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东西方女性复仇主题学论文

发布时间:2024-07-03 12:52:08

东西方女性复仇主题学论文

因为西方文学作品中喜欢用复仇这个主题。

多查资料。看看(世界文学研究)这类的书刊啊

因为复仇是观众最喜欢看的,剧情容易跌宕起伏。

选材分量太轻。一般西方文学中的女权绕不开《美狄亚》的,这是最早的“女性态度”。论文最好写的是谈发展,但是不出彩,容易平庸。从《美狄亚》到《查泰莱夫人的情人》,文学中的女权在经历一个悄悄瓦解的过程(实际不一定是这样,但是你要找一个论点,只要言之有理,说什么论点都行)。女权的内核在逐渐萎缩,表达方式也更加温和。简单说,文学中的女权(实际意义上的女权)没落了。 然后,引用些特征明显的著作(要明确的是你找的材料中女权的表达一定要越靠近现代越弱),证明你的论点。然后,引申,为什么会这样?这样好不好?(论述)然后,收尾,女权没落了。女人没落了么(等等一系列废话)。 然后等着老师夸。

中西方复仇对比研究英文论文

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

Frunze works about women a lot of tragedy, "Medea" and "The Storm" are two typical. "Medea" in the heroine Medea in ancient Greece is a unique literary women, "Thunderstorm" in the image of the Pan Yi of Chinese literature is a light shining figure. The times of their different geographical space differences in personality is also a gap between the performance. But they love being on the unfortunate awareness and resistance is very similar. They love to own more of their own equality and freedom, and continuing to struggle with, the despair, in retaliation, the sacrifice, perform scenes from the tragedy, while others were surprised and admire other people. This paper Panyi tragedy Medea and identity formation of the root causes of the tragedy and start of their struggle with the fate of the way and the results, and to explore the image of women in Western Revenge of the differences This is a summary of the paper section of trouble to master the literary translation points Thank you 是英文吧?

The ancient and moderns in China and abroad describe the feminine tragedy the work to have many, "the US Di Asia" and "Thunderstorm" is two models. "the US Di Asia" leading character US Di Ya in the ancient Greece literature is a unique female, "Thunderstorm" the numerous ripples image in the Chinese literature is a ray dazzling character. Their location time is different, the region space is different, also has the disparity in the character disposition performance. But they the misfortune which and revolt consciousness suffers in love are very actually similar. They for their love, own equality and the freedom, struggled, to despair unceasingly, are retaliating, are sacrificing, deducted a tragedy, both another person was surprised and another person to admire. This article the root which forms from US Di Ya and the numerous ripples tragedy status and the tragedy obtains, to analyze them with the destiny resistance way and the result, and discusses the Western revenge feminine image difference

1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史,无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧,都起源于民间,并与原始人祭祀神灵,欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史,它发展快,成就高,在世界上的影响很... 类别:毕业论文 大小:95 KB 日期:2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临,中国与外界的交流越来越频繁,特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界,如同一个大家庭,参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因,各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增,同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现,跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道,这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别:毕业论文 大小:96 KB 日期:2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征:儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗,宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰,以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线,在思想上追求人格的完美,以“谦谦君... 类别:毕业论文 大小:90 KB 日期:2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别:毕业论文 大小:88 KB 日期:2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年,西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化;西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天,中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别:毕业论文 大小:100 KB 日期:2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天,旅游业风风火火地发展起来了,作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来,且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世,这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机,但世界上酒店发展规模空前,...

中国杂志东方女性

有,我就见过。

《So Figaro》倪妮脸上的雀斑妆十分抢戏,眼神也是直击灵魂。《时尚健康》这眼神杀迷倒一片妹子,我愿意俯首称臣!《悦己》有点一言难尽。没有把倪妮的灵气表现出来!《时尚芭莎》倪妮和井柏然光天化日之下撒了一地的狗粮,我愿意当他们手中的小兔几。

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倪妮登上新加坡时尚杂志《icon风华》十周年典藏版封面。照片中,倪妮一袭白裙站在窗边,自然间流露出优雅魅力。倪妮为香港著名时尚杂志《玛利嘉儿》拍摄的封面大片曝光。造型简洁干练,配合几何图形的光影气氛营造,将身材曲线完美突显,脸部轮廓立体勾勒,颇具有未来的科幻感。

