Introduction

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs in 3.6 to 195.4 patients per million worldwide (Jazayeri et al., 2015). Many cases of SCI result in tetraplegia and although this complication leads to tremendous personal loss and societal costs, treatments for SCI are not standardized and are highly variable.

The pathophysiology of SCI involves the primary injury and the subsequent secondary injury, which results from a progressive local cascade of tissue destruction, including the change in the microenvironment of the injured spinal cord(ischemia of the microcirculation, edema, inflammation,glutamatergic excitotoxicity) and apoptosis. The change in the microenvironment is the pathological basis of the functional deficits after SCI. The increased concentration of platelet-activating factor in the blood and tissue is an important factor that promotes the changes in the microenvironment (Faden et al., 1992; Wang et al., 2016). The longterm neurological deficits after SCI may be due in part to widespread apoptosis of the neurons and oligodendroglia in distant regions (Crowe et al., 1997; Emery et al., 1998).Many studies have shown that an important apoptotic pathway that mediates apoptosis after SCI is the family of caspases, including caspase-3 and caspase-9 (Springer et al.,1999; Nakagawa et al., 2000; Dong et al., 2015).

Decompression has been proven to be effective (Rabinowitz et al., 2008; Fehlings et al., 2012; Jones et al., 2012; Wilson et al., 2012). The focus of debate is on outlining the optimal timing of decompression for patients with acute SCI. Many scholars agree that early decompression (＜ 24 hours) leads to a clinical improvement in neurological status, but delayed decompression (＞ 24 hours) for acute SCI has not resulted in optimal outcomes in neurological status (Wilson et al.,2012; Dahdaleh et al., 2013). SCI cannot be cured by decompression, so performing decompression along with effective adjunctive therapies is an appropriate approach to enhance the treatment of acute SCI.

本文对基于神经网络的肺结节方法进行了综合讨论，研究当前相关算法的基本流程，探讨如何帮助影像医生快速地作医学诊断，以进一步在计算机辅助诊疗软件中进行探究，研究适应于临床应用的系统。

Adjunctive therapies are a key factor in continuously promoting optimal treatment of acute SCI. The adjunctive therapies, such as corticosteroids (Fehlings et al., 2014; Schroeder et al., 2014) and neuroprotectant agents (Wilson et al., 2013;Grossman et al., 2014), have some protective effect on the spinal cord and nerve roots, but the overall effects are not ideal.

Platelet-activating factor is a soluble phospholipid metabolite that can cause the platelet to be activated, released, and aggregated. Platelet-activating factor has been proven to be an important pathological factor for secondary damage after SCI. Once SCI occurs, the platelet-activating factor content will rise rapidly in the SCI tissue, and prompt microvascular thrombosis, vascular endothelial cell damage, increased permeability of blood vessel walls, and blood-spinal cord barrier disruption, thereby altering the microenvironment of the injured spinal cord (Lindsberg et al., 1990; Faden et al., 1992; Xiao et al., 1996). Platelet-activating factor can promote platelet activation by strengthening the expression of adhesion molecule on the surface of platelets. The activation of platelets can combine and activate leukocytes, releasing a large number of oxygen free radicals, interleukins,and tumor necrosis factor-α, with in fl ammatory in fi ltration occurring around the injured spinal cord tissue (Guo et al.,2005), In this study, for the groups compressed for 12 and 48 hours, the change was similar; in other words, platelet-activating factor content was decreased in the EA group compared with the MP and SCI groups. These results confi rm that EA can strongly improve the microenvironment of the injured spinal cord, and the EA group had a better longterm outcome than the MP and SCI groups.

The platelet-activating factor concentration of damaged spinal cords was measured using a rat ELISA kit (Huamei Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China). Optical density (OD)values were measured at 450 nm. Platelet-activating factor concentration was calculated using OD values in each group.

Con fl icts of interest: The authors have no con fl icts of interest to declare.

Materials and Methods

Animals

A total of 42 female Wistar rats aged 6 months and weighing 280 ± 20 g were obtained from the Laboratory Animal Center of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences in Beijing of China (animal license No. SCXK (Jun) 2017-0004). The rats were housed in individual cages at 23 ± 2°C, and allowed free access to food and water. The rats (n = 42) were equally and randomly divided into seven groups (n = 6 per group): sham, 12-hour SCI, 12-hour EA (SCI + EA), 12-hour methylprednisolone(MP) (SCI + MP), 48-hour SCI, 48-hour EA (SCI + EA), and 48-hour MP (SCI + MP). All experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the China-Japan Friendship Hospital of China (No. 170102).

