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中国时政词翻译论文开题报告

发布时间:2024-07-07 22:49:04

中国时政词翻译论文开题报告

可写 Introduction 或 Background 介绍写论文的目的 或 研究的目标

翻译学论文开题报告

开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告,供参考阅读,希望对您有所帮助。

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

翻译专业开题报告

开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告,欢迎阅读。

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

选题的原因、基本内容:

英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富,寓意深刻,具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中,恰当地加以运用,会大大增加语言的表达能力,收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华,是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单,语言精炼,富于形象比喻,充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想,开拓视野,了解英国的历史文化、风土人情,以及英国人民的人生哲理,同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。

本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处,详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。

相关资料收集情况:

陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报,1983。

黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊,1999/2

顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报,1993/2。

张培基,喻云根,李宗杰,彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京:中国外语教育出版社,xx/8

杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。

论文提纲:

thesis statemen:this essay discourse the features and translation of english

idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.

outline

ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.

ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs

a. the characteristics of english idioms

1. simple but rich

2. harmonious phonology

3. vivid metaphor

b. the characteristics of english proverb

1. concise and clear

2. symmetrical sentence pattern

3. rich and varied rhetoric

ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs

a. the theories of translation

1. literal translation

2. free translation

3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb

4. literal translation and free translation

b. the points of translation

1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited

2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style

3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic

4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic

ⅳ. conclusion

指导教师意见:

指导教师签名:

年 月 日

你好,这个不是固定的,你可以和导师商量一下

诗词翻译论文开题报告

提供一些翻译方向的论文题目,供参考。商务合同英汉互译技巧英文品牌汉译知识对于翻译的重要性中英文化差异及其对英汉互译的消极影响英语广告中修辞手法的应用及其翻译<<红楼梦>>金陵判词两种译文的比较及评析从红楼梦诗词翻译看翻译中的文化补偿关于李后主“虞美人”的3种英译本的鉴赏跨文化交际与商标翻译中式菜肴的命名与翻译浅谈英语电影片名的翻译英文电影片名的翻译策略英文化妆品广告之美学翻译数字在中西文化中的内涵差异及数字习语翻译初探浅析原语文本在目标语文本中文体的适应性英语习用语翻译中的等效性研究论语境在英汉翻译中的作用浅析英语动画片翻译的基本原则中英服饰广告的翻译论英汉翻译中语篇连贯的重要性论译者的风格与译风经济英语中的隐喻及其翻译从翻译的美学角度浅析旅游资料的中英译

金军麾南,宋史那年,空守半壁河山;笙歌临安,烟雨江畔,不思黄沙戈断。当南宋统治者夜夜笙歌的时候,有一个人,他卧病在床,却说着“僵卧孤村不自哀,尚思为国戍轮台。夜阑卧听风吹雨,铁马冰河入梦来。”当金军逼近中原,南宋却无人出战,有一个人,他振臂高呼:“呜呼!楚虽三户能亡秦,岂有堂堂中国空无人!”当他的生命即将走到尽头,战火仍未停止,他在临死时对儿子说:“死去元知万事空,但悲不见九州同。王师北定中原日,家祭无忘告乃翁。”这个人的名字叫陆游,他为中华民族奋斗了一生,让我们今天来了解他的生平,了解他的爱国心!

翻译专业开题报告

开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告,欢迎阅读。

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

选题的原因、基本内容:

英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富,寓意深刻,具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中,恰当地加以运用,会大大增加语言的表达能力,收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华,是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单,语言精炼,富于形象比喻,充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想,开拓视野,了解英国的历史文化、风土人情,以及英国人民的人生哲理,同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。

本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处,详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。

相关资料收集情况:

陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报,1983。

黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊,1999/2

顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报,1993/2。

张培基,喻云根,李宗杰,彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京:中国外语教育出版社,xx/8

杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。

论文提纲:

thesis statemen:this essay discourse the features and translation of english

idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.

outline

ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.

ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs

a. the characteristics of english idioms

1. simple but rich

2. harmonious phonology

3. vivid metaphor

b. the characteristics of english proverb

1. concise and clear

2. symmetrical sentence pattern

3. rich and varied rhetoric

ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs

a. the theories of translation

1. literal translation

2. free translation

3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb

4. literal translation and free translation

b. the points of translation

1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited

2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style

3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic

4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic

ⅳ. conclusion

指导教师意见:

指导教师签名:

年 月 日

结题报告摘要本课题的研究旨在激发学生学习古典诗词的兴趣,调动学生学习古诗词的积极性,通过诗歌鉴赏理论知识做铺垫,加上教师精练做指导,以及高考前适度专题训练, 提高学生对古典诗词赏析的实践能力。

整个课题研究过程遵循“诗歌鉴赏理论—实践—理论”的规律。通过教给学生鉴赏古典诗歌理论知识,激发学生学习诗歌的兴趣。

通过诵读、实验、练习、创作等方法,适时、适地、适度地教给学生正确的鉴赏方法。通过本课题的研究,加深了学生古典诗歌的积淀,综合提高了学生的文化素养。

同时也促进了课题组参与教师教学观念的更新和教学方式的改变。结题报告一、课题背景及界定(在什么背景下我遇到了什么问题?这个问题的内涵是什么?)中国是一个诗的国度,中国古典诗词集意境美、情感美、语言美,韵律美于一体,值得我们每一个人用心去诵读、去体会。

两千年前,先哲孔子身体力行传播“诗教”。今天,我们同样要重视古诗词教学。

从承载文化遗产这方面而言,古典诗歌有着其他文本所不具有的优势。特别是进入高中新课程改革,高中语文必修和选修课本中都收录了大量优秀的古典诗词,从最早的诗歌总集《诗经》到唐诗宋词,无不反映出现代教育对高中生文学作品赏析能力培养的重视。

培养学生的古典诗歌鉴赏能力,有助于提高学生的人文素养和审美情趣,激发学生的想象力和创造潜能,发展个性,丰富精神世界。但目前高中学生对古典诗词的认识仅限于读读背背,满足于名句默写能挣到分,并没有深入理解诗歌的意境内容和情感;目光也仅限于课内诗词,并没有广泛涉猎延伸到课外,阅读数量不足,质量不高;对诗歌的鉴赏仅限于浅层次的感知,懵懂乱猜,没有掌握系统科学的方法。

针对学生学习现状及存在的问题,急需教师“答疑解惑”“授之以渔”,对学生进行古典诗词赏析方法的指导。由于古诗词作为古代的一种文学存在,包含有丰富的中华优秀传统文化及历史知识,作为最精粹的汉语言文学,又包蕴有丰富的情感和表达手段,因此,学会赏析古典诗词有一定的难度,对于普通高中的学生来说,更是如此。

对于教师来说,也时常会遇到费时费力地教,学生能力却难以提高的窘境。大多数教师面对古典诗词的教学,都会产生许多困惑,有自身文学素养的欠缺,有欣赏方法的概念模糊及具体应用的困难,也有对基础薄弱学生的教之乏术。

学术界也缺少对中学生赏析古诗词方法的具体指导,所以,在中学教学实际当中,确实有必要进行中学生古诗词赏析方法研究。本课题尝试通过教学实践和探究解决高中学生古诗词赏析方法的指导(如通过朗读、背诵、默写、赏析、解题等学习方法),致力于学生诗歌鉴赏能力的提高。

二、理论依据及意义研究的理论、实践、政策依据。《高中语文新课程标准》要求高中学生“背诵一定数量的我国古代诗文名篇,学习中国古典诗词格律的基础知识,了解相关的中国古代文化常识,丰富文化积累,为形成传统文化的底蕴打下扎实基础。”

新课标在“课程目标”的“必修课程”部分中指出:能感受形象,品位语言,领悟作品的丰富内涵,体会其艺术表现力,有自己的情感体验和思考。 《高考考纲》规定古诗词默写和欣赏是必考内容。

近几年高考对古代诗歌考查的要求是:(1)鉴赏其形象、语言和表达技巧;(2)评价其思想内容和作者的观点态度。人教版高中语文选修教材《中国古代诗歌散文欣赏》为本课题提供了直接的赏析方法理论指导,如“以意逆志,知人论世”;如“置身诗境,缘景明情”,如“因声求气,吟咏诗韵”等,可以作为我们教学研究中的参考。

我校的常规活动“晨读暮诵”,为同学们朗读背诵古诗词提供了时间保障。学校每年都会有“中华经典颂”诗歌诵读比赛,为学生展示古诗词朗诵才华提供了舞台。

进行这一课题研究,1.有助于帮助指导高中学生进行古诗词赏析,落实课标有关古诗词的学习要求;2.有助于帮助参与研究教师在古诗词教学实践中提高指导能力;3.有助于提高学生高考古诗词部分成绩;4.也有助于总结出普遍而具体的方法供其他教师和同学们作为参考。三、研究的目标、内容、方法、步骤及过程研究目标: 1.让学生在接触、了解、诵读、鉴赏经典古诗文的同时,感受中华民族的优秀传统文化,激发其热爱传统文化的情感。

