中国菜谱英语翻译论文开题报告
你好，这个不是固定的，你可以和导师商量一下
于饮食文化的论文： 论饮食文化汉译英中的“意译 论饮食文化汉译英中的 意译” 意译〔摘要〕把中国的饮食文化翻译为英语是一件很复杂的工作。要把饮食文 化，尤其是菜谱忠实地传达出来，要兼顾菜名的“形美、音美、意美”，又要考 虑到西方人的饮食所讲究的内容和实质，同时还需要关注菜肴本身的材料、烹 调方法和人们的饮食文化心理。本文搜集了大量的菜谱英语译名并加以归纳， 总结出中国饮食文化尤其是菜谱汉译英中的“意译”情况。 〔关键词〕菜谱 翻译 “意译” 〔中图分类号〕H315〔文献标识码〕A〔文章编号〕1009-5349（2010） 11－0042－02 引言 民以食为天，饮食是人们日常生活的大事。饮食文化也是世界各族人民文 化中不可缺少的一部分，在各族文化中占有非常重要的地位。在经济全球化的 趋势下，越来越多的外国人到中国来工作，或者跟中国人打交道，而他们也在 不断地了解中国， 学习中国文化。 饮食文化是中国文化中的一个很重要的部分， 很多外国学者及外国游客对此兴趣浓厚。要做好饮食文化的对外宣传，我们首 先就要把我国的菜谱翻译出来、整理成文。大多数中国食谱的命名方式都是“形 美、音美、意美”，让食客看得舒服的同时，还充满着期待。中式菜谱的翻译除 了要求语义对等，还必须注重文化联系，这就要求翻译出来的菜名符合西方人 的文化、语言、价值观等思维。 根据王秀芬在其论文《浅析中式菜谱的文化和翻译》的总结和归纳，我国 的学者把菜名译成英文的常用方法有四种。 (1)写实型命名法。如“烤乳猪”被译为 Roast Piglot，“糖醋排骨”被译为 Spareribs with Sweet and Soysauce” (2)写意型命名法。如“红烧狮子头”被译为 Stewed Meat Balls with Brown Sauce.“芙蓉水晶虾”被译为 Shrimps Cooked with Eggwhite. (3)典故型命名法。如“东坡肉”被译为 Dongpo Braised Pork.“叫花鸡”被译 为 Beggar’s Chicken. (4)以地名、数字命名法。如“北京烤鸭”被译为 Peking Duck.“八宝饭”被译 为 Eight-Jewel Rice Pudding. 这四种菜谱的翻译法基本上都能被外国人所接受。 然而从翻译的方法来说， 许多菜名都采用了意译。 一、意译 意译总是与直译、音译联系在一起的。关于意译，钱歌川在其著作《翻译 漫谈》中是这样定义的：“采用原文大意，或甚至有时候改变原意，依译者自己 的意思写出，结果是不大忠于原文（钱歌川，1980：11）。”在汉译英中，很 多时候，直译会让外国人莫名其妙。 在把中国饮食文化对外宣传的翻译过程中，不管写实型命名法还是典故型 命名法的菜谱，都不可避免地采用意译。 二、中国菜谱的意译 中国的菜谱五花八门， 各具特色。 有的只看菜名就对其做工材料一目了然， 有的则采用历史文化典故，让客人在品菜的同时，感受文化气氛；而有的菜名 确实展示了地方特色和民族风情，有的则采取的是浪漫主义的命名方式，让食 客充满遐想。很多菜名还采用了文化典故、历史事件、成语、俗语、谚语来命 名，这就约束了中国菜名翻译时的直译手法。因为很多时候，直译会让外国人 费解，中国人若是不了解这道菜，也会被英文译文弄得莫名其妙，不知所谓。 所以，在把中国菜名翻译成译文的时候，更应该多采用意译的方法。本文通过 分析、归纳和总结，发现中国菜谱采用意译通常有以下三种。 （一）直译表达不明时，常采用意译把菜谱译出 文化的差异必然导致理解上的困难。不是所有的外国人都有那么好的中文 语言基础和积淀，很多中文说法、词语在我们炎黄子孙看来毫不费劲，但是在 外国人眼里，这些表达可能引起误解，或者让他们在点菜时，因为不理解不了 解而无从下手。直译菜名很多时候并不适合外国人看，因为直译往往会让一样 东西在两种语言中呈现出很大的差异，译文跟原文也许会互不相干或是背道而 驰。因为不是所有的中文词汇都能在英文中找到语义与之对等的单词。或者有 时候找到与之意思相近或者相同的单词，但是这些词不一定可以传达菜名的用 意，因为菜名通常还包含着深厚的文化内涵。这时候，菜名的翻译只能采用意 译，在直译不能确切表达菜名本意的时候，添加成分，以达到解释说明的作用。 如，白饭，如果直译，则为 White Rice，但是中国人说“白饭”，强调的并 非它的颜色而是它的内容，是指单独的米饭，不包括菜或其他配料。所以，为 求更准确地表达出中文“白饭”二字的涵义，译者此时应该舍弃直译而采用意译， “Plain White Rice”，加上 plain 一词，外国人更容易联想到饭本身的材料，有 white 他们也不会想到“黑米饭去”。 又如“凤凰玉米羹”这道菜，中国人大概都知道这道菜中的凤凰并非指一种 鸟，而指的是鸡，称之为凤凰只是为求好听，因为这样命名会让这道菜显得更 有档次。若把其中的“凤凰”译为 phoenix，则让外国人纳闷，因为凤凰仅仅是传 说中的一种鸟，并非真实存在的动物，如果搬到餐桌上来了，让人难以置信。 