托福论文格式

不用，而且不能。最好是段与段之间再加个空行。国外正式书信格式是顶格的。为了看得方便还段与段之间隔一行。祝你托福成功！

托福写作议论文该怎么分段？相信大家都很想知道这个问题，下面我给大家带来相关内容，希望对你们有所帮助！

托福写作技巧：议论文该怎么分段

在应试型议论文写作中，通常遵循引言段-主体段-结论段的“三步曲”。主题段落提供了论证观点的理由，是整个文章的主体，占分最大。一篇满分作文必须论据充分。

a topic sentence for each paragraph you plan to write. Each topic sentence should relate to your thesis statement and introduce what the paragraph will be about. If you find that the topics you want to discuss do not support the thesis statement you have written， revise your thesis statement or reconsider your topic sentences.

(每个主体段都必须有一个明确的主题句)

ideas that support your topic sentences. The topic sentence for each paragraph tells the reader what the paragraph will be about. The ideas stated in the rest of the paragraph should all relate to the topic sentence.

(支持句必须围绕主题句展开)

新托福满分作文(5分)也要求“is well organized and well developed， using clearly appropriate explanations， exemplifications， and/or details”，同样必须通过主体段落发展来实现。一般来说，一篇议论文必须包含至少两个主体段。每个主体段都必须有明确的主题句“topic sentence”和若干支持句“supporting sentences”。他们共同组成文章的理由段，对全文的论点提供理由支持。

托福写作备考之小心这些误区

托福写作和口语虽没有标准答案，但并不意味着没有参考标准。写作部分的评分标准在官方OG中有明确的说明，包括从官方的出分报告来看，评分主要分为三个维度。

文章结构(well-organized)

文章发展(well-developed)

语言表达(language use)

本文将结合具体的例子分析每个维度如何评分以及如何提升。

一.结构清晰(well-organized)

误区一：不是分段落就叫结构清晰!

在OGP611中有一部分关于organization的说明，通过几个问句提醒同学们一篇完整的文章应该要包含几个部分：开头段，主体段和结尾段，并且要分段，结构要清晰。

同学们往往对于每部分要写什么毋庸置疑，但在准备的过程中，往往重视形式大过内容。原则上，在不影响主体段发挥的前提下，开头和结尾的方法以及长度随意(OG中介绍了6种开头方法以及5种结尾方法)，保证关键的信息给出即可;但从大部分同学的实际考试情况来看，开头和结尾总倾向于事先准备好的模板句型;相反，最重要的主体段没有留足够的时间和精力。结果往往捡了芝麻丢了西瓜。所以除非能够灵活运用OG介绍的方法，否则建议同学简化开头和结尾。

我们看一下OG书上的一个开头段例子：

The importance of the issue raised by the posed statement, namely creating a new holiday for people, cannot be underestimated, as it concerns the very fabric of society. As it stands, the issue of creating a new holiday raises profound implications for the future. However, although the subject matter in general cannot be dismissed lightheartedly, the perspective of the issue as presented by the statement raises certain qualms regarding practical application.

这个开头段的前两句都在强调话题(create a new holiday)的重要性，属于赘述(redundancy)，第三句并没有很直接给出立场，不符合评分标准中的“有效回答问题”。为了获得一个高分，我们需要避免赘述(redundancy)和偏题(digression)。

其次OG中有个2分的文章，截取每段的第一句话：

In the following, I will illustrate my opinion by two reasons.

First of all, honest make the trust stronger between friends or colleagues.

Secondly, telling a lie always makes things worse not only in work but also in family life.

On the contrary, sometimes it is better to tell a lie to others, such as telling a lie to a patient.

作者想给出2个理由，从正反论证说实话在人际关系中的重要性。而第三段的on the contrary，看似是对比论证，然而并非是描述”撒谎的弊端“，所以结构上会引起困惑。

关于结构清晰，一方面建议大家不要大片背诵模板句式然后进行堆砌。今年的两场考试中，已经有明确要求Do not use memorized examples.如果不能将模板句式巧妙结合所写文章熟练混迹在自己的语言表达之下，那么建议踏踏实实审题。另一方面，平时可以结合历年真题，多训练开门见山的思维方式，然后根据不同的话题补充相应的词汇短语等语料表达，不至于无话可说。

二.展开有条理(well-developed)

误区二：不是有逻辑连接词就叫有逻辑!

首先我们来看一下OG是如何要求well-developed的：

Have I done my best to support and develop my ideas?

(有没有支持立场的分论点?)

Do I include enough details in each paragraph so that the main idea and topic sentence are explained fully?

(每段是否有很充分的细节支持分论点?)

Do I use words and phrases that help the reader think about relationships between different ideas in the essay?

(句与句之间是否有用逻辑连接词/短语?)

每个段落要做到很好的展开，就要注意句与句之间的逻辑性。OGP618介绍了很多种展开的方法，包括讲故事、举例子、说道理等等，同时补充了大量的逻辑连接词。同学们习惯于把逻辑连接词/短语事先准备好，平时练习或者考试时都先打出来再往里面僵硬地填充内容，以为可以过e-rater和考官。但在这些逻辑词下，我们往往会看到同学写出这样的内容：因为独生子女，所以自私;因为科技和经济发展，所以压力大。

其实第二句和第一句之间并没有直接的因果关系，第二句并不是对第一句的进一步论述，所以即便有暗示逻辑关系的连接词/短语，内容上并非如此。也就是不符合评分标准中的渐进性(progression)。

在第一个“因为独生子女，所以自私”的例子中，我们可以这样推理：独生子女(only-child)→得到更多家人的关注(limelight)→缺少付出的意识(less give, more take)→自私(egoism);此外，独生子女→缺少和兄弟姐妹的相处(interact with siblings)→缺少分享的意识(share)→自私。

这样的两条简单逻辑链就可以推出“自私”的结果。

所以针对这一问题，建议同学们结合咱们点题班或者老师整理的机经中的主题句，在草稿纸上用中文关键词罗列因果链，训练演绎推理的方法，反复追问因果关系(causality)是否成立。

三.语言运用(language use)

误区三：不是辞藻华丽就叫好句子 !

