麦琪的礼物论文答辩问题

文中“麦琪”是指耶稣降生时给他送礼物的神仙，同时也是指具有奉献精神的人。破折号的作用应该是顺承。最后一个问题，两位主人公虽然买了对对方来讲毫无用处的东西，而且是牺牲自己最宝贵的东西买的，这就表现了他们为自己的爱人可以做很大的牺牲，表达自己的爱是送礼物的最终目的，所以又说他们聪明。刚才我忘记登陆回答了

欧亨利是在欧洲现实主义和自然主义影响下，美国下层社会对变动是带有切身感受的一批作家中，最杰出的一位。他不模仿任何人，作品独具特色，尤其以“欧亨利式的结尾”享誉文坛，成为一种独特的文学现象。

种掂斤播两的交易嗤之以鼻"不管德拉数多少次，一元八角七永远也不会增多，圣诞节的到来已容不得她再花时间去挣钱%"深爱丈夫的德拉因为无法为丈夫购得一件称心的礼物而伤心地哭泣"作家不去写这个家庭的拮据，只是简单地用$一块八毛七%引领全篇"二! "麦琪的礼物#中人物角色的构成与关系众所周知,结构主义先驱普洛普的$叙事功能%理论对格雷马斯产生了重要的影响，普罗普曾经把俄国民间故事中的所有的角色概括为七个行动范围，已经具有了结构主义人物构成理论的特性"但是$普洛普的研究缺少一种普遍性，它根本不可能用民间故事以外的其他形式来说明民间故事的形式和它的基本规则%[4]P60"格雷马斯显然受到了很大的启发，他又糅和了泰聂耳#马丁内关于行动元的$三分法%，即施动者，受动者，受益者，纠正了他们过于拘谨，不够全面的地方,比如没有考虑到行为元范畴间的组合衔接关系，因为受益者并不与施动者结合，而是与行善者衔接[5]P199"格雷马斯的学生库尔泰说：$主体 = 充满想往的存在物，客体 = 被人想往的存在物%"&聊斋志异’中的主体不一定是具体的人，有的是人格化的其他生物，如花妖狐媚，仙子精灵等等，客体往往是不确定的愿望及其变体也就是说，客体是一个变数最大的行动元，可以是人，也可以是金钱#爱情#幸福#地位#正义等等(武侠小说中的客体一般都是武功秘籍之类，言情小说的客体往往是爱情)"例如在&水浒传’中&智取生辰纲’的一段，主人公杨志就是主体,他的愿望!!!押运生辰纲到东京太师府就是客体,小说所展现的就是主体如何实现客体的过程，即杨志如何押运生辰纲，最后被晁盖一伙人智取的过程"就&麦琪的礼物’而言,客体就是圣诞节的礼物,主体是小说中的一对夫妇"这对夫妇为了送一份生日礼物给对方，都把自己最珍贵的财产卖掉了，结果礼物都失去的用途，可是真正的客体是爱，夫妻之间的相濡以沫的爱，相遇相知的爱"正是由于这份爱的存在，他们才做出了如此艰难而富有戏剧性的抉择"联接主体和客体的就是$行动%，故事的功能就在于通过这些有意向的行动构成有意义的情节"这些行动不但是主体追求客体的活动,还具备其他行为者的活动，用图表表示为：发送者 , 客体 2 接受者3辅助者 , 主体 2 反对者[6]P201在文本中$,主体 /客体%都不是孤立存在的$,发送者 /接受者%这对行为者关系到客体存在方式和最后归宿"在&麦琪的礼物’中,主体实现客体的过程也就是发送者发送客体从而被接受者接受的过程，如果缺少这两个行动元，客体就变成了无源之水，无本之木"但在一些简单的故事中，主体与接受者，客体与发送者在功能和人物角色上是一致的"$辅助者 /反对者%这一对辅助元对叙事文本有着至关重要的意义"普罗普称$反对者%为$反面人物%，称$辅助者%为$协助者%"格雷马斯认为其作用有二：1，第一功能有助于欲望的实现，它利用交流 2，另一类反之，她制造障碍，阻滞欲望的实现它妨碍交流[7]P254"有了这两种力量的存在，文本变得丰富化，复杂化"笔者认为，辅助者具有不同的意识形态在很大程度上会影响甚至决定主体的命运，如&祝福’中的祥林嫂以悲剧结束自己的一生，是受到周围人们的人生价值观的强烈影响；&西游记’中的唐僧虽然历经磨难但最终取得真经，主要是因为有孙悟空的不离不弃"&麦琪的礼物’的主线是德拉卖掉自己的头发为丈夫买来一个白金表链"$反对者%无中生有，制造矛盾$，辅助者%急中生智，扭转乾坤"反对者和辅助者的所作所为使整个故事跌宕起伏，趣味横生"当然其中还夹杂着作者对感情的解读与阐释"这种两组关系也能展示作品的结构,以男女主人公最基本的关系为例：1#反对者：所有财产，一元八角七；第二天就是圣诞节了；生活是哭泣#抽噎和微笑尤以抽噎占统治地位；乞丐帮：一套带家具的公寓房子；信箱从来没有装过信，没有人按电铃；他的收入缩结构主义视角下全新解读!麦琪的礼物"$ +#$日期! !"##$ "&$ !"作者简介!冯涛（#’,#!），男，陕西渭南人，湖南科技学院大学英语教学部，讲师，研究方向为英美文学研究及英语教学法"结构主义视角下全新解读"麦琪的礼物#冯涛（湖南科技学院大学英语教学部，湖南永州 425100）)摘要* 从文学批评的结构主义观点出发.运用相关理论来分析欧(亨利的短篇小说&麦琪的礼物’.并研究了这篇小说的人物角色的构成与小说的深层结构，不仅使读者对这部作品进行重新解读，而且也对真爱的理解也有了全新的阐释")关键词* 结构主义；&麦琪的礼物’；欧(亨利；文本结构!中图分类号" !#$% !文献标识码" & ’()*+$,-.%./0, )112, +%$6 #$++6$-6$+-!文章编号" +%$$#$++%$-5$%$5$4一&结构主义理论与’麦琪的礼物(结构主义不是一种单纯的传统意义上的哲学学说，而是一些人文科学和社会科学家在各自的专业领域里共同应用的一种研究方法，其目的就是试图使人文科学和社会科学也能像自然科学一样达到精确化#科学化的水平"结构主义者的最终目标是永恒的结构：个人的行为#感觉和姿态都纳入其中，并由此得到它们最终的本质"它也表明了结构主义的一个基本思想：语言!!!即系统!!!是一种自主的#内在化的#自我满足的体系，它不与外界的实体的事物发生关系"结构主义的方法有两个基本特征"首先是对整体性的强调，其次是对共时性的强调"共时性和整体观和系统性是相一致的，因此共时性的研究方法是整体观和系统观的必然延伸[1]P76-77"本文正是运用结构主义理论和$语义结构%来分析&麦琪的礼物’的语义结构,并对其进行具体的意义解读"欧(亨利的小说匠心独运，别致新颖，其创作手法风靡世界文坛"其作品通常都是为了反映美国下层人民生活的艰辛，揭示美国贫富悬殊，两极分化的社会现象[2]P62"&麦琪的礼物’是欧(亨利的巅峰之作"麦琪，是圣子耶稣诞生时前来送礼的三位智慧的贤人，他们首创了圣诞节馈赠礼物的风俗"在西方人看来，圣诞礼物是最可珍贵的，因而也希望自己获得的礼物是最有价值的圣诞礼物"这篇小说描述了一位妻子为了给丈夫买一条白金表链作为圣诞礼物，卖掉了一头秀发"可是无巧不成书，丈夫也出于同样的目的，卖掉了祖传金表给妻子买了一套梳子"小夫妻互赠圣诞礼物，结果真相大白，两人珍贵的礼物都失去了使用价值，而他们却得到了比任何实物都宝贵的东西!!!真爱"本文通过对该文本的分析,展现了这个短篇小说的语义结构并剖析了作品的深层涵义"&麦琪的礼物’的第一段话说$：一美元八角七分"就这些了，其中六角还尽是些零碎的硬币"这些都是在和杂货商#菜贩子和肉店老板讨价还价时一分分地抠下来的"一想到自己这样斤斤计较，用不找别人议论，她自己就臊得满脸绯红了"德拉反复数了三次，还是一元八角七，第二天就是圣诞节了%[3]P1"作者如此开头，弦外之音就是说$大批的金银财物，全都不在这里，其中那些大面值的钞票全都在富有人的家里"杂货店老板#菜贩子和肉店老板都这对贫穷的夫妻都不屑一顾，保山学院学报!"#$ 第 % 期减到二十美元，收支失衡；破旧的红地毯上溅落了一#两滴眼泪"2#辅助者：筹划着要送他一件可心的礼物；朴素的白金表链；镂刻着花纹表链就像吉姆本人文静而有价值；德拉的秀发使女王的珍宝黯然失色；吉姆的金表，让那所罗门王忌妒；头发的价值：二十美元；在任何场合，吉姆都可以看时间"分别列出辅助者和反对者的关系可以发现，1-14 构成了&麦琪的礼物’整个故事结构"欧(亨利细致入微地描写德拉无钱为丈夫买礼物的焦灼心情，写德拉的瀑布般的美发，写德拉卖发和买白金表链的全过程，却惜墨如金地避开了吉姆卖金表买发梳的经过"对文本分析之后，我们可以理解作者的匠心独运，尤其是对德拉的描述，加深了文章思想的内涵，激发读者对爱情#金钱价值的思考，使读者对爱的涵义有了更深层次的领悟"从前面德拉数钱的犹豫徘徊到后面她卖发的当机立断，都是对爱的涵义的铺垫与诠释"这对夫妻的爱情宣言没有海枯石烂，没有地老天荒，但是他们却都是痴心情长，同心千载，愿意为了对方牺牲掉自己最宝贵的东西，他们的爱早已融入了对方的血液里，比琼瑶的小说更富浪漫气息"三!解读"麦琪的礼物#的文本结构与深层蕴意格雷马斯提出三类叙述组合，即，契约性组合，完成性组合以及分离型组合"这些组合关系基本完成了整个小说的结构框架，通过这些组合把所有人的活动组成生动的故事情节，给每个角色安排了特定的任务"除此之外，小说还表达了作者的思想内涵，包括他的爱恨情仇，即通过独特的创造形式把有价值的涵义传达给读者"例如&智取生辰纲’中的故事，杨志等人千辛万苦押运生辰纲到太师府，晁盖一伙人早就有备而来，同时利用白胜演了一出戏，诱使杨志等人上当，最后杨志等人因误喝药酒而醉倒，生辰纲轻而易举就被晁盖等人劫走"$智取%这个计策肯定出自吴用之手，总策划是晁盖，而道人公孙胜提供了准确的地点!!!黄泥岗，还有白胜扮演卖酒之人，其余的人虽然各司其职，但并没有明确的分工，在这一段故事中，只是一些语言符号，起到辅助作用，比如装作卖枣之人假装喝酒，最后劫走生辰纲"这样的片段可以转化为这样一个语义结构：X 押运生辰纲前往东京，Y 意图在半路智取，Z与 Y 联袂出演迷魂记，X 中计上当，Y 与 Z 劫走生辰纲，逃之夭夭，X 丢失生辰纲，酿成大祸"由此可以看出，所有结构主要是由专有名词（X#Y#Z）和动词构成的"我们可以完全按照语义结构的模式，最后归结为$X 押运生辰纲，X 喝酒中计，X 酿成大祸%等三个组合，他把整个作品看成一种放大的语义结构"如果将&麦琪的的礼物’进行三类叙述组合化解读后，就可以形成如下的语义结构：1#契约性组合：叙述命令（时间：圣诞节前夕"人物：德拉与吉姆"社会环境：家境贫寒，乞丐帮"）接受命令（事件：送礼物给自己的丈夫"）；禁令（第二天就是圣诞节了，送礼物迫在眉睫"生活就是哭泣#抽噎和微笑，尤以抽噎占统治地位"）；违背禁令（德拉花费了多少幸福的时日筹划着要送他一件可心的礼物，德拉想卖掉秀发，来为吉姆挑选礼物"）2#完成性组合：叙述历险争斗（由美到丑得蜕变：美发被卖掉了，德拉眼睛里残留着晶莹的泪花，头上布满了紧贴头皮的一绺绺小卷发"）；完成某项任务（德拉花去二十一美元买下了白金表链）"3#分离型组合：叙述来去（吉姆卖掉金表，换钱为德拉买了全套梳子）；离别关系（他们为了对方而牺牲了他们家最宝贵的东西"）从上面的语义结构分析中，我们可以更加清晰的看到这篇小说的深层蕴意，并对小说的主题进行多角度的解读与诠释"四!结束语欧(亨利在小说末尾留下了一段意味深长的话：$我要对今天的聪明人再说上最后一句，在所$ +!$