虽然很多外国人可以在不明真相的情况下点了这道菜，但是上菜时，他们总会 知道这里的“凤凰”的真实身份，或许到时候很多外国食客会觉得失望。所以对 于这道菜，我们可以译为 corn and chicken porridge。 又如“臭豆腐”，有人直译为“Smelly tofu”。这种译法算不上错，因为 Smelly 一词本身就能很确切地描述出臭豆腐的气味特点。但是，很多外国食客也会因 为“Smelly”一词而放弃对此食物的尝试。其实臭豆腐除了臭，也还有香的一面， 闻起来臭，吃起来香，这就是臭豆腐的特点。所以，我们应该采用意译的方法， 把“臭豆腐”译为“stinky tofu”。 （二）结合菜肴所需的主要材料翻译菜名 很多菜谱包含了俗语或习语，而对于俗语、习语的翻译，直译也无法正确 表达其含义，此时多采用意译。然而，对于菜名的翻译，又不能完全等同于单 独的俗语、习语本身的翻译。单独的俗语、习语本身的翻译采用解释、增译等 方法传达其内涵和意思，然而包含俗语、习语的菜名，不仅要求翻译工作者能 够通彻领悟俗语、习语本身的含义，还要注意俗语、习语本身与菜肴之间的紧 密联系。习语、成语做菜名时所反映的文化内涵和历史渊源，比菜名本身更为 重要。此外，翻译人员在翻译时还必须注意把菜肴所需的主要材料表达出来， 但又不能过多剔除习语、成语本身的意蕴。因为如果仅仅传达了成语、俗语等 意思，而忽略菜肴材料的介绍，则会让食客在点菜的时候难以兼顾营养的搭配 和均衡。如果食客只是对菜名好奇而点菜，到时候上的菜全部是肉类，这会让 客人觉得很油腻，整个饭局吃得不够尽兴。同时从营养的角度来说，也是不科 学的。所以，翻译人员在翻译的过程中，不能仅仅把菜名当作是简单的一个词 语来翻译，而应该把菜名与菜肴所需的主要材料结合起来，力求使菜谱的翻译 能够完美、忠实地表达原意。 如，中国有道菜叫“过山峰炖清汤”，如果翻译此菜名时采用直译，则会将 其译为 Guoshan Peak clear soup。对于此译文，不仅外国人看不懂，就连土 生土长的中国人也摸不清这道菜是用什么做的，点了这道菜他们将会品尝到什 么。实际上，这是一道鸡汤。“过山峰”在此当然不可能是一座山峰，也不可能 是山上的某块材料，而是指鸡块本身。为此，我们的翻译工作者把此菜译为 Mountain Peak chicken clear soup。译文既表达了中文原意，又指出了菜肴所 需的材料，同时也不会让外国食客误解 Mountain Peak 在此菜名中的含义。 又如，我们日常生活中常见的一道家常菜“麻婆豆腐”，很多饭馆将其译为 Ma Po’s bean curd。此种译法对于熟悉此菜的中外食客而言是无关紧要的，然 而并非所有的外国食客都了解中国的饮食文化。Ma Po 会被理解为一个人名。 她的豆腐可做菜名，对食客当然具有一定的吸引力，但是这菜毕竟还是豆腐， 不管是谁的牌子，对很多外国食客而言不一定有吸引力，或者说他们并不一定 清楚这个豆腐与其他豆腐的不同之处。但是如果我们采用“意译”的方法，把菜 肴的材料填补上去，说不定可以引发食客的兴趣，刺激其的食欲。“麻婆豆腐” 的特别之处在于它的烹饪所需的配料。所以，我国的翻译工作者也把它译为 “Bean curd with mince and chili oil”。 还有“蚂蚁上树”一菜，单看中文菜名，很多中国食客也会认为是吃蚂蚁， 因为在中国的饮食文化当中，蚂蚁也是可以吃的，也可以泡酒，或是打汤。而 实际上，这道菜是面条跟碎肉末一起烹饪的。煮熟以后，肉末附在面条上，就 如蚂蚁爬到了树上一样。此菜的中文菜名的命名是采用比喻的方法，所以我们 在翻译此菜名时，不可以简单地译为 Ants climbing trees，因为 Ants 会让外国 人食欲尽失。同时，此种译法又不能正确地反映出这道菜的真正内涵，所以把 这个菜名译为 Vermicelli with cpicy minced pork 更受青睐。 （三）意译关注菜肴的烹饪方法 用“意译”翻译出其材料固然好，但是单看材料也不一定就能表达出一道菜 的真正风味，因为同一材料根据不同的刀法和烹调方法可以做出千变万化的多 种佳肴。饮食文化很讲究刀法和烹调方法，如烘（baking）、蒸（steaming）、 煮（boiling）、炸（deepfrying）、剥皮（skinning）、腌制（pickling）、切片 （slicing）、切碎（mingcing）、熏（smoking）等。烹饪方法在食物、菜肴的 制作过程中非常重要，因为它不仅影响了食物的味道，还影响了食物的营养和 口感。所以，在直接翻译菜名材料不能传达菜肴的本质意思的时候，我们可以 采用意译的方法，在意译中注重烹饪方法的翻译。 如“千层饼”被译为“multiple-layer steamed bread”突出了饼的形状， “steamed”又明确了这种饼的烹调方法。 此种译法又让外国食客门路清晰而不至 于会错意点错菜，这比“multiple-layer bread”多了一层“multiple-layer bread”的 意思，而多出的这层意思就是烹饪的方法。