Establishment of SCI models

The establishment of an acute upper cervical SCI animal model was based on a previous study of ours (Tan et al.,2016). All rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). The external occipital protuberance was cut longitudinally to expose the atlanto-axial space and the atlanto-occipital space on the right side (Figure 1A). After removal of soft tissue and ligaments above the atlanto-axial space and the atlanto-occipital space, a balloon catheter (SPL25012X, 2.5 mm × 12.0 mm;Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) was inserted into the atlanto-occipital space, and the top of a balloon catheter was pulled out from the atlanto-occipital space (Figure 1B)by a balloon catheter compression system (Figure 1C). Finally, the balloon catheter was fi xed on the back and head of the rats (Figure 1D). When the rat models were successfully generated 24 hours later, the sham group was non-pressurized; in the other groups, the end of the balloon catheters was connected with manumotive force-pumps (30 atm,Medtronic, Inc.). Iohexol (General Electric Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) was injected into the balloon catheter continuously until the pressure reached 3 bar (1 bar = 100 kPa). Half of the rats maintained the compression for 48 hours and the other half maintained the compression for 12 hours. The balloon catheters were then decompressed and removed. During the model development, all rats were kept in separate cages with free access to food and water at 25 ± 3°C. The standard of model evaluation was spasmodic oscillation of the tail, unilateral limb and body retraction,and unilateral or bilateral paralysis. If there were rat deaths or serious complications during the experiment, we would fi ll in the rats and make sure that each group had six rats.

EA and decompression

The rats in the sham group, the 12-hour SCI group, and the 48-hour SCI group were not handled again. The rats in the 12-hour EA (SCI + EA) group and the 48-hour EA (SCI+ EA) groups were given the EA treatment 2 hours after decompression. The stainless steel acupuncture needles(0.3 mm in diameter, Jiajian Medical Equipment Co., Ltd.,Wuxi, China) were inserted at the acupoints Dazhui (GV14;between the seventh cervical vertebra and the fi rst thoracic vertebra at the middle of the back) and Baihui (GV 20; the center of the parietal bone) to a depth of 3—4 mm (Figure 2).The EA treatment (Hans-200A, Jisheng Medical TechnologyCo., Ltd., Nanjing, China) was administered at 2 Hz for 15 minutes each day for 14 consecutive days. The current intensity ranged from 0.6 mA to 1.0 mA. The 12-hour and 48-hour MP groups received 30 mg/kg MP (Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Ltd., New York, NY, USA) via the tail vein within 1 hour after decompression, and then at a dose of 5.4 mg/kg per hour once every four hours; all doses were given within 24 hours.All rats were sacri fi ced after 14 days of treatment. Afterwards,the damaged spinal cord segments were extracted.

取5只200mL容量瓶，编号。用移液管分别加入 15、30、61、92、123mL的 HNO3溶液，用蒸馏水稀释至刻度线，摇匀后配成体积浓度为5%、10%、20%、30%、40%的 HNO3溶液。分别取 200mL各HNO3溶液加入30 g的活性炭，放置在30℃的摇床中震荡2h后取出，并在25℃下静置24h后滤出。获得5%HNO3改性活性炭、10%HNO3改性活性炭、20%HNO3改性活性炭、30%HNO3改性活性炭、40%HNO3改性活性炭。将其自然风干后置入100℃的烘干机内，经过12h后，置于干燥器内储备[6]。

Table 1 BBB scores of the groups compressed for 12 and 48 hours

Compressed for 48 hours: Ftime = 3200.61, P = 0.00 ＜ 0.05; Fgroup = 3656.30, P = 0.00 ＜ 0.05; Finteraction = 416.78, P = 0.00 ＜ 0.05. Compressed for 12 hours: Ftime = 4182.29, P = 0.00 ＜ 0.05; Fgroup= 7752.59, P = 0.00 ＜ 0.05; Finteraction = 524.15, P = 0.00 ＜ 0.05. All data are expressed as the mean± SD (n = 6 per group; repeated measures analysis of variance). Lower BBB scores indicate poorer locomotor function. The sham group was constant and the other three groups had an improved trend at various time points. *P ＜ 0.05, vs. sham group, #P ＜ 0.05, vs. EA and MP group. EA:Electroacupuncture; MP: methylprednisolone; SCI: spinal cord injury; BBB: Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor scale.