人性主题西方文学论文

在这个高度发达和充斥人类对利益歇斯底里的呐喊的世界,物欲的洪流似乎可以将任何一样事物泯灭和扼杀:传统、礼教、良知、道德甚至是灵魂。然而,也同样是在这个世界,同样上演着让我们心灵颤动、思想震撼的一幕幕……“当——”一声清脆的撞击,一枚硬币落在了一个已经看不出颜色的破旧的罐子里。在哥特式建筑的中央,从衣衫褴褛的乞丐混浊的瞳子里映出了一个清晰的身影,尘土似乎掩盖了这张历经风雨的如雕像般的面孔上的皱纹,但感激之情却更加清晰地从瞳子里流露,微微翕动的双唇祝福着好心人:“神与你同在,好心人!”远处的教堂的钟声琅琅响起,簌簌的雪花震落下来,轻轻地,融化在这片欧罗巴的天空。在被炙热的太阳烘烤下的土地上,一群瘦弱的人伫立着,望向远方。嘿嘿的眸子里笼罩着饥荒、干旱、疾病、恐惧的阴影。炎炎的烈日好像要将一切的生机扼杀。这群人渴求着对他们的生命至关重要的食物和水。而现在他们唯一能做的就是站在这比他们更贫瘠的土地上等待救援。终于,地平线上响起了阵阵轰鸣,装载援救物资的车队终于赶来了!人们挥起了黝黑而瘦弱的双臂,舞动在这人类起源的古老土地上,无望的眼光中终于有了跳动的希望。底格里斯河,幼发拉底河,还有那美丽的古巴比伦王国,似乎将美丽定格在了那遥远的过去。如今映入眼帘的是一片硝烟和战争的疮痍,辛勤的人们家破人亡,流离失所。隆隆的炮声和喷着火舍的枪口夺去了千百万人的生命,更夺走了他们的幸福。巴格达的儿童那噙泪的双眸写满了失去双亲的悲痛;费卢杰医院里充斥着对战争无奈的呻吟;巴士拉的幸存者在废墟中找寻着亲人的尸体,他们却已是天人永隔。这哀怨的眼神,穿透了时空的阻隔,祈求着死者的灵魂能够获得安宁。而在地球的另一端,反战人士正高举着旗帜,抗议这不义之战。给饱受战火折磨的苦难的人们心里带去一丝慰籍。每当我们看到身旁的人正遭遇着不幸,承受着不该承受的痛苦,我们心中至真至善的情感就会触动,让我们坚定的站到弱者的一边,用我们人性里不受玷污的爱去呼唤和平,安宁和幸福。世界有爱才转动,有爱,就会有希望!

英美文学作品是英语语言学习中的一个非常重要的组成部分,一个良好的英语语言水平离不开英美文学作品阅读的训练。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于英美文学的论文5000字左右的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考!

浅析英美文学中浪漫主义情怀的比较

一、英美文学浪漫情怀的相同之处

(一)文学作品的时间及其历史背景

“Romanticim”(浪漫主义)这一形式的文学作品最早出现在英国。(frequently shared certain general characteristics; moral enthusiasm,faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception,and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.)浪漫主义之间大部分是相通的,都注重道德,强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受,并且认为自然是美的源头,人类社会是腐败之源。随后美国、法国等西方国家都有所发展和创新。19世纪英国的浪漫主义文学代表了欧洲的浪漫主义文学的巅峰,而同一时期的作品对美国产生了很大的影响。从时间上来说,这次浪漫主义在英美两国都发生在18世纪末至19世纪初。英国与美国的浪漫主义文学作品都是发生于动荡的社会历史背景下,表达人们对现实社会的不满、渴望革命和对新生活的追求。英国浪漫主义时期经受了法国大革命以及英国大革命,而美国是“西部扩张”,然后浪漫主义的文学代表作如雨后春笋般涌现出来。

(二)浪漫主义情怀的定义与主题

从某种程度上看,英国浪漫主义文学在该形式的文学作品中是开山鼻祖,而美国等其他国家则是在其基础上取其精华,再根据本国的社会现状以及基本国情做出相应的创新发展,以激起国民对于革命的爆发和对新生活的追求。所以从美国浪漫主义文学作品中很容易看出英国浪漫主义文学的影子。英国木可勒律治的浪漫主义的超自然主义,华兹华斯的英国国教的正统主义以及雪莱的无神论的精神主义,司各特的对以往时代的缅怀,都充分表露出浪漫主义的主色调就是反对现实社会的黑暗肮脏以及统治者的不满,而追求大自然、追求正义讲究实际的道德观与人生观。与此同时,看看美国的作家:欧文(Irving)、库柏(Cooper)、坡(POE)、布雷思特(Bryant),则反对传统的 文化 思想,反对旧的封建殖民主义的思想,追求浪漫主义情怀,在这点上看来,英美文学在浪漫主义的情怀上有着异曲同工之妙。