“multiple-layer bread”可以让外国食 客明白千层饼的外表和材料，而 steamed 又能让客人了解这道事物的做工程 序。 又如“茄汁鸡脯”这道菜，从菜名就可以看出其材料的主要成分：茄汁和鸡 肉。然而单看菜名，一般食客并不知道其中的制作过程和方法，因为任何人都 很难从菜名中寻究出很明显的答案来。用茄汁和鸡肉混在一起可以做出几个样 式的菜来，而直译这两个材料并不能让客人想象出菜肴的味道。事实上，这里 的鸡肉是油炸过的。熟悉这道菜的真正内容和其烹调方法之后，我们就可以将 其译为“Fried chicken in tomato sauce”。此菜译文突显了烹调方法，又充满了 西方饮食风味，让外国食客倍感亲切。 又如“桶子鸡”，若直译为“Chicken in pail”，则让人误以为此菜为炖品，拿 桶来盛装以求新鲜。事实上，这道菜是干的，跟盐焗鸡差不多，只是这里选用 的鸡为童子鸡。所以，这道菜译为“Spring chicken in salt”时，则会让外国食客 更容易从菜名上最快地获取其所需信息而不影响菜肴文化内涵的传达。 菜谱的翻译有时候让人费心费力，但有时候也可以让人舍繁从简。在很多 大餐馆的菜单上，菜谱旁边大都附上图片。有了图片，食客无需从文字上考虑 太多菜肴所包含的材料。此时，菜谱的翻译尽可以从简，只突出其刀法或者其 烹调方法即可。 如“铁扒比目鱼”，在有图片说明的情况下，我们可将其译为“Grilled Sole”。 在此不需要突出盛装菜肴的器皿，也不需强调此菜为汤类还是干炒类或是其他 的。 三、结语 把中国菜谱翻译成英文，既要兼顾菜名给人留下的特有意象，又要考虑到 西方人的饮食思维和爱好，兼顾菜肴本身的材料、烹调方法和人们的饮食文化 心理。因为文化上的差异，加上翻译中出现的语义上的困难，所以“意译”在菜 谱的翻译中占着非常重要的地位，因为“意译”比直译更能让译者更好地传达中 国的饮食文化，其译文也能更易为外国食客所接受。当然，因为意译本身有时 候也会让译文失去菜名原有的韵味，语言也失去了色调，所以，中国菜谱的翻 译还将是未来长期的研究话题。 【参考文献】 [1]王秀芬.浅析中式菜谱的文化和翻译[J].金华职业技术学院学 报,2001(01). 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中国饮食文化涉及到食源的开发与利用、食具的运用与创新、食品的生产与消费、餐饮的服务与接待、餐饮业与食品业的经营与管理，以及饮食与国泰民安、饮食与文学艺术、饮食与人生境界的关系等，深厚广博。 从外延看，中国饮食文化可以从时代与技法、地域与经济、民族与宗教、食品与食具、消费与层次、民俗与功能等多种角度进行分类，展示出不同的文化品味，体现出不同的使用价值，异彩纷呈。俗话说就是填饱肚子，就是一个“吃”字。形式比较原始，只解决人的最基本的生理需要。境界一“果腹”吃的第一大境界当然是“果腹”，俗话说就是填饱肚子，就是一个“吃”字。形式比较原始，只解决人的最基本的生理需要。这个境界的吃，不需要费心找地儿，各种商场的小吃城；街头的成都美食和中式的快餐店，如：各式面馆、永和豆浆等，西式快餐的麦当劳、肯德基也可列入其中，一盘宫保鸡丁，一盘白菜豆腐，外加一小碗汤，一碗主食足以。一个人，两个人，三五人均可。这个境界的吃千万别麻烦，一麻烦就脱离了本质，吃起来也就十分不爽。境界二“饕餮”吃的第二大境界应该是“饕餮”。吃的是一个“爽”字。呼三五好友去一家稍大众的馆子，稀里哗啦点上满满的一大桌菜，价钱却不贵，胡吃海塞一通，兴致所致，还能吆喝两声，划几下拳，甚至还可以赤膊上阵。适合这种吃法的有涮肉、大众菜等。但免不了一个“俗”字，有不雅之嫌疑，同时也有浪费之嫌疑。境界三“聚会”吃的第三大境界应该是“聚会”。此境界重在这个“聚”字。家人、朋友、加班聚餐等都属于这一类。这种吃不需要太多的讲究，“吃”是个形式，关键在“聚”背后的引申含义。逢年过节、生日聚会、升迁发奖，友人来访，随便找个理由都可以去趟馆子，这是一种礼节上的习惯。这种吃讲究个热闹。不需要太豪华和奢侈。金百万、金鼎轩、小土豆、稍微高档一点的川菜馆如巴国布衣等之类都可以满足需要，高档一点的还可以去吃一些比较流行和有名气的馆子。境界四“宴请”吃的 西餐第四大境界应该是“宴请”。多以招待为主。商场招待、官场招待、公务招待、上下级招待、危机处理招待、重大事情招待等都属于这一范畴。这种吃不以“吃”的本质为主旨，关键在于这个招待背后的目的。所以，这种吃重在讲究一个排场，价钱昂贵，因此也多以公款招待为主。在京城，这是支撑餐饮经济的重要支柱。这种吃都有一个共同点，大多都是在“包间”进行，所以，对馆子的要求要严格一点。如各大宾馆饭店的豪华餐厅，知名大酒楼等、海鲜、鱼翅、鲍鱼宴、官府菜等。但这个境界的吃难免给人一种有暴殄天物之叹，吃后回来，却又发现没有吃饱。境界五“养生”吃的第五大境界应该是“养生”。它比较讲究“食补”，是大吃大喝在认识观念上的一种理性升华。