1、麦琪是指神圣的使者，这里代指高尚的个人情操。2、因为夫妇俩都能为了给予对方而献出自己最宝贵的东西，这种精神已经超越了圣者，故而说他们就是麦琪。3、作者用细腻的笔触，描绘了一对普通夫妇在贫寒窘迫的生活中自得其乐的幸福生活，用对其贫寒的描绘，凸显各自拥有的最宝贵的东西的重要，而在为了对方的时候，又能毫不犹豫地舍弃掉自己最宝贵的，来换得给对方最好的礼物，尽管他们都“失算”了，命运给他们开了一个不小的玩笑，可是从中他们都看到更加宝贵的东西，为了失去自己最宝贵的而惋惜流泪的时候，面对更加宝贵的情意，让人不禁又微笑起来……通过特殊的叙事手法描绘的故事，更加有力的撼动了读者的心，从而达到感人至深的效果。

英语文学论文答辩麦琪的礼物

《麦琪的礼物》欧·亨利创作的短篇小说，讲述了一对穷困的年轻夫妇忍痛割爱互赠圣诞礼物的故事，反映了美国下层人民生活的.艰难，赞美了主人公善良的心地和纯真爱情。以下是我为大家整理的关于这本书的英文读后感，欢迎大家阅读！

“Love is the best gift.” told us,in one of his most famous novels,The Gift of The Magi.

is said to be the most gifted and famous American short-story novelist in the one of his major works,The Gift of The Magi tells us a story about a couple in the low social the coming of Christmas，both of them want to give the other a a result,the young wife,Della,sells her beautiful long hair to buy a platinum fob chain to descorate the watch of her husband, at the same time,Jim sacrifice his most valuable golden watch to buy his wife a jewelled comb.