语言部分OG对于我们的要求是consistent facility in the use of language，给我们的具体建议是:句式结构丰富(a variety of sentence structures)和恰当的措辞( appropriate word choice)，评分者会从以下四个角度去审查

语法错误(grammar)

词汇使用(usage)

技术层面(mechanics)

语言风格(style)

词汇

词汇层面是同学们最纠结的痛点，背的往往用不上，写出来的都是简单词。其实词汇并没有高低贵贱之说，只有恰当地道与否。但很多时候，“恰当”“地道”更难把握。

比如“不利于教学进程”的表达，大部分同学会用“exert negative effects on the process of education”;但在一定的语境下，stagnate(停滞)这个词要比exert negative effects更有画面感，更能吸引读者的阅读兴趣。同样，想表达“不利于彼此的关系”，用“undermine mutual relationship”比“do harm to relationship between each other”更简洁。想表达“越来越多”的时候并不总是“more and more”，形容词“increasing/gradual”也可以。还有“according to how urge and important the task is”可以用priority这个词来表达，即“according to the priority of different tasks”。

想做到熟练恰当运用这些词汇的话，和平时大量的精读以及课外英文小说阅读习惯的养成密不可分。读写不分家，所以为了实实在在能提高写作部分的词汇量，一方面建议同学们平时做阅读不要仅仅为了检测老师讲的方法论的可行性，可以选择喜欢的文章进行精读;同时笔记本上及时记下那些用得恰当的动词、形容词。另一方面，通过写作部分范文的精读，积累词汇和短语甚至句型。

词汇的用法一定要结合具体的语境，“do sb. good”中的每个词汇都很简单，但是并非不如conducive/beneficial。

句式

句子多样性并非是指大量的长难句、倒装句等各种，往往我们中国考生在追求长难的时候，评分者更希望考生的句子可读性强(legible)。何为可读?并不是词汇句式简单到小学生都能看懂，而是在内容丰富且逻辑渐进的基础上，长短结合，会灵活使用简单句、并列句和从句。

OG中有这样一个片段：

Baseball is the great American sport. And, it is thought of as a summer pastime. So as soon as the weather turns warm, all the neighborhood kids find a field to toss a ball around. And soon they form teams and play each other. But all summer, they always find time to listen to pro games on the radio. And they watch them on TV.

对这样一个以大量并列连接词前置句首的片段进行了细微地修改，变成如下版本：

Baseball, the great American sport, is thought of as a summer pastime. As soon as the weather turns warm, the neighborhood kids find a field to toss a ball around. Soon, they form teams and play each other, but all summer, they always find time to listen to pro games on the radio and watch them on TV.

词汇本身并没有变化，句式丰富性增强了，语言风格更恰当地道。

语法

语法也是语言部分考察的重点，少量的语法错误不影响得分。这部分同学们可以认真阅读OG中的Unit9language use部分，解释清晰例子详细，非常完整介绍了语法部分的评分角度。大家往往容易错的比如并列结构错误、词性不清楚(副词当连接词使用)、句子成分残缺等，一定要在平时的练习中改正过来。否则考场上，即便认真检查，多半也是检查不出问题，觉得自己的文章简直完美。

作文的前期注重积累，后期注重练习。先有输入才有输出。托福不考智商，没有作文是同学们不会写或者说想不到任何理由的，最关键的是，如何用英文准确表达才是关键。所以一定要踏实备考，结合OG中的讲解，以及老师补充的词汇、短语和范文，打好基础。

托福写作思路分析：社交媒体交流浪费时间

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

People spend too much time communication through social media and text messages.

I agree

1. Too much use of online communicative tools reduces the efficiency of communication among people. (人们过度依赖发送文本信息和社交网络，使得面对面交流减少，在交流过程中缺乏情感)

2. Too much use of online communicative tools distracts people from their work or study. (人们花了太多的时间使用社交网路，常常盯着屏幕等着别人的回复，使得人们无心于学习和工作)

托福写作思路分析：新年目标计划

Some people think at the start of a new year, it’s important to set a goal of improving a specific aspect of life. They call it a new-year resolution. Which of the following new-year resolution would you choose? 1. Help others in your community 2. Improve your health by exercising more and eat nutritious food 3. Manage your time better

Improve your health by exercising more and eat nutritious food

and nutritious food contribute to students’ health. (运动可以锻炼肌肉，使身体更加强壮，增强免疫力，抵御各种疾病)

2. Sports enable students to cultivate the spirit of cooperation. (很多体育运动如篮球、足球都是需要团队合作)

3. Sports provide students with a good opportunity to make more friends. (运动场上可以遇到更多的人)

关于托福写作一直都是大家最大的难题，有的考生因为没有扎实的阅读与听力实力，还缺少托福写作技巧，造成了写作失分严重，想要提升是根本不可能的。下面是托福写作要点，一起了解吧。第一，一定的英语语法基础一直以来语法都是中国英语教育的核心，对于中国学生而言，通常是不会有太大的困难。同时新托福写作对于学生的语法没有过高的要求，当明白了主谓宾正常的构句规则的基础上，再加之对各种从句与几个特殊句式(强调句、倒装句)的运用，就足以应付托福写作。很多基础相对来说薄弱的考生经常会遇到的困境是：对英语的语法有恐惧感，因为不写不错，一写就错。此部分考生怎么样来克服此困难：多去动笔写，写完了让老师或者是身边英语比较好的同学帮忙改，弄懂每一个语法错误是为什么道理，切不可消极怠工，意志沉沦。第二，文章结构最重要一般情况下托福写作是属于一个五段三点式的写作，一般大家称之为鱼骨头(Fish Bone)式。如此结构即为最普遍的议论文结构，开头段+中间三段+结尾段。一定别小看如此的结构，认为这样的结构太简单，过于八股。其实，新托福写作考查的即是考生是不是会熟练运用这样的结构去表达自己对一个观点的看法。通常美国的高中生，使用一年专门的时间对此结构学习。因此当大家备考托福写作时，应该特别注意要熟练运用五段三点式这样的结构。第三，语言需要多样性语言多样性分为句式的多样性和词汇的多样性。究其新托福考试，依然是地学生的语言能力进行考察。文章结构就是一个人的骨架，如此剩下的工作即要求往这具空空的骨架中添加进生动的血肉，这就是我们的语言了。新托福写作考试对于考生的语言水平最基本的要求是没有太多的语法错误，相当于考生犯下的语法错误不会影响到文章的理解。在这个基础上，新托福考试还需要学生会熟练一些句式、词汇，使文章看起来很native。第四，注意中西方文化的差异这里最为典型的一点就是，西方人的思路是演绎式的(deduction)，这样来，首先要出现的是最主要的观点，然后再针对自己的观点做进一步的阐释;但中国人的思路通常都是归纳式的(induction)，中国人比较擅长的首先是大段的说理论证，分析各种可能的情况，而后最后再去把总结加上，也就是自己的观点。在新托福写作中我们一定要使用演绎式的写作方式，切忌使用归纳式的方式。原因在于：可以使用的写作方式是演绎式，最初是把观点亮出，让读者更加清晰地明白作者的观点，于是读者就会更好地理解下面的相关论证，这样让读者更容易认为文章的思路清晰，逻辑严密;而使用归纳式的写作方式，若读者是在阅读以前进行论证时，自己心里也会产生一个自己的观点，相当于表示读者自己可以首先将一个观点得出，要是当最后作者的观点与读者的观点相异时，就会很容易的使读者认为作者的思路不清晰，逻辑不严密。这就是中国式思路归纳式的缺点。第五，注意新托福机考的特殊性从小到大，我们所写过的作文是很多，考过无数的考试，但对机考，大家也许就是第一次。新托福考试实施的是网络机考，也就是说我们的作文都需要在考试的时候用键盘敲出来，此相对普通考生而言，算得上是一个不大不小的障碍。针对于机考，大家在平日里是要求注意练习。中文和英文的打字习惯是不一样的，要求大家在平日里慢慢地适应，同时在平时必须要用更多的时间去适应，要不然当考试时，肯定会吃亏。这些细节往往就是决定成败的重要砝码。希望以上内容能给正在备考的同学提供帮助，也希望同学们可以取得好成绩。如果有任何关于留学方面的疑问，欢迎和我们咨询哦！