这种吃多以正宗的煲汤为主：甲鱼汤、老鸦汤、野山菌汤等，足足地焖上十多个小时，满满地端上来，味道纯正，饱饱地喝上一顿，无比滋润，真乃人生一大幸事，就是从心理上对积劳的身体也是一个安慰。在北京，这样的馆子有很多，进入饭店的正门，有一排瓷罐摆着，大多比较正宗。江西来的瓦罐、广东来的各式煲、云南来的野山菌汤、正宗的鱼翅煲、潮洲来的燕窝汤、官府菜的南瓜鱼翅都是比较典型的。但有时价钱却是一个瓶颈，不是一般人轻易就能上口的。境界六“解馋”吃的第六大境界应该是“解馋”，吃的东西一定要“鲜”。这个境界有两个层次：一是吃“物”，如那些只常听说却鲜见的鲜物鲍鱼、龙虾、法式大餐之类；二是吃“名”、吃“文化”：如大董和全聚德的烤鸭，顺峰、黎昌的海鲜以及淮扬菜、杭州菜、本帮菜、谭鱼头火锅、皇城老妈、孔乙己酒店等境界七“觅食”吃的第七大境界应该是“觅食”，那就得四处去“找”。在寻找中获得“吃”的乐趣，是本境界的一大妙处。这个“找”又分为两个层次，一个是有目的地去找口头盛传的流行馆子；一个是漫无目的地找寻意中的吃处。这个“找”字重在一个偶然发现，豁然开朗，一下子就对上了当时的心情和感觉。境界八“猎艳”吃的第八大境界应该是“猎艳”，所以馆子要“奇”。这样的馆子都是比较稀罕的特色店，如：非洲来的、越南来的等都在这一范畴。“新”、“奇”、“特”是主要特征。适合这类馆子的人群一般是时尚人士、有品位的少夫少妻、白领人群等。价钱中档，不用担心被宰。境界九“约会”吃的第九大境界应该是“约会”，这时吃的已经不是“物”，而是“情”。大多的时候，点的多，吃的少。这种吃千万不要是两个同性别的人，以免让人误会，最好也不要是夫妻，因为已过了“约会”的阶段。凡是到这种地方来吃的，两人之间大多都有一种心灵上的默契，说出来就变得俗，不表现出来又压抑。于是，以一个“吃”的借口“会”在一起，吃也吃了，谈也谈了，尽管大多的时候没有吃。适合这类吃的馆子如：茶餐厅、有餐饮服务的咖啡店，而且一定还要有柔软的沙发。境界十“独酌”吃的最后一个境界应该是“独酌”，在于一个“品”字，吃什么不太重要，关键是一个寥落的心情，要么伤感、要么闲适。这种馆子一定要是隐匿在很深的巷子里，店面古朴，又十分宁静。这个时候还应该有一瓶古典的酒，最好屋外再飘着零星的雨丝或雪花。一个人浅斟低酌，物我两忘。惟一的遗憾是，这种店已经很少有，恐怕只有在梦里才可以见得着。
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
菜谱的翻译研究英语论文
于饮食文化的论文： 论饮食文化汉译英中的“意译 论饮食文化汉译英中的 意译” 意译〔摘要〕把中国的饮食文化翻译为英语是一件很复杂的工作。要把饮食文 化，尤其是菜谱忠实地传达出来，要兼顾菜名的“形美、音美、意美”，又要考 虑到西方人的饮食所讲究的内容和实质，同时还需要关注菜肴本身的材料、烹 调方法和人们的饮食文化心理。本文搜集了大量的菜谱英语译名并加以归纳， 总结出中国饮食文化尤其是菜谱汉译英中的“意译”情况。 〔关键词〕菜谱 翻译 “意译” 〔中图分类号〕H315〔文献标识码〕A〔文章编号〕1009-5349（2010） 11－0042－02 引言 民以食为天，饮食是人们日常生活的大事。饮食文化也是世界各族人民文 化中不可缺少的一部分，在各族文化中占有非常重要的地位。在经济全球化的 趋势下，越来越多的外国人到中国来工作，或者跟中国人打交道，而他们也在 不断地了解中国， 学习中国文化。 饮食文化是中国文化中的一个很重要的部分， 很多外国学者及外国游客对此兴趣浓厚。要做好饮食文化的对外宣传，我们首 先就要把我国的菜谱翻译出来、整理成文。大多数中国食谱的命名方式都是“形 美、音美、意美”，让食客看得舒服的同时，还充满着期待。中式菜谱的翻译除 了要求语义对等，还必须注重文化联系，这就要求翻译出来的菜名符合西方人 的文化、语言、价值观等思维。 根据王秀芬在其论文《浅析中式菜谱的文化和翻译》的总结和归纳，我国 的学者把菜名译成英文的常用方法有四种。 (1)写实型命名法。如“烤乳猪”被译为 Roast Piglot，“糖醋排骨”被译为 Spareribs with Sweet and Soysauce” (2)写意型命名法。如“红烧狮子头”被译为 Stewed Meat Balls with Brown Sauce.“芙蓉水晶虾”被译为 Shrimps Cooked with Eggwhite. (3)典故型命名法。如“东坡肉”被译为 Dongpo Braised Pork.“叫花鸡”被译 为 Beggar’s Chicken. (4)以地名、数字命名法。如“北京烤鸭”被译为 Peking Duck.“八宝饭”被译 为 Eight-Jewel Rice Pudding. 这四种菜谱的翻译法基本上都能被外国人所接受。 然而从翻译的方法来说， 许多菜名都采用了意译。 一、意译 意译总是与直译、音译联系在一起的。关于意译，钱歌川在其著作《翻译 漫谈》中是这样定义的：“采用原文大意，或甚至有时候改变原意，依译者自己 的意思写出，结果是不大忠于原文（钱歌川，1980：11）。”