To be honest,we have to say that it is an unfortunate of them sacrifice their most treasured things for the when things turn out,it seems that what they have done is the other way,although they don’t receive the gift they need,they receive the love from the no matter what will happen in the future,they will remember that the most valuable is neither the long beautiful hair nor the golden watch,but the people who live with us.”Love is the best gift.”That is what the writer wants to tell us.

"Gift of the Magi" is the O. Henry wrote an interesting article. It is mainly about the day before Christmas, the poor living in the apartment of la would like to give her husband Jim a surprise, but she is only one dollar octagonal seven, she knew it was not enough money to buy any good gift, so she cited to be proud of brown hair cut down like a waterfall, sell, and in exchange for the 20 . dollars. Exhausted all of the individual shops, De la spent 21 dollars, and finally bought a simple white gold watch chain, which can be accompanied by a piece of Jim's gold watch. And Jim also wanted to give his wife a surprise, he also sold proud gold watch.

Bought a la the envy of the long-awaited full set of beautiful combs for Christmas gifts.

The Gift of the Magi is a short story wrote by story tells that in the day before Christmas,a poor young couple exchanged gifts by sold the most precious thing of each,but resulted ordetracted, the two precious gifts all became useless they got the most precious thing than any material objects——love.

After read this story,I learned how to respect others’ love and how to love this story,they all lost the most valuable things——Jim’s golden watch and Della’s beautiful hair. Behind this, I saw they loved each other loved their family, they let me feel that cold Christmas Eve has become the warm heaven just because of their gifts. If Della only took one dollar and eighty-seven cents to pick gift,this story will probably lacking of shocking, and also cannot cause readers’ thinking.

In this materialistic society, people often use money to measure bags of gifts which are packaging delicately in front of us,what can we see except empty and blank? Parents feel happy because of our simple greeting cards in their birthday,because of a few words of gifts,simple but can’t be compared with those which built with a lot of money, outlined by luxuriance. What clever gifts! In some sense, they are invaluable.

Yes,in this materialistic society,some people think money is everything,the one who owns money,who owns wonder a great amount of girls became mammonists,and want to marry richers;no wonder more and more men think that there is no true love,what girls love is their money. But I always believe sincere love is existed and it’s priceless. Even if you have millions of money, you can’t change it into true love. Maybe money can let you get some feelings from girls, but those are hypocritical. When you no longer possess vast wealth, the hypocritical feelings will ended and left you extremely painful and Della were a happy couple, although they were poor, living in short of their hearts, money is not important, the important thing is the affection from each long as they have it, they felt happier than any millionaire.

Maybe some people will pour scorn on it and cannot understand what their done. If there is a good fortune and a sincere feeling in front of you at the same time, which one will you choose? I wouldn't hesitate to choose the later, because sincere feeling is priceless! I believe that true pay will have sincere return finally, and the one who have true love can have his or her happiness.

Nowadays,more and more people have been pressed to lose their breath by the forgot the persons they love,and the persons who love need to care about others,no matter how much money we our loved one need is how our concern about him or her. In some important days,don’t forget to bring him or her some matter what is it,how valuable is it,he or she would like it anyway.

Because it is the gift of the Magi.

看着他们的真情，让我对我们现在的社会很失望。纵然我睁大眼睛去刻意找寻，也很难在看到如此真情了。现在的人们，找伴侣时首先看的就是物质条件：是不是有车有房？更甚者还希望他是父母双亡！而成婚后，由于生活不富裕，而牢骚满天，三天一小吵五天一大吵，或者直接就离婚。还有，丈夫飞黄腾达了就抛弃糟糠之妻，妻子为了物质享受出轨。甚至很多年纪轻轻的大学生就如此世故，甘愿做足以做其父亲的男子的二奶，三奶。

麦琪的礼物毕业论文范文免费预览

Love——The Most Precious Thing My Impression of The Gift of the MagiThe Gift of the Magi is a short story wrote by story tells that in the day before Christmas,a poor young couple exchanged gifts by sold the most precious thing of each,but resulted ordetracted, the two precious gifts all became useless they got the most precious thing than any material objects—— read this story,I learned how to respect others' love and how to love this story,they all lost the most valuable things——Jim's golden watch and Della's beautiful hair. Behind this, I saw they loved each other loved their family, they let me feel that cold Christmas Eve has become the warm heaven just because of their gifts. If Della only took one dollar and eighty-seven cents to pick gift,this story will probably lacking of shocking, and also cannot cause readers' this materialistic society, people often use money to measure bags of gifts which are packaging delicately in front of us,what can we see except empty and blank? Parents feel happy because of our simple greeting cards in their birthday,because of a few words of gifts,simple but can't be compared with those which built with a lot of money, outlined by luxuriance. What clever gifts! In some sense, they are this materialistic society,some people think money is everything,the one who owns money,who owns wonder a great amount of girls became mammonists,and want to marry richers;no wonder more and more men think that there is no true love,what girls love is their money. But I always believe sincere love is existed and it's priceless. Even if you have millions of money, you can't change it into true love. Maybe money can let you get some feelings from girls, but those are hypocritical. When you no longer possess vast wealth, the hypocritical feelings will ended and left you extremely painful and Della were a happy couple, although they were poor, living in short of their hearts, money is not important, the important thing is the affection from each long as they have it, they felt happier than any some people will pour scorn on it and cannot understand what their done. If there is a good fortune and a sincere feeling in front of you at the same time, which one will you choose? I wouldn't hesitate to choose the later, because sincere feeling is priceless! I believe that true pay will have sincere return finally, and the one who have true love can have his or her and more people have been pressed to lose their breath by the forgot the persons they love,and the persons who love need to care about others,no matter how much money we our loved one need is how our concern about him or her. In some important days,don't forget to bring him or her some matter what is it,how valuable is it,he or she would like it it is the gift of the Magi.

1 pieces of 8 hair 7, just a bit of money, which is 60 Fen minutes of the coin, a penny a penny in the grocery store owner, the vendors and the butcher Lailai hard, every time a hair with the smell of urine, the transaction is a deeply argue about little details. Della counted it three times, one dollar and seven cents, and the second day was christmas.

In addition to flop down on the shabby little couch crying, obviously there is no other way.

D do, but spiritual feeling arise spontaneously, life is cry sniffles and smiles withsniffles predominating.

As the housewife gradually calmed down, lets take a look at the house. A furnished apartment house, rent eight dollars a week. Although it is difficult to describe, but it is really enough to help the word beggar.

There is a mailbox downstairs in the doorway, which no letter, and an electric button from no one finger ring. Moreover, there is a name card, write James di - Han Lin yang.

Dillingham this name is the owner of previous brilliance as a whim added, when he earned thirty dollars a week. Now, his income has shrunk to $twenty, Dillingham letters appear blurred, as though they were thinking seriously of a modest and unassuming practical letters D. However, when Mr. James Dillingham Jan, go upstairs, walked into the room upstairs, James de Han Lin - Mrs. Yang is just introduced to you as della is always called him Kim, and warmly embraced him. Of course, thats the best. Yes, Jim is so lucky!

Della finished her cry to her cheeks with the powder rag. She stood by the window and looked out dully at a backyard in a gray cat walking a gray fence in. Tomorrow is Christmas. She has only one dollar and seven cents to buy a gift for Jim. She spent several months, and worked her way through the effort, and got the result. Twenty dollars a week is not long, so always spending more than budget. Only one yuan and seven gifts for Jim. Her Jim. She spent many a happy hour planning to send him a gift Kexin, a fine and rare and precious gift -- at least some match on all things just to Jim.

