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选修课论文发表小说

发布时间:2024-06-30 06:40:20

选修课论文发表小说

任何事物都有两面性,所以有人认为爱情是甜蜜的源泉,有人认为爱情是害人的毒药。网络也是如此,网络作为一个海量信息的载体,中学生如果利用好将会有很多收获。从学习角度说,各个年级,各个专业的精品课程都可以搜到,学习可以摆脱时空的限制。人们可以根据自己的实际能力安排学习进度,天才的学生利用电脑可能小学就可以学完大学的知识,平庸但刻苦的学生对不懂的章节可以听很多遍,不会像学校里被外在因素,或注意力不集中而错过重点内容。大学生选修课论文很多时候都是在网上查资料再组装成一篇论文,也可以在网上做网络调查,这说明中学生也可以写论文,写的好也可以发表。 网络可以赚钱,关键看自己的眼光,有的发网络歌曲,有的发网络小说,还有的通过玩网络游戏卖钱,这些都有不同方面的基本素质要求,但也不是很高,但第一批想到的人就挣到了大钱。 网络可以交友,甚至可以交到外国笔友,人际关系是一笔隐形的财富。 当然网络还有相当强大的娱乐功能,可是这也是大多数学生家长害怕的,怕他们玩上瘾,其实有些东西越得不到越想得到,堵不如疏,完全可以让他们完成正常的学习计划后在不影响健康的情况下自由使用网路,这也是在锻炼他的意志品质,自制能力。 中学生要量力而行,既不要畏之如虎,也不要沉迷于电子海洛因,在恰当的时间合理利用资源做恰当的事

《呼啸山庄》人物关系结构 Title:Catherine's dilemma between love and marriage in Wuthering Heights——The Psychoanalysis of love triangle relationship with Freud’s theory of personalityAbstract:Wuthering Heights tells a story of superhuman love and revenge enacted on the English moors. In this thesis, an attempt is made to analyze the love triangle relationship which leads to Catherine's dilemma between love and marriage in Wuthering Heights by virtue of Freud’s theory of personality.Key words:Wuthering Heights Freud’s theory of personality love triangle relationshipIn Catherine's heart she knows what is right, but chooses what is wrong. It is her wrong decision that pushes her into the inextricable [LunWenJia.Com]dilemma between her love and marriage; it is her wrong choice that plunges the two families into chaos. In the mind, she is truly out of her way.According to Sigmund Freud(1856—1939), the structure of the mind or personality consists three portions: the id, the ego, and the superego.“The id, which is the reservoir of biological impulses, constitutes the entire personality of the infant at birth. Its principle of operation, to guard the person from painful tension, is termed the pleasure principle. Inevitable frustrations of the id, together with what the child learns from his encounters with external reality, generate the ego, which is essentially a mechanism to minimize frustrations of the biological drives in the long run. It operates according to the reality principle … [LunWenNet.Com]The superego comprises the conscience, a partly conscious system of introjected moral inhibitions, and the ego-ideal, the source of the individual's standards for his own behavior. Like external reality, from which it derives, the superego often presents obstacles to the satisfaction of biological drives.”“In the mentally healthy person, these three systems form a unified and harmonious organization. Conversely, when the three systems of personality are at odds with one another the person is said to be maladjusted.” Here Catherine's tragic psychological process may be well illustrated by Freudian psychoanalysis.“I cannot express it; but surely you and everybody have a notion that there is, or should be, an existence of yours beyond you. What were the use of my creation, if I were entirely contained here?” Catherine's strange words reflect that the intelligent Emily Bronte had been earlier pondering over a same question in her work. What on earth is“the existence of Catherine's beyond Catherine”?Here we may believe that Heathcliff stands for Catherine's instinctual nature and the strongest desire—her “id” in the depths of her soul; Edgar, her ideal “superego”, represents another part of her personality: the well-bred gracefulness and the superiority of a wealthy family; and she, herself is the “ego” tortured by the friction between the two in the disharmonious situation.In the light of Freud's theory of personality, “the superego is the representation in the personality of the traditional values and ideals of society as they are handed down from parents to children.” Catherine's choice of Edgar as her husband is to satisfy her ideal “superego” to get wealth and high social position, which are the symbol of her class, on the basis of the education by her family and reality from her early childhood. She is a Miss of a noble family with a long history of about three hundred years. Only the marriage well-matched in social and economic status could be a satisfaction for all: her family, the society and even her practical self. “It would degrade me to many Heathcliff now ... if Heathcliff and I married, we should be beggars?” This is her actual worry for her future. Catherine yields to the pressure from her brother, and alike, in truth, she is yielding to the moral rules of society, without the approval and identification of which, she could not live a better life or even exist in it at all.However, Catherine underestimates what her other more intrinsic self would have effect on her. The most remarkable claim by Catherine herself may be the best convincing evidence to distinguish the different roles of Heathcliff and Edgar—her “id” and her “superego”:“My great miseries in this world have been Heathcliff's miseries, and I watched and felt each from the beginning: my great thought in living is himself. If all else perished, and he remained, I should still continue to be; and if all else perished, and he was annihilated, the universe would turn to a mighty stranger: I should not seem a part of it. My love for Linton is like foliage in the woods: time will change it. I'm well aware, as winter changes the trees. My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary. Nelly, I'm Heathcliff! He's always, always in my mind: not as a pleasure and more than I am always a pleasure to me, but as my own being. So don't talk of our separation again: it is impracticable.”It was a happy thought to make her love the kind, wealthy, weak, elegant Edgar, yet in submission to her superego to oppose against her id, she would fall into a loss of the self. Since the id is the most primitive basis