GroupTime after SCI 0 hours24 hours3 days7 days14 days Compressed for 48 hours Sham21.00±0.0021.00±0.0021.00±0.0021.00±0.0021.00±0.00 EA1.33±0.263.33±0.41*6.583±0.38*16.67±0.61*17.17±0.93*MP1.25±0.273.00±0.45*6.17±0.41*16.25±0.27*17.33±0.41*SCI1.17±0.261.50±0.32*#4.25±0.27*#9.00±0.55*#11.92±0.58*#Compressed for 12 hours Sham21.00±0.0021.00±0.0021.00±0.0021.00±0.0021.00±0.00 EA1.33±0.263.92±0.38*10.67±0.52*17.75±0.52*17.92±0.49*MP1.25±0.273.83±0.61*10.50±0.63*17.92±0.59*18.00±0.45*SCI1.17±0.262.42±0.38*#7.00±0.45*#11.00±0.45*#17.33±0.52*

Hind limb locomotor function score

Evaluation of motor ability was graded using a 0-21 point scoring system called the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor scale (BBB) (Bhimani et al., 2017), which assesses a combination of rat hind limb movements, trunk position, stability, stepping, coordination, paw placement, toe clearance,and tail position. The score was recorded at 0 and 24 hours, as well as at 3, 7, and 14 days after decompression independently by two outside researchers, and the results were averaged.

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for platelet-activating factor concentration in the damaged spinal cords

The upper cervical spine is adjacent to the medulla oblongata, so when the cervical spine is injured, it can affect breathing and be life-threatening. So far, no mature upper cervical SCI animal model has been developed. Thus, there have been fewer studies of upper cervical SCI (Sharifalhoseini et al., 2017).

有机质热解生烃膨胀力和流体扩散力与源岩生烃率成正比，即生烃速率越大，产物增加的体积越大，形成的膨胀力和流体扩散力也越大［9-10］。随埋深增加，累积生烃量增加，源岩生烃速率逐渐增加，达到生油窗时生烃速率达到最大值，随后生烃速率逐渐降低（图6（b））；毛细管压力差呈现出先增加后降低的趋势，产物增容膨胀力和流体扩散力也呈现先增加，到一定程度又减小的趋势（图6（c））。

Western blot assay for the expression of caspase-9

After caspase-9 protein extraction, protein quantification,and the adjustment of protein concentration, the proteins were subjected to electrophoresis (Mini P-4 electrophoresis chamber; Kaiyuan Xinrui Instrument Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) and then transferred on the membrane. The membrane was incubated with primary GAPDH mouse monoclonal antibodies (ImmunoWay Biotechnology, Newark, DE, USA)for 10 minutes at 4°C overnight, and with secondary IgG/FITC (H + L) horseradish peroxidase antibodies (1:10,000;Kangwei Century Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China),and IgG/TRITC (H + L) horseradish peroxidase antibodies(1:10,000; Kangwei Century Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), with oscillation for 40 minutes at room temperature. Reaction products were visualized using ECL Gel Pro analysis software(Image J, National Institutes of health, Bethesda, MD, USA)to quantify the amount of protein. OD values were normalized to those of β-actin (1:400; Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA).

Statistical analysis

The data were recorded as the mean ± SD and analyzed using SPSS 20.0 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). The BBB scores among the groups were compared using repeated measures analysis of variance, while the other data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by the least signi fi cant difference post hoc test. A P value of ＜ 0.05 was considered statistically signi fi cant.