There is a wall mirror between the two windows of the room. Maybe youve seen a wall mirror that costs eight dollars a week. A very small and dexterous person who, by observing himself in a series of longitudinal images, may have an approximate concept of his own appearance. Della slim, had mastered the art.

Suddenly, she whirled round the window and stood in front of the wall mirror. Her eyes were sparkling, but in twenty seconds her face lost its luster. She split her hair so fast that she completely scattered it.

Now, James Dillingham young couple each have a special pride. One is Jims gold watch, which was handed down by his grandfather to his father, and his father passed it on to Jiabao, while the other was Dellas hair. If the queen of Sheba lived in the flat across the courtyard, one day Della would have let her hair hang down, dry out the window, to be cast into the shade of the Queens jewels; if his treasures piled up in the basement, Solomon Wang is the gatekeeper, when Jim walked in there, will touch the gold watch. Let the Solomon Wang beard from envy.

At this moment, Dellas hair rippled around her, microwave and downs, shine, like the brown waterfall. Her hair is long and, like a piece of her robe. And then she nervously nervously combed her hair. Hesitated for a minute and stood still while splashed on the worn red carpet one or two drops of tears.

She put on her old brown jacket, wearing old brown hat, eyes remain with tears, the skirt is placed, then out of the door, down the stairs to the street.

She stopped before a sign, and said, Mrs. Alfonso F Roni, specializing in all kinds of hair.. Della ran up the stairs panting after a pause. The mast, the lady body is too pale, with Sofros stern manner, the title is irrelevant.

Are you going to buy my hair? Della asked.

I buy my hair, said madame. Take off your hat, and let me see the hair..

The brown falls down rippled.

Twenty dollars, said Madame, grabbing her hair as she was.

Give me the money quickly, della said.

Ah, the next two hours, like wings, flew happily past. Forget the hashed metaphor. She was rummaging through the shops to buy gifts for Jim.

She finally found it. It must have been made for Jim. It was never meant for anybody else. She has searched the stores, where there is no such thing, a simple white gold bracelet with a carved. Just like all good things, it is only a matter of length, not a display of decoration. And its worthy of the gold watch. As soon as she saw it she knew that it must belong to all of Jim. It is like Jim himself, quiet and value -- the description applied to both. She bought it for twenty-one dollars, hurried home, leaving only seven cents. The gold watch, the chain, whether on any occasion, Jim can no kuise to look at the time.

Even though the watch was gorgeous, because it used the old belt to represent the chain, he sometimes glanced furtively.

After della came home, her ecstasy became a little cautious and sensible. She lit the gas and the hair pincers to repair for love and generosity to the destruction, it is always a very difficult task, dear friends -- a mammoth task.

Within forty minutes her head was covered with close lying curls that made her look like a schoolboy. She stared at herself in the mirror the old look, carefully and critically according to.

If Jim looked at me not to kill my words, she automatic speaking, hell say I look like a Coney Island chorus girl. But what can I do? - well, only one yuan and seven cents. What can I do?

Seven oclock, she made the coffee, the pan on the hot stove, always do steak.

Jim always goes home on time. Della held the silver chain in her hand and sat near the door on the corner of the table. Then she heard his footsteps on the stairs below, and she lost his face for a moment. She had a habit for the simplest everyday things and pray silently, at the moment, she whispered: please God, make him think I am still pretty.

The door opened, and Jim stepped in and closed the door. He looked thin and very serious. Poor man, he was only twenty-two years old, and he was burdened with a family! He needs to buy a new coat, not even a glove.

Jim stopped inside the door, as immovable as a setter at the scent of quail. His eyes were fixed on della, and his face made her unable to understand and make her hair stand on end. It was not anger, nor surprise, nor disapproval, nor horror, is not an expression of any she had expected. He just stared at della with his face in his face.

Della wriggled, jumped down from the table and went over to him.

Jim, dear, she cried, dont stare at me like that.. I cut off my hair and sold it. Because I didnt give you a present, I couldnt spend christmas. Hair will grow again - you dont mind, do you? Im not going to do that. My hair grows very fast. Say Merry Christmas! Jim, lets be happy. You cant guess what a nice gift I bought you - what a beautiful and delicate gift!

Have you cut off your hair? Asked Jim slowly, he racked his brains did not seem to realize this obvious fact.

Cut it off, della said. Anyway, dont you like me too? Without long hair, Im still me, right?

Jim looked at the room curiously four times.

Did you say your hair was gone? He asked, almost idiotic.

Dont look for it, said della. Tell you, I sold it - sold it, no!. Its Christmas Eve, nice guy. Treat me well, its for you. Maybe my hair counts, she said, very softly, but nobody knows how much I love you.. I do steak, Jim?

Jim seemed to wake up from a trance and put della in his arms. Now, dont worry, lets take ten seconds to think carefully about something unimportant from another angle. The rent is $eight a week, or $one million - whats the difference? A mathematician or a wit will give you the wrong answer. Maggie brings precious gifts, but its missing that thing. This obscure statement will be explained later.

Jim took a small bag out of his coat pocket and threw it on the table.

Dont make any mistake for me, Del, he said, no matter Haircut or a shave or a shampoo, I think there what can reduce a little bit of love for my wife. However, as long as you open the package you will see why you had me reckless.

The white fingers cleverly untied the rope and opened the paper bag. And then there was a scream of rapture, oops! Suddenly became a female neurotic tears and crying, in urgent need of the owner of all the way to comfort.

Or because the combs -- the set of combs on the table, side and back, everything. It was a long time ago that Della had seen and envied something in a window in broadway. These beautiful combs, pure tortoiseshell, xiangzhuo jewelry -- just the color of her lost hair match. She knew that the comb was too expensive, and she only admired it, but never thought of it. Now, all this belongs to her, but the beautiful long hair that has the qualifications to wear this coveted ornament has disappeared.

However, she still hairbrush to her chest, took a moment to look up with dim eyes and a smile and say: my hair grows so fast, Jim!

Then, she looked like a scalded cat jumped up and cried, oh! Oh!

Jim hasnt seen his beautiful gift yet. She can scarcely wait to open palm, stretched out in front of him, the dull precious metal seemed so bright.

Is it beautiful, Jim? I searched all over the city to find it. Now, you can watch it one hundred times a day. Give me the watch, and Ill see what it looks like on the watch.

Kim instead of obeying, but fell on the couch, his hands under his head and smiled.

Del, he said, lets put aside the Christmas gifts and save it for a while. They are so good that they are not suitable for use at present. I sold the watch to get the money to buy your combs. Now, you do steak.

As you all know, Maggie is a clever, intelligent person who brings gifts to Jesus who is born in a manger. They invented the art of giving Christmas gifts. Because they are smart people, there is no doubt that their gifts are smart gifts, and if you meet two things exactly the same, you may also have the right to exchange. Here, I have clumsily introduced you to two silly children living in an apartment suite, not surprisingly, they have unwisely sacrificed their most precious things for each other. But lets say the last word to the wise today, among all the gifts, the two are the wisest. Among all the gifts and gifts received, the two of them are the wisest. Wherever they are, theyre the smartest people.

They are sages. .