of personality, and the ego is formed out of the id, Catherine's life depends wholly on Heathcliff, as the whole connotation and truth of her life in the cosmic world, for its existence and further more for the significance of her existence. Heathcliff is the most necessary part of her being. She marries Edgar, but Heathcliff still clutches her soul in his passionate embrace. Although she is a bit ashamed of her early playmate, she loves him with a passionate abandonment that sets culture, education, the world at defiance. Catherine's wrong choice for marriage violates her inner desires. The choice is a victory for self-indulgence—a sacrifice of primary to secondary things. And she pays for it.On one hand, Catherine doesn't find the heavenly happiness she was longing for. Though as a girl “full of ambition”and “to be the greatest woman of the neighborhood” would be her pride, the enviable marriage could only flatter her vanity for a second. After her marriage, the comfortable and peaceful life in the Grange was just a monotonous and lifeless confinement of her soul. She feels chocked by the artificial and unnatural conditions in the closed Thrushcross Grange— a world in which the mind has hardened and become unalterable.“If I were in heaven, Nelly, I should be extremely miserable. ” Catherine eventually knows that the Lintons' heaven is not her ideal heaven. She and Heathcliff really possess their common heaven. Just as Catherine says,“Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same; and Linton's is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frost from fire.”Catherine doesn't want to live in the Lintons' heaven; on the other hand, she has lost her own paradise that she ever had with Heathcliff on the bare hard moor in their childhood. The deepest bent of her nature announces her destiny—a wanderer between the two worlds. When she is alive, she occupies a position midway between the two. She belongs in a sense to both and is constantly drawn first in Heathcliff's direction, then in Edgar's, and then in Heathcliff's again and at last she loses herself completely. Her childish illusion to use her husband's money to aid Heatllcliff to rise out of her brother's power has vanished in thin air. And her constant struggle to reconcile two irreconcilable ways of life is in vain too, which only caused more disorder in the two worlds and in herself as well.In Freudian principles, should the ego continually fail in its task of satisfying the demands of the id, these three factors together—the painful repression of the id's instinctual desires, the guilt conscience of revolt against the superego's wishes, and the frustration of failure in finding outlets in the external world- would contribute to ever-increasing anxiety. The anxiety piles up and finally overwhelms the person. When this happens, the person is said to leave hallucinatory wish-fulfillment, then a nervous radical breakdown, and in the end may finish the person off. Catherine is destroyed into psychic fragmentation by the friction between the two. At the height of her Edgan-Heathcliff torment, Catherine lies delirious on the floor at the Grange. She dreams that she is back in her own old bed at Wuthering Heights “enclosed in the oak-paneled bed at home, and my heart ached with some great grief…my misery arose from the separation that Hindley had ordered between me and Heathcliff.”Still dreaming, she tries to push back the panels of the oak bed, only to find herself touching the table and the carpet at the Grange:“My late anguish was swallowed in a paroxysm of despair. I cannot say why I was so wildly wretched ... and my all in all, as Heathcliff was at that time, and been converted at a stroke into Mrs. Linton...the wife of a stranger: an exile, and outcast.” She attempts to forget the lengthy days of years of life without her soul even in her temporary derangement.“Most strangely, the whole last seven years of my life grew a blank! I did not recall that they had been at all.” Her mental and physical decay rapidly leads to the body's mortal end. She dies and seems to have none into perfect peace.But even after her death, she is still a wandering ghost. In Chapter 3, Lockwood, the lodger in Catherine's oak-paneled bed at Wuthering Heights dreams about the little wailing ghost:“The intense horror of nightmare came over me: I tried to draw back my arm, but the hand clung to it, and a most melancholy voice sobbed, ‘Let me in-Let me in’.‘ Who are you?’…‘Catherine Linton’, it replied, shiveringly…‘I'm come home: I'd lost my way on the moor!’…Terror made me cruel; and finding it useless to attempt shaking the creature off, I pulled its wrist on to the broken pane, and rubbed it to and fro till then blood ran down and soaked the bedclothes: still it wailed, ‘Let me in!’…it is twenty years, twenty years. I've been a waif for twenty years!”Catherine aspires to be back in her heaven even being a spirit. But leer self-deceptive decision has made her fall from her and Heathcliff's heaven full of demonic love and her never docile or submissive nature has drawn her out of her and Edgar's heaven filled with civilized emptiness in the meantime. She pushes herself into her tragedy, the endless dilemma between her love and marriage, which won't end up with her death.Bibliography:1.Bronte Emily,Wuthering Heights,Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,London:Oxford University Press 19952.Freud Sigmund,Interpretation of Dreams,Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 20013.Travis Trysh,Heathcliff and Cathy,the Dysfunctional Couple,The Chronicle of Higher Education,Washington,20014.Steinitz Rebecca,Diaries and Displacement in Wuthering Heights,Studies in the Novel,Denton,2000 里面有你需要的英语论文,我载老一篇,不合适切看下嘛,呵呵!!!