在汉译英中，很 多时候，直译会让外国人莫名其妙。 在把中国饮食文化对外宣传的翻译过程中，不管写实型命名法还是典故型 命名法的菜谱，都不可避免地采用意译。 二、中国菜谱的意译 中国的菜谱五花八门， 各具特色。 有的只看菜名就对其做工材料一目了然， 有的则采用历史文化典故，让客人在品菜的同时，感受文化气氛；而有的菜名 确实展示了地方特色和民族风情，有的则采取的是浪漫主义的命名方式，让食 客充满遐想。很多菜名还采用了文化典故、历史事件、成语、俗语、谚语来命 名，这就约束了中国菜名翻译时的直译手法。因为很多时候，直译会让外国人 费解，中国人若是不了解这道菜，也会被英文译文弄得莫名其妙，不知所谓。 所以，在把中国菜名翻译成译文的时候，更应该多采用意译的方法。本文通过 分析、归纳和总结，发现中国菜谱采用意译通常有以下三种。 （一）直译表达不明时，常采用意译把菜谱译出 文化的差异必然导致理解上的困难。不是所有的外国人都有那么好的中文 语言基础和积淀，很多中文说法、词语在我们炎黄子孙看来毫不费劲，但是在 外国人眼里，这些表达可能引起误解，或者让他们在点菜时，因为不理解不了 解而无从下手。直译菜名很多时候并不适合外国人看，因为直译往往会让一样 东西在两种语言中呈现出很大的差异，译文跟原文也许会互不相干或是背道而 驰。因为不是所有的中文词汇都能在英文中找到语义与之对等的单词。或者有 时候找到与之意思相近或者相同的单词，但是这些词不一定可以传达菜名的用 意，因为菜名通常还包含着深厚的文化内涵。这时候，菜名的翻译只能采用意 译，在直译不能确切表达菜名本意的时候，添加成分，以达到解释说明的作用。 如，白饭，如果直译，则为 White Rice，但是中国人说“白饭”，强调的并 非它的颜色而是它的内容，是指单独的米饭，不包括菜或其他配料。所以，为 求更准确地表达出中文“白饭”二字的涵义，译者此时应该舍弃直译而采用意译， “Plain White Rice”，加上 plain 一词，外国人更容易联想到饭本身的材料，有 white 他们也不会想到“黑米饭去”。 又如“凤凰玉米羹”这道菜，中国人大概都知道这道菜中的凤凰并非指一种 鸟，而指的是鸡，称之为凤凰只是为求好听，因为这样命名会让这道菜显得更 有档次。若把其中的“凤凰”译为 phoenix，则让外国人纳闷，因为凤凰仅仅是传 说中的一种鸟，并非真实存在的动物，如果搬到餐桌上来了，让人难以置信。 虽然很多外国人可以在不明真相的情况下点了这道菜，但是上菜时，他们总会 知道这里的“凤凰”的真实身份，或许到时候很多外国食客会觉得失望。所以对 于这道菜，我们可以译为 corn and chicken porridge。 又如“臭豆腐”，有人直译为“Smelly tofu”。这种译法算不上错，因为 Smelly 一词本身就能很确切地描述出臭豆腐的气味特点。但是，很多外国食客也会因 为“Smelly”一词而放弃对此食物的尝试。其实臭豆腐除了臭，也还有香的一面， 闻起来臭，吃起来香，这就是臭豆腐的特点。所以，我们应该采用意译的方法， 把“臭豆腐”译为“stinky tofu”。 （二）结合菜肴所需的主要材料翻译菜名 很多菜谱包含了俗语或习语，而对于俗语、习语的翻译，直译也无法正确 表达其含义，此时多采用意译。然而，对于菜名的翻译，又不能完全等同于单 独的俗语、习语本身的翻译。单独的俗语、习语本身的翻译采用解释、增译等 方法传达其内涵和意思，然而包含俗语、习语的菜名，不仅要求翻译工作者能 够通彻领悟俗语、习语本身的含义，还要注意俗语、习语本身与菜肴之间的紧 密联系。习语、成语做菜名时所反映的文化内涵和历史渊源，比菜名本身更为 重要。此外，翻译人员在翻译时还必须注意把菜肴所需的主要材料表达出来， 但又不能过多剔除习语、成语本身的意蕴。因为如果仅仅传达了成语、俗语等 意思，而忽略菜肴材料的介绍，则会让食客在点菜的时候难以兼顾营养的搭配 和均衡。如果食客只是对菜名好奇而点菜，到时候上的菜全部是肉类，这会让 客人觉得很油腻，整个饭局吃得不够尽兴。同时从营养的角度来说，也是不科 学的。所以，翻译人员在翻译的过程中，不能仅仅把菜名当作是简单的一个词 语来翻译，而应该把菜名与菜肴所需的主要材料结合起来，力求使菜谱的翻译 能够完美、忠实地表达原意。 如，中国有道菜叫“过山峰炖清汤”，如果翻译此菜名时采用直译，则会将 其译为 Guoshan Peak clear soup。对于此译文，不仅外国人看不懂，就连土 生土长的中国人也摸不清这道菜是用什么做的，点了这道菜他们将会品尝到什 么。实际上，这是一道鸡汤。“过山峰”在此当然不可能是一座山峰，也不可能 是山上的某块材料，而是指鸡块本身。为此，我们的翻译工作者把此菜译为 Mountain Peak chicken clear soup。译文既表达了中文原意，又指出了菜肴所 需的材料，同时也不会让外国食客误解 Mountain Peak 在此菜名中的含义。 又如，我们日常生活中常见的一道家常菜“麻婆豆腐”，很多饭馆将其译为 Ma Po’s bean curd。