对幼儿养育有强制束缚的一面。他们认为儿童不同于成人，有待于成熟，到了该管教的年龄才可管教。满族教养儿童注重德育；强调亲属集团的重要性，但也鼓励孩子静处和自我控制；依据儿童的不同性格来教管儿童；采取“习得式”和“参与式”来实现儿童的社会化。满族创世神话对人类起源的看法，不回避性，但采取了隐喻的形式表达生育，对性的表达比较含蓄。满族妇女有严重的性嫉妒心理。满族把性限制在婚姻和夜晚之内，性行为不应影响工作，夫妻行为不能妨碍别人的行动和观瞻。　　（2）满族的家族制度以宗亲为中心，注重姻亲，具有一定的双系制亲属制度的特点，并对东北社会民间“亲族”制度产生重大影响。满族的父系家族亲属称谓有八个亲等（jalan），对母系亲属的称谓有五个亲等，直系与旁系亲属称谓有明显的区别，无错位现象，没有抢婚和赘婿婚俗的痕迹，但姑舅亲、两姨亲称谓区分不严。史禄国（SMShirokogoroff）在Social Organization of the Manchus——A Study of the Manchu Clan Organization中记录的许多满族亲属称谓是间接称谓，不是直接称谓。满族的宗族成员的身份是明确的，但又有时间和空间的限制，并非漫无边际。满族同宗个体家庭之间是平等的，宗族组织不发达，功能不全，人们主要祭拜近祖，因此宗族的凝聚性和团结心不强，关注组织生活超过缔结宗族集团，易于入乡随俗，牺牲本族文化。　　（3）女真-满族历史上最有影响的非亲属组织，是金代的猛安谋克、清代的八旗牛录组织，对女真-满族人的行为和心理意识打上了深深的烙印，成为满族缔结社会团体的重要文化心理基础。女真-满族人缔结“猛安谋克”及“八旗牛录”遵循“亲属-邻里-契约-命令”原则，这种非亲属组织能融亲属集团与非亲属集团于一体。在发展社会经济过程中，满族人应充分利用传统的组织文化资源。　　（4）满族的民族认同意识体现为对满族的历史、传说、神话、民族始祖、民族习俗、八旗历史、民族象征、民族生活方式等方面的认同上。这种认同意识是有层次性的，有人认同满洲，有人认同旗人，有人认同女真。在乾隆皇帝整顿旗务以后，将旗人等同于满洲人的新的满洲观开始形成。讲北京话、东北话成为满族新的民族特征。满族人心直口快，性情刚烈，具有组织本位意识、级别意识和注重功绩的意识，重名声和面子，有尚武精神，喜好引进外族文化，长于民族联合和统一战线。在长期政治实践中，形成了大国意识和大中国观。

In the feudal society of China， centralized and autocratic monarchy throughout the feudal The Qing Dynasty， in order to force in the world， the unification of the whole country， but in the central power， the forces and the administrative agencies in order to compete for power struggle， but no matter how the king and the mechanism for power， eventually return to the imperial Why is this so? The author embarks from the contradictions between the Manchu rivalries and Han officials of Qing nobility， that the power struggle is the basic reason for the development of imperial power in the mess， and the contradiction between the intensification of Han officials， is to urge the emperor Shunzhi to reform， will direct factors of imperial power