我觉得是第一段要顶格写~但后面的段落就不用了~而且，记得每段之间之间空一行哦~

托福四段式议论文范文

【路过答着玩系列】楼上悠悠鸟x童鞋关于四段式的结构我觉得已经写的比较详细了，就不再赘述了。专门就题主问的问题：独立写作五段式可以有一段是从反面角度论述，但不是题主所说的这个“一反两正”的顺序。一般托福独立写作第一段开头就要引入题目并表明立场（观点），后面+三个分论点&举例论证（纯议论也可，楼上也提到了纯议论不好写）+sum up。观点论证段“两正一反”多数是在想不到第三个正面论点的情况下采用，且反面论证立场不是完全反驳正面观点，而是反面在一定情况/条件下“也有道理”的补充论证。在这种结构下，总结段也要注意不是绝对偏向一方观点而是综合两者的according to the condition.

托福备考的过程中，要想写作取得优势，多阅读一些范文是十分有必要的，下面我给大家带来托福写作高分范文大全，快来学习吧!

托福写作高分范文大全1

Task：It has been said, “Not everything that is learned is contained in books.” Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?.

托福写作模板范文参考：

We all crave knowledge, especially in this Age of Information, but what is the best source of knowledge? Are we to believe Albert Camus, who stated” The place we are to get knowledge is in books”? Or are we better served by following Albert Einstein's counsel that “The only source of knowledge is experience”? Although books have their place in one's learning, there is no substitute for experience; indeed, it is experience that is ultimately the most important source of knowledge.

First, let us consider the knowledge needed to undertake a profession-for example, that of a physician. Knowledge gained from books provides the foundation of a doctor's training: study in a medical school begins with a near-overload of reading on anatomy, physiology and maladies both rare and common. However, during this time the medical student is also learning through experience, beginning with dissecting cadavers from almost the first day of medical school. Then, the aspiring physician must complete four years of residency, consisting of actual supervised experience at a hospital in which he or she now must put into practice all of the knowledge he or she has edge of dealing with patients, prescribing medication, and the joy and sadness of saving and losing patients; in other words, it is through experience that these residents finally learn what it means to be a doctor.

What about knowledge other than professional expertise-for example, knowledge about another culture? In this realm as well, both books and real-life experience enrich and edify us. For example, Paris is perhaps the most talked-about and written-about city in the world. We could read Hemingway's A Moveable Feast, in which he describes the excitement and intellectual spirit-as well as the restaurants and plentiful red wine-of Paris in the 1920's. Or, we could travel to Paris and eat at bistros, walk across the Pont Neuf and look at the river Seine, visit the Louvre museum, and have adventures of our own. Clearly, most people would have attained more lasting and vivid knowledge by visiting Paris on their own rather than reading about it secondhand.

In summary, experience, rather than books, is more central to our quest for learning, especially with regard to professional expertise. With regard to learning about another culture, experience is also irreplaceable. Yet not everyone in the world will have the health or financial resources to carry out a trip to Paris. But many people have access to a local library where they can borrow A Moveable Feast and, at no cost, read Hemingway's vibrant descriptions of Paris. We cannot forget the complementary and unique knowledge afforded by books, but experience is the most precious source of knowledge.

托福写作高分范文大全2

Task:“When people succeed, it is because of hard work. Luck has nothing to do with success.” Do you agree or disagree with the quotation above? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position.

托福写作模板范文参考：

It is universally acknowledged that hard work is indispensable to success. Scientists toil for years before they make a major discovery. Students study for years before they are accepted by a top university. Self-make people work for a long time, even all their life before they make a fortune. However, less well-known is the essential role that luck plays in achieving one's goals. It is often luck that turns years of hard work into success: people discover and invent things with the help of luck, and so do they become famous and find jobs.

First, luck has helped a great number of people invent and discover things. Sir Alexander Fleming experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he discovered penicillin. He went through laborious trial and error, but it was on account of luck that he looked at the mold on a piece of cheese and got the idea for penicillin there and then. Benjamin Franklin had been trying to prove his idea that lightning and electricity is the same thing, but it was only in flying a kite that he proved it and the concept of a lightning rod happened to strike him.

Also, luck helps people become famous. Let us consider young authors. Many work hard to learn to write. For example, they take writing classes. Besides, they work at menial jobs so as to survive and gain experience. Then one day a lucky writer may have piece of writing published and attract public attention. Or the writer meets an editor at the right time and place. Years of continuous writing brings the writer to the door of success, but one lucky chance, like the shot in soccer, eventually helps him or her reap success.

Finally, luck has helped many people secure jobs. One may spend much time writing and sending resumes, reading recruiting ads, and going to job interviews. One may pond the pavement for a long time before getting a job. However, it is with luck that a job hunter meets the person who will offer a position to him or her, or learns of a vacancy that is not advertised. Being at the right place at the right time often helps one land a job, and this has all to do with luck. One can hardly succeed without hard work, but hard work without luck often leads to nothing. Luck has a great number of people find success. In fact, luck goes hand in hand with hard work.

托福写作高分范文大全3

Task:Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position.

托福写作模板范文参考：

Some people think that university students should be able to choose whether to go to classes or not. I could not disagree more with this idea. Even though students can have excused absences, for example, when they are sick or have something emergent to attend, generally they should be required to go to classes. In fact, attending classes has many advantages, three of them most important: learning from the teacher, interacting with classmates, and developing responsibility. Attending classes has the benefit of receiving the best that a teacher can offer. Good teachers review the difficult and key pints of the material in the course textbook. The best teachers do more than this. They conduct group discussion of the material, and present alternative points of view on the same issue. This increases students' real understanding and critical thinking.

Moreover, teachers supplement the textbook material with information provide by guest speakers, which further enhances students' understanding. All this implies that, if students are absent from class, it is tantamount to forfeiting their right to full benefits of teacher-guided learning in class. Going to classes also helps students learn how to work with their classmates. In class, students need to put forward their ideas. They have to take questions from their classmates and when their classmates have a different point of view, they have to defend their own. All this is conducted in a friendly manner. Interaction of this kind teaches students about how to work with other people.