(三)浪漫主义情怀相同的特色

对美国的文学做深入的了解,就会很容易发现,英国的文学对于美国的浪漫主义文学有着至关重要的影响。很多美国作家跟英国作家都处于相同的历史文化背景下,所以有着很多相似的优秀文化传统道德。毋庸置疑,在文学创作方面也有很多相似之处。美国浪漫主义文学运动起源于新英格兰的(transcendentalism)超验主义,表露的是不讲逻辑,不讲系统,只强调超越理性的感受,超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达;呼吁文化复兴,反对美国社会的拜金主义;相信精神上的超越,相信无所不能的善的力量,强调善为万物之源。这个超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生(Emeroson)的人性本善(believed that man was a part of absolute good)和梭罗(Thoreau)的自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”(beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature)。他们的代表作对美国文学作品有着很大的影响。超验主义认为,“人类具有本能了解式认识真理的能力,能够获取知识。”这一时期的美国代表作品如库柏的《皮袜子的 故事 》(?Leather stocking tales?)。马克·吐温的《哈里贝里·芬历险记》(?Adventures of huckleberry Finn?)等说明美国的浪漫主义文学作品中表露了当时人们对于现实社会的不满,对于传统的文化思想有严重的抵触,心中充满了对新生活的向往之情和对革命的渴望之情,其中就有英国文学的影子。爱默生曾说过,“只有人的心灵的尊严才是最神圣的。”这一点在美国文学中也有所体现。

二、英美文学浪漫情怀的不同之处

英国的浪漫情怀起源于诗歌。英国诗人彭斯和布莱克开创了浪漫主义诗歌的先河,后来诗歌中的浪漫主义逐渐融入文学作品中。美国的文学史上浪漫情怀最重要的阶段就是18世纪末到南北战争爆发。而且美国的浪漫情怀受国外影响甚大,虽然英美文化传统在很多方面都一样,因而文学中的浪漫情怀也不可避免地有许多相似之处,但不同国家背景、社会发展现状和地域差异等各种因素导致英美文学中的浪漫情怀的不同点多于相似点。

(一)出现的时间、历史背景不同

英国浪漫情怀起源于18世纪后期欧洲资产阶级革命时期,是诗人对当时社会工业革命的真实反映。作者所抒发的浪漫情感与社会紧密相连。第一次工业革命使世界最大的农业生产国——英国转变为世界工厂,成为世界上最大的工业国家。农业时代被工业时代所取代,机器高速生产使这一时期的英国成为世界生产领域的龙头老大。与此同时,产品也面临各国的需求,由于英国本土能源有限,所以生产出现了前所未有的资源短缺状况。社会最底层而且人口数量最大的工人们开始了大面积的能源开采以满足生产需要。工人们的辛苦劳动与获得的价值不成正比。统治者不顾人民群众的需要,把剥削压榨工人们而来的资本用来进行无休止的殖民扩张,在国外开拓无境的领地,在国内,政府用严酷的刑法对付人民群众,最后导致人民的反抗情绪日趋高涨,最终导致了宪章运动和议会的改革。浪漫诗人们对这样的社会环境有着深刻的感受,形之于诗,因而表现出空前尖锐的浪漫主义情怀诞生了。

美国的浪漫主义情怀起源于18世纪末期,一直持续到南北战争爆发,这一时期是美国文学史上最重要的阶段。因为英、美两国许多传统相似,所以美国这一时期的浪漫主义文学作品受到了英国浪漫主义诗人的深刻影响。但由于国家所处的环境不同,美国这一时期社会比较动乱,地方运动此起彼伏,所以这一时期兴起了写美国本土壮丽的自然风光,同时又强调自然对人的作用。人类是神圣不可侵犯的,因此人必须充分相信和依靠自己,具有多样化特点的美国浪漫情怀诞生了。 (二)英美浪漫情怀的流派不同

