机制专业毕业论文英语版

我也选的翻译，这个还算好写的

《机制》专业毕业论文写作规则为规范我系《机制》专业学生毕业论文的写作，使学生掌握规范的论文写作要求和方法，特制定“《机制》专业学生毕业论文写作规则”。学生在进行毕业论文写作时应严格遵照规则的要求，指导教师应按此规则指导学生毕业论文的写作。毕业论文包括摘要与关键词、目录、正文、参考文献、致谢、附录、毕业论文指导教师评语、毕业论文评阅人评语、答辩委员会成绩评定。对各部分的要求分述如下：一、论文的体裁和字数要求1、论文的体裁为学术论文。调查报告、工作总结等不能作为毕业论文2、论文的字数为3500—5000字二、摘要与关键词1、中文摘要与关键词：摘要是对毕业论文内容准确概括而不加注释或者评论的简短陈述，应反映论文的主要信息。摘要内容包括研究目的、方法、成果和结论并应具有独立性和完整性。摘要一般不含图表、化学结构式和非公用的符号或者术语，如采用非标准的术语、缩写词和符号等，均应在第一次出现时给予说明。摘要篇幅以150字左右为宜。关键词是反映毕业论文主题内容的名词，选用3~5个，每个关键词之间用分号隔开。关键词排在摘要下方。2、外文摘要与关键词外文摘要应采用第三人称表达句，谓语动词尽量用现在时或者过去时主动语态，并注意转行规则。外文摘要篇幅以100单词左右为宜。三、目录要求目录的层次分明，章、节、页号清晰。四、正文正文是毕业论文的主体，要实事求是，准确无误，层次分明，合乎逻辑，简练可读。对有关方面要求分述如下:1、文字、图、表、公式、数字用法论文的文字、图、表、公式、数字要求用计算机打印。应按规范格式设计版面，合理布置。分层标题应简短明确，各层次一律用阿拉伯数字连续编号，如“1”“”“”。一般左顶格，后空一字写标题。所有文字不得涂改。论文的图和表应连续编号，如图1、图2；表1、表2。表应有标题，表中各栏应注明量和相应的单位。表内数字须上下对齐。相邻栏内的数字或者内容相同，不能用“同上”、“同左”和其它类似用词，应一一重新标注。论文中重要的公式或者后文中须重新提及的公式，一律用阿拉伯数字连续编排序号，序号加圆括号，如（1）、（2），排在版心右侧。论文中的公历世纪、年代、年、月、日、时刻和各种计数与计量的数字，均用阿拉伯数字。年份不能简写，如1987年不能写成87年。数值的有效数字应全部写出。用数字作为词素构成定型的词、词组、惯用语、缩略语、以及近两个数字并列用所表示的概数，均使用汉字数字。表示概数时，数字间不加顿号，如五六吨、十六七岁等2、前言（绪论）和结论正文中必须包括前言（绪论）与结论。前言（绪论）在正文的最前部，结论在正文的最后部。前言应简要地说明毕业论文的内容、意义、目的、前人研究情况及其与本论文的关系等；前言不要与论文摘要雷同或者成为摘要的解释，不要注释基本理论，不要推导基本公式.结论是毕业论文最终和总体结论，是论文的精华。要写得扼要明确，精练完整，准确适当，不可含糊其词，模棱两可。在写作格式上，每一项内容可以分条标出序号，也可以每一条单独成段，由一句话或者几句话组成，结论以文字表达为主，但应包括必要的公式和数据。可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、仪器设备改进意见、尚待解决的问题等。五、参考文献为了反映毕业论文中有关内容的科学依据和作者尊重他人研究成果的严肃态度，同时向读者提供有关信息的出处，正文之后一般要列出主要参考文献。参考文献列出的只限于那些与论文有关的、作者阅读过的、最主要的且在公开出版物上的文献或网上下载的资料。私人通信信件和未发表的著作，不宜作为参考文献列出。论文中引用参考文献时，应用方括号把引用文献的序号括起，写在引用处文字的右上角。参考文献在参考文献表中列出的顺序应按论文中引用顺序排列，序号左顶格，用阿拉伯数字加方括号表示，如[1]，[2]，每条参考文献结尾处以“。”结束。示例：[序号] 主要责任者： “文献题名” ，《刊名》， ××年第×期。[序号] 主要责任者： “文献题名”，出版社，版次，起止页码。六、致谢致谢是作者对他认为在论文过程中特别需要感谢的组织或者个人表示谢意的内容，位于正文之后，但不是毕业论文的必需的项目。七、附录附录是作为论文主体的补充项目，并不是必需的。对某些重要的原始数据、数学推导、计算程序、框图、结构图、注释、统计表、计算机打印输出件等可附在毕业论文后面。八、毕业论文封面、毕业论文指导教师评语、毕业论文评阅人评语、毕业论文答辩成绩评定。以上各项内容均按所发格式进行打印、填写。九、论文打印格式1、纸张选用A4。2、论文题目为3号黑体字，可分一或二行居中。3、论文题目下空一行，左起空二格为“摘要：”（小四号黑体，字间空一格）；后面为摘要内容（小四号揩体）。另起一行为“关键词：”与“摘要：”对齐（小四号黑体）；后面为关键词内容（小四号揩体，词间用分号隔开）。4、关键词下空一行为论文英文题目（3号正体，加粗），可分一或二行居中。英文论文题目下空一行，左起空二格为英文摘要“Abstract：”（小四号正体，加粗）；后面为英文摘要内容（小四号正体）。另起一行为英文关键词“Key word：”与“Abstract：”对齐（小四号正体，加粗）；后面为英文关键词内容（小四号正体，词间用分号隔开）。中文摘要和英文摘要应合为一页5、正文为小四号宋体，参考文献内容和图、表字为五号宋体；正文页不再打印论文题目。6、标题：第一级标题为小三号黑体居中；第二级标题为四号黑体左起空二格；第三级标题为小四号黑体左起空二格。7、目录为四号黑体，目录下空二行为各级标题及页码（小四号宋体），页码放在行末，目录内容和页码之间用虚线连接。十、装订顺序按以下顺序装订：毕业论文封面、摘要与关键词、目录、正文、致谢、参考文献、附录、毕业论文指导教师评语、毕业论文评阅人评语、毕业论文答辩成绩评定。辽阳职业技术学院机电工程系机械教研室2005年3月10日