Finally, going to classes enables students to develop responsibility. Having to finish all the assigned readings before class helps prepare them for getting a job. So does the requirement of being punctual for class. Similarly, having to complete assignment on time for class helps them to foster responsibility.

Admittedly, students can obtain information from books, but they benefit a great deal more when they go to classes. They have the advantage of learning from their teacher, of interacting with other people, and of developing the responsibility required of a good worker as well as a good student. If these skills in life are in no sense optional, how can attending classes in a university be optional?

托福写作高分范文大全4

托福考试作文题目：

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Most experiences in our lives that seemed difficult at the time become valuable lessons for the future. Use reasons and specific examples to support our answer.

托福考试作文参考分析：

举一些例子支持题目中的观点，确实有些痛苦经历对将来毫无帮助。

托福考试作文范文参考：

Some people argue that most experiences in our lives that seemed difficult at the time can later become valuable experiences. I cannot agree with them more. There are numerous reasons why I hold confidence on this opinion, and I would explore only a few primary ones here.

Difficulties are beneficial to our personal growth. In the course of our life, we will face numerous difficulties, and each difficulty will help us grow up, and become a valuable lesson for the future. A toddler fells off the ground for many times before he knows how to walk, and a child learns how to swim after he drinks water in the swimming pool. In addition, only after we experienced failures, we know the value of success. We will never appreciate anything that comes so easy. Difficulties can make us feel stronger and be more confident for the future obstacles.

Furthermore, difficulties in our work can help us gain more experience and knowledge. Most of the times we can gain knowledge and experiences faster through experiencing difficulties in our life and trying to find a solutions to the perplexities that we face. There is a famous saying, "no pain no gain." For example, when we take on a new job that we do not have much experience in, the first few weeks can be extremely painful and we may feel enormous pressure and difficulties. And we will try our best to adjust, to learn and to think, how to do this job better. The more difficulties we feel, the harder we try to acquire the skills and knowledge to overcome it. Learning and this stage is extremely efficient and our problem solving skills well increase. After we overcome more and more problems, we can become an experienced worker in this field and will be able to take on more challenges. We will never fear that we will face the same kind of problem again. This means that we have accumulated valuable experiences for the future.

In a word, a difficult experience is a gift that life gives us. We should appreciate it and take it as a precious opportunity to gain knowledge and experience about our study, work and life.

托福写作高分范文大全相关文章：

1. 托福备考之独立写作满分范文5篇精选

2. 托福写作常用经典高分例句精选

3. 托福高分作文写作模板精选

4. 托福综合写作考试高分必备

5. 关于托福英语作文,你一定要知道的高分句型!

6. 托福写作如何考高分:20170527托福独立写作解析和范文

7. 关于托福考试高分作文范文

8. 托福独立写作比较模板经典高分

9. 托福作文高分之策略

10. 托福独立作文模板经典高分

我托福作文27 我采用的是4段式结构以前也写过五段的但感觉还是四段更好开头：引入+针对题目提出两个分论点/理由中间：两段每段开头先表述论点然后可以举例（随便用自己或朋友编点小事儿）也可以纯论证 PS：如果功底一般不推荐纯议论因为举例比较好凑字而且不需要太高级的词汇（我用纯议论写一般每篇只有330字左右但是完全够用如果一段议论一段事例大概350 如果两段都给例子字数就很好控制了）两段之间不需要连接直接并列就行但是最好两部分篇幅差不多结尾：结合题目总结下自己的观点/理由换个说法就可以如果用长句的话一句就完事了。我不推荐用反面论证用反面论证如果没有写好很容易和前后文形成重复但是个别题目下可以举反例求采纳谢谢

雅思议论文四段式的第一段，表明自己的观点，说明你自己觉得那个最重要，那个最不重要。第二段，对自己的论点进行论证，用事实说明自己观点的正确性，比如学了哪门课对将来最有用，对就业最有帮助之类的，学哪门课纯属浪费时间。第三段，评价反面的观点，并和自己的观点进行比较。提出可能的反对意见，比如有人不喜欢你认为有用的课，并列举可能的佐证。那你的观点和他的比较，看看那谁的更有说服力。第四段，总结之前的论点，再次强调自己的观点。

托福议论文阅读素材

托福写作素材：社交网络类社交网络使不同地区、不同国家的人们能够交流，拉近了人与人之间的距离。下面是我整理的关于社交网络的托福写作素材，希望能帮到大家!development and expansion of the Internet: 互联网的发展和扩张 the main technological and cultural revolutions : 主要的技术和文化革命 emergence of social media: 社交媒体的出现 have grown extremely fast and become central to the lives of hundreds of millions of people: 已经极快的成为数亿人的生活的重要(部分) 常见的社交网络细节罗列： communicate with family, friends: 与家人、朋友交流 had the chance to meet regularly: 有机会经常见面 are becoming important tools for our work and business networking: 越来越重要的工具为了我们的工作和业务圈子 spent considerable part of : 花了相当大的一部分 to engage with online social networking: 加入在线社交网络 keep in touch with people : 与人保持联系 reconnect with old friends : 联系老朋友 bridge previously insurmountable physical distances: 跨越之前不可逾越的物理距离 the sense of proximity : 亲近的感觉 Instant messaging services: 即时通讯服务 offer their users the capacity :给他们的用户提供xxx的能力 get almost immediate access to information: 几乎立即获取信息 allow for global interaction with people from different backgrounds. interacting with people from distant places was almost exclusively the privilege of : 与遥远的地方的人交流是几乎完全的特权 engage in discussions: 参与讨论 establish friendships with people : 与人建立友谊 facilitate people meeting face-to-face: 促进人们面对面的见面 networks such as Couchsurfing allow you to live for some time with people you might have otherwise never met: 网络如Couchsurfing让你跟可能从未见过的人生活一段时间。 specialized in : 擅长于xxx establish long term relationships: 建立长期的关系 gain visibility for their products and creations : 获得对其产品的视野和创造 to promote public participation and civic engagement: 促进公众参与和公民参与 new means to express their views and defend causes they find worth fighting for: 用新手段表达自己的观点、捍卫他们认为值得为之战斗的事业 employed social media for the mobilization and organization of protesters : 使用社交媒体动员和组织抗议者 insulate us from：使我们与xxx隔绝 make communication easier and more flexible : 使交流变得更容易、更灵活 have the opposite impact on our relationships with the people : 负面的影响我们与人的关系 in a family or friends' reunion: 在一个家庭或朋友的聚会 Social networks serve to disseminate information, but the validity of this information cannot always be verified: 社交网络服务于传播信息,但不能总是确保这些信息的有效性。 spread rumors, propaganda, and misleading information: 散布谣言、宣传和误导信息 have negative impact on the lives of people: 对人们的生活有负面影响 flashy erroneous information: 庸俗的错误信息 become a source of entertainment : 成为娱乐的.来源 a means of procrastination: 拖延的一种手段 productivity at work diminishes: 工作效率降低 are constantly bombarded with notifications from social media: 不断地收到社交媒体的通知 turn into an addiction or obsession with negative psychological impacts on our lives: 变成一种瘾或痴迷并给我们的生活带来负面的心理影响 is also at risk : 处于危险境地 circulating through the internet: 通过互联网传播 removing a tag from a somewhat inappropriate picture : 在有点不合适的照片里删除一个标签 also making it more difficult to separate our professional and social lives: 也使得更加难以分离我们的职业和社会生活 store too much information : 储存太多的信息 extract large amounts of information from their users: 从他们的用户那里提取大量的信息 the terms and conditions of use of the platforms: 平台使用的条款和条件 long and extremely technical legal documents: 长并且非常技术性的法律文件 There have been notable cases in which hackers have managed to steal information about thousands of users. 在有些知名案例中,黑客成功窃取成千上万的用户的信息。 become fertile grounds for offences and crime: 成为罪行和犯罪的肥沃 suffer stalking and bullying : 遭受骚扰和欺凌 This has led to dramatic cases where users have ended up committing suicide. 这导致了戏剧性的情况, 也就是用户最终自杀。 collect information about victims by kidnappers and burglars: 收集关于绑匪和窃贼的受害者的信息。 recruit members and raise funding : 招募成员和筹集资金适用题目： Some people like to record their life by sharing pictures and other information on social-networking sites. Others keep this information to themselves and never share it online. ;