此种译法对于熟悉此菜的中外食客而言是无关紧要的，然 而并非所有的外国食客都了解中国的饮食文化。Ma Po 会被理解为一个人名。 她的豆腐可做菜名，对食客当然具有一定的吸引力，但是这菜毕竟还是豆腐， 不管是谁的牌子，对很多外国食客而言不一定有吸引力，或者说他们并不一定 清楚这个豆腐与其他豆腐的不同之处。但是如果我们采用“意译”的方法，把菜 肴的材料填补上去，说不定可以引发食客的兴趣，刺激其的食欲。“麻婆豆腐” 的特别之处在于它的烹饪所需的配料。所以，我国的翻译工作者也把它译为 “Bean curd with mince and chili oil”。 还有“蚂蚁上树”一菜，单看中文菜名，很多中国食客也会认为是吃蚂蚁， 因为在中国的饮食文化当中，蚂蚁也是可以吃的，也可以泡酒，或是打汤。而 实际上，这道菜是面条跟碎肉末一起烹饪的。煮熟以后，肉末附在面条上，就 如蚂蚁爬到了树上一样。此菜的中文菜名的命名是采用比喻的方法，所以我们 在翻译此菜名时，不可以简单地译为 Ants climbing trees，因为 Ants 会让外国 人食欲尽失。同时，此种译法又不能正确地反映出这道菜的真正内涵，所以把 这个菜名译为 Vermicelli with cpicy minced pork 更受青睐。 （三）意译关注菜肴的烹饪方法 用“意译”翻译出其材料固然好，但是单看材料也不一定就能表达出一道菜 的真正风味，因为同一材料根据不同的刀法和烹调方法可以做出千变万化的多 种佳肴。饮食文化很讲究刀法和烹调方法，如烘（baking）、蒸（steaming）、 煮（boiling）、炸（deepfrying）、剥皮（skinning）、腌制（pickling）、切片 （slicing）、切碎（mingcing）、熏（smoking）等。烹饪方法在食物、菜肴的 制作过程中非常重要，因为它不仅影响了食物的味道，还影响了食物的营养和 口感。所以，在直接翻译菜名材料不能传达菜肴的本质意思的时候，我们可以 采用意译的方法，在意译中注重烹饪方法的翻译。 如“千层饼”被译为“multiple-layer steamed bread”突出了饼的形状， “steamed”又明确了这种饼的烹调方法。 此种译法又让外国食客门路清晰而不至 于会错意点错菜，这比“multiple-layer bread”多了一层“multiple-layer bread”的 意思，而多出的这层意思就是烹饪的方法。“multiple-layer bread”可以让外国食 客明白千层饼的外表和材料，而 steamed 又能让客人了解这道事物的做工程 序。 又如“茄汁鸡脯”这道菜，从菜名就可以看出其材料的主要成分：茄汁和鸡 肉。然而单看菜名，一般食客并不知道其中的制作过程和方法，因为任何人都 很难从菜名中寻究出很明显的答案来。用茄汁和鸡肉混在一起可以做出几个样 式的菜来，而直译这两个材料并不能让客人想象出菜肴的味道。事实上，这里 的鸡肉是油炸过的。熟悉这道菜的真正内容和其烹调方法之后，我们就可以将 其译为“Fried chicken in tomato sauce”。此菜译文突显了烹调方法，又充满了 西方饮食风味，让外国食客倍感亲切。 又如“桶子鸡”，若直译为“Chicken in pail”，则让人误以为此菜为炖品，拿 桶来盛装以求新鲜。事实上，这道菜是干的，跟盐焗鸡差不多，只是这里选用 的鸡为童子鸡。所以，这道菜译为“Spring chicken in salt”时，则会让外国食客 更容易从菜名上最快地获取其所需信息而不影响菜肴文化内涵的传达。 菜谱的翻译有时候让人费心费力，但有时候也可以让人舍繁从简。在很多 大餐馆的菜单上，菜谱旁边大都附上图片。有了图片，食客无需从文字上考虑 太多菜肴所包含的材料。此时，菜谱的翻译尽可以从简，只突出其刀法或者其 烹调方法即可。 如“铁扒比目鱼”，在有图片说明的情况下，我们可将其译为“Grilled Sole”。 在此不需要突出盛装菜肴的器皿，也不需强调此菜为汤类还是干炒类或是其他 的。 三、结语 把中国菜谱翻译成英文，既要兼顾菜名给人留下的特有意象，又要考虑到 西方人的饮食思维和爱好，兼顾菜肴本身的材料、烹调方法和人们的饮食文化 心理。因为文化上的差异，加上翻译中出现的语义上的困难，所以“意译”在菜 谱的翻译中占着非常重要的地位，因为“意译”比直译更能让译者更好地传达中 国的饮食文化，其译文也能更易为外国食客所接受。当然，因为意译本身有时 候也会让译文失去菜名原有的韵味，语言也失去了色调，所以，中国菜谱的翻 译还将是未来长期的研究话题。 【参考文献】 [1]王秀芬.浅析中式菜谱的文化和翻译[J].金华职业技术学院学 报,2001(01). [2]伦淑新.直译与意译浅析[J].中国校外教育(理论),2007(11). [3]钱歌川.翻译漫谈[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1980. [4]卫虹.短命的意译词语[J].语文研究,1984(01).