我选的翻译~还是比较好选的~资料也多~虽然文学最好写，但是前提必须读完一整本英文原著~那个其实比较耗时间~翻译是第二简单的，也比较好写

文学方向的比较好写，教学法最好写，不过能学到东西麽？我这儿有些：语用预设在喜剧小品中的应用 The Application of Pragmatic Presupposition in Comic Sketches论旅游广告的人际功能 On Interpersonal Functions of Tourism Advertisements英语借词研究 A Survey of Loan Words in English科技英语的词汇及句法特征 Lexical and Syntactic Features of English for Science and Technology黑人英语的词汇及句法特征 Lexical and Syntactic Features of Black English Vernacular通俗科技语篇中的名物化研究 A Study on Nominalization in Popular Science Discourses主位及述位研究的进展及展望 The Progress of and Outlook for Theme and Rheme Research英语衔接机制研究 A Study of English Cohesive Devices 委婉语在跨文化交际中的应用 The Application of Euphemism in Cross-cultural Communication非言语交际中的身势语 Body Language in Nonverbal Communication论隐喻的衔接功能 On the Cohesive Functions of Metaphor《玻璃动物园》中阿曼达形象分析《玻璃动物园》中阿曼达形象分析《欲望号街车》的主题探析 A Thematic Exploration of A Streetcar Named Desire迷失的自我：《小镇畸人》中的女性人物分析 Lost Selves: An Analysis of the Female Characters in Winesburg Ohio天堂梦醒：论《无名的裘德》中哈代的爱情婚姻观 No Dream in Heaven: A Study on Hardy’s View on Love and Marriage in Jude the Obscure “献给艾米丽一朵玫瑰花”中艾米丽形象分析 An Analysis of the Image of Emily in “A Rose for Emily" 海明威"白象似的群山"的象征主义 Symbolism in Ernest Hemingway’s “Hills Like White Elephants”论《拍卖第49匹》的追寻主题 On the Theme of Quest in The Crying of Lot 49 论《名利场》中的叙事艺术 On the Narrative Arts in Vanity Fair 《珍妮姑娘》中的道德观分析 An Analysis of the Morality in Jennie Gerhardt浅析《蝇王》中的宗教思想 On the Religious Thoughts in Lord of the Flies鬼怪、解构、历史：《宠儿》的后现代主义分析 Ghost, Deconstruction, and History: A Postmodern Analysis of Beloved典籍英译中的“归化”与“异化” Domestication and Foreignization in English Translation of Chinese Classics典籍翻译中译者的职责 Translator's Task in Chinese Classics Translation英语名词化结构在汉英法律翻译中的应用 On the Application of English Nominalization in Legal C-E Translation论汉英旅游资料翻译中的省译 On "Omission” in C-E Tourist Material Translation恭维言语行为之文化对比分析 The Comparison of Compliment in Cross-cultural CommunicationANTITHESES 的分类与汉译 The Classification and Chinese Translation of ANTITHESES浅谈对偶 A Brief Account on ANTITHESES跨文化交际中的语用失误研究 A Study of Pragmatic Failure in Intercultural Communication尊重，交流与沟通——多元文化语境下的翻译 Respect, Exchange and Communication: On Translation in Multi-Cultural Contexts英语幽默的语言特点及语用分析 On Language Features and Pragmatic Analysis of English Humor隐喻意识与英语词汇学习 Metaphor Awareness and English Vocabulary Learning网络环境中的英语教学模式研究 Research on the Patterns of English Teaching in Internet Environment网络语言的特征 The Characteristics of the Internet Language合作学习在初中英语阅读教学中运用 The Application of Cooperative Learning in Junior High School English Reading Teaching 关联理论在英语听力教学中的应用 The Application of Relevance Theory in English Listening Teaching高中生英语学习动机研究 A Study on English Learning Motivation among Senior High School Students 英汉完成体对比 A Comparison of Perfective Aspect in English and Chinese 影响英语阅读理解的因素及其对策 A Study of Factors Affecting English Reading and the Corresponding Strategies游戏在中学英语教学中的应用 Application of Games in English Teaching in Middle School跨文化语境下的英语教学 English Language Teaching in Cross-cultural Contexts

机械专业毕业论文英语

Abstract— Cobots是连续地使用机器人的类开发高保真度可编程序的variable传输 constraint表面。 Cobots消耗很少电能，既使当提供高产力量和他们的传输横跨各种各样是非常有效率的transmission比率。 Cobotic传输也有能力 to作为闸或变得完全地自由。设计 Cobotic手控制器的and表现，最近a developed六程度自由触觉显示，被回顾。 This设备说明高力学范围和低功率 consumption可达成由cobots。彻底的比较 the一个cobotic系统的出力效率对常规提供electro-mechanical系统。机器人技术的Three关键要求使用为 prosthetics和修复是低重量，低功率 consumption和安全。我们提出cobotic技术作为a 可能论及所有这些问题的transmission建筑学。 Cobots是运用nonholonomic限制的机器人 of 操纵轮子关连相对速度 mechanism链接。 cobotic传输连续地是a variable传输(CVT)在正面和阴性之间 ratios，并且能关连二平移速度，二 rotational速度或者对平移的旋转的速度 velocity [1]。我们最近介绍了Cobotic手 Controller (图 1)， a 供给动力的六程度自由 cobot和描述它的能力作为一个触觉接口[2， 3]。通过本文路线，我们显示出， mechanical 建筑学并且传输使用在 Cobotic手控制器地址全部三在上面机器人学的mentioned要求的弭补科和 rehabilitation.