英国的浪漫主义大致可以分为两个流派:一个是以赞美美丽自然风景为主,具有田园气息的消极“湖畔派”,与之对应的是充满时代气息和对现实社会不满想要破除封建社会的等级制度,希望革命带来和平新生活的积极浪漫主义。不同流派代表着不同的价值观和世界观。消极的浪漫情怀充满对社会的各种失望,他们在文学作品中的幻想创造了一种太平天国中理想的太平社会,他们逃避现实。积极的浪漫主义则是面对现实社会有着一种积极乐观的心态,即使社会上存在着很多的不公平和黑暗,但是仍然能够以“得之我幸,失之我命”的乐观主义态度面对人生的挫折以及社会和家庭赋予自己的压力。

相对于英国的两个流派而言,美国的浪漫主义情怀更多的是强调对人物性格特征的表达,超验主义中这样说道:人是神圣的,必须强调人真实的感受,超自然的心态。每个人必须充分依靠自己和相信自己,这样人类才能够团结在一起为人类社会的和平事业而奋斗。

(三)英美浪漫情怀的定义和主题不同

英国的浪漫情怀主要指的是反对现实,追求浪漫,这是当时英国残酷的社会现实所决定的。因为现实过于悲催,所以更多的浪漫主义诗人寄情于虚幻的情感和自己创造的不真实世界中,以此来获得心灵上的最大安慰。这也必然决定了英国浪漫情怀的主题是充满忧郁和苦难的。而美国浪漫主义情怀则是反对传统,强调人的作用。很多浪漫主义作品中的主人公都表现出了极为敏感的人性特征。绝大部分作品都是赞扬个人和普通人,这几乎成了美国这一时期的文学信仰。美国浪漫情怀既有对英国文学作品中浪漫主义的继承,又添加了许多新的元素。它的主题表达的是美国人民乐观的情感和对社会发展相对满意的心态。

(四)英美浪漫情怀的特点不同

英国浪漫主义所创造的是一种自然、想象的环境,反对古典主义,多以抒情为主,托物言志,抒发对现实的不满。而且还强调音乐美,音乐能够陶冶人的情操,使人忘记烦恼与痛苦,并且还夹杂着不少哥特式的成分。而美国的浪漫主义情怀则是派生的,具有派教主义的特点,反对道德上的约束,大力提倡通过教义使人思想开放,信仰加尔文教。

(五)英美浪漫主义文学的内容的不同之处

美国的浪漫主义的文学作品如:美国第一位浪漫主义 散文 文体作家(Washington Irving)华盛顿·欧文的代表作?Sketch Book?(《见闻札记》),它是现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物,重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说,随后他在此基础上把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁,还有?Legends of the Conquest of Spain?(《西班牙征服记》)。此外,另一代表人物就是(James Fenimore Cooper)詹姆?斯·芬?尼?莫·库?珀开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁,边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。“?Leatherstocking Tales?”(《皮袜子故事集》)包括?The Deerslayer?(《杀鹿者》)、?The Last of the Mohicans?(《最后的莫希干人》)、?The Pathfinder?(《探路人》)、?The Pioneers?(《拓荒者》)、?The Prairie?(《大草原》),被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。他们的作品都流露出强烈的自然感情,反对这个黑暗的社会,讨厌现实社会的制度和对统治者的不满,渴望回归自然。然而英国的代表人物有雪莱,雪莱诗歌的特色是充满对反动统治和黑暗社会的揭露与反抗、对被压迫人民的同情以及对未来理想社会的展望;空灵飘逸,激情乐观,没有阴郁色彩;采用象征手法,用浪漫主义的幻想来描绘理想世界。还有华兹华斯(1770—1850),他是英国浪漫主义的第一位大诗人,也是欧洲的大诗人。因为他喜欢歌颂自然美,被誉为“自然诗人”。他认为大自然有一种使人提高精神境界与道德价值的力量,所以他把自然作为一种精神力量来歌颂。让自然陶冶自己并激发灵感,自然是取之不尽的素材来源。代表作《丁登寺》表达了他对自然的感情。

[参考文献]

[1] 毛娟.“沉默的先锋”与“多元的后现代”:伊哈?布·哈?桑的后现代文学批评研究[D].四川大学,2007.

[2] 李顺春.论尤金·奥尼尔《琼斯皇》的表现主义手?法[J].?江苏技术师范学院学报,2005(03).

[3] 《转型时期中国浪漫主义文学研究》课题组课题组成员:聊城大学石兴泽,杨春忠.新时期浪漫主义文学处境尴尬[N].社会科学报,2009.