有关满族文化的论文范文英语

Abstract: Dress culture is a cultural phenomenon unique to human As it has different aesthetic ideas， different dressing concepts and different dress etiquette in China and west， it forms Chinese and western dress culture of the different connotation and This thesis is divided into four major The first part describes the different features of Chinese and western dress and why people wear The second part describes cultural differences between Chinese and western The third part gives an analysis of Chinese and western dress The last part describes Chinese and western dress aesthetic culture and dress Based on the analysis， the thesis finally draws a Chinese and western dress culture each has rich connotation and distinct characteristics， which are precious cultural legacy which is left by human ancestors and are the world culture At the same time， we treasure our own civilization of five thousand years instead of belittling It is significant to promote and develop our unique costume We are confident and make contributions to realizing the rejuvenation of our Chinese nation and enriching the clothing culture of the whole Key words: Chinese and western clothing; culture；differences；aesthetic culture and clothing concepts 摘要摘要摘要摘要::::服饰文化是人类特有的文化现象。由于中西方各民族的审美观念、着装理念和服饰礼仪的不同，从而形成了不同内涵、不同特色的中西方服饰文化。本文共分为四部分。第一部分主要介绍了中西服饰的不同特征以及为什么人要穿衣服，第二部分写中西方服饰的差异，第三部分写导致中西方服饰文化差异的原因，第四部分则写中西方服饰审美文化和着装理念。通过以上简单的论述，最后得出结论，中西方服饰文化各具有丰富的内涵和鲜明的特色，她们都是人类祖先留下来的宝贵文化遗产，是世界文化的瑰宝。与此同时，我们应该珍惜自己五千年的文明而不是贬低自己的文明。促进和发展我们独特的民族服饰文化具有重要的意义。为了实现我们中华民族的文化复兴和丰富整个世界的文化，让我们自信起来吧！关键词关键词关键词关键词::::中西服饰；文化；差异性；审美文化与着装理念Introduction Costume culture， carried by costume， is a respect of our physical and spiritual life and a mixture of our psychological activities like consciousness， emotion， idea and The rapid development of advanced technology makes multiculturalism stand out and also makes conflicts between China and the West In that case， it becomes more and more important to recognize the similarities and differences of costume culture between China and the W Nowadays， the whole world is， to some extent， dominated by the western costume culture， which has wound its way into the daily life of the whole world， together with technology， life style and values from the W Quite popular in China， it’s nominally called “internationalization” or “globalization” In recent years， the costume industry of China has developed The “international” costume， featured by the western costume culture， has become a pretty important part of our daily However， as our economy takes off， international status rises and living standard improves， a wave of national costume culture resurgence is Moreover， people from the West pay more and more attention to the giant dragon in the East——C Western costume designers constantly introduce Chinese costume cultural elements to their latest Those phenomena arouse a series of thoughts: what distinguishes Chinese costume culture from the western one? Are there any similarities between them? What kind of costume culture will we Chinese hold as the mainstream in the future， the so-called “international” western one， the Chinese one or the fusion of the two? To obtain the answers to these questions， we are supposed to study and contrast carefully the characteristics and developing processes of them， and then draw some To contrast the costume culture between China and the West， it is necessary for us to master a good knowledge of the Chinese and western costume cultural Chapter 1 Chinese and western dress 1 The different features of Chinese and western dress China is known as “Xia” as it’s a land of propriety， and it’s also known as “Hua” with the beauty of its (①《左传》p83) Our national costume is H It originated in the Yanhuang era， formed in the Spring and Autumn Period and officially took form in Han D That’s the reason why it’s called “Hanfu” Since then， in spite of historical evolutions of all ages， their basic characteristics have never Hanfu， on the whole， can be divided into four developing stages: Zhou Han Hanfu， Wei Jin Hanfu， Sui Tang Hanfu and Song Ming H Zhou Han Hanfu was featured by dignity and simplicity， while Wei Jin Hanfu by chic and elegance， Sui Tang Hanfu by dignified， graceful， elegant and poised Hanfu in Song and Ming Dynasties epitomizes the characteristics of the past-simple， dignified， elegant， In Qing Dynasty， Hanfu was forbidden by the government and disappeared from the land of C The main features of Chinese clothing are focusing on the right collar’s overlap， the band deducted hidden， big sleeves， no buttons and using string binding， giving the impression of free and easy These characteristics are obviously different from those of other ethnic Hanfu is divided into uniform and common With strict standards， uniform is dressed on formal occasions while the common clothing， without long sleeves， is very convenient to people’s daily However， the western clothing is different form the Chinese The West belongs to Marine civilization， it emphasizes the subjective and objective separation and that we should rationally treat clothing， advocate releasing personality， stress dress effect and be good at showing beautiful the posture of the Besides， we use various clipping， color collocation means to perfect bodily curve and give a person with visual comfort in the A suit， also known as a business suit， comprises a collection of matching clothing consisting of: a coat﹙commonly known as a jacket﹚，a waistcoat﹙optional﹚﹙USA vest﹚for men， a pair of trousers﹙USA pants﹚， or for women， a shirt or A suit is generally accompanied by torment， a shirt and tie or for women， a 2 Why people wear clothingChinese people are concerned more about its social function of helping to rule a country well than that of keeping warm or It has a lot to do with ruling a country to regulate the dressing way of the common Nevertheless， the westerners pay more attention to its wealth value and Therefore， people put on clothing for functional and social 1 The functional reason The first use of clothing is to resist the cold and cover the Functions of clothing include providing the human body protection against extremes of climate (extreme heat， icy winters， and drenching storms) and protection against insects， noxious， chemicals， and contact with abrasive In sum， clothing protects human beings against anything that might injure the naked， unprotected human 2 The social reason Clothing also delivers social messages to other Social messages sent by clothing， accessories， and decorations can involve social status， occupation， ethnic and religious belief， marital status， cultural degree and sexual availability， For example， only Roman citizens can wear “Toga” in Rome while dragon robe can only be dressed by the emperor in C