INTRODUCTION The rapid development of science and technology, product features requirements of the growing number and complexity of the increase in life expectancy shortened, replacement faster. However, the design of the products, especially mechanical products in the design means, is力不从心, failed to keep pace with the needs of the times. At present, computer-aided product design drawings, design, manufacturing, production planning has been a relatively extensive and in-depth study and achieved initial results, and product development programmes of the early computer-aided design is far from meeting a need. To this end, the author read a lot of literature on the basis of a summary of the design and scholars at home and abroad to design the method used, and discussed the various methods of organic link between product design and mechanical Computer trend of development. Under the current domestic and foreign scholars to design machinery design methods used by the main features of the programme can be summed up modern design for the following four major types. 1, systematic design method Systematic design of the main features are: design as from a number of design elements of a system, every design element of independence, there are various elements of the organic links and a level of all the design elements Combined, you can design systems to achieve the task. Systematic design idea in the 1970s by the German scholar Professor Pahl and Beitz, a system based on the theory, developed a design of the general pattern, and advocate of the design work should be rational. German Engineers Association in this on the basis of design, develop standards VDI2221 "technology systems and product development design methods. The development of the product design process of mechanical model, basically follow the German standards VDI2221 the design. In addition, many of our product design and scholars in the programme design and also learn from other developed countries cited the systematic design, which is representative: (1) The user needs as the product concept of functional characteristics, structural design and part design, process planning, operations control, and so on the basis of the product development process of the macro, the use of Quality Function layout methods, systems and information needs of users will be reasonable and effective And converted to the various stages of product development objectives and operations control technology means a point of order. (2) products as organisms on the level of life, and life systems through the use of the product design process can demand level of success and realize the concept of functional requirements of the specific levels and product design level. At the same time using the system icons to life the abstract expression of the functional requirements of products, product features a system structure. (3) the mechanical design system in the application of science into two basic questions: First, to design products as a system to process, to determine the best of its components (modules) and their mutual relations and the other is the product design Process as a system, according to the design objectives, correct and reasonable to determine the design of all aspects of the work and the various design stage. As each designer to study issues and to consider the perspective of the different emphases, to design a programme of specific research methods also differ. Here are some representative of the systematic design design elements of With five design elements (functions, effects, effects of vector, shape and surface elements parameters) described "product solution" that a product design elements of the five identified, all the characteristics of products and value characteristics already identified. Chinese scholars have also adopted similar design methods described product of the original understanding. graphical modeling law Development of the design analysis and guidance systems "KALEIT, with a clear level of the graphic description of the product structure and functions related to the abstract information, and the system structure and function of the graphical modeling, and the function of the connection between. Will be assisted design divided into two methods and information exchange, the use of Nijssen information analysis methods can be used graphic symbols, with a variety of semantic model structure, the integration can be described conditions can be divided into binding type, can relations between any combination of features , Will design solutions and information technology integration, the design process to achieve a different level of abstraction of information between the graphical modeling. The literature [11] semantic network design as a design tool in the development of the semantic network design ASK, using nodes and a network of lines describing the design, components of the node that the unit design tasks, functions, components or processing Equipment, etc.), and lines used to adjust the definition node between different semantic relations, which in the design process for all the activities and results of pre-built model, the early design requirements to the definition of a specific structure can be described by the relationship between The definition of the expression, and a computer-aided design process from abstract to concrete leap. "idea" - "design" law Will be divided into product design "concept" and "design" in two stages. "Idea" phase of the mission is to seek, select and design portfolio to meet the requirements of the original understanding of tasks. "Design" stage of work is the concrete realization of the original understanding of the conceptual stage. The programme will be "ideas" for the specific description: According to a suitable functional structure, designed to meet the requirements of the mandate of the original understanding. Functional structure of the sub-function by "structural elements" to achieve, and "structural elements" of the physical connection between the definition of "functional carrier", "functional carrier" and "structural elements" and formation of the interaction between the functional diagram ( Mechanical movement diagram). Programme of "design" is based on functional diagram, the first qualitative description of all the "functional carrier" and "structural elements", then all the quantitative description of "structural elements" and connecting pieces ( "functional vector") the shape and location have The structure of. Roper, H. use of graph theory theory, the help from his definition of "total design unit (GE)", "structure elements (KE)", "functional structure elements (FKE)", "connecting structure elements (VKE)", "Structural parts (KT)", "structural elements parts (KET)" concept, and describes elements of size, location and transmission parameters of the relationship between the number of thumbs, the design intuitive design experts design "stage. From the design methodology of the point of view, the design task will be clear after the design work is divided into three steps: 1) access to functions and functional structure (referred to as "functional"), 2) find effects (referred to as the "effect"); ) To find structure (referred to as "the configuration of the Rules"). And use the following four strategies described machinery idea stage of the process: Strategy 1: were considered "functional" and "effect" and "configuration rules." Therefore, we can work in various steps to create variations in the respective programmes, resulting in the original understanding of the broad spectrum. Strategy 2: "effect" and "configuration rules" (including the designer to create the rules) association, to consider a separate function (usually associated with the design task). At this point, to identify the typical configuration rules and their effects need to have a wealth of experience, the programme spectrum far less than a strategy of the programme spectrum. Strategy 3: "functional" and "effect", "configuration rules" are closely related. Applicable to the function, and the configuration of the rules of no choice, with special requirements of the areas, such as ultra-small machinery, large machinery, high-value function parts, and those with special requirements of the functional components, and so on. Strategy 4: In view of the structural design requirements of the solution. The strategy starting from the existing parts, through different parts of the order and connection, was expected to function. Matrix Design In the programme design process used in "requirement - to" logic tree ( "or" tree) described requirements, the relationship between the function, to satisfy the requirements of functional design solution set, a different design. According to "request - to" logic tree establishment of a "request - to" association matrix, meet the requirements necessary to describe the complex relationship between function, expressed functional requirements and the relationship between the will matrix as a mechanical system design basis, the mechanical system design space as a functional decomposition of space, only that each sub-space design of a module, in the abstract phase of the high-level, with each module design movement conversion matrix And a vector for the operation of restraint that in the abstract phase of the low-rise, each module design parameters were expressed as a matrix and the equation of motion. bond graph Law Will form a system components into the function to generate energy, energy consumption, changing energy forms, such as various types of energy transmission and use of bond graph of the function of the components that will be based on the functions of the model and bonding with plans to achieve functional The automatic generation of structural and functional structure and bonding between the automatic conversion plans to seek bond graph generated by a number of design methods. 2, modular design structure From the perspective of planning products: the definition of its mandate to design features of the product structure is based on the use of existing products (such as GM parts components, etc.) described the design task, that is, when the mandate of decomposition on each task to consider whether there is the corresponding Solutions products, so that in the planning stages of product design tasks to eliminate the contradictions that might exist in the early forecast production capacity, costs and the development of the process of designing the plan adjustable, which can improve the design efficiency and design of reliability, At the same time also reduce the cost of new products. Feldmann will describe the function of the design task is divided into four levels of product structure, (1) products → (2) functional components → (3) main function components → (4) functional components. And the use of application-oriented features of the directory structure, a more specific functional components of the qualitative and quantitative description. At the same time developed for early in the product development and design tools used by early STRAT. Machinery specialized for most of that function can be used existing product solutions and new solutions with only a small number of special features, therefore, for the use of mechanical design features of the product structure, machinery specialized for the evaluation of the design, manufacture risk is very beneficial. Functional Analysis of the products promoted on the basis of the product is broken down into a function of one or more of the basic modular structure, through the selection and combination of these modular structure formed into various products. These basic structure can be parts, components, or even a system. The ideal modular structure should be standardized interface (connectivity and with the Department of), and is serialized, universal, integrated, hierarchical, flexible, economic, with interchangeable, compatibility and relevance of the . China's combination of software component technology and CAD technology, design and composition of deformation design combined, according to grade modular theory, machine processing center will be divided into Youdadaoxiao product level, component level, component-level and component level, and use CAD technology and expertise to their portfolio into different species, different specifications of the functional module, the module from the combination of these functions into different processing center overall programme. To select a design for the directory structure of the variation machinery tools, the design of the proposed elements for a complete, structured format, a solution set design directory. And Set Design listed in the directory comment on each of the additional information, very beneficial to design engineers choice of the elements. According to the connectivity features of mechanical parts and components, will be summarized into four types: 1) The components of direct targeting, and self-adjustment of parts, 2) a common structure of the assembly, 3) have nested structure and inlay Shell-like components of the connection, 4) a modular architecture and modular components of the connection. And a quasi-symbols that the typical components and rules of the connection between the components, to achieve this connection between the components of the algorithm and the concept of visualization. In the mechanical system design, "features a" module on the functions of decomposition, and provides the best functional decomposition "tablets" of the extent of the functional and institutional forms of one-to-one. "Structure to establish" as a function of the module is the choice of targets in order to achieve mapping , based on knowledge of product design features Knowledge-based product design features of the main features are: to use the computer to identify the language describing the characteristics of the product design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to establish the appropriate knowledge base and reasoning machine, and then use the storage areas have been established by the knowledge and reasoning Mechanisms to achieve computer-aided design products. The mechanical system design is based on products with the characteristics, and design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to push volume and decision-making, the completion of several comprehensive. To achieve this stage of the computer-aided design, we must study the automatic acquisition of knowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use. To this end, the scholars at home and abroad designed for mechanical systems design knowledge of automated processing done a lot of research work, the method used can be summarized in the following few. coding method According to "campaign conversion" feature (the function million) institutions will be classified, described and use the code function yuan and institutional categories, which established a "body system design expert system" Knowledge Base. On this basis, will be the dual logic and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of combining theory, the establishment of the "expert systems" reasoning mechanism, and for the four-position for the design of the machine. Use of biological evolution theory, through natural selection and sexual reproduction to the principle of evolution of organisms to the body design, use of network theory methods to express the structure for topology, and then through the coding technology, the structure and institutions Performance of individual chromosomes into the binary string, and in accordance with design requirements of fitness, the use of biological evolution theory of reproduction control mechanism, through the selection, crossover, such as a sudden variation means to eliminate low value of the individual are not suited to the fast evolution Be the best adaptation of the individual, that is, most with the design requirements of the agency programme. knowledge of the law mixed The complex mechanical systems design, mixed use of the knowledge expression describes the design of various types of knowledge is particularly suited to this point has been the design of many scholars of the consensus. In the development of complex product design intelligent decision support system DMDSS, will be the rules, framework, processes and neural networks, and other knowledge that organic combination of methods to adapt to different types of knowledge in the design of the description. Knowledge will be a single expression of a variety of methods (rules, framework and process), according to object-oriented programming principles, the framework of the groove with that object's properties, with rules that target the dynamic characteristics, with the knowledge that the treatment process, group Into a hybrid form of knowledge, and successfully developed the "object-oriented NC gantry milling machine gearbox design intelligent system GBCDIS" and "transmission structure design expert system GBSDES". use of the knowledge-based development tool Coupling in the CAD system, the use of the knowledge-based development tools NEXPERT-OBJECT, through the use of object-oriented approach, to create an object-oriented database design method for coupling the designer to design and structural design Provided extensive and reliable method of the design spectrum. NEXPERT describe the use of linear guide the design of the need to design based on knowledge of the content, which seek to knowledge-based solutions, and developed a linear guide design expert system. Design Law Directory Construction of the "modules", "functional element solution" and "institutions" three progressive design directory, and this directory of three progressive design principles of the programme as a mechanical transmission system intelligent design and development of the knowledge base of design Aids. Based on the example of the way In the development of expert systems design knowledge base, using the basic predicate described design requirements, design conditions and the selected programme, described by frame "Project" and various "concept entity," through case-based reasoning of the technologies used to produce candidate With the horsepower to product design requirements. 4, Intelligent Design Intelligent Design is the main characteristics: According to the theories of design, through the use of 3D graphics software, intelligent design software and virtual reality technology, and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product development design, the concept of products, description of the product结构.