Charles Dickens The Haunted HouseThomas Hardy The Fiddler of the ReelsAnthony Trollope The Parson's Daughter of Oxney ColneD. H. Lawrence The Prussian OfficerRudyard Kipling The Phantom RickshawH. G. Wells Under the KnifeWilkie Collins The Dead HandSaki TobermoryRobert Louis Stevenson A Lodging for the NightM. R. James Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My LadJohn Galsworthy The Broken BootGissing The House of CobwebsEliot The Lifted Veil

选修课论文发表小说app

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选修课论文发表小说文案

《呼啸山庄》人物关系结构 Title:Catherine's dilemma between love and marriage in Wuthering Heights——The Psychoanalysis of love triangle relationship with Freud’s theory of personalityAbstract:Wuthering Heights tells a story of superhuman love and revenge enacted on the English moors. In this thesis, an attempt is made to analyze the love triangle relationship which leads to Catherine's dilemma between love and marriage in Wuthering Heights by virtue of Freud’s theory of personality.Key words:Wuthering Heights Freud’s theory of personality love triangle relationshipIn Catherine's heart she knows what is right, but chooses what is wrong. It is her wrong decision that pushes her into the inextricable [LunWenJia.Com]dilemma between her love and marriage; it is her wrong choice that plunges the two families into chaos. In the mind, she is truly out of her way.According to Sigmund Freud(1856—1939), the structure of the mind or personality consists three portions: the id, the ego, and the superego.“The id, which is the reservoir of biological impulses, constitutes the entire personality of the infant at birth. Its principle of operation, to guard the person from painful tension, is termed the pleasure principle. Inevitable frustrations of the id, together with what the child learns from his encounters with external reality, generate the ego, which is essentially a mechanism to minimize frustrations of the biological drives in the long run. It operates according to the reality principle … [LunWenNet.Com]The superego comprises the conscience, a partly conscious system of introjected moral inhibitions, and the ego-ideal, the source of the individual's standards for his own behavior. Like external reality, from which it derives, the superego often presents obstacles to the satisfaction of biological drives.”“In the mentally healthy person, these three systems form a unified and harmonious organization. Conversely, when the three systems of personality are at odds with one another the person is said to be maladjusted.” Here Catherine's tragic psychological process may be well illustrated by Freudian psychoanalysis.“I cannot express it; but surely you and everybody have a notion that there is, or should be, an existence of yours beyond you. What were the use of my creation, if I were entirely contained here?” Catherine's strange words reflect that the intelligent Emily Bronte had been earlier pondering over a same question in her work. What on earth is“the existence of Catherine's beyond Catherine”?Here we may believe that Heathcliff stands for Catherine's instinctual nature and the strongest desire—her “id” in the depths of her soul; Edgar, her ideal “superego”, represents another part of her personality: the well-bred gracefulness and the superiority of a wealthy family; and she, herself is the “ego” tortured by the friction between the two in the disharmonious situation.In the light of Freud's theory of personality, “the superego is the representation in the personality of the traditional values and ideals of society as they are handed down from parents to children.” Catherine's choice of Edgar as her husband is to satisfy her ideal “superego” to get wealth and high social position, which are the symbol of her class, on the basis of the education by her family and reality from her early childhood. She is a Miss of a noble family with a long history of about three hundred years. Only the marriage well-matched in social and economic status could be a satisfaction for all: her family, the society and even her practical self. “It would degrade me to many Heathcliff now ... if Heathcliff and I married, we should be beggars?” This is her actual worry for her future. Catherine yields to the pressure from her brother, and alike, in truth, she is yielding to the moral rules of society, without the approval and identification of which, she could not live a better life or even exist in it at all.However, Catherine underestimates what her other more intrinsic self would have effect on her. The most remarkable claim by Catherine herself may be the best convincing evidence to distinguish the different roles of Heathcliff and Edgar—her “id” and her “superego”:“My great miseries in this world have been Heathcliff's miseries, and I watched and felt each from the beginning: my great thought in living is himself. If all else perished, and he remained, I should still continue to be; and if all else perished, and he was annihilated, the universe would turn to a mighty stranger: I should not seem a part of it. My love for Linton is like foliage in the woods: time will change it. I'm well aware, as winter changes the trees. My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary. Nelly, I'm Heathcliff! He's always, always in my mind: not as a pleasure and more than I am always a pleasure to me, but as my own being. So don't talk of our separation again: it is impracticable.”It was a happy thought to make her love the kind, wealthy, weak, elegant Edgar, yet in submission to her superego to oppose against her id, she would fall into a loss of the self. Since the id is the most primitive basis of personality, and the ego is formed out of the id, Catherine's life depends wholly on Heathcliff, as the whole connotation and truth of her life in the cosmic world, for its existence and further more for the significance of her existence. Heathcliff is the most necessary part of her being. She marries Edgar, but Heathcliff still clutches her soul in his passionate embrace. Although she is a bit ashamed of her early playmate, she loves him with a passionate abandonment that sets culture, education, the world at defiance. Catherine's wrong choice for marriage violates her inner desires. The choice is a victory for self-indulgence—a sacrifice of primary to secondary things. And she pays for it.On one hand, Catherine doesn't find the heavenly happiness she was longing for. Though as a girl “full of ambition”and “to be the greatest woman of the neighborhood” would be her pride, the enviable marriage could only flatter her vanity for a second. After her marriage, the comfortable and peaceful life in the Grange was just a monotonous and lifeless confinement of her soul. She feels chocked by the artificial and unnatural conditions in the closed Thrushcross Grange— a world in which the mind has hardened and become unalterable.“If I were in heaven, Nelly, I should be extremely miserable. ” Catherine eventually knows that the Lintons' heaven is not her ideal heaven. She and Heathcliff really possess their common heaven. Just as Catherine says,“Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same; and Linton's is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frost from fire.”Catherine doesn't want to live in the Lintons' heaven; on the other hand, she has lost her own paradise that she ever had with Heathcliff on the bare hard moor in their childhood. The deepest bent of her nature announces her destiny—a wanderer between the two worlds. When she is alive, she occupies a position midway between the two. She belongs in a sense to both and is constantly drawn first in Heathcliff's direction, then in Edgar's, and then in Heathcliff's again and at last she loses herself completely. Her childish illusion to use her husband's money to aid Heatllcliff to rise out of her brother's power has vanished in thin air. And her constant struggle to reconcile two irreconcilable ways of life is in vain too, which only caused more disorder in the two worlds and in herself as well.In Freudian principles, should the ego continually fail in its task of satisfying the demands of the id, these three factors together—the painful repression of the id's instinctual desires, the guilt conscience of revolt against the superego's wishes, and the frustration of failure in finding outlets in the external world- would contribute to ever-increasing anxiety. The anxiety piles up and finally overwhelms the person. When this happens, the person is said to leave hallucinatory wish-fulfillment, then a nervous radical breakdown, and in the end may finish the person off. Catherine is destroyed into psychic fragmentation by the friction between the two. At the height of her Edgan-Heathcliff torment, Catherine lies delirious on the floor at the Grange. She dreams that she is back in her own old bed at Wuthering Heights “enclosed in the oak-paneled bed at home, and my heart ached with some great grief…my misery arose from the separation that Hindley had ordered between me and Heathcliff.”Still dreaming, she tries to push back the panels of the oak bed, only to find herself touching the table and the carpet at the Grange:“My late anguish was swallowed in a paroxysm of despair. I cannot say why I was so wildly wretched ... and my all in all, as Heathcliff was at that time, and been converted at a stroke into Mrs. Linton...the wife of a stranger: an exile, and outcast.” She attempts to forget the lengthy days of years of life without her soul even in her temporary derangement.“Most strangely, the whole last seven years of my life grew a blank! I did not recall that they had been at all.” Her mental and physical decay rapidly leads to the body's mortal end. She dies and seems to have none into perfect peace.But even after her death, she is still a wandering ghost. In Chapter 3, Lockwood, the lodger in Catherine's oak-paneled bed at Wuthering Heights dreams about the little wailing ghost:“The intense horror of nightmare came over me: I tried to draw back my arm, but the hand clung to it, and a most melancholy voice sobbed, ‘Let me in-Let me in’.‘ Who are you?’…‘Catherine Linton’, it replied, shiveringly…‘I'm come home: I'd lost my way on the moor!’…Terror made me cruel; and finding it useless to attempt shaking the creature off, I pulled its wrist on to the broken pane, and rubbed it to and fro till then blood ran down and soaked the bedclothes: still it wailed, ‘Let me in!’…it is twenty years, twenty years. I've been a waif for twenty years!”Catherine aspires to be back in her heaven even being a spirit. But leer self-deceptive decision has made her fall from her and Heathcliff's heaven full of demonic love and her never docile or submissive nature has drawn her out of her and Edgar's heaven filled with civilized emptiness in the meantime. She pushes herself into her tragedy, the endless dilemma between her love and marriage, which won't end up with her death.Bibliography:1.Bronte Emily,Wuthering Heights,Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,London:Oxford University Press 19952.Freud Sigmund,Interpretation of Dreams,Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 20013.Travis Trysh,Heathcliff and Cathy,the Dysfunctional Couple,The Chronicle of Higher Education,Washington,20014.Steinitz Rebecca,Diaries and Displacement in Wuthering Heights,Studies in the Novel,Denton,2000 里面有你需要的英语论文,我载老一篇,不合适切看下嘛,呵呵!!!