简略为你找了些资料，希望对你有帮助。Population and Distribution:Today， the Man ethnic minority has a population of 10，682，263， based on the fifth national census of The Man people live mainly in Heilongjiang， Jilin and Liaoning Provinces of north China although the Man minority can be found in most of China's largest cities as Language:In the 16th century， the written language of the Man people was created from characters based on the Mongolian language， with dots following the distinctive The Man language is part of the Tungus-Manchu group， a branch of Altaic As the Man people migrated from northern to central China， they learned and adopted the Chinese language of the dominant H Today， only elders in remote regions of Heilongjiang Province still know and can use their ancestral Belief:The ancient Man people believed in S Later， with the influence of Buddhism， Daoism and Confucianism， their beliefs took on a pluralistic It is not uncommon to see statues of Bodhisattva， Guan Yu and other gods positioned in Man houses for Food:In addition to their literary and artistic accomplishments， the Man people developed agriculture， fishery and animal husbandry for their livelihood， especially after the founding of Modern China in The Man people have a distinctive cuisine with typical dishes that include Chaffy dish， acid soup， blood sausage， and 'bobo'， a type of steamed In Man culture， eating the meat of dog or any product derived from dog is Festivals:Traditional festivals of the Man are similar to those of the Han During the Spring Festival， Lantern Festival， and Dragon Boat Festival and on Mid-Autumn Festival， distinctive sports like skating are included in the festivities of the Man Other Traditions:The Man people are brave and They excel at riding and shooting， which women and children can do as well as In the Qing Dynasty， men plaited their hair on the left side and shaved off the hair around their Women wore hair pins， earrings and a once piece dress， the Q