2.2.3 民族手工艺品。锡伯族的手工艺品民族特色鲜明，具有很大的开发潜力。察布查尔县有“箭乡”之称，传统弓箭制作工艺繁琐，用材用料讲究，外形美观，游客对其很感兴趣。

Results

Effects of decompression combined with EA on hind limb locomotor function in rats with acute upper cervical SCI

BBB scores were signi fi cantly lower in the SCI groups compared with the sham group. There was no signi fi cant difference in BBB scores among the SCI groups at 0 hours after decompression (P ＞ 0.05). For the groups compressed for 12 hours, there were no signi fi cant differences in BBB scores at any time point between the 12-hour EA and 12-hour MP groups. BBB scores were lower in the 12-hour SCI group than in the 12-hour EA and 12-hour MP groups at 24 hours,3 days, and 7 days (P ＜ 0.05). Also, BBB scores were similar at 0 and 48 hours between the 12-hour EA and MP groups (P＞ 0.05). For the groups compressed for 48 hours, there were no significant differences in BBB scores at any time point between the 48-hour EA and MP groups. BBB scores at all time points were lower in the 48-hour SCI group than in the 48-hour EA and MP groups (P ＜ 0.05; Table 1).

Effects of decompression combined with EA on platelet-activating factor contents in injured tissues of rats with acute upper cervical SCI

Figure 1 Establishment of a rat model of acute upper cervical spinal cord injury.

(A) Exposure of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial space; (B) insertion of balloon catheter (arrow) into the space; (C) balloon catheter compression system; (D) completion of the model.

Figure 3 Comparison of tissue platelet-activating factor content in the groups compressed for 12 and 48 hours.

All data are expressed as the mean ±SD (n = 6 per group). *P ＜ 0.05, vs.sham group; #P ＜ 0.05, vs. EA group;†P ＜ 0.05, vs. MP group (one-way analysis of variance followed by the least significant difference post hoc test). EA: Electroacupuncture; MP:methylprednisolone; SCI: spinal cord injury.

Figure 2 Treatment by Governor Vessel electroacupuncture.

Figure 4 Comparison of caspase-9 protein expression in the groups compressed for 12 and 48 hours(western blot assay).

The caspase-9 expression was lower in the 12-hour and the 48-hour EA groups than in the 12-hour MP and SCI groups, and the 48-hour MP and SCI groups. The caspase-9 expression was lower in the 12-hour and the 48-hour MP groups than in the 12-hour and the 48-hour SCI groups. All data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 6 per group). *P ＜ 0.05, vs. sham group; #P ＜0.05, vs. EA group; †P ＜ 0.05, vs. MP group(one-way analysis of variance followed by the least signi fi cant difference post hoc test).EA: Electroacupuncture; MP: methylprednisolone; SCI: spinal cord injury.

ELISA results showed that the trends for changes in platelet-activating factor among groups were similar. The platelet-activating factor contents for the groups were as follows: sham group＜ EA group ＜ MP group ＜ SCI group (P ＜ 0.05; Figure 3).

Effects of decompression combined with EA on caspase-9 protein expression in injured spinal cord tissues of rats with acute upper cervical SCI

Western blot assay results showed that the trends for changes in caspace-9 expression among groups were similar. The caspase-9 protein expression in the groups were as follows:sham group ＜ EA group ＜ MP group ＜ SCI group (P ＜ 0.05;Figure 4).

Discussion

Our results showed that the platelet-activating factor contents of the 12-hour EA group were lower than in the 12-hour SCI group, and the caspase-9 expression of the 12-hour EA group was lower than in the 12-hour SCI group. Thus, why were there no signi fi cant differences in BBB scores at 14 days between the 12-hour EA and the 12-hour SCI groups? The authors believe that the reasons are as follows. First, we can conclude that the EA group had a faster recovery than the 12-hour SCI group, which was the effect of EA, but the short duration of compression and the strong ability of the rats to recover may have been the primary reasons for this. Second,spinal cord decompression may have some bene fi cial effects that have not yet been identi fi ed. For example, over time, the levels of substance P, a potential anti-in fl ammatory modulator used to treat injury-induced in fl ammatory central nervous system disorders (Jiang et al., 2012), constantly change after decompression in SCI patients (Da et al., 2017), which may in fl uence recovery. Third, acute SCI is an extremely complex physiological process, so we cannot exclude factors that we have not studied yet that may in fl uence recovery.

In the traditional Chinese medicine approach, SCI is thought to be strongly associated with stasis of the Governor Vessels. The disturbance of the microcirculation after SCI is an important link between neurological injury, cardiovascular complications, and the change in hemodynamics after SCI (Sezer et al., 2015), which are consistent with stasis of the Governor Vessels in traditional Chinese medicine. Governor Vessel EA can be used at the lesion site to facilitate the recovery of nerve function. This study investigated the effect of early and delayed decompression combined with EA after acute SCI from the standpoint of recovering neural function, improving spinal microenvironment, and inhibiting apoptosis.