《老人与海》中桑提亚哥主体形象分析一、内在力量桑提亚哥是位以打鱼为生的古巴老渔夫,他历经风霜饱受艰难,岁月的流失在他身上留下了深刻的痕迹。他已连续84天没钓到一条鱼了,前几十天有一小孩陪着他出海,由于他的失败和背运,那个小孩被父母逼着跟另外的渔船钓鱼。如今老头孤独无援,厄运缠身。但他老而不衰,苍老的容貌与他充满活力的内心形成了鲜明的对比。海明威在描写桑提亚哥这一人物时,通过描述他的体貌和眼神,体现出了老人外表的苍老与内在的力量:The old man was thin and gaunt,with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep – creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of the scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert.Everything about him was old except his eye and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated.除了老头那双充满活力的眼睛,海明威还通过小孩曼诺林的眼睛让读者看到桑提亚哥身体上其它有力的部分,从而使读者期待而不幻想,把注意力集中到桑提亚哥身上,他有力的肩膀,壮实的头颈无一不显示出他所蕴含的力量: They were strange shoulders,still powerful although very old,and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward. 也正是这种老而不衰的体力构成了桑提亚哥支撑自信的基本力量之一。作为一个经常处于与大自然力量相抗争状态的渔夫,他知已至深,十分清楚自身的优势和胜算;对于他要面对的大鱼,他亦知彼至深,懂得如何运用技巧和耐力赢得一场公平的战斗。他对自己的能力不抱幻想,也不狂妄地自我吹嘘。只是等待机会证实自己的能力,所以,他对曼诺林的称赞反应并不十分强烈,只是淡淡的一句 “Thank you. You make me happy. I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” 显示出一个知已知彼的钓鱼高手在临战前的冷静和镇定,话说得虽少,却字字千钓,自有一股震人心魄的力量。 桑提亚哥的行动正如他的言语一样,简洁而精确,没有多余的动作。他的每个动作似乎经过精确计算,决不多浪费一点精力。如他脱衣睡觉的动作,轻捷而实用,读起来让人如身临其境: He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow,putting the newspaper inside them. He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed. 他简朴,贫困而不寒酸,谦卑而不低贱,动作之中自有一股尊严,令人敬仰。海明威在这一人物身上寄托了他对人性的深刻理解和信念。无论环境多么困苦艰难险恶,无论一个人的地位高低,保持人的尊严是最重要的。这种尊严不会由于财富的多寡,运气的大小而增减,它是真正美好的人性必不可少的一部分,Young指出这种认识境界也是海明威本人所能达到的高度,也是他这一作品最成功之处。 “The knowledge that a simple man is capable of the decency, dignity, and even heroism that Santiago possesses and that his battle can been seen in heroic terms is itself perhaps the greatest victory that Hemingway won.” 二、硬汉本色如果说桑提亚哥在其行动中显示了尊严,在遭到失败后还继续保持不败的精神则显示了他的硬汉本色,他与小孩曼诺林的友谊则显示了他性格中温暖的一面。他的忠诚和激情通过他的行动表达出来,如他独自一人在海上的时候多次提到小孩曼诺林,使人感觉到他对友谊和帮助的渴求。 但桑提亚哥这一人物的性格并非不存在任何缺陷,如他允许自己和曼诺林不断重复那段关于子虚乌有的米饭和鱼网的对话,暴露了他性格中非理智的一面: “What do you have to eat?” the boy asked. “A pot of yellow rice with fish. Do you want some?” “No. I will eat at home. Do you want me to make the fire?”“No. I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the castnet?”“Of course.”“硬汉子”桑提亚哥在与马林鱼和鲨鱼的冲突中把自己的体能发挥到了极限。但在小说的结尾处,我们听到桑提亚哥和Manolin在谈论下次出海打鱼的计划: “Now we fish together again.” “No. I am not lucky. I am not luck any more.” “The hell with luck,” the boy said “ I’ll bring the luck with me.” ...... “We must get a good killing lance and always have it on board. You can make the blade from a spring leaf from an old ford. We can grind it in Guanabacoa. It should be sharp and not tempered so it will break. My knife broke.”桑提亚哥并没有被打败。此次捕鱼的失败只给他留下了疲劳和更多的经验或诀窍。同时,曼诺林的存在使他的失败又被赋予了一层新的意义。他发现他可以从自己失败的地方找到可以教导曼诺林的教训,现身说法,使这次失败在曼诺林身上产生更深远的价值,桑提亚哥的“硬汉”精神会在曼诺林身上得到延续和弘扬。正如Baker所言: “The winner takes nothing but the sense of having fought the fight to the limits of his strength,of having shown what a man can do when it is necessary like many of the rest of us,he is undefeated only because he has gone on trying.” 三、海明威主角模式卓绝的特质与阔远宁静的心理素质在桑提亚哥这一主体形象身上,不仅凝聚了海明威主角模式卓绝的特质,如压力下的冷静和优雅风度以及产生这种优雅感的自我控制力,还显示出了一种更加阔远宁静的心理素质。桑提亚哥对失败的反应已不再像其主角模式那样愤世嫉俗,他平静而坚定地接受了自己的命运,内心的信念并未因此而丧失。作为一个渔夫,连续数月捕不到鱼这种挫折对他来说既不是第一次,也不是最后一次。这一点从曼诺林口中说出,也说明了曼诺林对老人桑提亚哥的信心基础。在曼诺林的眼中,桑提亚哥是经受过考验的。对读者来说; The man who never encounters death,who never faces any danger at all, this man has not yet been tested; we don’t know whether he will withstand the pressures,whether he will prove to be a true Hemingway man.对桑提亚哥来说,更富有意义的是他已不止一次经受住了考验,他无论在道德上还是在勇气上都属于胜利者。 “He fights with dignity,against great odds,and though he loses the marlin,he survives and wins and moral victory for himself by daring the sea and the great fish. The fullest expression of his courage and his strength are tested-- and are triumphant.”另外,桑提亚哥作为胜者的意义不仅仅在于他在压力下所显示的巨大勇气和凛然的尊严,还在于他强大的意志力与其衰老的肉体强烈的反差对比,他体能上的弱势由于其娴熟的技巧得到部分弥补,但他作为一个个体在与生存环境的抗争中更富有深刻的寓意。桑提亚哥所显示的勇气和意志力于全人类无疑具有深刻的意义。四、结语作为文学作品中一个虚构的人物,桑提亚哥是“浑圆”的人物,他的内心和态度经历了变化,性格得到了进一步的发展。他意识到在向自己的极限的挑战中,他所能取得的成功由于其它对抗力量的制约而不能圆满,当他发现自己一直寻找或猎取的大鱼被毫无意义地吞食时,他意识到不仅伤害了对手,也伤害了自己。而在这以前,他还一直以为自己在一场公平的竞争中赢得了胜利,遭遇鲨鱼之后他才发现自己为这一胜利付出的代价多么惨痛。在他出海前,他满怀信心,认为凭借一已之力就可以捕到大鱼,但在与大鱼正面对抗时,他才意识到人与人之间的帮助是珍贵而必需的,这种帮助的意义还不仅仅在于体力上的帮忙,更重要的是给他以精神上的支撑。