摘要- Cobots是一类机器人的使用不断无级变速发展高保真可编程约束的表面。 Cobots消耗很少的电力即使在提供高输出部队，其传输效率高众多的传动比。 Cobotic变速箱也有能力采取行动作为一个制动器或将成为完全免费。设计和性能Cobotic手控制器，最近发达国家六自由度触觉显示器，是审查。这个装置表明，高动态范围和低功耗消费实现的cobots 。彻底的比较电源效率cobotic系统与传统的机电系统提供。三个关键要求机器人技术用于假肢和康复是低体重，低功耗消费和安全性。我们建议cobotic技术作为传输架构，可以处理这些问题。 Cobots是机器人利用非完整约束的指导车轮的相对速度有关的机制的联系。阿cobotic传播是一个不断无级变速器（无级变速器）之间的积极和消极比率，可以涉及两个平移速度，两个旋转速度，或旋转速度为平移速度[ 1 ] 。我们最近推出了Cobotic手控制器（图1 ），六自由度动力合作机器人，并阐述其能力作为触觉界面[ 2 ， 3 ] 。通过本论文中，我们表明，机械结构和传输中使用 Cobotic手控制器处理所有三个以上上述要求的假肢和机器人康复。

中国是世界上机械发展最早的国家之一。中国的机械工程技术不但历史悠久，而且成就十分辉煌，不仅对中国的物质文化和社会经济的发展起到了重要的促进作用，而且对世界技术文明的进步做出了重大贡献.传统机械方面，我国在很长一段时期内都领先于世界。到了近代由于特别是从18世纪初到19世纪40年代，由于经济社会等诸多原因，我国的机械行业发展停滞不前，在这100多年的时间里正是西方资产阶级政治革命和产业革命时期，机械科学技术飞速发展，远远超过了中国的水平。这样，中国机械的发展水平与西方的差距急剧拉大，到十九世纪中期已经落后西方一百多年。新中国建立后特别是近三十年来，我国的机械科学技术发展速度很快。向机械产品大型化，精密化、自动化和成套化的趋势发展。在有些方面已经达到或超过了世界先进水平。总的来说，就目前而言中国机械科学技术的成就是巨大的，发展速度之快，水平之高也是前所未有的。这一时期还没有结束，我国的机械科学技术还将向更高的水平发展。只要我们能够采取正确的方针、政策、用好科技发展规律并勇于创新，我国的机械工业和机械科技一定能够振兴，重新引领世界机械工业发展潮流。就小型夯实机械而言：上世纪60年代以前，我国小型夯实机械非常缺乏，很多小型场地的夯实基本上采用人工夯实。上世纪60年代初期，长沙建设机械研究所与北京建筑工程学院等单位合作，在群众性技术革新成果的基础上总结发明了具有中国特色的蛙式夯实机，1962年获国家科技发明奖。蛙式夯实机结构简单，维修、使用方便，很快成为我国60年代夯实机械的主导产品。据不完全统计蛙式夯实机累计产量达到50000多台，在我国经济建设中发挥了重要作用。70年代以后，蛙式夯实机逐渐被性能更先进的振动冲击夯和振动平板夯所替代，目前蛙式夯实机已经很少，基本被淘汰。1964年，长沙建设机械研究所开发了HB120型内燃式夯实机，开始由上海工程机械厂生产，后来主要由津市洞庭工程机械厂生产，年产量200台左右。80年代，内燃式夯实机产品质量有较大提高，曾出口东南亚和非洲地区。90年代以后，内燃式夯实机产销售量也在逐渐减少，目前只有少数小型民营企业生产。1977年，长沙建设机械研究所和柳州市建筑机械厂开发了我国第一台HZR250型和HZR70型振动平板夯，这两种产品分别于1979 年和1982年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定。随后义乌建筑机械厂、四平建筑机械厂、安阳振动器厂、津市洞庭工程机械厂等多家企业都开始生产振动平板夯。1986年长沙建设机械研究所又开发了较大的HZR450型振动平板夯。上世纪90年代以后，振动平板夯在我国有了较快的发展，产品品种、规格和生产企业增多，国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。1983年，长沙建设机械研究所和湖北振动器厂联合开发了我国第一台HZR70型振动冲击夯，1984年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定，1985年获建设部科技进步三等奖。由于振动冲击夯具有压实效果好、生产率高、体积和重量小、轻便灵活等突出特点，深受用户欢迎，得到了迅速的推广使用，并很快发展到资江机器厂、新乡第三机床厂和津市洞庭工程机械厂等几十家企业生产。振动冲击夯虽然比振动平板夯开发晚，但发展速度、产销量和使用广泛性比振动平板夯大得多，目前已成为我国夯实机械中产销量最大的主导产品。上世纪90年代以后，国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。振动冲击夯和振动平板夯在我国的成功开发，不仅为我国建设施工部门提供了性能先进的夯实机械，取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益，而且使我国夯实机械技术向前跨进了一大步，缩短了与世界先进水平的差距，促进了我国压实机械的发展。就机械加工而言：热加工铸造据考古发现，在北京平谷、昌平、房山等处曾出土了公元前16世纪(商代)的青铜礼器。明永乐年间(1403～1424年)，北京制造出享誉世界的明永乐大铜钟(吨)和钟楼大铜钟(63吨)及铁钟(25吨)，采用分炉熔化、地坑造型和陶范法铸造。 20世纪50年代以前，北京在铸造上采用粘土砂手工造型。1955年，北京第一机床厂开始采用漏模造型、双面模型型板及铁型板和标准砂箱造型。1965年，开始采用塑料模型。 1980 年，北京市机电研究院与北京玛钢厂研制成功工频无芯塞杆底注式保温浇注电炉。1982年，该院与北京机床铸造二厂研究成功冲天炉风口吹氧技术。 1985～1988年，北京机床研究所试验成功浮动端面密封环的压力铸造工艺。锻压 1959年，北京第二通用机械厂(后改名北京重型机器厂)建成2500吨水压机。1971年，该厂制造出6000吨水压机，这是当时北京最大的锻压设备。 1968～1979年，北京起重机器厂先后采用300吨油压机和2000吨油压机制造出起重机吊臂和大型覆盖件。 80年代，北京市机电研究院和北京市模具中心研制出一系列高精度多工位冲裁模具，接近或达到进口模具水平，改变了北京精密冲裁模具依赖进口的局面。热处理 1949年前，北京已采用电炉、盐溶炉、热电偶等手段进行零件退火、回火、淬火、正火、调质、渗碳等热处理。 1956年，北京第一机床厂开始采用高频感应淬火。1961年，北京第二机床厂开始采用气体氮化淬火。1969年，北京量具刃具厂开始采用光亮淬火。 1978年，北京机床研究所研究完成机床导轨表面接触淬火工艺及设备、淬火质量检查技术条件的研究。1979年，铁道科学研究院和中国科学院力学研究所等合作完成大功率柴油机缸套表面的激光改性处理的研究。 1979年，北京市机电研究院研制成功千瓦级二氧化碳激光器，并于80年代初分别应用于汽缸套和邮票印刷设备的激光热处理。其中，清华大学、北京市机电研究院、北京邮票厂共同完成邮票厂七色机打孔器表面激光强化研究。 1984～1990年，北京市热处理研究所研究成功真空热处理、气体渗碳微机控制技术(与北京航空航天大学合作)、稀土软氮化、粉末冶金制品表面强化、煤油加甲醇小滴量法微机可控渗碳、固体渗硼、渗碳过程微机辅助工艺设计及跟踪控制系统等热处理新技术，并应用于生产。焊接与切割 1949年，北京已有气焊、电弧焊及氧乙炔火焰切割等手工作业。 1963年，北京金属结构厂与一机部机械科学研究院合作开发出钨极氩弧焊，并实现了氮气等离子切割不锈钢。1964年，用直流钨极氩弧焊及焊丝合金化技术解决了核工业用倾斜式电解糟纯镍焊接。 1966年，北京金属结构厂开发出了使被焊球体旋转的埋弧自动焊。1968年，该厂开始以液化石油气代替乙炔切割。 80年代初，清华大学发明了新型MIG焊接电弧控制法，在控制电弧技术上取得突破。 80年代初，北京城建设计院等完成液化石油气移动式气压焊轨技术的研究和应用。 1990年，北京金属结构厂开始采用数控精密切割和具有光电跟踪及数控寻踪读入自动编程的大功率等离子切割技术。可见，我国机械发展在近代发展其迅速。China is the world's first national machinery development. Chinese mechanical engineering technology not only has a long history and splendid achievements in Chinese is not only the material culture and social economic development plays an important role in the world, and to promote the progress of civilization, technology has made great contribution to Chinese traditional machine. And in a long period ahead in the world. In modern times, especially from the early 18th century, due to the nineteen forties, due to the economic and social reasons, such as the China machinery industry, stagnation, in the 100 years is western bourgeois political revolution and industrial revolution, mechanical science and technology is developing rapidly, and far more than the level of China. So, China mechanical development level and the western gap widens, sharply to the 19th century middle behind western one hundred the founding of new China, especially in the past 30 years, our country's mechanical science and technology development speed. To the mechanical product large-scale, precision, automation and discusses the trend of development. In some aspects has reached or exceeded the world advanced level. Generally speaking, currently China mechanical science and technology achievement is huge, developing fast, high level of unprecedented. In this period, China has no end of mechanical science and technology will develop to a higher level. As long as we can adopt the correct policy, with good technology development and innovation, our machinery industry and mechanical technology can revitalize, leading to the development trend of mechanical small ramming machinery:In the 1960s, China mechanical very small tamp lack, many small venues ramming basically USES artificial 1960s, changsha construction machinery institute and Beijing architectural engineering institute, etc., the technical innovation achievements in mass on the basis of summing up Chinese characteristic invented the breaststroke ramming machine, 1962 exceeded national science and technology. The breaststroke ramming machine structure is simple, easy to use and maintenance in 1960s, soon became the dominant products to consolidate machinery. According to not complete count breaststroke tamp cumulative yield reached more than 50,000 machine, in the economic development of our country has played an important role. Since 1970's, the breaststroke ramming machine was gradually more advanced performance of vibration shock ram and vibrating plate ram, now replaced by laying machine has rarely breaststroke, basically be 1964, changsha construction machinery institute HB120 developed movable type, type of Shanghai began laying machine, engineering machine production mainly by tianjin municipal later, annual production engineering machinery dongting about 200. In the 1980s, movable type ramming machine product quality has increased greatly, have exported to southeast Asia and Africa. Since 1990s, internal-combustion type ramming machine production sales, and gradually decreased in only a few small private enterprise 