1. 英文高端报纸(1).《纽约时报》(2) .《纽约客》(3).《泰晤士报》(4).《卫报》(5).《观察家报》(6).《星期日报》2. 流行通俗的英文报纸(1).《每日快报》(2).《每日邮报》(3).《世界新闻报》3.主要英文期刊简介(1).《国家地理》(2).《大西洋月刊》(3).《经济学家》The Economist 1843年创刊，与《金融时报》同属“皮尔逊父子公司”所有。(4).《旁观者》创刊于1828年，是英国历史最悠久的周刊。(5).《新政治家》创刊于1934年，主要发表关于政治、社会问题、书籍、电影和戏剧的评论。(6).《妇女界》The Woman’s Own创刊于1932年，是图文并茂的妇女月刊，女性朋友必看。(7).《泰晤士报文学增刊》是英国***影响力的文学周刊之一。(8).《新共和》(9).《连线》(10).《高等教育纪事报》4. 其他周刊和科普出版物每周(周刊):(1).《侦探》(2).《打孔》(3).《听众》(4).《闲暇》(是伦敦一本非常好的休闲杂志，它的网站非常棒)科普(科技期刊):(1).《科学美国人》(2).《发现》(3).《自然》此外，根据托福阅读材料的来源和所选材料的范围，我们可以将托福阅读材料分为说明文、议论文和历史性三类。它们被统称为学术文章。这种类型的文章，必须具有理性的特征，即文本的逻辑大都遵循一种相对固定的结构模式。总之，阅读部分的文章文本结构有规律可循，段落构成有原则可循。

托福阅读文章来源中的题材一共涉及到以下几个部分：

大约占比30%左右，也就是所有题材中占比最大的一部分，这个部分包含天体、地理、气候和化学等学科内容;

大约占比20%左右，这一部分包含，动物学、植物学、细胞学和生物化学等学科的相关学习内容，接下来排的

这部分内容大致涵盖音乐、表演、电影和电视等艺术形式。

分别占比10%左右，社科类文章包括经济学、考古学、人类学、通信和媒体等内容，而人文类文章则更多涵盖历史和语言学等内容，占比最少并且基本很少考察的题材则是人物传记类，这类文章更容易出现在GRE、SAT等北美升学类考试中。

托福阅读：文章原型大都选自美国大学本科生使用的教材，以达到最佳的模拟测试效果。文章的选材范围极其广泛，涉及有自然科学包括：天文学、地质学、生物学、气象学等；人文科学包括：艺术美学、考古学、语言学、文学等；社会科学包括：政治学、经济学、教育学、人类学等交叉学科。从选材范围可见：托福阅读的文章内容对考生知识存储量的广度有一定的要求，但同时考虑到考生来自于不同的专业，对于其他学科往往不具备专业素质，因此为了遵守考试公平性原则，文章均不对其所述及的学科做过多深入的探讨。sat阅读：经调查历史上的部分真题，在对274篇文章进行了详尽的搜索和调查后，研究人员发现，这274篇文章中有121篇来自非小说类书籍，71篇来自各类报纸杂志，53篇节选自长篇小说，25篇来自自传类作品，3篇来自各类组织的报告，还有1篇来自个人博客。而来自报纸杂志的那71篇文章里有一半都集中发表于以下这8本杂志：1)《纽约时报》(The New York Times)2)《纽约客》(The New Yorker)3)《国家地理》(National Geographic)4)《科学美国人》(Scientific American)5)《高等教育纪事报》(The Chronicle of Higher Education)6)《大西洋月刊》(The Atlantic Monthly)7)《新共和》(The New Republic)8)《连线》(Wired)。

托福议论文题目真题2019

TPO模考工具是我没复习托福非常好的帮手，属于我们一定要好好利用，下面我给大家带来托福阅读真题:TPO11原文及答案，欢迎阅读参考！

托福阅读真题:TPO11原文

Ancient Egyptian Sculpture

In order to understand ancient Egyptian art, it is vital to know as much as possible of the elite Egyptians' view of the world and the functions and contexts of the art produced for them. Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms. In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary? Why do the artists seem to get left and right confused? And why did they not discover the geometric perspective as European artists did in the Renaissance? The answer to such questions has nothing to do with a lack of skill or imagination on the part of Egyptian artists and everything to do with the purposes for which they were producing their art.

The majority of three-dimensional representations, whether standing, seated, or kneeling, exhibit what is called frontality: they face straight ahead, neither twisting nor turning. When such statues are viewed in isolation, out of their original context and without knowledge of their function, it is easy to criticize them for their rigid attitudes that remained unchanged for three thousand years. Frontality is, however, directly related to the functions of Egyptian statuary and the contexts in which the statues were set up. Statues were created not for their decorative effect but to play a primary role in the cults of the gods, the king, and the dead. They were designed to be put in places where these beings could manifest themselves in order to be the recipients of ritual actions. Thus it made sense to show the statue looking ahead at what was happening in front of it, so that the living performer of the ritual could interact with the divine or deceased recipient. Very often such statues were enclosed in rectangular shrines or wall niches whose only opening was at the front, making it natural for the statue to display frontality. Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.