努力努力再努力就行了!呵呵

1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录)3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文:(1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义,并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容:a.提出-论点;b.分析问题-论据和论证;c.解决问题-论证与步骤;d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是:(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

选修课论文发表小说平台

发表论文的平台如下:

1.知网

这里所说的是知网,是清华大学和清华同方共同办的这个数据库。在前些年他也叫中国期刊网,由于后来有人自己建了个网站也叫中国期刊网,自己收录期刊,假李逵装真李逵。玩文字游戏,导致很多作者被上当。

所以现在知网对外不称中国期刊网了,就是叫知网。从论文发表来说,知网是最权威的,最有说服力的数据库。

凡是知网收录的期刊,一定是正规的,可以放心大胆的发表的,但是最近这两年知网变得更严格,所以知网收录的期刊发表费用比较贵一些。

2.万方数据库

万方数据库,也是一个比较大的论文数据库,仅次于知网。其权威性和重要性就等于是一个弱化版的知网,但是也是比较大。

从期刊正规性来说,如果一个期刊,知网不收录,但是万方数据库收录,说明还是比较正规的,虽然不如知网收录的那么正规。但是对于一般单位来说够用。

对于大学这样的单位可能必须要求知网。而对于一些企业单位,只要万方数据库能检索到已经发表的论文,就算不错了。所以,万方数据库也是一个必须参考的标准。

3.维普网

维普网在前些年实际上假刊比较多,比较泛滥,这两年所说期刊审核严格,上面审核严格,但是维普网收录的期刊从正规性和权威性上来说,都是严重不如知网和万方数据库。

对于很多要求不高的单位,或者评一些初级职称的单位,只有维普网收录的期刊还能管点用。稍微严格一些的,就不大灵光了。

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选修课论文发表小说推荐

张恨水(1895-1967)现代著名作家。原名张心远,;安徽潜山人。1925年出版第1部长篇言情小说《春明外史》、主要作品有《金粉世家》、《银汉双星》、《啼笑姻缘》、《夜深沉》、《落霞孤鹜》、《满江红》、《风雪之夜》、《石头城外》、《八十一梦》、《纸醉金迷》、《魍魉世界》、《五子登科》、《巴山夜雨》等长篇小说。 其中《金粉世家》、《啼笑姻缘》很有名,有电视剧,但是可能写书论文的少,觉得可以借鉴《四世同堂》之类的评来参考,还是好写。不过若我是你,我更喜欢写写《纸醉金迷》