英语翻译论文题目
写英语翻译的论文需要写哪些内容呢?选什么样的题目合适?下面是我为大家收集的关于英语翻译论文题目，欢迎大家阅读!
1、谈英语谚语的翻译
2、谈英语幽默的翻译
3、英语汉译技巧初探
4、地方名胜古迹汉译英
5、翻译中常见错误分析
6、中英思维方式的差异对翻译的影响
7、会话含义的推导与翻译
8、词汇的文化内涵与翻译
9、语境在翻译中的作用
10、翻译技巧探索
11、商标词翻译
12、广告语言的翻译
13、论英汉互译中的语义等值问题
14、英汉文化差异对翻译的影响
15、英汉谚语的理解和翻译
16、浅谈颜色词在英语中的翻译
17、中西文化差异与翻译障碍
18、英语比喻性词语中文化内涵及翻译
19、英语意义否定表现法及其汉译
20、浅谈新闻标题的翻译
21、互文性理论下的电影片名翻译
22、从唐诗《春望》英译比较看译者主体性
23、功能对等理论在英文电影字幕翻译中的应用-以《肖申克的救赎》为个案
24、语篇翻译中的衔接与连贯
25、从关联理论视角看汉语习语的英译
26、从目的论角度看新闻标题英汉翻译
27、目的论关照下的汉语标语翻译
28、影视翻译的特点及技巧-阿甘正传个案研究
29、The Characteristics of Athletic English and Its Translation体育英语的特点及翻译
30、Chinese Reduplicated Words and their Translation into English 汉语叠词及其英译
31、Non-Correspondence in English-Chinese Translation of Color Words中英文翻译中颜色词的非对应
32、On the Cultural Signification of Animal Idioms and Translation 动物俚语文化含义与翻译
33、Foreignizing and Domesticating Translations in Cross-cultural Vision跨文化视野中的异化和归化翻译
34、The Loss of Affective Meaning in Translation ―from the Perspective of Cultural Differences 从文化差异的角度看翻译中情感意义的丢失
35、On the Explicitness and Implicitness of Conjunctions in English-Chinese Translation Process 论连词再英汉翻译中的显性和隐性存在
36、Approaching Domestication and Foreignization in Translation from a Functional Perspective 从功能翻译角度看归化与异化
37、Conversion of Part of Speech in English-Chinese Translation 英译汉中词类的转换
38、The Transfer of Culture Image and of English and Chinese Idioms in Translating 论英汉习语翻译中的文化意象的转化 VI 旅游英语方向的选题
39、科技汉英翻译中的.修辞现象述评 ( An Overview of Rhetoric in Scientific English Translation )
40、科技英汉翻译中的虚实互化现象微探 ( Research on the Change from Abstractness to Concreteness in Scientific Translation )
41、翻译方法个案研究?如?“从海明威的短篇小说《一个 干净、明亮的地方》看简洁句的翻译”?
42、两个译本比较研究 ?或某 个译本翻译评论?
43、某个著名翻译家翻译方法或翻译风格研究
44、英汉习语翻译方法研究
45、广告翻译策略 研究
46、Culture Differences and Translation of English &Chinese Idioms
47、浅析应用文体之翻译
48、烹饪英语 翻译探微
49、科技英语翻译方法例析
50、中式菜谱的英译
51、汉语颜色 词的英译
52、福克勒小说的英译
53、英语俚语的汉译
54、论英语委婉 语的差异和翻译对策
55、实用文体翻译中的语 言、文化透视?结合语言学、跨文化交际等相关内容分析影响实 用文体翻译的因素?
56、关于对外交流翻译中不足 的反思?如?电影名的误译?旅游翻译的误译及其他。?