Statues were normally made of stone, wood, or metal. Stone statues were worked from single rectangular blocks of material and retained the compactness of the original shape. The stone between the arms and the body and between the legs in standing figures or the legs and the seat in seated ones was not normally cut away. From a practical aspect this protected the figures against breakage and psychologically gives the images a sense of strength and power, usually enhanced by a supporting back pillar. By contrast, wooden statues were carved from several pieces of wood that were pegged together to form the finished work, and metal statues were either made by wrapping sheet metal around a wooden core or cast by the lost wax process. The arms could be held away from the body and carry separate items in their hands; there is no back pillar. The effect is altogether lighter and freer than that achieved in stone, but because both perform the same function, formal wooden and metal statues still display frontality.

Apart from statues representing deities, kings, and named members of the elite that can be called formal, there is another group of three-dimensional representations that depicts generic figures, frequently servants, from the nonelite population. The function of these is quite different. Many are made to be put in the tombs of the elite in order to serve the tomb owners in the afterlife. Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling, these figures depict a wide range of actions, such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.

Paragraph 1: In order to understand ancient Egyptian art, it is vital to know as much as possible of the elite Egyptians' view of the world and the functions and contexts of the art produced for them. Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms. In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary? Why do the artists seem to get left and right confused? And why did they not discover the geometric perspective as European artists did in the Renaissance? The answer to such questions has nothing to do with a lack of skill or imagination on the part of Egyptian artists and everything to do with the purposes for which they were producing their art.

托福阅读真题:TPO11题目

1. The word “vital” in the passage is closest in meaning to

attractive

essential

usual

practical

2. Paragraph 1 suggests that one reason Egyptian art is viewed less favorably than other art is that Egyptian art lacks

a realistic sense of human body proportion

a focus on distinctive forms of varying sizes

the originality of European art

the capacity to show the human body in motion

3. In paragraph 1, the author mentions all of the following as necessary in appreciating Egyptian art EXCEPT an understanding of

the reasons why the art was made

the nature of aristocratic Egyptian beliefs

the influences of Egyptian art on later art such as classical Greek art

how the art was used

Paragraph 2: The majority of three-dimensional representations, whether standing, seated, or kneeling, exhibit what is called frontality: they face straight ahead, neither twisting nor turning. When such statues are viewed in isolation, out of their original context and without knowledge of their function, it is easy to criticize them for their rigid attitudes that remained unchanged for three thousand years. Frontality is, however, directly related to the functions of Egyptian statuary and the contexts in which the statues were set up. Statues were created not for their decorative effect but to play a primary role in the cults of the gods, the king, and the dead. They were designed to be put in places where these beings could manifest themselves in order to be the recipients of ritual actions. Thus it made sense to show the statue looking ahead at what was happening in front of it, so that the living performer of the ritual could interact with the divine or deceased recipient. Very often such statues were enclosed in rectangular shrines or wall niches whose only opening was at the front, making it natural for the statue to display frontality. Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.

4. According to paragraph 2, why are Egyptian statues portrayed frontality?

To create a psychological effect of distance and isolation

To allow them to fulfill their important role in ceremonies of Egyptian life

To provide a contrast to statues with a decorative function

To suggest the rigid, unchanging Egyptian philosophical attitudes

5. The word “context” in the passage is closest in meaning to

connection

influence

environment

requirement

6. The author mentions “an architectural setting” in the passage in order to

suggest that architecture was as important as sculpture to Egyptian artists

offer a further explanation for the frontal pose of Egyptian statues

explain how the display of statues replaced other forms of architectural decoration

illustrate the religious function of Egyptian statues

7. The word “they” in the passage refers to

statues

gateways

temples

pillared courts

Paragraph 3: Statues were normally made of stone, wood, or metal. Stone statues were worked from single rectangular blocks of material and retained the compactness of the original shape. The stone between the arms and the body and between the legs in standing figures or the legs and the seat in seated ones was not normally cut away. From a practical aspect this protected the figures against breakage and psychologically gives the images a sense of strength and power, usually enhanced by a supporting back pillar. By contrast, wooden statues were carved from several pieces of wood that were pegged together to form the finished work, and metal statues were either made by wrapping sheet metal around a wooden core or cast by the lost wax process. The arms could be held away from the body and carry separate items in their hands; there is no back pillar. The effect is altogether lighter and freer than that achieved in stone, but because both perform the same function, formal wooden and metal statues still display frontality.

8. According to paragraph 3, why were certain areas of a stone statue left uncarved?

To prevent damage by providing physical stability

To emphasize that the material was as important as the figure itself

To emphasize that the figure was not meant to be a real human being

To provide another artist with the chance to finish the carving

9. The word “core” in the passage is closest in meaning to

material

layer

center

frame

10. According to paragraph 3, which of the following statements about wooden statues is true?

Wooden statues were usually larger than stone statues.

Wooden statues were made from a single piece of wood.

Wooden statues contained pieces of metal or stone attached to the front.

Wooden statues had a different effect on the viewer than stone statues.

Paragraph 4: Apart from statues representing deities, kings, and named members of the elite that can be called formal, there is another group of three-dimensional representations that depicts generic figures, frequently servants, from the nonelite population. The function of these is quite different. Many are made to be put in the tombs of the elite in order to serve the tomb owners in the afterlife. Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling, these figures depict a wide range of actions, such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.

11. The word depicts in the passage is closest in meaning to

imagines

classifies

elevates

portrays

12. According to paragraph 4, what is the difference between statues that represent the Egyptian elite and statues that represent the nonelite classes?

Statues of the elite are included in tombs, but statues of the nonelite are not.

Statues of the elite are in motionless poses, while statues of the nonelite are in active poses.

Statues of the elite are shown standing, while statues of the nonelite are shown sitting or kneeling.

Statues of the elite serve an important function, while statues of the nonelite are decorative.

13. Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

In fact, it is the action and not the figure itself that is important.

Where would the sentence best fit?

: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The distinctive look of ancient Egyptian sculpture was determined largely by its function.

Answer Choices

The twisted forms of Egyptian statues indicate their importance in ritual actions.

The reason Egyptian statues are motionless is linked to their central role in cultural rituals.

Stone, wood, and metal statues all display the feature of frontality.

Statues were more often designed to be viewed in isolation rather than placed within buildings.

The contrasting poses used in statues of elite and nonelite Egyptians reveal their difference in social status.

Although the appearances of formal and generic statues differ, they share the same function.

托福阅读真题:TPO11答案

1. 2

2. 4

3. 3

4. 2

5. 3

6. 2

7. 1

9. 3

10. 4

11. 4

12. 2

13. 4

14. The reason Egyptian

Stone, wood, and

The contrasting poses

托福阅读真题:TPO11原文及答案相关文章：

★ 托福考试解析之一:独立口语和写作

下面是托福频道整理的郑州托福作文题目分析，欢迎参考。

Some people think that parents should plan their children's leisure time carefully Other people believe? that children should decide for themselves how to spend their free time, Which idea do you agree with?