写毕业论文啊,那就看《动物凶猛》吧,它在《当代中国文学史》上是有代表性的一部小说,而且颇有争议,大有写论文的发挥空间。一些已经盖棺定论的小说写论文就不好写了

<24重人格>是外国真人改篇的有关心理小说,南方日报都有推荐看呀

《平凡的世界》 作者:路遥 《穆斯林的葬礼》 作者:霍达 《挪威的森林》 作者:村上春树 《基督山伯爵》 作者:大仲马 《教父》 作者:马里奥·普佐 《苏菲的世界》 作者:乔斯坦·贾德 《麦田里的守望者》 作者:塞林格 《白鹿原》 作者:陈忠实 《破碎的四月》 作者:卡达莱 《万历十五年》 作者:黄仁宇 《美的历程》 作者:李泽厚 《围城》 作者:钱钟书 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》 作者:斯托夫人 《尘埃落定》 作者:阿来 《根》 作者:亚历克·黑尔 《生命从明天开始》 作者:心曼 春曼 《活着》 作者:余华 《许三观卖血记》 作者:余华 《牛虻》 作者:伏尼契 《呼啸山庄》 作者:艾米莉·勃朗特 《拿破仑全传》 作者:刘乐土 《曹禺剧本选》 作者:曹禺 1.《平凡的世界》 作者:路遥 这是一部全景式地表现中国当代城乡社会生活的长篇小说。全书共三部。作者在近十年间广阔背景上,通过复杂的矛盾纠葛,刻划了社会各阶层众多普通人的形象。劳动与爱情,挫折与追求,痛苦与欢乐,日常生活与巨大社会冲突,纷繁地交织在一起,深刻地展示了普通人在大时代历史进程中所走过的艰难曲折的道路。 铜城除过河南人之外,从北方黄土高原和南方平原地区贫困县漫流来的乡民也是它的重要组成部分。自从有了煤炭业,这里就成了中国西部的阿拉斯加,吸引来无数寻找生活出路的人。在这个口音五花八门的“联合国”里,由于河南人最多,因此公众交际语言一般都用河南话。在铜城生活的各地人,都能操几句河南腔,哼几句嗯嗯啊啊的豫剧。 这城市四周全是山梁土峁。山上石多土薄,不宜耕作,农业人口远比不上黄土高原腹地稠密,更不要说和拥挤不堪的中部平原相比了。因为事农者甚微,加之此地又不缺乏燃料,这些山山峁峁竟然长起了茂密的柴草,甚至还有一些树木梢林,显得比黄土高原其它地方更有风光。每当入秋之时,有些山上红叶如火,花团锦簇般夺人眼目…… 山梁土峁间,由于地层深处挖掘过甚而形成空洞,地表时有下陷,令人触目惊心的大裂缝往往撕破了几架山梁,甚至大冒顶造成整座大山崩塌陷落,引起周围里氏三级左右的地震。大山以北一二百华里处就是黄河,它带着成千上万吨泥沙沉重地喘息着淌向东方…… 城市在这条狭长的山沟里只能摆下一条主街。那商店铺面,楼房街舍,就沿着这条蜿蜒曲折的街道,沿着铁路两侧,沿着那条平时流量不大的七水河,鳞次栉比,层层叠叠,密集如蜂房蚁巢,由南到北铺排了足有十华里长。 火车站位于城市中心。一幢长方形的候车室涂成黄色,在这座沾灰染黑的城市里显得富丽堂皇。除过南郊军民两用的飞机场,火车站不大的广场也许是市内最为开阔的地方了。 火车从这里向南,穿越绿色的中部平原,五六个小时就可以抵达省城。而向西,向东,向北,都有公路伸出,一直可以通往邻近几个省份。这个火车站每天上下午分别和省城对开两趟快慢客车,其余就全都是运煤车了。 从陇海铁路岔出来的这条支线,它的最后一节铁轨并没有在这个车站终止。这钢铁阶梯又在这里岔出两股,一路爬坡穿洞,沿途串起了东西两面二十多个矿区。 外地人提起铜城,都知道这是个出煤的地方,因此想象这城市大概到处都堆满了煤。其实,铜城边上只有一两个产量很小的煤矿,其余的大矿都在东西两面那些山沟里。 当你沿着铁路支线拐进这些山沟,便会知道那里有着多么庞大的世界。这些相距只有十来里路的煤矿,每个矿区都有上万名工人,连同他们的家属,几乎都超过了一个山区县城的规模。密集的人口,密集的房屋,高耸的井架,隆隆的机声,喧嚣的声浪,简直使人难以置信这些小小的山沟山湾,怎么能承载了如此大的负荷? 2.《穆斯林的葬礼》 作者:霍达 一个穆斯林的家族,六十年间的兴衰,三代人命运的沉浮,两个发生在不同时代、有着不同内容却又交错扭结的爱情悲剧。揭示了他们在华夏文化和伊斯兰文化的撞击和融合中独特的心理结构,以及在政治、宗教的氛围中对人生真谛的困惑和追求。展现了古老的民族风情和充满矛盾的现实垂涎。作品清新流畅、质朴无华,以细腻的笔触探测人的心灵,读后荡气回肠,留下深沉的思索。 3.《挪威的森林》 作者:村上春树 一本风靡全亚洲百分之百的恋爱小说,曾高居日本文学史上的“超级畅销书”。 这当然要被算成是村上春树的代表作。许多人认识这位日本人就是从这本书开始。全书以回忆为线索,表达了青少年面对青春期的孤独困惑以及面对成长的无奈、无聊。村上通过年轻人在社会压力下无法摆脱的生存痛苦,第一次明明白白地强调了他在以后书中不断反复强调的主题:生命的悲哀与无力感。 这是一部伤感,又有痛苦,百分之百的恋爱小说。小说主人公渡边展开他同两个女孩间的爱情纠葛。渡边的第一个恋人直子原是他高中要好同学木月的女友,后来木月自杀了。一年后渡边同直子不期而遇并开始交往。此时的直子已变得娴静腼腆,美丽晶莹的眸子里不时掠过一丝难以捕捉的阴翳。两人只是日复一日地在落叶飘零的东京街头漫无目标地或前或后或并肩行走不止。直子20岁生日的晚上两人发生了性关系,不料第二天直子便不知去向。几个月后直子来信说她住进一家远在深山里的精神疗养院。渡边前去探望时发现直子开始带有成熟女性的丰腴与娇美。晚间两人虽同处一室,但渡边约束了自己,分手前表示永远等待直子。返校不久,由于一次偶然相遇,渡边开始与低年级的绿子交往。绿子同内向的直子截然相反,“简直就像迎着春天的晨光蹦跳到世界上来的一头小鹿”。这期间,渡边内心十分苦闷彷徨。一方面念念不忘直子缠绵的病情与柔情,一方面又难以抗拒绿子大胆的表白和迷人的活力。不久传来直子自杀的噩耗,渡边失魂魄地四处徒步旅行。最后,在直子同房病友玲子的鼓励下,开始摸索此后的人生。 我本人认为,内容错综复杂,不仔细看,容易弄不明白 4.