翻译

1块8毛7，就这么些钱，其中六毛是一分一分的铜板，一个子儿一个子儿在杂货店老板、菜贩子和肉店老板那儿硬赖来的，每次闹得脸发臊，深感这种掂斤播两的交易实在丢人现眼。德拉反复数了三次，还是一元八角七，而第二天就是圣诞节了。

除了扑倒在那破旧的小睡椅上哭嚎之外，显然别无他途。

德拉这样做了，可精神上的感慨油然而生，生活就是哭泣、抽噎和微笑，尤以抽噎占统治地位。

当这位家庭主妇逐渐平静下来之际，让我们看看这个家吧。一套带家具的公寓房子，每周房租八美元。尽管难以用笔墨形容，可它真正够得上乞丐帮这个词儿。

楼下的门道里有个信箱，可从来没有装过信，还有一个电钮，也从没有人的手指按响过电铃。而且，那儿还有一张名片，上写着杰姆斯狄林汉杨先生。

迪林厄姆这个名号是主人先前春风得意之际，一时兴起加上去的，那时候他每星期挣三十美元。现在，他的收入缩减到二十美元，迪林厄姆的字母也显得模糊不清，似乎它们正严肃地思忖着是否缩写成谦逊而又讲求实际的字母D。不过，每当杰姆斯狄林汉杨先生，回家上楼，走进楼上的房间时，杰姆斯狄林汉杨太太，就是刚介绍给诸位的德拉，总是把他称作吉姆，而且热烈地拥抱他。那当然是再好不过的了。是呀，吉姆是多好的运气呀！

德拉哭完之后，往面颊上抹了抹粉，她站在窗前，痴痴地瞅着灰蒙蒙的后院里一只灰白色的猫正行走在灰白色的篱笆上。明天就是圣诞节，她只有一元八角七给吉姆买一份礼物。她花去好几个月的时间，用了最大的努力一分一分地攒积下来，才得了这样一个结果。一周二十美元实在经不起花，支出大于预算，总是如此。只有一元八角七给吉姆买礼物，她的吉姆啊。她花费了多少幸福的时日筹划着要送他一件可心的礼物，一件精致、珍奇、贵重的礼物至少应有点儿配得上吉姆所有的东西才成啊。

房间的两扇窗子之间有一面壁镜。也许你见过每周房租八美元的公寓壁镜吧。一个非常瘦小而灵巧的人，从观察自己在一连串的纵条影象中，可能会对自己的容貌得到一个大致精确的概念。德拉身材苗条，已精通了这门子艺术。

突然，她从窗口旋风般地转过身来，站在壁镜前面。她两眼晶莹透亮，但二十秒钟之内她的面色失去了光彩。她急速地拆散头发，使之完全泼散开来。

现在，詹姆斯迪林厄姆杨夫妇俩各有一件特别引以自豪的东西。一件是吉姆的金表，是他祖父传给父亲，父亲又传给他的传家宝；另一件则是德拉的秀发。如果示巴女王①也住在天井对面的公寓里，总有一天德拉会把头发披散下来，露出窗外晾干，使那女王的珍珠宝贝黯然失色；如果地下室堆满金银财宝、所罗门王又是守门人的话，每当吉姆路过那儿，准会摸出金表，好让那所罗门王忌妒得吹胡子瞪眼睛。

此时此刻，德拉的秀发泼撒在她的周围，微波起伏，闪耀光芒，有如那褐色的瀑布。她的美发长及膝下，仿佛是她的一件长袍。接着，她又神经质地赶紧把头发梳好。踌躇了一分钟，一动不动地立在那儿，破旧的红地毯上溅落了一、两滴眼泪。

她穿上那件褐色的旧外衣，戴上褐色的旧帽子，眼睛里残留着晶莹的泪花，裙子一摆，便飘出房门，下楼来到街上。

她走到一块招牌前停下来，上写着：索弗罗妮夫人专营各式头发。德拉奔上楼梯，气喘吁吁地定了定神。那位夫人身躯肥大，过于苍白，冷若冰霜，同索弗罗妮的雅号简直牛头不对马嘴。

你要买我的头发吗？德拉问。

我买头发，夫人说。揭掉帽子，让我看看发样。

那褐色的瀑布泼撒了下来。

二十美元，夫人一边说，一边内行似地抓起头发。

快给我钱，德拉说。

呵，接着而至的两个小时犹如长了翅膀，愉快地飞掠而过。请不用理会这胡诌的比喻。她正在彻底搜寻各家店铺，为吉姆买礼物。

她终于找到了，那准是专为吉姆特制的，决非为别人。她找遍了各家商店，哪儿也没有这样的东西，一条朴素的白金表链，镂刻着花纹。正如一切优质东西那样，它只以货色论长短，不以装潢来炫耀。而且它正配得上那只金表。她一见这条表链，就知道一定属于吉姆所有。它就像吉姆本人，文静而有价值，这一形容对两者都恰如其份。她花去二十一美元买下了，匆匆赶回家，只剩下八角七分钱。金表匹配这条链子，无论在任何场合，吉姆都可以毫无愧色地看时间了。

尽管这只表华丽珍贵，因为用的是旧皮带取代表链，他有时只偷偷地瞥上一眼。

德拉回家之后，她的狂喜有点儿变得审慎和理智了。她找出烫发铁钳，点燃煤气，着手修补因爱情加慷慨所造成的破坏，这永远是件极其艰巨的任务，亲爱的朋友们，简直是件了不起的任务呵。

不出四十分钟，她的头上布满了紧贴头皮的一绺绺小卷发，使她活像个逃学的小男孩。她在镜子里老盯着自己瞧，小心地、苛刻地照来照去。

假如吉姆看我一眼不把我宰掉的话，她自言自语，他定会说我像个科尼岛上合唱队的卖唱姑娘。但是我能怎么办呢？唉，只有一元八角七，我能干什么呢？

七点钟，她煮好了咖啡，把煎锅置于热炉上，随时都可做肉排。

吉姆一贯准时回家。德拉将表链对叠握在手心，坐在离他一贯进门最近的桌子角上。接着，她听见下面楼梯上响起了他的脚步声，她紧张得脸色失去了一会儿血色。她习惯于为了最简单的日常事物而默默祈祷，此刻，她悄声道：求求上帝，让他觉得我还是漂亮的吧。

门开了，吉姆步入，随手关上了门。他显得瘦削而又非常严肃。可怜的人儿，他才二十二岁，就挑起了家庭重担！他需要买件新大衣，连手套也没有呀。

吉姆站在屋里的门口边，纹丝不动地好像猎犬嗅到了鹌鹑的气味似的。他的两眼固定在德拉身上，其神情使她无法理解，令她毛骨悚然。既不是愤怒，也不是惊讶，又不是不满，更不是嫌恶，根本不是她所预料的任何一种神情。他仅仅是面带这种神情死死地盯着德拉。

德拉一扭腰，从桌上跳了下来，向他走过去。

吉姆，亲爱的，她喊道，别那样盯着我。我把头发剪掉卖了，因为不送你一件礼物，我无法过圣诞节。头发会再长起来你不会介意，是吗？我非这么做不可。我的头发长得快极了。说‘恭贺圣诞’吧！吉姆，让我们快快乐乐的。你肯定猜不着我给你买了一件多么好的.多么美丽精致的礼物啊！