>>>下页带来更多的英美文学的论文5000字左右

在生活中,人性代表了一个人的人格和修养。下面是我为大家精心整理的关于人性的议论文600字作文,希望能够帮助到你们。

泯灭的人性

我不禁驻足观望。

那是三只小狗。一只微闭着眼,躺在血泊之中,面容神情显得毫无生气,很显然,它,死了。而在它旁边还有一个小伙伴,脸上充满了哀伤,眼睛紧紧的盯着死了的它,仿佛在等什么奇迹发生。我的心抽搐了,不由得上前细看,可还没等我移上几步,只见又是一只小狗飞奔过来,拦着我,不停地吼叫,那声音,嘶哑的很。明显,此时此刻,它已经筋疲力尽了,但,它还是如一名警卫兵在那儿守着,无丝毫离开之意。我不敢上前了,只是在远方观望着……

多么残忍而又温馨的画面啊,它们的友情是真挚的,是竭诚的,是伟大的!小狗尚且如此有情有义,为什么人却要丢弃良性?

那是我在网上看到的一则小故事:

两个好朋友在树林中游玩,正高兴时,只见一头狗熊向他们奔来。很快,他们知晓了危险的逼近,但,看样子已经来不及了。只见一个稍机灵点的孩子将他的伙伴朝狗熊的位置推了过去,使狗熊的注意力集中在了他的伙伴身上。趁这千钧一发之际,他便赶紧向一棵树爬去,随后,他脱险了。而那个倒霉的孩子则……

是的,人性是一张望不透的网,水晶般的双眸难免被美丽的表面所蒙蔽,让悲剧在自己身上上演。今天的好朋友也许就是明天的敌人;微笑的神情背后也许藏匿着奸诡的用心;最亲密的人也许会将你送入无底深渊,让你万劫不复……

人的良知慢慢被泯灭,恶性却在不停蔓延,世界将是黑暗的统治,我想阻止这恶性的蔓延,可是,很难、很难。若可以,我愿站在世界的最高方,用自己最大的嗓音向大家呼告:人们啊,醒醒吧,丢却那恶化良知的利器,将自己的人性捡拾回来,向世界挥发自己的良善吧!

人性的光辉

地震无情人有情,汶川大地震,又一次考验着中华民族,相信我们可以共度天灾!向所有受灾人民问好,送去熊的真挚祝愿!

——题记

灾难,是无情的。它可以震裂大地,可以摧毁文明,可以伤害生灵,但是,在有情的中国人面前,它算不上什么!

解放军的救援

在得知地震的消息后,他们用空降或强行军或是水路,快速到达灾区。空降的他们,是从5000米的高空跳下;急行军的,他们用22小时,行军90多公里;水路的,是在激流勇进……他们,在路上肯定遇到了许许多多的艰难险阻,到达灾区后,又来不及休息,他们的精神支柱,是什么?

医疗人员的救治

随解放军行动的,还有一些医疗人员,在努力救助伤员,他们深知地震可能带来瘟疫等疾病,自己可能被传染上,但他们还是毫不犹豫地去了,有的人,竟来不及吃饭和休息,太疲劳时,有些医疗人员竟自扇耳光提神,有些人虽身在灾区,却救不了自己的亲人!为什么,他们会这样做?

其他人

各界人士纷纷解囊相助,血库爆满,抗灾物资如浪潮般奔向灾区涌去。一方有难,由八方承担。绿丝带,黑丝带,黄丝带行动,爱心义卖,演唱会,烛光纸船,全国哀悼日,他们,表现了什么?

面对灾难,生命是脆弱的,但在大爱面前,生命是顽强的。废墟前闪耀的,是人性的光辉啊!

人性的美丽

台湾作家林清玄在《生命的化妆》一文中写到:“化妆只是最末的一个枝节,只是化妆最后是最后的一件小事,更深一层的化妆是改变气质,多读书、多欣赏艺术,对生命有信心,心地善良。

有些人的脸上浓妆艳抹,用苍白的粉末,艳红的唇膏,黑细的眉笔在脸上生硬的抹了又抹,画了又画,这虽然掩住了痘痘和斑点,看上去更漂亮了。漂亮的代价付出了真实,收获了虚伪,在包裹上这层华丽的膜时,人们往往会顺遂这这虚伪而变得虚假。

那什么是真实,什么才是人性的美丽呢?