《基督山伯爵》 作者:大仲马 《基督山伯爵》是法国著名作家大仲马的代表作。法老号大副唐泰斯受船长委托,为拿破仑党人送了一封信,遭到两个卑鄙小人和法官的陷害,被打入死牢。狱友法里亚神甫向他传授了各种知识,并在临终前把埋于基督山岛上的一批宝藏的秘密告诉了他。唐泰斯越狱后找到了宝藏,成为巨富。从此化名基督山伯爵,经过精心策划,报答了恩人,惩罚了仇人。本书充满浪漫的传奇色彩,章章奇特新颖,引人入胜。 故事性很强, 很耐读! 5.《教父》 作者:马里奥·普佐 这是是1969年美国出版的长篇小说,是美国出版史上的头号畅销书,曾连续70周排名畅销榜,37年销量达2000万册。早在七十年代初已拍成电影,发行世界各国,受到普遍欢迎,据小说改编的三部电影有两部获奥斯卡奖。《教父》的故事提供了某种根植于美国人心中的可怕的愉悦因素,使读者近距离观察到一个令人震颤的黑暗而暴力的非法阶层,献给读者一场凶险生活方式的飨宴。 黑帮故事的经典~! 6《苏菲的世界》 作者:乔斯坦·贾德 风靡全球、超级畅销的哲学奇书 全世界最易读懂的哲学书 一本关于哲学史的小说 20世纪百部经典著作之一 1994年获"德国青少年文学奖"与"最优秀作品奖" 《苏菲的世界》以小说的形式,通过一名哲学导师向一个叫苏菲的女孩传授哲学知识的经过,揭示了西方哲学发展的历程。由前苏格拉底时代到萨特,以及亚里士多德、笛卡儿、黑格尔等人的思想都通过作者生动的笔触跃然纸上,并配以当时的历史背景加以解释,引人入胜。评论家认为,对于那些从未读过哲学课程的人而言,此书是最为合适的入门书,而对于那些以往读过一些哲学而已忘得一干二净的人士,也可起到温故知新的作用。 7.《麦田里的守望者》 作者:塞林格 《麦田里的守望者》是塞林格唯一的一部长篇,虽然只有十几万字,它却在美国社会上和文学界产生过巨大影响。1951年,这部小说一问世,立即引起轰动。主人公的经历和思想在青少年中引起强烈共鸣,受到读者,特别是大中学生的热烈欢迎。他们纷纷模仿主人公霍尔顿的装束打扮,讲“霍尔顿式”的语言,因为这部小说道出了他们的心声,反映了他们的理想、苦闷和愿望。经过30多年来时间的考验,证明它不愧为美国当代文学中的“现代经典小说”之一。现在大多数中学和高等学校已把它列为必读的课外读物,正如有的评论家说的那样,它“几乎大大地影响了好几代美国青年”。 8.《万历十五年》 作者:黄仁宇 明万历十五年,即公元1587年,在中国历史上原本是极其普通的年份。作者以该年前后的史事件及生活在那个时代的人物为中心,抽丝剥茧,梳理了中国传统社会管理层面存在的种种问题,并在此基础上探索现代中国应当涉取的经验和教训。作者以其“大历史”观而闻名于世,本书中这一观念初露头角,“叙事不妨细致,但是结论却要看远不顾近”。本书自80年代初在中国大陆出版以来,好评如潮,在学术界和文化界有广泛的影响。... 《万历十五年》由黄仁宇先生于1976年在美国所著,在国内直到近些年才引起大众的注意。其实这一年大明王朝并没有发生什么惊天动地的大事,所以不为一般研究者所注意,但在这一年发生的许多琐细小事,却如青萍之末成为帝国走向崩溃的前兆。 元辅张居正已去世五年,海瑞在这一年也故去了,一代名将戚继光也在年底殁了,时年29岁的努尔哈赤在东北崛起了:始建宫室,布教令于部中,禁暴乱,戢盗窃,立法制……然而朝廷却未予注意;西班牙无敌舰队即将出征英吉利,揭开世界历史新的一页…… 9.《美的历程》 作者:李泽厚 《美的历程》从宏观鸟瞰角度对中国数千年的艺术、文学作了概括描述和美学把握。其中提出了诸如原始远古艺术的“龙飞凤舞”,殷周青铜器艺术的“狞厉的美”,先秦理性的“儒道互补”,楚辞、汉赋、汉画像石之“浪漫主义”,“人的觉醒”的魏晋风度,六朝、唐、宋佛像雕塑、宋之山水绘画以及诗、词、曲各具审美的三品类,明清时期小说,戏曲由浪漫而感伤而现实之变迁等等重要观念,多发前人之所未发,此书于一九八一年初版,多次再版理印达几十万册。已有英文、德文、日文、韩文等多种译本问世。这篇文章真的很好。 10.《围城》 作者:钱钟书 《围城》是中现代文学史上一部风格独特的讽刺小说。作者钱钟书1910—1998,江苏无锡人,1933年毕业于清华大学外文系,后留学英、法,是位学贯中西而富才情的学者。《围城》动笔于1944年,完稿于1946年,其时,作者正蛰居上海,耳闻身受日本侵略者的蛮横,“两年里忧世伤生”《围城·序》,同时又坚韧地“锱铢积累地”把自己对人生、对学术的感悟与思考付诸笔端,先后完成了小说《围城》和学术著作《谈艺录》。 就凭这部唯一的长篇小说,钱钟书成为中国现代文学中小说大师级人物。本书自四十年代末出版以来,有多少人为它哭,为它笑,为它深深长叹,为它久久思索。人生是围城,婚姻是围城,冲进去了,就被生存的种种烦愁包围。钱钟书以他洒脱幽默的文笔,述说着一群知识分子的快乐与哀愁。钱钟书的深入骨髓的洞见,通达超脱的生存智慧足以让读者品评再三。。 11.《活着》 作者:余华 这部作品的题目叫《活着》,作为一个词语,“活着” 在我国的语言里充满了力量,它的力量不是自来于喊叫,也不是来自于进攻,而是忍受,去忍受生命赋予我们的责任,去忍受现实给予我们的幸福和苦难、无聊和平庸。作为一部分作品,《活着》讲述了一个人和他的命运之间的友情,这是最为感人的友情,因为他们互相感激,同时也互相仇恨;他们谁也无法抛弃对方,同时谁也没有理由抱怨对方。他们活着时一起走在尘土飞扬的道路上,死去时又一起化作雨水和泥土。与此同时,《活着》还讲述了人如何去承受巨大的苦难,就像那句老话:千钧一发。让一根头发去承受三万斤的重压,它没有断。《活着》还讲述了眼泪的宽广和丰富;讲述了绝望不存在;讲述了人是为了活着本身而活着的,而不是为了活着之外的任何事而活着。 12.《许三观卖血记》 作者:余华 《许三观卖血记》是余华1995年创作的一部长篇小说,它以博大的温情描绘了磨难中的人生,以激烈的故事形式表达了人在面对厄运时求生的欲望.