1977, changsha construction machinery factory buildings and developed in liuzhou HZR250 type and the HZR70 type vibrating plate ram, these two kinds of products in 1979 and 1982 passed by the ministry of construction of the organization. Then yiwu building construction machinery factory, siping, anyang vibrators factory, tianjin municipal engineering machinery dongting and other enterprises have started producing vibrating plate ram. In 1986, changsha construction machinery research and develop a larger HZR450 type of vibrating plate ram. Since 1990s, vibrating plate ram in our country has developed very quickly, varieties of products, specifications and increase production enterprises, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese 1983, changsha construction machinery institute and the joint development of hubei vibration in the first HZR70 type vibration shock ramming, 1984, passed by the ministry of construction, organization construction technology progress in 1985 won prizes. Due to the vibration impact compaction result has good ramming, productivity, high volume and weight of small, lightweight flexible outstanding characteristics, deeply user etc, obtained a rapid promotion, and soon ZiJiang development to the factory, xinxiang municipal engineering machine tool plant and tianjin dozens of dongting production factory etc. Vibration shock ramming although than vibrating plate ram, but later development speed of development, production and use of extensive than vibrating plate ram, has become the largest in China in the ramming machinery products. Since 1990s, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese shock ramming and vibrating plate ram the successful development in our country, not only for our construction department provides advanced performance of mechanical, laying have achieved good economic benefit and social benefit, and make our ramming mechanical technology into a big step forward, shorten the gap with the advanced world level, promoting the development of compaction mechanical processing:According to the archaeological discovery, hot-working casting in Beijing pinggu, changping and so have proved that the 16th century BC shang dynasty (bronze objects. Ming yongle (1403-1424 years), Beijing produce world-renowned Ming yongle great 3-ton bell made ( tons) and tower (63 tons of great 3-ton bell made of iron clock (25) and the furnace of melting, pit TaoFan model and method of casting. In the 1950s, Beijing based on clay sand castings in manual. In 1955, Beijing first machine tool plant began using leakage mould modelling, double-sided model and iron plate type plate and standard sand box modelling. In 1965, start using plastic model. In 1980, the institute and Beijing municipal electrical factory has successfully developed line frequency coreless bathroom plug stem bottom note type electric insulation casting. In 1982, hospital and Beijing the casting machine research cupola tuyere oxygen blowing technology. 1985-1988, Beijing institute of machine of floating end face seal ring by die successful test pressure casting 1959, Beijing second metalforming machinery general factory changed (Beijing) built 2500 ton heavy-duty hydraulic press. In 1971, the factory produced 6,000 tons, which is then Beijing hydrtesting biggest metalforming equipment. 1968-1979, Beijing hoisting machine factory has 300 tons of using hydraulic press 2000 tons and create crane and large panel. In the 1980s, Beijing institute of electrical and developed a series of Beijing mould centre high-precision cutting die, the multistage close to or to import mould level, changed Beijing precision punching moulds dependence on 1949, Beijing has heat treatment furnace, salt dissolved by thermocouples means furnace, quenching and tempering, parts of annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, carburizing and etc. In 1956, Beijing first began using high-frequency quenching machine tool plant. In 1961, the Beijing second machine tool plant began using gas nitriding quenching. In 1969, the following enterprise by Beijing gage start light quenching. In 1978, the complete machine tool research institute of Beijing guide surface contact quenching process and equipment, quenching condition of quality inspection. In 1979, scientific research institute of China academy of railway and mechanical institute of high-power diesel engine cylinder collaboration of surface modification of laser. In 1979, Beijing institute of electrical carbon dioxide laser is developed, and the kilowatt in early 1980s respectively applied in cylinder and stamp printing equipments of laser treatment. Among them, tsinghua university, Beijing, Beijing institute of electrical YouPiaoChang jointly completed YouPiaoChang seven color machine DaKongQi laser surface strengthening research. From 1984 to 1990, Beijing institute of vacuum heat treatment research, gas carburizing microcomputer control technology (Beijing university of aeronautics &astronautics and cooperation), rare earth soft nitriding, powder metallurgy products surface strengthening, kerosene and methanol small drops of microcomputer control method of carburizing, solid boriding and carburizing process computer aided process planning and tracking control system, and the application of new technology heat in production. Welding and cutting in 1949, Beijing has geo-drilling, electric welding and cutting etc oxyacetylene flame manual operation. In 1963, Beijing metal structure and YiJiBu mechanical science research cooperation to develop tungsten argon arc welding, and realize the nitrogen plasma cutting stainless steel. In 1964, the use of dc argon arc welding and tungsten wire alloying technology solved by tilting electrolysis industry worse pure nickel welding. In 1966, Beijing metal structure factory developed by rotating sphere of the submerged arc welding automatic welding. In 1968, the plant began to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) instead of acetylene cutting. In the early 1980s, tsinghua university invented new MIG welding arc arc technology in control, control a breakthrough. In the early 1980s, the Beijing urban construction design completed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mobile pneumatic rail welding technology research and application. In 1990, Beijing metal structure factory to adopt CNC precision cutting and with photo-electricity tracking and CNC pursuit of high input automatic programming technology plasma , China mechanical development in modern development of its rapid.