例如：朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨。一人得道，鸡犬升天。衙门八字开，有理无钱莫进来。只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。四、风俗习惯不同的民族形成了各自独特的风俗习惯：正如英语中一句谚语所说的：“So many countries， so many ”在对狗的态度上，中国人脑海中狗如同鸡、鸭、猪一样是一种地位十分卑微的动物。常常把狗与“下贱”、“低微”、“无赖”等贬义词联系在一起，如“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”、“猪狗不如”、“狐朋狗党”等，[5]（P83）虽然狗也用作看家护院、狩猎、牧羊。狗还常被宰杀烹调，这在西方人看来是非常不能接受的。中国人对狗的态度在谚语中可以体现出来，如：狗眼看人低。好狗不挡道。狗嘴里吐不出象牙。狗改不了吃屎。痛打落水狗。而狗在西方人眼中不仅是狩猎、看门、工作的得力可靠的好帮手，更是生活中重要的伴侣和朋友，是抚慰人们寂寞空虚生活不可缺少的一部分，甚至将其视为家中的成员，与狗有着深厚的感情。在西方还有发生狗死后，为其安葬立碑的事。因此，狗的形象在英语谚语中是褒义的，人们对狗是怜爱、赞赏的。英语谚语之中，常常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为。如：You are a lucky 你是一个幸运儿。 Every dog has its 各人皆有出头之日。 Old dog will not learn new 老人学不了新东西。 Love me， love my 爱屋及乌。而英语中兔子常代表胆怯，但汉语中与“胆怯”相联系的动物形象则是老鼠。因此有谚语“气壮如牛，胆小如鼠”；英语民族常用狮子比喻力量、雄威，所以有谚语：March comes in like a lion and goes out like a 三月来如猛狮；去如羔羊。Every dog is a lion at 狗是百步王，只在门前狠。A lion may be beholden to a 老鼠也能帮狮子；弱者也能帮强者。这里因为狮子多产于非洲、印度等地，而英国历史上与这些地区或国家有着很深的关系。而我国不产狮子，无论南方北方都产老虎。[6]（P73）从前，老虎数量繁多，常出没山林，侵扰人民，甚至危害人命。人们认为虎为百兽之王，对虎十分敬畏，有“养虎为患”、“伴君如伴虎”的说法，把虎看作力量、威武、雄壮的象征，因此产生了许多关于与老虎有关的谚语。例如：山中无老虎，猴子称大王。不入虎穴，焉得虎子。虎毒不食子初生牛犊不怕虎。五、民族性格中西方由于各自生存环境的差异，以及人们对自身环境的不同应战，发展出各自不同的社会文明，从而产生了不同的文化取向、价值观念、性格特征。在古希腊，由于土地的贫瘠，海上通道的开辟，再加上频繁的战争和几次大规模的民族迁徙，使得他们很早就发展起商业经济，创造了人类最古老的商业文明。西方成了典型的商业社会，人们从事着频繁的商业活动，正所谓“The English are a nation of shop-”（英国全民皆商，外表富强）。经商的成效不在天地鬼神而在自己，在于自己的才干。[7]（P22-23）商场中的竞争激烈、优胜劣汰、你失我得，这形成了西方人个人意识较强、重视个人作用、个人独立自主、个人利益的个人主义思想。Self comes 自我利益是第一位的。Everyman for himself and God for us 个人为自己，上帝为大家。Near is my shirt， but nearer is my 自己的利益最切身。Self-preservation is the first law of 保存自己是自然界的第一法则。He who depends on another dines ill and sups 指望别人，难有好吃喝。而经商见效快、获利多、风险大，也养成了西方人急功近利、富于进取、敢于冒险的流动性格。If at first you don’t succeed， try， try， try Forbidden fruit is Catch as catch Discontent is the first step in Life is a battle from cradle to 人生是一场从摇篮到坟墓的战斗。Life， to be worthy of a rational being， must be always in 人生必须永远前进，才不愧为有理智的人。Fortune favors the 勇者天佑。个人主义思想使西方人重视突出个人，喜欢表现自己的个性，乐于标新立异，爱出风头，尊重个性、自我，并鼓励个性发展，对别人因个性表现出的任何形态都能够理解接受，这可以在谚语中体现出来。It’s squeaky wheel that gets the 吱吱叫的轮子先上油。Tastes 个人品位不同。Every man after his 个人追求个人的风格。 If you’ve got it， flaunt 这句谚语来源于一部The producer的美国电影。意思是如果你有钱、本事、美貌或性感，就应该让人瞧瞧。[8]（P334）而以农业为根本的中国人则截然不同，农业的收获往往不在耕种者，而是老天。人的意志如何强大也阻止不了干旱、洪水、风暴等天灾的来临。[7]（P23）另外农业见效慢，而一年一度的丰收来自于长期的扎扎实实、坚持不懈的努力劳动，这形成了中国人思想意识中安定保守、善于坚持忍耐、缺乏冒险、知足的性格的特质。[5]（P23）