你已经把头发剪掉了？吉姆吃力地问道，似乎他绞尽脑汁也没弄明白这明摆着的事实。

剪掉卖了，德拉说。不管怎么说，你不也同样喜欢我吗？没了长发，我还是我嘛，对吗？

吉姆古怪地四下望望这房间。

你说你的头发没有了吗？他差不多是白痴似地问道。

别找啦，德拉说。告诉你，我已经卖了卖掉了，没有啦。这是圣诞前夜，好人儿。好好待我，这是为了你呀。也许我的头发数得清，突然她特别温柔地接下去，可谁也数不清我对你的恩爱啊。我做肉排吗，吉姆？

吉姆好像从恍惚之中醒来，把德拉紧紧地搂在怀里。现在，别着急，先让我们花个十秒钟从另一角度审慎地思索一下某些无关紧要的事。房租每周八美元，或者一百万美元，那有什么差别呢？数学家或才子会给你错误的答案。麦琪带来了宝贵的礼物，但就是缺少了那件东西。这句晦涩的话，下文将有所交待。

吉姆从大衣口袋里掏出一个小包，扔在桌上。

别对我产生误会，德尔，他说道，无论剪发、修面，还是洗头，我以为世上没有什么东西能减低一点点对我妻子的爱情。不过，你只要打开那包东西，就会明白刚才为什么使我楞头楞脑了。

白皙的手指灵巧地解开绳子，打开纸包。紧接着是欣喜若狂的尖叫，哎呀！突然变成了女性神经质的泪水和哭泣，急需男主人千方百计的慰藉。

还是因为摆在桌上的梳子，全套梳子，包括两鬓用的，后面的，样样俱全。那是很久以前德拉在百老汇的一个橱窗里见过并羡慕得要死的东西。这些美妙的发梳，纯玳瑁做的，边上镶着珠宝，其色彩正好同她失去的美发相匹配。她明白，这套梳子实在太昂贵，对此，她仅仅是羡慕渴望，但从未想到过据为己有。现在，这一切居然属于她了，可惜那有资格佩戴这垂涎已久的装饰品的美丽长发已无影无踪了。

不过，她依然把发梳搂在胸前，过了好一阵子才抬起泪水迷蒙的双眼，微笑着说：我的头发长得飞快，吉姆！

随后，德拉活像一只被烫伤的小猫跳了起来，叫道，喔！喔！

吉姆还没有瞧见他的美丽的礼物哩。她急不可耐地把手掌摊开，伸到他面前，那没有知觉的贵重金属似乎闪现着她的欢快和热忱。

漂亮吗，吉姆？我搜遍了全城才找到了它。现在，你每天可以看一百次时间了。把表给我，我要看看它配在表上的样子。

吉姆非但不按她的吩咐行事，反而倒在睡椅上，两手枕在头下，微微发笑。

德尔，他说，让我们把圣诞礼物放在一边，保存一会儿吧。它们实在太好了，目前尚不宜用。我卖掉金表，换钱为你买了发梳。现在，你做肉排吧。

正如诸位所知，麦琪是聪明人，聪明绝顶的人，他们把礼物带来送给出生在马槽里的耶稣。他们发明送圣诞礼物这玩艺儿。由于他们是聪明人，毫无疑问，他们的礼物也是聪明的礼物，如果碰上两样东西完全一样，可能还具有交换的权利。在这儿，我已经笨拙地给你们介绍了住公寓套间的两个傻孩子不足为奇的平淡故事，他们极不明智地为了对方而牺牲了他们家最最宝贵的东西。不过，让我们对现今的聪明人说最后一句话，在一切馈赠礼品的人当中，那两个人是最聪明的。在一切馈赠又接收礼品的人当中，像他们两个这样的人也是最聪明的。无论在任何地方，他们都是最聪明的人。

他们就是圣贤。

当我第一次看《麦琪的礼物》时，有这样的疑问，麦琪是谁？他（她）的礼物又是什么？后来我了解到麦琪是三个人，他们是《圣经》中，耶稣出生时从东方来的三个贤人，他们的礼物带表了尊贵与圣洁。接下来我整理了《麦琪的礼物》读后感范文，欢迎大家阅读。

我崇尚爱，因为它是一种真情，之所以真，是因为它绝对的纯，不含一丝的杂质。

自从读了《麦琪的礼物》一文后，我更深刻地认识到爱的真与纯，情的美与切。作者刻画的女主角德拉给我留下了深刻的印象。

德拉是一个拥有一头美丽秀发的女人，她的头发是"一股褐色的瀑布"一样，有美又长，就连美貌的皇后都会嫉妒，多么美，多么珍贵的秀发啊！但她却把自己最珍贵最为之自豪的头发卖了，只为给丈夫买一件合适的圣诞礼物！这使我不得不佩服她的勇气，更佩服她对丈夫的爱，她的礼物就像是麦琪送给耶稣的一样，充满了爱和希望。

德拉对丈夫的爱是纯洁的，是值得赞颂的，人间处处都存在着真情，不止有纯洁的爱情，更有友情，亲情，任何纯真的感情都是值得赞颂的。只要用心去感受，你便会体会到这份纯爱，即使你的玻璃心上有一丝瑕疵，别灰心，只要你心中有真青，付出有真爱，你便能用你的纯洗刷掉那抹黑。

《麦琪的礼物》是美国短篇小说大师欧·亨利作品的选集。书中，社会上那些巧取豪夺，坑蒙拐，利欲熏心，尔虞我诈的“上流人物”，“得意之徒”们的丑恶行径，被揭露无遗。通过他们的种种表现，形象逼真，不拘一格地向读者展现了“文明社会”的黑暗与滑稽本质，弱肉强食与天良丧尽的现实，并喻示在金钱万能，唯利是图的生存环境中，人性的异化和畸变。

然而在众多对丑恶人性的描写之中，也不乏许多使人肃然起敬的“小人物”，让人对荒诞，滑稽的故事漠然一笑之后，感慨万千。留给我印象最深的是《麦琪的礼物》这篇文章，它让我真正领略到了人性的魅力。

有些人认为钱是万能的，有了钱就拥有了一切，但我一直坚信真挚的感情是无价的。即使你有千百万，那也换不来真正的感情。或许金钱让你获得一些感情，但那些都是虚伪的。当你不再拥有万贯金钱时，虚伪的感情便会破裂，最终留给你的是万分痛苦。

《麦琪的礼物》就是因为金钱而引发的一系列故事。一对夫妻因为想给对方买一件圣诞礼物而舍弃了自己的`心爱之物。可惜最后彼此的礼物却都失去了使用价值，但他们都得到了人世间最宝贵的礼物——彼此的真情。我认为他们是幸福的，虽然他们很穷，生活拮据，但在他们心中，金钱并不重要，重要的是对方的真情，只要拥有它，他们感到比有钱的富翁幸福百倍。

换一个角度来看，假如小说中女主人公德拉家财万贯，即使她买了昂贵礼物也看不出真情所在，杰姆也就不会感到那么幸福了。德拉美丽的头发，杰姆珍贵的金表，两样各自引以为自豪的东西都失去了。他们本来想让对方更加美丽，却使礼物失去了使用价值，然而他们更加感到幸福。正像作者所说：“在所有馈赠礼物的人当中，他们两个是最聪明的。“我想，在一切接受礼物的人当中，他们也是最幸福的。许多人都会羡慕这对夫妻。