57、对某一翻译的理解与 探讨?如“信、达、雅”的探讨与新解?等等
58、中国特色词汇及其英译
59、中英数字文化对比及其翻译策略
60、论小说风格的传译
61、英文小说中对话的翻译
62、英汉修辞格 的语篇衔接作用及其在翻译中的再现
63、文学翻译批评简论
64、英汉语篇衔接 作用及其翻译策略
65、汉语广告英译中的巧 译策略探微
你好，方便时告诉我论文的具体要求
去中国知网看看人家的硕士论文怎么写的 你就有方向了
英语翻译论文开题报告中文
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
英语论文翻译开题报告
英语专业论文开题报告模板 题 目：呼啸山庄中希斯克利夫性格的双重性的分析一、选题的目的、意义(理论、现实)和国内外研究概况 1.目的和意义：《呼啸山庄》是十九世纪英国女作家艾米莉·勃朗特生平创作的唯一一部小说。小说的故事情节主要是围绕希斯克厉夫和凯瑟琳的爱情展开的，希斯克厉夫的“爱一恨一复仇一人性复归”既是小说的精髓，又是贯穿作品始终的线索。评论家们对这部经典文学作品历来意见纷纭，尤其是对小说中的男主人公希斯克厉夫的讨论。评论家们对小说中希斯克利夫的性格从不同的方面进行了分析。全面而深入地分析希斯克厉夫这一人物对我们更好地研究小说起至关重要的作用。 小说中最精彩的部分就是希斯克厉夫与凯瑟琳之间的爱情故事，他们之间的爱情已远远超出了一般意义上的爱情，可以说是一种超人间的爱。但也就是这种爱情的产生和发展成了主人公西斯科历夫的性格中双重性形成的一个关键原因。本课题从西斯科历夫的被虐与自虐，懦弱与勇敢来分析主人公的性格成因，从而促使读者更好的理解艾米丽的呼啸山庄 2.国内外研究概况： 国内外许多的专家学者都对呼啸山庄中希斯克利夫的性格进行了分析。许多的专家学者从不同的角度分析了希斯克利夫的性格的双重性形成的原因进行分析，有的从社会背景原因进行了分析。有些学者认为他的性格是扭曲而自虐的，而有的学者则认为他是爱情中的英雄，敢爱敢恨。 许多的学者对希斯克利夫性格的成因进行了分析如闫红梅，张润翻译的艾米莉·勃朗特.呼啸山庄中说到因为欣德利“那样对待希斯克利夫，圣徒也会被他变成恶魔的” 。刘风辉也在《复杂的双面人》中说道希斯克利夫特殊的性格完全是他周围的环境所造成的。毋庸置疑，金钱主宰一切是当时社会的标准，贫穷是可耻的。无论是否因你的过错而导致的贫穷，无论是否你有努力的过程，只要你现在仍是衣衫褴 褛 ，你就注定遭受耻辱。贫穷带来的无穷无尽的耻辱生活就像一把刻刀，不断雕刻、改变着希斯克利夫的性格。而陈一萍在《希斯克利夫是浪漫主义英雄还是恶魔》中认为上帝是有报复性的，人类不会比他做得更好，希斯克利夫他不能超脱于人性，他也会为他所受到的.伤害进行报复。因此，从多角度出发，综合多种角度对希斯克利夫的性格分析有着重大的意义。 二、本课题的理论依据、研究内容和研究方法、步骤及进度安排 1.研究内容： 本课题对呼啸山庄中希斯克利夫的性格的双重性的形成进行分析，分析希斯克利夫性格中自虐与被虐的原因，在爱情中勇敢与懦弱的双重性性格成因。 首先会分析希斯克利夫在幼年时作为一个正常人得性格特征。 【幼年时的被虐】 其次分析长大后的希斯克利夫在复仇中所表现出来的冷酷与扭曲的性格。 【希斯克利夫的自虐】 再次：从希斯克利夫复仇后的性格分析，在他双重性的性格下是人性的扭曲。 最后通过对希斯克利夫的性格的分析，可以得到人性的回归。 2.研究方法： 查阅法：通过对相关文献进行查阅，从多种角度了解西斯科利福性格的成因。 分析法：通过对艾米丽笔下的西斯科历夫的性格分析，分析他性格双重性形成的原因。 比较法：通过西斯科厉夫的被虐与自虐，勇敢与懦弱进行对比。 3.步骤： 选题——开题——初稿——完善——截稿 4.进度安排： 11月 提交开题报告 12月 完成初稿 4月 完成论文写作 三、本课题的重点、难点，预期结果和成果形式 1.本课题的重点、难点： 本文将从西斯科历夫的被虐与自虐，勇敢与懦弱进行分析，从他最开始的正常性格到后来的性和扭曲的变化分析他性格中双重性的形成原因。以及他性格中的勇敢与懦弱也注定了他性格的扭曲。分析中凯瑟琳是一个影响西斯科厉夫的重要人物，而他们的爱情则是他性格双重性形成的至关重要的原因。最后，不论西斯科历夫的性格怎样扭曲，始终抵不过人性，从他最后的结局我们看到了人性的回归。 2.预期结果： 能够做到分析定位，表达清楚，提高对英文小说中人物性格的准确分析，达到论文研究的目的。 3.成果形式： 论文 ;
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）….In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.…. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。 （论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）
菜名的翻译论文开题报告
题目定了么，格式给我。
你好，这个不是固定的，你可以和导师商量一下
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures. 二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 (课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向) Research Status: Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance.. Research Tendency: 21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality. 三、研究内容及研究目标 (对研究的内容进行说明，并阐明要达到的目标) Research Contents: A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified Black Is Associated With Profit Black Is Associated With the Black People 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Death Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful Black Is Associated With Anger B. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty 2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With Death and Poor White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid C. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red Is Associated With Honor and Love 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red is Associated with the Obscenity Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism. Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss D. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Noble Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease Research Objectives: I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture. 四、预计的研究难点 (课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点) With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related. 五、创新点 (选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点) The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords. 六、进度计划 (根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排) 1. - , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing 2. - , 2008 Data gathering 3. - , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline 4. - , 2009 Literature review 5. - , 2009 First draft 6. - , 2009 Second draft 7. - , 2009 Final version 8. - May 14th, 2009 Printing 9. May 17th - May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate 七、资料来源 (指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料) [1] Baugh, . & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [2] Eckersley, . Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979. [3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985. [4] Hornby, . Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974. [5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. .: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997. [6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. .: Edward Arnold, 1989. [7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981. [8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006. [9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007. [11] 陈永烨.“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J].《辽宁工程技术大学学报》，2005，(7). [12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海:上海外语出版社,2002. [13] 邓炎昌，刘润清.《语言与文化》[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社，1991. [14] 蒋栋元.“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]. 《四川外语学院学报》，2002，(3). [15] 唐振华.“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J].《中国科技翻译》，1997，(2). 指导教师意见:(对课题的认可意见) 指导教师 年 月 日 系(教研室)审查意见: 系(教研室)主任: 年 月 日