英语专业毕业论文摘要模版

英文摘要格式如下：

1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。

2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。

3、英文字体与行间距：统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，倍行间距。

4、英文题目：使用三号字加粗。

5、英文摘要：“Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。

6、英文关键词：“Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。每个关键词使用四号字。

论文摘要应包含以下内容：

（1）从事这一研究的目的和重要性。

（2）研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作。

（3）获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解。

（4）结论或结果的意义。

以上内容参考：百度百科-摘要

以上内容参考：百度百科-论文摘要

关键词:Title of Thesis:Name of Institute: Pages:Graduation Time:(MM/YY)Degree Conferred:Student Name: Advisor Name:Abstract:Key words:

一、标题

一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。

如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。

二、提纲

英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。

主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。

需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。

三、摘要

1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。

2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。

3、英文字体与行间距：统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，倍行间距。

4、英文题目：使用三号字加粗。

5、英文摘要： “Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。

6、英文关键词： “Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。

四、正文

有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。

正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。

在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。

五、文中引述

正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式（即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。

引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。

六、文献目录

论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点：

目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。

目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。

标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为,不必留出更多空白。

各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。

英语论文摘要又称文摘，是论文的重要组成部分，它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不需阅读全文，就可获得重要的信息。

摘要通常置于文题之后，文章之首。在论文发表后，论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词，并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。

论文的作用

论文为进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。不同的人发表论文的作用也不同：

1、评职称（晋升职称）：研究生毕业需要；教师、医护人员、科研院所的人员、企业员工等晋升高一级的职称时，发表期刊论文是作为一项必须的参考指标。

2、申报基金、课题：教育、科技、卫生系统每年申报的国家自然科学基金项目、其它各种基金项目、各种研究课题时，发表论文是作为基金或课题完成的一种研究成果的结论性展示。

3、世界性基础领域的研究，比如在医学、数学、物理、化学、生命科学等领域开展的基础性研究，公开发表论文是对最新科技科学研究成果、研究方法的一种展示和报道。以推动整个社会的科技进步等。

参考资料来源：百度百科-英语论文

英语专业毕业论文标准格式模板免费下载英语专业毕业论文范文的方法英语专业毕业论文不限量免费下载的方法中国知网免费入口不限量免费下载英语专业毕业论文的方法英语专业毕业论文职称论文范文的不限量免费下载方法参考文献的标准格式的免费不限量下载方法【超实用】

机械专业英语论文

机械工程专业。机械专业英语论文题目是机械工程专业。机械类专业是工科中的一个大的学科，是理科生选报的热门专业之一，与电气自动化并列为最强工科。也是以后的热门专业。

这里有很多的,你可以找下有没有?我找了好长时间才找到的哦.中文免费论文地址集锦一、综合类 1、蓝之韵论文门类较全。 2、学生大论文中心 3、蜂朝无忧论文网门类很全。 4、论文下载中心门类很全。 5、论文帝国二、教育类 1、教研论文交流中心以中小学教育为主，基础教育、英语教学文章居多。 2、教育教学论文网以教育论文为主，包含：语文论文美术论文物理论文化学论文英语论文历史论文德育论文教学论文数学论文音乐论文生物论文自然论文体育论文地理论文摄影论文劳动技术农村教育毕业论文素质论文医学论文电子电器学思维科学计算机论文活动课教学书法篆刻论文创新教育研究心理健康教育西部教育论文信息技术论文 3、教育论文 4、中国园丁网论文大观 5、北大附小学校教师的文章：三、专业类 1、优秀论文杂志以科技类为主。 2、论文资料网以财经经济管理类为主。 3、法律图书馆文如其名。 4、法学论文资料库文如其名。 5、中国总经理网论文集 6、mba职业经理人论坛 7、中国农业在线-农业论文 8、体育论文 9、财经学位论文下载中心 10、公开发表论文_深圳证券交易所 11、中国路桥资讯网论文资料中心 12、论文商务中心 13、法律帝国：四、论文写作教学类 1、学术论文其实是学术论文的写作网站。五、博硕士论文 1、论文统计实际上就是万方的论文统计。 2、台湾博硕士论文咨讯网 3、北京大学学位论文样本收藏 4、学位论文（清华大学） ] 中国科技论文在线论文中国 : 新浪论文网分类: 中国论文联盟: 大学生论文库论文资料网: 论文下载中心: 毕业论文网: 学位论文: 无忧论文网: 北京语言文化大学论文库:

英语专业英语毕业论文

随着我国社会的不断进步以及政治、经济、科学技术等方面的发展，对具有独立个性的复合型人才的需求也随之增长。英语教学在中国大学教育领域已经占据着主导地位20多年。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于英语专业毕业论文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!

浅议商务英语的译翻译技巧

[摘要] 随着国际贸易和国际营销等跨国商务运作的日益频繁,商务英语翻译作为一种交流手段和媒介起着至关重要的作用。同时商务英语是一门具有专门用途的英语,形成了自身的文体特征,它要求选词恰当、精确,具有用语礼貌、表意清晰。因此商务英语翻译必须具有一定的翻译技巧,才能在商务交流中体现它的实用效果。

商务英语是为国际商务活动这一特定的专业学科服务的专门用途英语,所涉及的专业范围很广,并具有独特的语言现象和表现内容、文体复杂。商务英语翻译要求翻译者具备丰富的商务理论和商务实践知识,为了提高翻译质量,翻译者必须具备一定的自身条件。

第一,翻译者的汉语功底要好。很多人往往忽视这一点,认为汉语是自己的母语,凭着自己原来的底子应付翻译中的问题,是绰绰有余的。然而在真正的翻译过程中,为了一个词语或者一个句型,冥思苦想了半天也得不到一个满意的结果。有时好不容易想出来了也觉得不够理想。由此可见,汉语表达能力和对汉语理解能力的大小直接影响翻译的好坏。下功夫学好汉语,打好汉语基础对于翻译是十分重要的。

第二,英语语言能力要强。全面的语法知识和大量的词汇量缺一不可。如果只有大量的词汇量,而没有较好的英语语法知识。翻译过程中译者的理解肯定是错误百出,而且牛头不对马嘴。因此我们要提高在英汉翻译中对于英文句子理解的准确性及汉英翻译中英文表达的准确性。

第三,知识面要广。商务英语翻译中要很好的做到这一点,就要掌握商务理论和贸易实务等理论知识及贸易实践经验。同时译者还要具有丰富的百科知识,对天文地理、古今中外不说通晓,也要了解其中的一些基本知识。没有一定的常识,译者的语言水平即使再高,也是无法做好翻译工作的。

一、一词多义

同一个词,由于语境不同,其词义可千差万别。试看下面几个例子:

cannot obtain credit at all in the trade. 他们生意信誉已荡然无存。

have opened the covering credit with the bank of china,london.