也许，有些人会对此不屑一顾，无法理解他们的做法。假如万贯家财和一份真挚的感情同时放在你面前，你会选哪一样呢？我会毫不犹豫地选择那份感情，因为真挚的感情是无价的！我相信真心的付出终会有真诚的回报，拥有真情才能拥有幸福。

人们常把锋回路转，出人意料，大反常驻机构理的结尾称为“欧·亨利式的结尾”，相信欧·亨利的小说正是因为其独具风格与魅力的结尾而享誉世界。

读了欧·亨利的名作《麦琪的礼物》，我才深深地感受到了欧·亨利小说的吸引力。

这篇《麦琪的礼物》写一对贫苦夫妻，丈夫有一只金表却没有相称的表链；妻子有一头美丽的长发，却没有相配的发梳，而妻子卖掉长发给丈夫买了金表链。两人同时为对方考虑各自干出了动力心魄的“壮举”，使得双方的愿望都落了空。作品以意料之外而又在情理之中的结局收尾，凸显了夫妻之间感情的诚笃、深挚，读来催人泪下。

这篇文章又便我想到泰格尔的小小说名作《窗》，描写两位卧床的重病人，住在仅有一门一窗的狭小房间里，只有透过窗口才看见外界，生活死寂沉闷。为了安慰病友，近窗人每天向病友编织窗外斑澜多姿的景观，使病友摆脱寂寞，得到了快慰。至此故事似可以作结了。然而病友突生嫉妒，对近窗人竟见死不救，待争到近窗的铺位，见到的却只是光秃秃的一堵墙，作品于文末陡起波澜，出现逆转，使小说有了强烈的艺术魅力。

这种欧·亨利式的结尾是使人物的情感、行为或事情的结果向完全相反方向转折的一种构思方法，是增强文章吸引力的有效手段之一。它一般包含两大部分：“蓄势在前”，和“逆转在后”。即先形成一种思维定势，然后突转，突然打破积蓄已久的定势，从而造成一种久蓄而猝发的艺术冲击力。

这种结尾往往会造成心灵的震憾，给人更直接地心灵暗示，爱是相通的，但又是不可理喻的，只要互相谅解，互相支持，互相帮助，人世间将开满绚烂的爱之花！

惠若琪的论文答辩

是的。最高学历就是博士，看来孙杨不只是四肢发达，他想全面发展，也想为自己镀层金，也想学到点货真价实的东西。

每次看世界女子排球比赛的时候，都非常的振奋人心，因为这些女孩子在花一样的年纪选择从事排球事业，而且看起来非常的辛苦，这其中不乏许多长相非常好的女孩子，被誉为排球界的女神。世界各国都有自己国家的排球女生，在长相方面都有自己国家的特色，而且一般排球球技也比较的好，算是一些比较好的球员。排球女神可不单单只看相貌，还要看在排球界的贡献，要看在世界排球中的一个总体排名，这些都是考量因素。

中国女排闻名于世界，中国女排的总体实力是非常强的，而且团队间的协作也是非常强的，可以说如今世界上很少有国家能够超得过中国女排，中国女排算是一个比较传奇的存在了。那么在中国女排队伍内，有一个人被称为中国排球界的排球女神，就是惠若琪。惠若琪在打排球的时候和长相是相反的，打排球的他表现出了一股女汉子的感觉，但还是受到了许多人的喜欢，惠若琪毫无疑问是中国女排的排球女神。

博斯科维奇是塞尔维亚女子排球队的一名球员，身材高挑，且比例匀称，外表有着塞尔维亚的民族特色。再加上博斯科维奇球技非常好，所以被大家称为塞尔维亚女子排球队的排球女神。博斯科维奇是一个非常传奇的人物，在她14岁的时候，就已经被送入了排球国家队，可见她是一个非常有天赋的人，是当之无愧的排球女神。

世界排球中有许许多多球技非常好的排球女神，而且在长相方面也非常的好，可以说是当之无愧的排球女生，在中国女排中，排球女神是惠若琪，在塞尔维亚中，排球女神是博斯科维奇。

5月7日下午，惠若琪通过微博报喜，她的硕士论文通过省外盲审，答辩也顺利通过。这意味着她将正式攻读南京师范大学的体育人文社会学博士学位。此外，这位拥有高颜值以及“两米”大长腿的女排名将，在奥运会之后频繁亮相各大综艺节目，人气高涨的她，也成为中国体坛头号女神。

惠若琪硕士毕业论文题目是《中国女子排球联赛发展现状分析》，她还秀出了几张答辩时的图片。去年12月中旬，南京师范大学公布2017年招生计划，其中，惠若琪成为2017年体育科学学院的体育人文社会学博士新生，外界大赞这位中国女排队长是“高颜值+高学历”的完美结合。