Travelling is more important than reading books in order to understand the people and the world Do you? agree or disagree with the statement Use specific reasons to support your answer

Some people like different friends Others like similar friends Compare the advantages of these two? kinds of friends Which kind of friend do you prefer Explain why?

After they complete their university studies, some students live in their hometowns, others live in? different towns or cities Which do you think is better living in your hometown or living in different towns or cities Give specific reasons for your answer

Some people believe that newspaper are the best source of news Others think that the news is presented? better on radio or television Which of these sources of news do you prefer? Use specific examples to? support your choice

Some people learn best when a classroom lesson is presented in an entertaining , enjoyable way Other? people learn best when a lesson is presented in a serious, formal way Which of these two ways of? learning do you prefer? Give reasons to support your answer

Some people believe that growing up in a large family, with several sisters and brothers, offers? more advantages than disadvantages Other people think that being the only child is more? advantageous Write a short essay in which you discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each position Explain which position you support

Someone think that playing a game is fun only when you win Do you agree or disagree with the? statement Use specific reasons to support your answer

A research center is going to be established in a university There is an argument whether to establish an agricultural center or a business one Which do your think is better Use specific reasons to support your answer

"Fiction (such as short stories or novels) can teach us more about life than textbooks can" Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Use specific examples to support your answer

Living in big cities has more advantages dm living in small towns or countryside Do you agree or disagree with the statement Use specific reasons to support your answer

Some university students want to live in a room alone Others prefer having roommates Which do you like betterkliving alone or living with roommates? Give specific examples to support your answer

Some people like to travel alone, other like to travel together with several friends Which do you prefer, Why?

Which is more important for you in your life? Knowledge from books you read, or personal experiences in reality Please use details to explain your answer

Newspapers contain many information topics such as sports, current event, business and entertainment Which topic do you like to read most often Give reasons to explain your answer

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: People should always show their strong emotions (such as excitement, anger, or joy) Use specific reasons and details to support your answer

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Dissatisfaction leads to progress Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion

Some students like to attend a large university that has many students Others prefer to attend a small university that has fewer students Which type of university do you prefer?Use specific reasons and example to support your answer

Some people like to communicate by telephone, Other people like to communicate by letter Which do you prefer to communicate-by phone or by letter? Use specific and details to explain your answer

Some people like to listen to classical music, others like to listen to popular music (including popular songs) Which kind of music do you prefer? Give specific reasons for your answer

Games teach people about life Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Give specific s for your answer

Many important natural resources such as water, forests, oil, etc, are running out in the world today What should we do to protect them? Give specific examples to support your idea about one kind of these resources

When people succeed, it is because of hard work luck has nothing to do with success, Do you agree or disagree with the quotation above? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position

Sometimes it is fun to think of living in another time and place If you could experience a different time and place, what time and what place would you choose? Use reasons and specific details to support your answer

Neighbors are the people who live near us In your opinion, what are the qualities of a good neighbor? Use specific details and examples in your answer?

Some say that the world would be a better place now if the automobile had never been invented Decide if you agree or disagree with this statement and give specific reasons for your decision

Some companies like to employ younger and enthusiastic people, other companies like to employ older and experienced people If you were a boss, which kind of people do you like to employ Give reasons and specific examples to illustrate your answer

"It's better to make wrong decision dm make no decision at all" Do you agree or disagree with the statement Give reasons or specific examples to illustrate your answer

Some people tend to work only for money, while others believe that people should enjoy what opinion do Which opinion do you prefer? Explain why?

Some people tend to study a subject in a very intensive way over a short period of time, while others tend to study a subject constantly over a long period of time What do you think is a better way of learning? Explain why

Should the money invested into a university be used to improve the library or to improve the physical training facilities? What do you think? Why?

Should the money invested into a university library be used to buy books or to buy computer? What do you think? Why?

十大常见托福作文题目总结

1. 全球化影响

There is a disagreement on the impact of increased business and culture contact between countries on a country’s identity. What is your opinion?

2. 政府投资

People should keep all the money they earn and should not pay taxes to the state. Do you agree or disagree?

3. 科技影响

Many employees may work at home with modern technology. Some people claim that it benefits only workers, but not employers. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

4. 文化类

i. It is more important for a building to serve its purposes than to look beautiful. Architects do not need to worry about whether it is a real work of art. Do you agree or disagree?

ii. The international tourism is the biggest industry in the world. To what extent do you think its advantages far outweigh its disadvantages?

5. 生活工作

Some people think that changing jobs periodically is good. What is your opinion?

6. 传媒类

Some people suggest that there should be restrictions on a detailed description of crimes in the newspapers and on television. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

7. 广告类

There are many advertisements directed at children. Parents argue that children are misled, while advertisers consider advertising a source of useful information. What is your opinion?

8. 环境类

It is said that the best way to solve the world’s environmental problems is to increase the price of fuel. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

9. 动物类

Far too little has been done to prevent animals and plants from dying out, although people have noticed this problem for a long time. Why have people failed to improve this situation? What are your suggestions?

10. 教育类

i. Some people believe that educating children altogether will benefit them. Others think intelligent children should be taught separately and given special courses. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

ii. Today, more school leavers are unable to find jobs. Discuss the causes of rising unemployment among young adults and suggest any solutions.

刚过去的托福考试相信大家都很感兴趣，题目有多难？答案是怎样的？就跟着的我来一起看一看2019年10月12日托福阅读考试真题及答案。

概述

Distribution of Seaweeds（重复14年4月19日考题）

Early life-forms and Earth’satmosphere（重复14年6月15日考题）

Colonial America and the NavigationActs（重复15年3月7日考题）

Historical Trends in European UrbanDesign（重复15年4月18日考题）

Artisans in Sixteenth-CenturyEurope（重复15年1月10日考题）

Wool Industry in Fifteenth-CenturyEurope（重复16年2月28日和18年3月10日考题）

Insect Wings（重复16年5月22日和17年10月29日考题，昆虫翅膀。P1引入话题，翅膀化石，引发很多猜测speculation；P2讲了原始翅膀protowings，提出了一个theory，讲了翅膀的作用；P3指出上一段理论问题，说protowing需要和身体连接hinged，并且需要有肌肉控制翅膀的拍动，所以提出了另外一个理论解释翅膀的起源。）

Dynastic Egypt and the Nile River（重复17年5月20日考题）

The Origin and Development ofEgyptian Agriculture（重复18年9月9日考题）

The Dawn of Life（重复18年9月16日考题）

The Heavy Bombardment and Life onEarth（重复18年1月6日下午考题）

Nile Floods（重复18年9月9日考题）

Text in Dutch Painting（重复19年1月12日考题；艺术绘画中文字的演变）

The Dawn ofLife（重复18年9月16日考题）

最早的有生命痕迹的证据在澳大利亚southwesternGreenland的岩石上被发现，距今有35亿年。关于生命起源有很多理论：达尔文的观点是：生命起源于a ＂warm little pond， with all sorts of chemicalreactions.＂另一些科学家的观点是：生命起源于海洋里；还有的认为生命起源于靠近海底火山的hotvents里面；另一些人认为生命可能来自于外太空，比如火星。