人性的美丽在郭明义无私奉献,乐于助人的心中;在吴菊萍热爱生命,单纯善良的心中,他们在这个乱世中依然保持着一颗美丽的心灵,在现代社会中,“戴眼镜,”的多了,所谓眼睛是心灵的窗户,透“眼镜,”看到的是眼镜还能否保持那份纯净呢?

金玉其表而败絮其中而令人生厌,但保持心灵的美丽则会令人钦佩,这样的人即使不化妆也会闪烁光芒,也会脱颖而出。

那怎样才会变得真实,保持人性的美丽呢?

人生下来就是一杯纯净透明的水,她会被蒸馏,被冰冻,被污浊,被澄清,美丽的人生需要净化。

古人说过:“出淤泥而不染,濯清涟而不妖,”“人生自古谁先死,留取丹心照汗青,”,“千磨万击还坚劲,任尔东西南北风,”看到了么?这些誓词都会净化心灵。咬文嚼字的严谨,博览群书的广阔以及欣赏音乐的陶醉也会为人性抹上鲜亮光彩。

不需要名牌服装的掩盖,只需要干干净净的衣服的吊事,不需要浓妆艳抹的华丽,只需素面朝天的清爽,不需要娇媚妖姿的展现,只需要昂首挺胸的前进。让心灵被知识武化,不要让所示琐物拖累身体,真实就是美丽,善良、活泼、信心就是美丽。

人性的美丽要保持,为人性化妆,脸上的化妆只是枝末的一件小事。

个人觉得,找文献综述最简单的办法就是看别人的论文书(世界文学研究)中论文引用的是哪些文献综述,你跟着借鉴找思路就行了~

西方女性主义艺术研究现状论文

女性主义研究现状及意义如下:意义:主要是从经济和阶级斗争方面要求妇女和男性的平等,他们所重视的是妇女的经济地位与物质生活。现状:现已经是男女平等年代,经济地位与物质生活平等。女性主义运动是一个跨越阶级与种族界线的社会运动。

你们老师到底要你写现代还是当代?你们学过吧,西方现代美术史指1950年前的,1950年后的叫当代,貌似照相写实是当代的,而且是典型的后现代。要是你们老师不分现当代,只要觉得不古老都算现代,那……要是写当代,照相写实已经成了化石了,想写出点什么新鲜的除非瞎编……要是拿它当考古对象又没什么价值。当代的话可以考虑后殖民文化论或者女性主义,还比较热乎,也就是代表可做的事情还比较多。女性主义的话,也被视为后殖民的先锋,而且这个主义现在在西方还有生命力,去年巴黎还在办女性主义的展,后殖民文化论固然也很有趣,但国内学界目前还对到底什么是后殖民搅和不清楚,有很多人对后殖民的理解和真相都是相反的,如果你有耐心,自己去读萨义德的《东方学》,以及相关文献,做这门学问也是不错的,最好看原文的,翻译的都是鬼画符。女性主义比较适合小型研究,因为它分支非常多,有些流派比较简单,还有一些比较容易切入,比如环保主义女性主义,日本宫崎骏动画算是这个理论的典型代表,尽管日本在东边,但意识形态上也归入西方(这种划分看萨义德东方学有解)。然后宫崎骏动画片的研究可以引申出日本的照叶林文化论,也是很有意思的东西。总之如果你肯屈尊看两本书,相信会找到很多可以入手的题目,都很有趣。至于后现代,关于后现代的讨论在我国因这个概念的众说纷纭(和后殖民情况类似,主要是因为外语都不好,都懒得看原著,碰巧翻译又是纯二把刀)已经完全臭掉了,所以关于安迪沃霍尔那一起儿的(包括照相写实这些个)最好还是埋起来算了。如果不幸的是你们老师锁定的范畴是现代,1900-1950,那你还是找塞尚凡高毕加索、恩斯特、席勒、康定斯基、夏加尔他们的线索看看吧,杜尚虽然成名早,但不幸的是开创了一个后现代,就被归的当代去了。现代和当代有一个明显的区别,就是现代艺术史以绘画之类的艺术文本文主体,当代艺术史的主体渐渐疏离了绘画之类的艺术品,而变成了纯粹的理论和观念文本,复杂性骤然升高,基本朝着诡辩术的那个方向直奔而去了。你会发现安迪沃霍尔的书比他的画在西方研究领域重要一百倍,只有中国798那些人才盯着他的画一个劲学。至于比较,现在特别流行比较,很多人都有种误区,一比遮百丑,这绝对是一叶障目的做法,没有深厚的学术功底和知识面,最好别碰这个雷区,如果你学富五车知识渊博,懂得怎么比,有的可比自然会忍不住去比,最怕就是没的可比硬要比,强颜欢笑就丑态百出了。而且比较的方法不适合小型研究,虽然很多人这么做,但效果都很糟糕。其实主要的难点在于选择对象,要选择两个真正可比的对象远不像想像的那么简单,比较文学学也是门大学问,不吃透了根本不知道怎么选比较对象,当然如果你对比较学有兴趣也可以研读,但要读完学明白了再做一个交作业的论文,怕是有可能来不及了。