有关彝族文化的论文范文英语翻译

Who are the Yi?The Chinese government has grouped the Nisu， Nasu， Sani， Axi， Lolopo， Pu， and tens of dozens of other peoples speaking more than six completely distinct languages with dozens of dialects into a single group called the Yi (pronounced like the name of the letter E) Because of this， a Yi from one area may not be able to communicate with a Yi from another area; and may or may not even agree that they both are Y Most Yi are farmers; herders of cattle， sheep and goats; and nomadic Only about one third of the Yi are Most have no written Although the younger generation seems less devoted， the Yi have generally been animists， worshipping the spirits of ancestors， hills， trees， rocks， water， earth， sky， wind， and Magic plays a major role in daily life through healing， exorcism， asking for rain， cursing enemies， blessing， divination and analysis of one's relationship with the They believe dragons protect villages against bad spirits， and demons cause After someone dies they sacrifice a pig or sheep at the doorway to maintain relationship with the deceased The Nuosu religion (from the Nuosu or Nasu group in the Yi minority) distinguishes two sorts of shamans: the 《 bi-mox 》 and the “su-nyit” Bi-mox are the most revered and maybe also important agents in the Nuosu religion， to the point that sometimes the Nuosu religion is also called “bimox religion” When one can becomes a bimox by patrilineal descent after a time of apprenticeship， one becomes a su-nyit by election or after having been “elected” Both can perform But only bimox can perform rituals linked to Bimox are said to be literate [edit]Where are the Yi?Of the over 8 million Yi people， over 5 million live in Yunnan Province， 5 million live in southern Sichuan Province， and 1 million live in the northwest corner of Guizhou P Nearly all the Yi live in mountainous areas， often carving out their existence on the sides of steep mountain slopes far from the cities of C[edit]HistoryLegend has it that the Yi are descended from the ancient Qiang people of Western China， who are also said to be the ancestors of the Tibetan， Naxi and Qiang They migrated from Southeastern Tibet through Sichuan and into Yunnan Province， where their largest populations can be found They practice a form of animism， led by a shaman priest known as the B They still retain a few ancient religious texts written in their unique pictographic Their religion also contains many elements of Daoism and BMany of the Yi in northwestern Yunnan practiced a complicated form of People were split into the nuohuo or Black Yi (nobles) and qunuo or White Yi (commoners) White Yi and other ethnic groups were held as slaves， but the higher slaves were allowed to farm their own land， hold their own slaves and eventually buy their

Sichuan Yi leave， only in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture， according to the provisions of the "Regulations on the exercise of autonomy" in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture， the calendar year of November 20th for "Yi"， a holiday for 3 According to the Liangshan people's Government OfficeThe "notice on 2016 part of the holiday" (cool house letter 2015 N 355) the provisions of this year， Liangshan Yi leave since November 20th to 26 vacation days off， a total of 7 On Saturday， November 19th ()， 27 (Sunday)Autonomy regulations of Liangshan Yi Autonomous PrefectureThe Seventy-eighth organs of self-government respect the traditional festivals of various nationalities， and encourage the development of festival activities conducive to the unity of the The calendar year October 1st is the anniversary of the founding of the Autonomous Prefecture， a day The 24th day of the sixth month of the Chinese lunar calendar is the traditional festival of the Yi People's traditional festival， "Torch Festival"， leave three The calendar year November 20th is "Yi"， three days 四川彝族年假，仅限于凉山彝族自治州实施，根据《凉山彝族自治州自治条例》的规定，每年公历的十一月二十日为“彝族年”，放假3天。根据凉山州人民政府办公室《关于2016年部分节假日安排的通知》（凉府办函〔2015〕355号）的规定，今年凉山州彝族年假自11月20日至26日放假调休，共7天。11月19日（星期六）、27日（星期日）上班。《凉山彝族自治州自治条例》第七十八条自治机关尊重各民族的传统节日，鼓励开展有利于民族团结的节庆活动。每年公历十月一日是自治州成立纪念日，休假一天。每年农历六月二十四日是彝族传统节日“火把节”，休假三天。每年公历十一月二十日是“彝族年”，休假三天。