他们已从伦敦中国银行开立了有关信用证。

以上两个句子credit 词义都有所区别。

二、词类转译

词类转译是国际商务翻译中常见的译词技巧。常见的有名词与动词、介词与动词的互相转译。

1.名词与动词的互相转译, 如:

before the payment of these tariffs, the imported goods will bein the custody of the customs.

交关税前, 进口货物由海关保管。( 由于语法限制, 只有用名词形式,但译成汉语时,“payment”译作“交”)

2 . 介词与动词的互相转译

在许多场合下, 介词转译成动词时, 需要依据上下文进行引申,具体地进行翻译。如:

we should advise you to get in touch with them for your requirements.

建议你方与他们取得联系, 洽购所需商品。

三、词义引伸

在商务英语翻译中,有时会遇到某些词在词典上难以找到贴切具体上下文词义,如生搬硬套,译文往往语意不清,甚至导致误解。在这种情况下,需要根据上下文和逻辑关系,从该词固有基本含义出发,进一步加以引伸。例如:

the arrivals do not conform to the sample.

如果将arrival这个词的词义直接放入译文,显然不能正确表达原文的意义,所以需要进一步的引申。

四、词量增减

在商务英语翻译实践中,词量增减也是很重要的一个翻译技巧。翻译过程中要根据原文上下文意思、逻辑关系以及译文语言句法特点和表达习惯,在翻译时有时增加原文字面没有出现但实际内容已包含词,或者减去原文虽有但译文语言表达用不着词。

1.增词

根据具体上下文,可增加动词、形容词、名词或别词类,但在什么时候增加什么样词,才能恰到好处,而不超出一定界限,则需要在长期的翻译过程中实践和积累。如:all cash bonus shall be subject to income tax.所有现金红利,均须缴纳所得税。(根据汉语行文习惯,增加动词)

2.减词

减词译法可以使译文言简意赅,改变翻译中逐字翻译作造成的累赘、拖沓或不符合行文习惯,甚至产生歧义的现象。如:on condition that you sign this receipt, i will pay the money.

你在收据上签字,我就付款。

五、商务英语中的常用术语翻译

商务英语翻译中包含大量的词汇,因此对于常见词汇的精确运用在翻译中很重要。作为商务英语翻译工作者就要大量的掌握这些具有商务含义的普通词和复合词和缩略词语。

如价格常用术语fob,cif 有其特定的专业内容,又如定货付款;b/l 提货单;l/c 信用证; 货到付现; 水渍险;blue chip 蓝筹股、绩优股;bad debt 呆账,等等。总之,商务英语翻译不能拘泥于形式,在保证原文的信息量最大限度地传递到译文中的前提下,翻译者可以灵活运用译入语,已达到语义信息、风格信息和文体信息的最大程度的对等,同时商务英语翻译要遵循商务专业用语。所以要求商务英语翻译工作者要掌握大量的专业词汇及翻译技巧。

参考文献:

[1]葛平: 外贸英语函电[m].上海财经大学出版社,2004

[2]余富林等着:商务英语翻译[m].北京:中国商务出版社,2003

[3]李平:国际经贸英语教程[m].中国国际广播出版社,1999

[4]王学文:新编经贸口译教程[m].中国对外经济贸易出版社,2001

[5]陈苏东陈建平:商务英语翻译[m].高等教育出版社,2005

[6]王治奎:大学英汉翻译教程[m].山东大学出版社,2004

[7]曾蕙兰:进出口实用英语 [m].外文出版社,2003

[8]冯庆华:实用翻译教程[m].上海外语教育出版社,2003

浅议商务英语函电的清楚原则

摘要: 撰写高水平的商务英语函电通常要遵守七个原则, 其中清楚原则是最基本的原则之一, 但国内以清楚原则为依据进行的应用研究尚不多见。本文针对清楚原则的运用, 分别从词语与句子等方面进行了论述。文章认为: 商务英语函电应尽量使用简单词语, 并注意代词的指代; 句子表达要求重点突出, 而且要有一定的连贯性。

商务英语函电是国际贸易的重要沟通工具。撰写高水平的商务英语函电通常要遵守七个原则, 其中, 清楚原则是七个原则中最基本的原则之一。在现有的商务英语函电研究成果中, 以清楚原则为依据进行的应用研究较少看到。为此, 笔者拟探讨清楚原则在商务英语函电中的运用, 以帮助国际商务人士提高商务英语函电写作水平。

一、商务英语函电的清楚原则

清楚原则包含三方面: ( 1) 一个句子包含一个意思; ( 2) 句子之间应有逻辑关系; ( 3) 以简单、直接的方法表达。[1]清楚的表达, 能避免误会, 甚至贸易纠纷。比如说, “fluctuation in theexchange rate after the date of contract signing will be for the buyer’saccount.”[1] “fluctuation in the exchange rate”包括了汇率的上涨和跌落两种情况。如果不表达清楚, 买卖双方就会对汇率的涨落产生纠纷。避免不必要的经济纠纷, 商务英语函电撰写的过程中要始终贯彻清楚的原则。上述例子若想表达“合同生效后汇率的波动由买方承担”, 原句子可改为“any increase ordecrease in the exchange rate after the date of contract signing willbe for the buyer’s account.”

二、清楚原则的运用

( 1) 词语的运用

1)词语的准确无误

当你明确了要表达的想法时, 要注意选用清晰、简单的词语, 准确无误地表达你要传达的信息。避免用一些复杂、深奥的词汇。有些写信人认为复杂、深奥的词汇会让信件看起来更有水平, 更重要些。然而, 复杂的词汇会增加对方读信的难度,甚至引起理解上的误会。通常, 商务英语函电的撰写适合采用简单易懂的词汇。

2) 代词的指代

注意代词指代的对象和关系代词前后的逻辑关系。一般来说, 代词和关系代词用以修饰离它们最近的名词, 并且与所指代的名词保持人称上和数量上的一致。但代词的不恰当运用, 会引起表达上的歧义。试看以下的句子: they informedmessrs. smith and richardson that they would receive an answerin a fewdays.[1]在这个句子中, 第二个“they”指代谁呢? 是整个句子的主语“they”还是“messrs. smith and richardson”呢? 这里就产生了歧义。如何清楚地表达? 比如原意想表达“smith和richardson两位先生将在近期内得到答复”, 原句子可改为:“they informed messrs . smith and richardson that the latterwould receive an answer in a fewdays.”这样的话, “the latter”指代“messrs. smith and richardson”, 指代清楚, 句子意思明确。

3) 修饰词的位置

同一修饰词在句子的不同位置, 句子意思和侧重点将完全不同。试比较以下两个句子: ①we can supply 100 tons of theitemonly. ②we can supply only 100 tons of the item.在第一个句子中, “only”修饰“the item”, 意思是只提供这种项目, 没有其它的项目。而在第二个句子中, “only”是修饰“100 tons”, 意思是只提供100吨, 没有更多了。故修饰词在句子中的位置不同,其所修饰的词就不同, 意思也将有所不同, 书写商务英语函电时一定要注意这一点。