身体与美的问题,一直是女性主义非常关注的一个难题。女性主义在性的问题上呢,大约经历了三个阶段的演变。在20世纪60年代和70年代开始的反对选美的运动属于第一个阶段。在这个阶段中,女性主义批判女性的异化和时尚美女情节。有一个很著名的事件,就是在美国六七十年代的时候,最早这个运动开始的时候。女性主义她们到街上去游行,然后给一个羊加冕,世界小姐都要加冕,都要有一个桂冠。她们给一个羊加冕,就是来羞辱。这件事她们是反对的。而且把那些假睫毛、假发,所有的那些紧身衣都扔在一个垃圾桶里,表示她们的态度。就是不愿意让女性作为一个客体,仅仅供男人欣赏。那么很有意思的一件事呢,就是在上个世纪的八十年代,全国妇联做出的惟一的一次,在我看来是最有个性的宣言,也是反对选美。大家也许都忘了,全国妇联是反对选美的。因为当时在全国各地也是有好多选美的活动,然后妇联表了这么一个态。那么为什么女性主义会反对选美呢?在当初,选美被看作是女性屈从地位的一个组成部分,就是女性屈从于男性,就是为男性服务,就是被男性所欣赏,被男性来观察。 从八十年代末到九十年代初是第二个阶段,在这个阶段,女性主义对对美的看法又加深了一步。她们把美和性别、种族、阶级这些因素并列在一起,主张不同的身体、肤色、个头、体重都可以被认可。美也可能从正面的接受。这个就叫做容貌问题上,美的问题上的民主化改革时期,这是第二个阶段。 第三个阶段开展了关于美貌的论证,她们叫做beauty debate。一种对美貌问题的论证,就是女性主义内部也发生分歧,应当是赞成美的?还是反对美?西方有一个歌星大家知道,很著名的歌星叫麦当娜,女性主义到底是应该赞成麦当娜?还是反对麦当娜?因为她也很美,很健美。然后又是很暴露,这样一种情况。这个阶段的特点,就是美的民主化的系统,被提出来了。应当由每个人自己决定自己在美貌问题上的选择。 那么在美的问题上呢,女性主义解决的办法不外是以下三种。第一种方案,就是我们一开始所讲的,像一些西方女性主义和中国妇联那样,坚决反对选美。反对女性身体的客体化和病理化,倡导女性不要过多地关注外在美和肉体美,更要关注内在美和精神美,充分承认和肯定美的复杂性,把美不仅仅限于外貌和体型。大家也可以注意到现在的好多选美活动,像世界小姐,它都加上了智力的选拔,还有让她表演她的才智。比如说会唱歌,还是会跳舞。各种各样的,这样的东西来比较外貌和体型,这是第一种方案。第二种方案,是反对单方面选女性的美,而要选男女双方的美。如果说选美把女人做成客体化,那么我们是不是也可以把男性客体化,就是说用男女两性身体的客体化取代女性身体单方面的客体化。事实上,我们可以从影视传媒中看到,男性美已经越来越多的成为审美对象。你可以看到有美男写真集,大家也都知道陆毅的写真集之类的。这是第二种方案,就是不是单方选女性美,要选双方的美。还有第三种方案,就是美的个体化多元化和民主化。就是由每个人自己来做出在美的问题上的选择。就是一个人,他既可以选择瘦,也可以选择胖。既可以按某种社会的尺度,看属于美的形象。比如说漏斗型的那种身材,也可以选择按这种尺度,属于不美的个人形象。就是只有我们有越来越多的个人,包括男人和女人,愿意和能够做出自己个性化的选择和抵抗,规训的强制性的力量才能被削弱,以至于在最后被瓦解掉。一个在身体和美的问题上,个体化多元化和民主化的社会才会最终的出现。

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