生命来自外太空的想法有一些可行性。一些微生物可能埋在太空中的行星中，通过行星撞击和陨石的方式来到地球上。因为埋在行星深处，所以他们可以避免外太空的伤害。然后可以得以保存最后到达地球上。最可能的一个假说是生命来自火星。

为什么是火星呢？因为火星比地球小，而且大概比地球形成的时间要早。火星刚形成的时候温度比现在高，地表大气比现在要更thicker，而且火星上有少量的水。在最初形成的时候，火星和地球上都经历了很多行星撞击，而且很多时候有些行星撞击到地球上后的喷溅物可能又回到火星上。两个星球接受到的撞击物大概是类似的。但是地球上的水比较多，撞击到海洋里会形成很大的热量，海水温度会过高杀死一些微生物。但是火星上水比较少，就避免了这种问题。所以最初的生命可能在火星上形成然后通过行星撞击的方式来到地球。但是这些都是假说，现在也没有发现证据表明这些理论。但是火星上因为撞击比较多，现在表层都是撞击的痕迹。所以如果有生命，可能在 surface下面的深处

真题回顾

Artisans in Sixteenth-CenturyEurope（重复15年1月10日考题）

Paragraph 3

Raw materials， not equipment， constituted artisans’major expense in most traders， however. ■Whereas in 1583 an Antwerp silkweaver paid 12 guilders for a loom

（and made small payments over many years to pay offthe debt for purchasing the loom）， every six weeks he or she had to lay out 24guilders for the 2 pounds of raw silk required to make a piece of cloth. ■Thus access to cheap and plentiful primary materials was a constantpreoccupation for independent producers. ■Using local materials might alloweven the poorest among them to avoid reliance on merchant suppliers. ■Theloss of nearby sources could therefore be devastating. As silk cultivation wanedaround the Spanish cities of Cordoba and Toledo， weavers in these cities wereforced to become employees of merchants who put out raw silk from Valencia andMurcia provinces. In the Dutch Republic， merchants who imported unprocessedsalt from France， Portugal， and Spain gained control of the salt-refiningindustry once exploitation of local salt marshes was halted for fear that dikes（which held back the sea from the low-lying Dutch land） would be undermined.

Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where thefollowing sentence can be added to the passage.

This was possible because when transportation costs werelow， the price of raw materials was generally also low.

答案：D

英语议论文范文模板托福

托福作文范文一：I think a lower-paying job will bring me more happiness even if I do not live the way I would like , I think that a job should be cosidered as a way to earn money to live, because otherwise a person will become a slave of his job. It will not "work" for him. Maybe sometimes I will regret that I have made the choise of the lower-paying job, because I may have difficulties, but it does not really matter. Somehow, I do not really know how, when you are among your famiy, your friends, the one you love, in fact you realize that you need no money to be do not have to forgot that we are not alone, because following a career would not help us to come closer to our family. In my family is the same. I hardly see my father twice a week and when he comes home I just feel I do not know what to tell him. We are so estranged. Sometimes the choise may be very difficult-I will have to decide if money or family is the thing I desire the most. I know what my answer will be, but would everyone choose that?In a conclusion I would like to say that happinrss cannot be bought with money as some people think. It will be pitty to sacrifice happiness for money and career.托福作文范文二：In order to earn a living many people are engaged in jobs. Some jobs are high-paying with long hours of work while others are low in salary but the working period is also less. Now if I were given a choice to choose between these options then I would certainly choose the latter is born free but he is in chains. He has various duties to perform. He must earn bread for his family. But in doing so he must not be devoted to his work so much that he has little time stored for his family and friends. Because there are times when he should give some time for his family. To strengthen the family ties, it is the society has gone to astray because there is no family values. Parents are busy with their work. Children do not find their parents most of the time. So they are with their friends most of the time and if they choose wrong friends then they are likely to go down the drain. But if parents are beside them at their time of need ,then they won’t feel lonely. Parent-children relation will is essential but it is not the only thing we should run after. If a friend is in need ,we should be by his side. If a relative is ill ,we should manage some time to see him. And most of all if our family needs us, we should put aside all jobs and be there. We cannot escape from our duties by just saying that we are too busy in our work. We should keep our priorities in , it can be said that we earn money for our happiness and for the comfort of our family. In doing so we should not forget our ultimate goal. If we do, then our families will be in a disaster. In our difficult times we will have no friends to share our problems with. So we should get jobs considering the consequences it may bring. If a lower-paying job with shorter hours makes me happy in the long run, then it is the one I certainly will choose.托福作文范文三：Some people believe that the most important thing in their life is to succeed in their occupation. Nevertheless,in my opinion,it is more important to be near your I had the chance to choose a job now,I would select the lower-paying job with shorter less I would have the opportunity to spend more time with my I grew up, I want(as most of my friends) to have a family and many children of whom I want to take I spent much of my day working, I would not have the opportunity of being enough time with my this is the most important and happy moment in our life,especially for a could substitute the experience of taking care of your own would have the chance to relax more if I do not spend my entire day could visit my friends in my free could talk about what happen during the day,listen to muic,and do many more also can go fishing(that is my hobby)in the would not think only for my job or my problems but I would have the opportunity to at all, I think that the lower-paying job with shorter hours is the best choice for me because,according to me, my family and my friends are more important for me than the life is so short let us enjoy it more.还有其他三篇，可以参考：

托福备考的过程中，要想写作取得优势，多阅读一些范文是十分有必要的，下面我给大家带来托福写作高分范文大全，快来学习吧!

托福写作高分范文大全1

托福写作模板范文参考：

托福写作高分范文大全2

托福写作模板范文参考：

托福写作高分范文大全3

托福写作模板范文参考：

托福写作高分范文大全4

托福考试作文题目：

托福考试作文参考分析：

举一些例子支持题目中的观点，确实有些痛苦经历对将来毫无帮助。

托福考试作文范文参考：

In a word, a difficult experience is a gift that life gives us. We should appreciate it and take it as a precious opportunity to gain knowledge and experience about our study, work and life.

托福写作高分范文大全相关文章：

1. 托福备考之独立写作满分范文5篇精选

2. 托福写作常用经典高分例句精选

3. 托福高分作文写作模板精选

4. 托福综合写作考试高分必备

5. 关于托福英语作文,你一定要知道的高分句型!

6. 托福写作如何考高分:20170527托福独立写作解析和范文

7. 关于托福考试高分作文范文

8. 托福独立写作比较模板经典高分

9. 托福作文高分之策略

10. 托福独立作文模板经典高分

我这里给你，的，可以的，