惠若琪从小就是学霸，她在读重点初中的时候一度因为打排球而学习成绩班内沦为倒数，但是她并不服输，外出比赛随身携带课本，一有空就自学，结果她的成绩逆袭为班内前列。

在奥运会之后，惠若琪参加了不少公益活动，也成为综艺节目的常客。

对，孙杨是运动员中学历最高的。运动员大多都把精力放在自己的体能上，在学历方面很少有这么高的，他比较与众不同。

饮食礼仪论文答辩问题

餐饮礼仪问题可谓源远流长。据文献记载可知，至少在周代，饮食礼仪已形成一套相当完善的制度，特别是经曾任鲁国祭酒的孔子的称赞推崇而成为历朝历代表现大国之貌、礼仪之邦、文明之所的重要方面。作为汉族传统的古代宴饮礼仪，自有一套程序：主人折柬相邀，临时迎客于门外。宾客到时，互致问候，引入客厅小坐，敬以茶点。客齐后导客入席，以左为上，视为首席，相对首座为二座，首座之下为三座，二座之下为四座。客人坐定，由主人敬酒让菜，客人以礼相谢。席间斟酒上菜也有一定的讲究：应先敬长者和主宾，最后才是主人。宴饮结束，引导客人入客厅小坐，上茶，直到辞别。这种传统宴饮礼仪在我国大部分地区保留完整，如山东、香港及台湾，许多影视作品中多有体现。清代受西餐传入的影响，一些西餐礼仪也被引进。如分菜、上汤、进酒等方式也因合理卫生的食法被引入中餐礼仪中。中西餐饮食文化的交流，使得餐饮礼仪更加科学合理。现代较为流行的中餐宴饮礼仪是在继续传统与参考国外礼仪的基础上发展而来的。其座次借西方宴会以右为上的法则，第一主宾就坐于主人右侧，第二主宾在主人左侧或第一主宾右侧，变通处理，斟酒上菜由宾客右侧进行，先主宾，后主人，先女宾，后男宾。酒斟八分，不可过满。上菜顺序依然保持传统，先冷后热。热菜应从主宾对面席位的左侧上；上单份菜或配菜席点和小吃先宾后主，上全鸡、全鸭、全鱼等整形菜，不能头尾朝向正主位。这些程序不仅可以使整个宴饮过程和谐有序，更使主客身份和情感得以体现和交流。因此，餐桌之上的礼仪可使宴饮活动圆满周全，使主客双方的修养得到全面展示。特别具体的英国礼仪寻找困难，可参考正规书籍 1、就座时，身体要端正，手肘不要放在桌面上，不可跷足，与餐桌的距离以便于使用餐具为佳。餐台上已摆好的餐具不要随意摆弄。将餐巾对折轻轻放在膝上。 2、使用刀叉进餐时，从外侧往内侧取用刀叉，要左手持叉，右手持刀；切东西时左手拿叉按住食物，右手执刀将其切成小块，用叉子送入口中。使用刀时，刀刃不可向外。进餐中放下刀叉时应摆成“八”字型，分别放在餐盘边上。刀刃朝向自身，表示还要继续吃。每吃完一道菜，将刀叉并拢放在盘中。如果是谈话，可以拿着刀叉，无需放下。不用刀时，可用右手持叉，但若需要作手势时，就应放下刀叉，千万不可手执刀叉在空中挥舞摇晃，也不要一手拿刀或叉，而另一支手拿餐巾擦嘴，也不可一手拿酒杯，另一支手拿叉取菜。要记住，任何时候，都不可将刀叉的一端放在盘上，另一端放在桌上。 3、喝汤时不要啜，吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。如汤菜过热，可待稍凉后再吃，不要用嘴吹。喝汤时，用汤勺从里向外舀，汤盘中的汤快喝完时，用左手将汤盘的外侧稍稍翘起，用汤勺舀净即可。吃完汤菜时，将汤匙留在汤盘（碗）中，匙把指向自己。 4、吃鱼、肉等带刺或骨的菜肴时，不要直接外吐，可用餐巾捂嘴轻轻吐在叉上放入盘内。如盘内剩余少量菜肴时，不要用叉子刮盘底，更不要用手指相助食用，应以小块面包或叉子相助食用。吃面条时要用叉子先将面条卷起，然后送入口中。 5、面包一般掰成小块送入口中，不要拿着整块面包去咬。抹黄油和果酱时也要先将面包掰成小块再抹。 6、吃鸡时，欧美人多以鸡胸脯肉为贵。吃鸡腿时应先用力将骨去掉，不要用手拿着吃。吃鱼时不要将鱼翻身，要吃完上层后用刀叉将鱼骨剔掉后再吃下层吃肉时，要切一块吃一块，块不能切得过大，或一次将肉都切成块。 7、喝咖啡时如愿意添加牛奶或糖，添加后要用小勺搅拌均匀，将小勺放在咖啡的垫碟上。喝时应右手拿杯把，左手端垫碟，直接用嘴喝，不要用小勺一勺一勺地舀着喝。吃水果时，不要拿着水果整个去咬，应先用水果刀切成四瓣再用刀去掉皮、核、用叉子叉着吃。 8、用刀叉吃有骨头的肉吃有骨头的肉时，可以用手拿着吃。若想吃得更优雅，还是用刀较好。用叉子将整片肉固定（可将叉子朝上，用叉子背部压住肉），再用刀沿骨头插人，把肉切开。最好是边切边吃。必须用手吃时，会附上洗手水。当洗手水和带骨头的肉一起端上来时，意味着“请用手吃”。用手指拿东西吃后，将手指放在装洗手水的碗里洗净。吃一般的菜时，如果把手指弄脏，也可请侍者端洗手水来，注意洗手时要轻轻地洗。 9、吃面包可蘸调味汁吃到连调味汁都不剩，是对厨师的礼貌。注意不要把面包盘子“舔”得很干净，而要用叉子叉住已撕成小片的面包，再蘸一点调味汁来吃，是雅观的作法。

一、毕业论文答辩需要注意的事项礼仪:1.穿戴正装,有些专业不要求穿正装,但也不可太随意,要注意衣着整洁利落.2.仪容自然开始时先向老师问好,结束时向老师道谢.3.举止大方4.精神面貌佳二、答辩老师爱提的问题①为什么选择这个课题?②研究这个课题的意义和目的是什么?③全文的基本框架、结构、行文逻辑是什么?④在研究过程中,发现了哪些不同见解?⑤你如何看待这些不同见解?⑥论文在选题、观点、方法等方面有什么创新之处?⑦在论文中,还有哪些问题没搞清楚?⑧论文有什么不足之处?(本回答来源于学术堂)

其实一样西餐吃饭要的是安静不能有声音最重要的是西餐实用的是金属刀和叉中餐就要温文尔雅其实也是安静所以一样

西方的宴客形式，从正式到非正式，远远多于中国。大致说来，他们有以下八种宴请形式：有席位的宴青（seated dinners），自助餐（buffet dinners），正式午餐（luncheons），招待会（receptions），鸡尾酒会（cocktail parties），聚餐会（BYOB and BYOF=Bring your own bottles and bring your own food），野餐（picnics），茶会（tea parties）。从传统习俗上说，中国人请客，不论按长、尊、主、次围桌而坐，满桌丰盛的酒菜，主人频频劝酒，客人谦让礼到。中国人觉得这样的宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳。另外宴客时崇尚热闹欢快的气氛，讲究面子排场。排场之大，气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止。较随便的形式则是主人邀上三五知己，到家中由女主人炒几个菜，小酌一番。这种随便的宴客形式不讲究礼仪，不讲究坐次，不讲究饭菜，只讲气氛的和谐、主人的热诚、主客谈话的投机。当然，近年来西方的一些宴客形式，如酒会、招待会、自助餐或冷餐也会传到中国，但这些多是官方或单位出面组织的宴请形式，平民百姓还少有实行。其次，中西在宴客的观念上有较大的差异。中国人请客吃饭，重在饭菜本身。宴席上的酒菜一定要丰富多彩。如果做得到，一定是山珍海味，美味佳肴。否则，很难称的上是在请客。中国人宴客时重视饭菜本身起源于中国人的传统价值观念：民以食为天；食色性也。在衣食住行四大生活要素中食为首。西方人的饮食观念不同于中国人，林语堂先生说，英美人仅以“吃”为对一个生物的机器注入燃料，只要他们吃了以后能保持身体的结识，足以抵御病菌的感染，其他皆再不足道中。由于这一点，英语国家的饮食文化，尤其在烹饪方面不但逊色于中国，也远不如法意等国。他们的传统饭菜比较单一乏味。但比较注重营养，力求口味的清淡和膳食的均衡。中国和英语国家宴客习俗的差异还表现在宴请的礼仪上。中西都讲究正式的宴请活动的坐次安排。西方人请客用长桌，男女主人分坐两端，然后在按男女主宾和一般客人的次序安排座位。中国人传统上用八仙桌。对门为上，两边为偏座。请客时，年长者、主宾或地位高的人坐上座，男女主人或陪客者坐下座，其余客人按顺序坐偏座。在中国，左为尊，右为次；上为尊，下为次；中为尊，偏为次。而在西方，右为尊，左为次。对于餐桌的规矩，西方人进餐用刀叉，中国人用筷子。当然刀叉和筷子的用法都有各自的规矩。最后，我还要提到中西宴客方面的另一大差异，也就是餐桌气氛上的差异。总的来说是西方餐桌上静，中国餐桌上动。西方人平日好动，挥手耸肩等形体语言特别丰富。但一坐到餐桌上便专心致志的去静静的切割自家的盘中餐。中国人平日好静，一坐上餐桌，便滔滔不绝，相互让菜，劝酒。中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静反映出了中西饮食文化上的根本差异。中国人以食为人生之至乐，所以餐桌上人们尽情的享受这美味佳肴。餐桌上的热闹反映了食客发自内心的欢快。西方人以饮食为生存的必要条件，他们自然要遵守某些规范，以保证机器的正常运转。