文化是旅游的灵魂。撒尼族深厚的文化和古朴浓郁的民俗风情，与石林奇特秀美的自然奇观相辉映。彝族、撒尼族风格独特的语言文字、婚丧习俗、服饰彩绣、民间歌舞、内涵丰富的诗文传说、古朴粗犷的摔跤竞技、斗牛斗羊的传统风采，令多少游人叹为观止。挖掘、继承和发扬彝族撒尼传统文化，是石林旅游产业发展的需要。本文在分析石林旅游产业与彝族撒尼文化互动发展现状的基础上，针对石林旅游产业与彝族撒尼文化互动过程中存在的问题，提出了使两者良性互动发展的对策，使石林文化和撒尼文化互相融合，创造出更多的价值，进一步促进石林地区的经济

Culture is the soul of Sani tribe deep rich culture and ancient customs， and beautiful stone林奇特embraced with natural Yi， Sani ethnic style unique language， marriage and funeral customs，彩绣costumes， folk songs， rich in poetry， legends， ancient rough wrestling competition， the traditional bull fighting style sheep， so that the number of visitors Mining， inherit and carry forward the traditional culture of the Yi Sani is the stone forest tourism industry Based on the analysis of Shilin Yi Sani travel industry and development of cultural interaction on the basis of the tourism industry for the Shilin Yi Sani and the process of cultural interaction problems is proposed to enable the development of positive interaction between the two measures， so that cultural and Caesar Stone Forest Nepalese culture of mutual integration， to create more value， to further promote the region's economic Shilin