此外, 修饰词的位置应该是紧跟着或者靠近它所修饰的词语。试比较以下两个句子: ①they bought a bicycle in a smallshop in beijing which costs $ . ②they bought a bicycle for$ in a small shop in beijing. “$”是修饰“bicycle”, 说明这一辆自行车的价格, 应该靠近它所修饰的词语“bicycle”。第一个句子“which costs $ ”应移到“bicycle”后面。第二个句子不用定语从句, 直接用介词“for” 带出自行车的价格“$”, 修饰词位置正确, 整个句子简洁、清楚易懂。

( 2) 句子的逻辑结构

分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语要保持一致。[4]试分析以下句子: “being an expertin international trade, i’m sure youhave experience of solving this kind of problem.”在这个句子中,句子的主语是“i”, 而分词的逻辑主语是“you”。为保持分词的逻辑主语与句子主语一致, 原句子可改为: “being an expert ininternational trade, you certainly have experience of solving thiskind of problem.” 或者“as you are an expert in internationaltrade, i’m sure you have experience of solving this kind of problem.”。

其次, 注意句子间意思的连贯性。例如: they wrote a was addressed to mr. woods. he is the sales manager.这三个短句缺乏意思上的连贯性, 每个句子都有它独立的意思,读信人很难区分哪个句子是最重要的信息。上述句子可改为: “they wrote a letter to mr. woods, the sales manager.”改写后的句子意思清楚明确: “他们给销售部经理woods先生写了一封信。”

此外, 清楚的表达要求重点突出, 读信人不会遗漏重要的信息。我们书写商务英语函电时可以通过调整句子结构, 突出要强调的部分。比如: “we sent you 5 samples yesterday of thegoods which you requested in your letter ofmay 25 by air.”该句子包括了很多信息, 有①we sent you, ②5 samples, ③yesterday, ④the goods which you requested in your letter ofmay 25, ⑤by air。一个句子包含多种信息, 读信人很容易忽略其中某些信息。对此, 重要的信息应放在句子的前面, 通过句子结构加以强调。上述句子重要的信息有①we sent you, ②5 samples, ⑤by air。原句子可改写为: “we sent you, by air, 5 samples of goods whichyou requested in your letter ofmay 25 yesterday.”经过改写的句子重点突出, 句子意思更清晰明确。

最后, 句子中简洁的情节有利于清楚的表达。如“we haveyour check of october 17 in the amount of $500, and wish at thistime to thank you for it.”原句子是表达“我方收到贵方10月17日开具的500美元支票一张, 特此感谢。”“特此感谢”原句子用“wish at this time to thank you for it”, 用词繁琐, 使得整个句子意思不明确。如果这一个情节简化为“thank you”, 原句子改为“thank you for your check of october 17 for $500.”修改后的句子意思更清楚易懂。

三、结束语

本文针对清楚原则在商务英语函电写作中的运用, 分别从词语与句子进行了论述, 得出以下主要结论: (1) 尽量使用简单词语, 并注意代词的指代; (2) 句子表达要求重点突出, 而且要有一定的连贯性。

参考文献:

[ 1] 胡鉴明.商务英语写作 [m] .广州: 华南理工大学出版社, 2001: 4.

[ 2] sue kay.实用商务英语写作[m] .北京: 北京理工大学出版社, 2003: 63.

[ 3] 王晓英.商务英语写作教程[m] .南京: 东南大学出版社, 2001: 4.

[ 4] 廖瑛.实用外贸英语函电( 第二版) [m] .武汉: 华中科技大学出版社, 2003: 8.

一、商务英语函电的清楚原则

二、清楚原则的运用

( 1) 词语的运用

1)词语的准确无误

2) 代词的指代

3) 修饰词的位置

( 2) 句子的逻辑结构

三、结束语

参考文献:

[ 1] 胡鉴明.商务英语写作[m] .广州: 华南理工大学出版社, 2001: 4.

[ 2] sue kay.实用商务英语写作[m] .北京: 北京理工大学出版社, 2003: 63.

[ 3] 王晓英.商务英语写作教程[m] .南京: 东南大学出版社, 2001: 4.

[ 4] 廖瑛.实用外贸英语函电( 第二版) [m] .武汉: 华中科技大学出版社, 2003: 8.

可以写的私信我

你要是找国淘论文写作，就不会出现这种问题了好不好？1．题名规范题名应简明、具体、确切，能概括论文的特定内容，有助于选定关键词，符合编制题录、索引和检索的有关原则。2．命题方式3．撰写英文题名的注意事项 ①英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语最常见，即题名基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和（或）后置定语构成；短语型题名要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。②一般不要用陈述句，因为题名主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义，且不够精炼和醒目。少数情况（评述性、综述性和驳斥性）下可以用疑问句做题名，因为疑问句有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣。③同一篇论文的英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致，但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下，个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。④国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制，有的规定题名不超过2行，每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格；有的要求题名不超过14个词。这些规定可供我们参考。 ⑤在论文的英文题名中。凡可用可不用的冠词均不用。

下面我们来说说英语专业的毕业论文怎么写：

英语专业能选择的方向包括翻译、教学、语言学、文学等主要几大类。从身边同学撰写的感受来看，翻译和文字方向比较好下手，相比之下，教学研究调查类论文则需要花大量时间收集资料，出问卷，访谈，做数据分析等等。这里主要谈一谈翻译类方向如何确定选题。首先，要确定自己的研究文本, 可以是一本书，一部电影，实地景点翻译研究等等……主要是选择自己感兴趣的研究对象，毕竟撰写论文是一个十分漫长且枯燥的过程,选一个喜欢的文本会是你想坚持下去的理由。其次就是选择一个比较合适但是又不要太常见的翻译理论，比如功能对等，目的论啥的，再结合文本中某一个比较细小的角度去研究。总之，翻译理论，文本，切入点三者必须有一两个比较创新，这样不容易撞题。

我去年自己去参加开题答辩的时候，同一个答辩场竟然有两位同学跟我理论和切入点一模一样! ! 不过幸好我的文本比较新，也花了很多心思，最后拿到了优秀论文嘻嘻。这里提醒大家，选题不要过于着急，而且在选题的过程中要反复去知网查证自己选的理论能否适用于自己的翻译文本研究，相关的研究多不多，早期多投入一些时间，后期开始撰写的时候几乎没有太大问题。

其实本科生的论文大多都是没什么内容的，因为都是在总结前人的研究成果，关键是你会不会用自己的话去阐述，从而避免知网查证不合格的想象发生。翻译方向的论文只有第四章是自己的内容，这一章节需要花大量时间寻找最合适的例子，将理论运用其中，达到你最终的目的。这里需要大家注意的是，千万不要出现低级的语法语言错误，这样你会被你的导师批斗死。不要指望导师给你该内容该语法，他只会给你基本的大方向和建议，论文的撰写完全要靠自己。

在学校查重之前，建议大家最好自己去查重一下。Paper系列里面建议使用PaperPP，相对准确一点。turnitin也是一个比较常见的英文论文查重系统，个人觉得偏高一点，价格在元/千字。除了这个，知网、维普、万方也是可以查重英文论文的，turnitin的查重率在百分之20，学校知网查重结果百分之7，如果大家查重费用比较充足，可以直接用知网，结果是最准确的。

论文答辩我觉得最重要的就是要熟悉自己的论文，熟悉到答辩老师一问你就知道是在论文的哪一章节，哪一位置，最好提前预设一下问题我还是比较幸运的，被问到的三个问题有导师之前就问过我的，有的是我准备到的。实在不懂的话，就直接道歉吧，俗话说的好，答辩答辩，只答不辨，疯狂道歉哈哈。

好了，今天就讲到这里了，希望今年的考研er都要加油呀!写论文也不可怕，合理安排好时间，你一定既能考上研也能拿到优秀论文，祝你好运!

参考资料：《英语专业的毕业论文怎么写？》