小说讲述了许三观靠着卖血渡过了人生的一个个难关,战胜了命运强加给他的惊涛骇浪,而当他老了,知道自己的血再也没有人要时,精神却崩溃了.法国《读书》杂志在评论《许三观卖血记》时说道:这是一部精妙绝伦的小说,是朴实简洁和内涵意蕴深远的完美结合.余华目前正在创作一部长篇小说,讲述的是一个时间跨度很大的爱情故事,从文学风格上说,这将是一部与《许三观卖血记》迥然不同的作品,这部小说将于明年初完成. 这本书表达了作者对长度的迷恋,一条道路,一条河流,一条雨后的彩虹,一个绵延不绝的回忆,一首有始无终的民歌,一个人的一生.这一切尤如盘起来的一捆绳子,被叙述慢慢拉出去,拉到了路的尽头. 在这里,作者有时候会无所事事.因为他从一开始就发现虚构的人物同样有自己的声音,他认为应该尊重这些声音,让它们自己去风中寻找答案.于是,作者不再是一位叙述上的侵略者,而是一位聆听者,一位耐心,仔细,善解人意和感同身受的聆听者.他努力这样去做,在叙述的时候,他试图取消自己作者的身份,他觉得自己应该是一位读者.事实也是如此,当这本书完成之后,他发现自己知道的并不比别人多. 书中的人物经常自己开口说话,有时候会让作者吓一跳,当那些恰如其分又十分美妙的话在虚构的嘴里脱口而出时,作者会突然自卑起来,心里暗想:"我可说不出这样的话."然而,当他成为一位真正的读者,当他阅读别人的作品时,他又时常暗自得意:"我也说过这样的话." 这似乎就是文学的乐趣,我们需要它的影响,来纠正我们的思想和态度.有趣的是,当众多伟大的作品影响着一位作者时,他会发现自己虚构的人物也正以同样的方式影响着他. 这本书其实是一首很长的民歌,它的节奏是回忆的速度,旋律温和地跳跃着,休止符被韵脚隐藏了起来.作者在这里虚构的只是两个人的历史,而试图唤起的是更多人的记忆. 马提亚尔说:"回忆过去的生活,无异于再活一次."写作和阅读其实都是在敲响回忆之门,或者说都是为了再活一次. 13.《牛虻》 作者:伏尼契 牛虻:为信仰赴死如散步 他,牛虻——一个为了自己的革命信仰,甘愿被命运折磨的人。他深爱过两个人——父亲蒙坦里尼和高洁的女人琼玛,但后来的他一生都没有再给机会让他们来爱他。他的内 既是慷慨动人的革命书籍,又是高雅纯正的文学名著,本书充满深刻描写人情人性的艺术感染力。在人口最多的中国和土地最宽的前苏联,《牛虻》拥有着无数的、几代人的崇拜者。 主人公牛虻,是上流社会的叛逆。年轻时经历过几番刻骨铭心的感情苦难。他曾因无知而铸成大错。他最热爱的姑娘,给予他惨痛的心灵伤害;他尊敬的生父,却是凶残的政敌!然而他义无反顾地追真理,抛弃了爱情与生命――为意大利的独立与自由。牛虻,成为青年人心中“坚强”的化身! 小说围绕牛虻,恋人琼玛以及性格复杂的蒙泰尼里主教展开,线条简明而又写得波澜起伏、惊心动魄,显示了作者激越的感情世界和浓厚的艺术功力。 14.《呼啸山庄》 作者:艾米莉·勃朗特 《呼啸山庄》是一部震撼人心的“奇特的小说”,是英国女作家艾米莉?勃朗特毕生的唯一力作。弃儿希刺克厉夫被“呼啸山庄”的主人恩萧收养,恩萧的女儿凯瑟琳与他从小友爱,产生了炽烈的爱情。而庄主的儿子辛德雷却仇恨他,老恩萧死后,把他降为奴仆,百般凌辱。凯瑟琳为了得到“画眉山庄”主人林顿的财产资助希刺克厉夫而嫁给了林顿。希刺克厉夫得知后愤然出走。几年后,希刺克厉夫致富归来,使辛德雷倾家荡产,并诱林顿之妹与他成婚,恣意虐待。凯瑟琳终因不能同希刺克厉夫结合而凄然病逝。 15.《尘埃落定》 作者:阿来 《尘埃落定》是青年藏族作家阿来的小说,该小说获第五届茅盾文学奖。 在上个世纪四十年代的四川阿坝地区,当地的藏族人民被十八家土族统治着,麦其土司便是其中之一。 《尘埃落定》讲述的是康巴藏族的故事,这当然是一个很民族化的题材。因为作家的族别,他的生活经历,这个看似独特的题材的选择其实是一种必然,但小说并不囿不于民族题材,小说中涉及到的权力、英雄、宗教、信用、仇杀、爱情等话题都具有现代意义。这使《尘埃落定》在题材上不仅有特殊性,更具有普遍意义。《尘埃落定》写的是历史,但历史也是一种现实,而这种现实得到更为充分的表达,它的面貌会更加文阔,更加深远。同一种空间,也就是具有演绎多种故事的可能。关于这段历史,阿来说“史是写出了它的一种状态,或者说是我对它某一方面的理解。” 16.《拿破仑全传》 作者:刘乐土 1804年,在一个盛大无比的典礼中,拿破仑.波拿巴为自己加冕,成为法国的皇帝。他的法语带着浓厚的科西嘉口音,看起来好像不大适宜做法国的领导人。可是他却几乎征服了整个世界。 他是一个军事天才,铁蹄踏遍了整个欧洲大陆和埃及……1815年,英国和普鲁士联军在滑铁卢战役里使他一败涂地。拿破仑被放逐到南大西洋的一个英国的小岛上,6年之后与世长辞。 拿破仑还是一位既爱江山,也爱美人的大丈夫。其一生风流情债无数……他猎取美女芳心的招法,与他天才的军事才干一样出类拔萃…… 本书是迄今为止最全面、最公正、最生动、最细腻展示拿破仑军旅生涯和情感世界的著作! 17.《破碎的四月》 作者:卡达莱 乔戈的哥哥被仇家杀死,从那一刻起,乔戈的生活便离他而去。根据统治阿尔巴尼亚北部高原地区的卡努法典:如果一个人被杀死,他的家人必须为他报仇。乔戈无法摆脱宿命,三月十七日,他成功地射杀了那个凶手。在被死者家属追杀之前,他被允许了三十天的休战协定,于是他的四月破碎成了两部分:在四月十七日之前,是“白色”的,安全的;之后便是“黑色”白,亡命的。 与乔戈的命运交织在一起的是一对新婚夫妇。他们来自都市,对高原文化充满向往。新娘迪安娜对被死亡威胁着的乔戈一见钟情,与此同时,乔戈也想在四月转成黑色之前再次邂逅迪安娜。 当人一降生在这个世界上,就陷入一场追杀或者杀人的宿命中,生命只能如破碎的四月般短暂和仓煌。《破碎的四月》以简洁、诗一般的笔调讲述了一个人一个月的故事,却反映了一个民族几百年的固扰和悲剧性。

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