有关满族文化的论文范文英语版

Western novels in comparison First， Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its In ancient times， science developed， out of fear of nature， the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God"， describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified， that is China opened the world's Pan story， the story of San Juan Five Emperors， the West Greek mythology， Roman mythology， Norse mythology， and so on are all typical East and West， the original novel， is closely linked with the history， as historical records complement the China Pre-Qin prose in the fable， the Han dynasty in the history books， biographies， the Wei and Jin Zhi， Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon， "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic"， in ancient Greece， "Homer's epic，" "Aesop's Fables "And so on， fall into this category， fiction， novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction， it is still not the literary creation， directly from the private collection record， so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple， writing rough Ban Gu said， "On the Street Lane words， hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the China's Tang Dynasty， the novel is only from history and literature become a Tang Dynasty culture has developed， the author's ideas are more open， the legend came into being at this time， Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan"， Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret，" Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on， are made in accordance with the creation of the For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent， not just the history of the nature of things， but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline， which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms"， "Outlaws of the Marsh"， "Journey to the W" The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known， there are obvious story-telling style of Here by the redevelopment， it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process， the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus"， it was an open and ordinary life on the road， the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices， and gradually out a new Western novels， is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West， 14， the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control， 15， appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels， is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron"， Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of The resulting novel is a classical， elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well- As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge， enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels， of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust"， the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on， this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public In the 19th century， romantic fiction， realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of Romantic novels， such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris"， Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on， imaginative， unusual ideas， language and imaginative， strong Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life， and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens， France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society， the dark， in-depth criticism of the reality of evil， France Balzac and Maupassant， the United Kingdom of Charlotte， Bronte， Russia's Tolstoy， Dostoevsky， the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this Value today， the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the Second， the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel， the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1， the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters， language and the details of the description， in contradiction to the conflict to display the images， but the character of a single， small changes in the absence of the main Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description， stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind， good at writing full， the changes in the strong sense of the main Again， "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts， but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent， and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character， but Jane Eyre's character is the brave， strong， warm， kind-hearted， and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng' In short， people in the area described in the West has its own unique 2， China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete Plot twists and turns， the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous， magnificent anomaly， rigorous and clever， dramatic plot The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular， undulating waves， Cuoluoyouzhi， careful structure， an integral "A Dream of Red Mansions"， everywhere She Fu， Hui turning point， the story of Jia's best Western plot in respect of the outstanding works， although there are many， but it can not be compared with the Chinese 3， concise and lively Chinese language novel， rich in content and rich Western Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language， at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose， often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge， involve the community in many ways， so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are Western novels have different characteristics， and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent 4， Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult， Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame， so many great writers living， creating the conditions are not covered， many of the great works of authors who do not Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow， and many talented writers were forced to church services， wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry Third， Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty， China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system， the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each Of course， due to historical reasons， the Chinese side of the draw a little To this day， the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm， although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent， but the United States are We have every reason to believe that in the near future， the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate， develop and reach new artistic References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election，" Zhang Zhong， such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract， such as differences everywhere， from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding First， in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same The representative of China in a sense， the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries， often in red and festive celebrations or day- Calendar， red font used these days， therefore， red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy " It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words， translated into English， may not necessarily use the "red" for example: 　 brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are In English， yellow can be said that the "timid， cowardly， despicable，" meaning， for example: a yellow dog despicable， cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar， vulgar and obscene， indecent indecency means， such as yellow film， erotica， yellow CD， and so These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to However， in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese， such as the blue jokes (dirty joke)， blue films (yellow film) Second， the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all， in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative， like excitement， more old-fashioned thinking， so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower， they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet， Jiao Mei's father， the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom， the bride's father， daughter to the groom's hand on hand， her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom， all eyes followed the couple， filled with well-being in their Second， the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different China is mainly Buddhist， but the West is mainly C Therefore， the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun R China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is， the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has 中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。一、中西方颜色表达的差异不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：　红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。二、中西方婚礼文化差异首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

%D6%D0%CE%F7&btn=+%CB%D1%CB%F7+ 1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因摘要中西戏剧都有悠久的历史，无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧，都起源于民间，并与原始人祭祀神灵，欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史，它发展快，成就高，在世界上的影响很类别：毕业论文大小：95 KB 日期：2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合摘要随着全球化的来临，中国与外界的交流越来越频繁，特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界，如同一个大家庭，参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因，各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是类别：毕业论文大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理摘要伴随着世界经济的快速增长，跨国公司的飞速发展，全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成类别：毕业论文大小：96 KB 日期：2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响摘要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗，宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰，以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“谦谦君类别：毕业论文大小：90 KB 日期：2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力摘要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同类别：毕业论文大小：88 KB 日期：2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性摘要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同类别：毕业论文大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异摘要中国悠久历史5000年，西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天，中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国类别：毕业论文大小：100 KB 日期：2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨摘要在经济蓬勃发展的今天，旅游业风风火火地发展起来了，作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来，且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世，这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机，但世界上酒店发展规模空前，

有关满族文化的论文范文英语初中

必要性嘛，因为文化要多元啊，你看看美国就知道了，他们甚至能让敌人的文化在国内大肆传播，更何况现在的满族又不是敌人，而且再不搞只怕快没了，你看看还有人会说满语吗？好多少数民族都快被完全汉化了，这可不是好事，文化是越多元越好的，越单一越差，也算是软实力的一种体现吧

满族文化太落后了，还是不要写了，还是多鼓励现在满族接受汉文明的教育不要在固执了，任何国家没有受过汉文明的教育就是野蛮人。