Previous studies have found that the death of the spinal cord neurons after SCI occurs mainly via apoptosis (Springer et al., 1999; Zhang et al., 2012). Permanent or long-term loss of neural function caused by SCI is associated with spinal cord edema, degeneration, necrosis, and apoptosis of neurons and oligodendrocytes. SCI-induced apoptotic cell death of neurons and oligodendrocytes has been shown to cause progressive degeneration of the spinal cord, leading to permanent functional de fi cits (Moon et al., 2012). The key link in cell apoptosis is the cleavage of related cysteine protease proteins (Park et al., 2012). Among them, caspase-9 is an initiator of the caspase apoptotic protease. When caspase-9 is activated, it can activate the downstream protease cascade,including caspase-3, which can act on the poly (ADP-ribose)polymerase and lead to apoptosis, finally causing cell death(Eldadah et al., 2000). Therefore, caspase-9 is an important mediator of cell apoptosis. Inactivating caspase-9 can inhibit apoptosis and promote the recovery of nerve function. In the present study, for the groups compressed for 12 and 48 hours,there were similar changes; in other words, there was greater inactivation of caspase-9 in the EA group than in the MP and SCI groups. This result proves that EA can more strongly promote the recovery of neural function and may lead to a better long-term outcome than observed in the MP and SCI groups.

Regarding traditional Chinese medicine, the spine has a close relationship with the Governor Vessels. SCI is regarded as a stasis in the meridian of the Governor Vessels. The cardiovascular complications and the change in hemorheology after SCI are evidence of the relationship between SCI and stasis in the Governor Vessel (Berlly et al., 2007; Furlan et al., 2008). Also, Governor Vessel electroacupuncture(EA) has been proven to prevent secondary damage and to improve neuroprotective effects after SCI (Liu et al., 2011;Juarez Becerril et al., 2015; Wei et al., 2017). A recent meta-analysis showed that combining acupuncture with other therapies had a higher cure rate and effectiveness than acupuncture alone (Deng et al., 2017). Thus, Governor Vessel EA may be an effective adjunctive therapy for SCI.

2.色彩 中国传统的五行色彩是一种最具民族代表性的色彩体系，其与“金木水火土”五行相对应，分别为：白、青、黑、赤、黄。这五种颜色分别具有不同的象征意义，其中白色给人感觉明亮、朴素、纯洁、雅致；青色包含蓝色和绿色，蓝色是冷静、沉思、智慧的象征，绿色被视为和平、生命、希望的化身；黑色是严肃、冷酷、沉重的代名词；赤就是红色，它是热烈、振奋、红火、吉祥的代表；黄色一直都是神圣、富贵、威严、地位的象征。长期以来，五行色彩发展成为了能够代表中国文化的民族色彩。中国传统色彩与现代平面设计的结合，更好地发掘了传统的文化内涵，表达了丰富的民族情感，形成了国际化的视觉语言。

In this study, in the groups compressed for 12 hours, BBB scores showed that the recovery of neural function was fast in the EA and MP groups. However, the final recovery of the three groups was similar. For the groups compressed for 48 hours, BBB scores showed that the recovery of neural function was fast and the fi nal recovery was good in the EA and MP groups; moreover, the final recovery was similar among the three groups. Therefore, for decompression at 12 hours, EA and MP treatment can promote the recovery of motor function, but may not make a difference in fi nal functional recovery. For decompression at 48 hours, EA and MP treatment can promote the recovery of motor function and improve the fi nal functional recovery.

Early decompression has been proven to be more effective in neural functional recovery than delayed decompression following acute SCI. Regarding the pathophysiology, early decompression can more effectively improve neurological function after SCI by inhibiting the expression of tumor necrosis factor α compared with delayed decompression (Xie et al., 2015). Additionally, delayed decompression can exacerbate reperfusion injury and is associated with ongoing enhanced levels of cytokine expression, microglial activation,and astrogliosis (Vidal et al., 2017). Decompression can only remove the insult above the spinal cord. The pathological lesion cannot be completely cured, and thus adjuvant treatment is necessary. In light of the different therapeutic effects of early and delayed decompression, different adjuvant treatments are necessary.

Our study focused on acute upper cervical SCI. Given the high mortality and instability of the previous upper cervical SCI animal models, therapeutic and mechanistic studies of acute upper cervical SCI have been limited, and our model solved the problem of high mortality and instability and enriched this academic fi eld. Early and late decompression leads to different outcomes following acute upper cervical SCI. We chose two time points to intervene with Governor Vessel EA, which made the study systematic and integrated.Meanwhile, the syndrome differentiation and treatment theory of traditional Chinese medicine was re fl ected.

The limitation of this study was primarily the small sample size, which may have increased error bias and in fl uenced the results. Besides, the mechanism of secondary injury includes not only changes in the microenvironment of the spinal cord and apoptosis, but also the axonal regeneration barrier (Tran, et al., 2018). Our follow-up studies will assess different factors associated with acute upper cervical SCI.

In summary, EA was effective for SCI, and delayed decompression combined with EA was a more effective treatment than decompression alone. Early decompression combined with EA promoted the recovery of motor function more effectively than decompression alone. However, whether it has a favorable fi nal effect requires additional study.

Author contributions: YLW and YNQ performed the experiments and wrote the manuscript. WW and PY designed and supervised the study. FY and XST analyzed the data and provided technical support. MST planed the overall and provided critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content. All authors approved the fi nal version of the paper.

To identify effective treatment strategies for acute upper SCI, we attempted to combine decompression with EA to treat acute upper SCI. Given the different effects of early and delayed decompression, we investigated the effect of EA combined with early or delayed decompression in rats with acute upper cervical SCI.

Financial support: This study was supported by a grant from the Capital Characteristic Clinical Application Research Project of Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Plan of China, No. Z16110000516009. The funding body played no role in the study design, in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, in the writing of the paper, and in the decision to submit the paper for publication.

上述研究或多或少地涉及村庄中的个体联结方式，以及其中隐含及嵌入的道德元素，为本文讨论村庄中的道德结构和村民的道德行为方式奠定了较好的研究基础。本文试图从一种新的道德问题和道德现象出发，从文化、结构和制度的角度探究其发生逻辑、演变趋势和纡困之道。本文属于质性经验研究，材料来源于既有研究文献和南京农业大学“江苏新农村发展系列报告”课题组近年来对于乡村治理的问卷调查研究。在丰富实证调研的基础上，本文以库尔特·韦兰的制度变迁“文化供给”为理论路径，从道德焦虑的呈现到成因的分析以及道德焦虑的破解三个维度展开对该问题的研究。

Institutional review board statement: All experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of China-Japan Friendship Hospital of China (No. 170102). The experimental procedure followed the United States National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NIH Publication No. 85-23, revised 1985).

表达时间优化：取重组表达质粒pET28a-Flagellin-3M2e转化BL21（DE3）感受态细胞，置于内含卡那霉素的 LB培养液培养（37℃），至A600为0.6~0.8，加入IPTG（终浓度1 mol/L），继续摇荡诱导表达，分别于 2、4、6、8、10 h 取菌液，裂解后进行 SDS-PAGE分析。

Copyright license agreement: The Copyright License Agreement has been signed by all authors before publication.

现阶段已研发出适用于山西省半湿润半干旱地区的半分布式双超水文模型[6]，但其并未考虑山西省采空区分布广泛的特殊下垫面情况，模型参数的选取局限性强，在实际应用中往往达不到精度要求[7]。本文以煤矿开采较为严重的汾河水库水文站控制流域作为研究煤矿采空区对小流域水文循环和洪水过程影响的典型研究流域，得出的结果可以在煤矿开采破坏程度相近及水文下垫面相似的地区进行推广应用，为不合理的煤矿开采导致的流域下垫面特征改变对水文过程的影响分析提供依据。

秦明月啊一声，心想罗伽在搞什么名堂？口中忙解释说：“没有啊，我真不知道这事，卢局你看，现在事情这么多，我哪有什么心情去搞什么聚会啊。”

Data sharing statement: Datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Plagiarism check: Checked twice by iThenticate.

Peer review: Externally peer reviewed.

Open access statement: This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak,and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

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