2.教给学生鉴赏诗歌的理论知识,激发学生诗歌学习兴趣。 3.在实践中探索研究高中学生古诗词赏析学习方法。

4.汲取诗歌中深厚的文化精神养料,成为中华优秀文化的继承者和传播者。研究内容: 1.更新古诗词教学理念,改变传统教学方法,确立学生的主体地位。

2.激发学生品读诗歌的兴趣。 3.引导学生反复诵读诗歌,增强语感,提升鉴赏能力。

4.注重诗歌鉴赏、答题方法的传授。研究方法、步骤及过程:结合教学实际,课题成员进行了明确的分工。

各个年级身体力行,进行课题的实验与研究。1.开展活动各年级根据各自年级的指定篇目开展古诗词背诵活动,掀起了学习古诗词的热潮,夯实了古诗词的积累,为感悟赏析打下了坚实基础。

2.拓展练习各年级本着课内总结方法,课外提高能力的原则,在课内学习的基上,适当进行了。

在中国古代史的漫长岁月中,尽管陆游一直是一位深受人们关注的重要人物,但人们对他的研究多集中于他的文学作品上,从而忽略了陆游爱国情怀表达极为丰富,针对这一情况,本文试图对陆游的爱国情怀作较全面的探索,这也是之所以选择这个课题作为论文的出发点。

本课题的研究,目的在于帮助我们更全面地了解陆游爱国思想,分析陆游诗章所表现出来的深沉的爱国意蕴,解读他在苟安于一隅的南宋朝廷统治下虽无法实现光复国土的伟人抱负却始终抱有心系祖国安危、民族复兴的高尚情怀。为后人对陆游爱国思想及表达情怀有着更深入了解,尝试从陆游爱国思想情怀得到启示。

通过对它的研究,更进一步突出了陆游平凡而又伟大的爱国情怀,值得我们借鉴。

在中国古代史的漫长岁月中,尽管陆游一直是一位深受人们关注的重要人物,但人们对他的研究多集中于他的文学作品上,从而忽略了陆游爱国情怀表达极为丰富,针对这一情况,本文试图对陆游的爱国情怀作较全面的探索,这也是之所以选择这个课题作为论文的出发点。

本课题的研究,目的在于帮助我们更全面地了解陆游爱国思想,分析陆游诗章所表现出来的深沉的爱国意蕴,解读他在苟安于一隅的南宋朝廷统治下虽无法实现光复国土的伟人抱负却始终抱有心系祖国安危、民族复兴的高尚情怀。为后人对陆游爱国思想及表达情怀有着更深入了解,尝试从陆游爱国思想情怀得到启示。

通过对它的研究,更进一步突出了陆游平凡而又伟大的爱国情怀,值得我们借鉴。

课题研究的目的、意义:

通过课题研究,认识古代诗歌手法的内涵和内容,理解古代诗歌常用手法,欣赏古诗诗歌的手法美,从而热爱中国古典文化、热爱中国古典艺术,培养高尚的审美趣味。

课题研究的目标:

(1)知识目标:掌握古代诗歌的常用手法,构建艺术形式体系。

(2)能力目标:(A)学会系统、全面、整体地认识事物;

(B)学会发挥想像力,还原文本;

(C)学会记笔记。

(3)情感目标:热爱中国古典文化和古典艺术,培养高尚的审美趣味。

课题研究的基本内容:

(1)古代诗歌的艺术手法体系:

(A)表达方式(主要是抒情、描写,还有叙事和议论);

(B)常用表现手法(对比衬托,虚实相生,动静结合,比兴寄托等);

(C)常用修辞手法(比拟,对偶,用典,夸张,对比等)

(2)古代诗歌的审美习惯(诗中有画,画中有诗;含蓄、委曲等)

课题研究的方法:

(1)涵泳法:反复阅读和体味;

(2)笔记法:通过眉批和旁批、知识迁移等方法,积累审美经验;

课题研究的步骤:

(1)开题阶段:

(A)明确课题名称、研究方法、研究时限、研究动机和意义目的,做好开题动员;

(B)公布研究性课题可选方向;

(C)自主分组,确定课题研究方向。

(2)研究阶段:

(A)例析诗歌;(B)自主积累:(C)阶段小结。

(3)结题阶段:

(A)结题动员;

(B)完成课题;

(C)成果展示。

研究性学习课题结题报告

一、课题名称:唐朝诗人李白探究

二、课题组成员:

三、课题指导师:

四、课题的来源与确定:

李白,字太白,号青莲居士,是我国唐代的伟大诗人。其诗风雄奇豪放,想象丰富,语言流转自然,音律和谐多变。他善于从民歌、神话中汲取营养与素材,构成其特有的瑰丽绚烂的色彩,是屈原以来积极浪漫主义诗歌的新高峰。与杜甫并称“李杜”。李白诗歌是中国古代诗歌中的一朵奇葩、一座高峰。同时,他几入长安的传奇一生也对我们的人生有着许多启迪。

本学期对高二学生开设了《唐诗宋词选读》这门课,同学们对诗歌有了进一步的认识,鉴赏能力也有了一定提高,为本课题的研究打下了一定的基础。为此,确定把《唐朝诗人李白探究》作为研究性学习课题

五、课题研究的目的和意义:

1、探究感受李白勇于追求高远理想的精神,能正确认识和处理理想与现实的矛盾。

2、探究李白代表作的内容和思想。

3、培养学生自主学习和合作探究学习的能力。

如何做好初中语文古典诗歌鉴赏教学我国古典诗词意境优美,语言凝练,形象鲜明,感情丰富,是文苑中的一枝奇葩,哺育了一代又一代的学者文人。

一首好的诗歌能增进人的见识,,熏陶人的思想,陶冶人的性情,净化人的心境,提高人的文化修养。《语文课程标准》明确指出:“中学生应背诵一定数量的优秀古诗词,并能有意识地在积累、感悟和运用中提高自己的欣赏品位和审美情趣。”

因此,在中学阶段能初步理解、鉴赏、评价古典诗词应成为学生必备的语文素养。“不学诗,无以言”,我国自古就有重视诗教的传统。

中学语文对诗歌教学的要求是,学生能够阅读诗词,鉴赏诗词,有一定的鉴赏诗歌能力。让学生学会阅读和鉴赏诗歌,也已理所当然要成为语文教学的一个重要组成部分。

然而,目前,古典诗词在初中语文教学中的现状却令人忧虑。一、重视力度不够在中学语文课本里,编者精心挑选了三十首左右的古典诗词,但在《语文课程标准解读》中并没有相应的教学指导及教学要求,而绝大多数老师认为古典诗词教学只要抓住背诵和默写就万事大吉了,这样的思想误导了一大部分学生,他们往往只为了考试而背诵必背的古诗词篇目,这在很大程度上影响了学生对古典诗词的鉴赏。

二、朗读目标模糊、形式单一所谓“三分诗靠七分吟”,许多意境深邃的诗句,“非吟不足以入其境、得其趣、领略其韵味”。但是我们有些教师在指导学生朗读时并没有提出要求、目标,朗度的形式单一,不是集体朗读就是小组朗读,这对真正鉴赏古典诗词是远远不够的。

三、重视了教师的讲授,忽视了学生的自主品悟因为古典诗词离我们年代久远,语言高度凝练,绝大多数同学对其内容摸不着北,为了缩短教学时间,有些教师采取“包教”措施,忽视了学生的自主品悟。四.中考中学生得分率低,赏析方法欠缺近年来,中考也对古诗词鉴赏更为重视,古诗词赏析题几乎已经成为固定的考察对象。

古诗词赏析的地位越来越重要。然而,学生在此类题型中仍存在着以下问题:1.学生不能正确把握诗意,即读不懂诗歌;2.不能正确把握诗词中的思想情感;3.不能赏析佳词妙句;4.诗歌的一些写作技法不能体会,更谈不上运用诗歌。

中考中这几类题型失分非常严重。以上问题的存在,使得本应带给学生愉悦精神享受的古典诗歌却使学生心生厌恶。

在这样的背景之下,对诗歌鉴赏的方法进行研究真的是非常必要。既可以激发学生兴趣,提高古诗词教学效率,又可以弘扬优秀传统文化提高学生文学素养。

课题名称的界定和解读“初中语文古典诗词赏析方法探究”,这一课题包含了三个基本的概念:第一个是“初中语文”;第二个是“古典诗词赏析”;第三个是“方法探究”。 这三个概念中的前两个标示了本课题的研究对象,后一个标示了本课题的研究方法。

“初中语文”:《语文课程标准》总论部分第二节,论述了“课程的基本理念”,共四个方面:(一)全面提高学生的语文素养。(二)正确把握语文教育的特点。

(三)积极倡导自主、合作、探究的学习方式。(四)努力建设开放而有活力的语文课程。

“古典诗词赏析”: 近年来,由于中考的语文试题中总要设置些简单的古典诗词鉴赏题,来检测中学生古典诗词的阅读能力及理解能力,这就要求教师在平时的古典诗词教学中及中考复习时加强指导学生做好这方面的训练,以达到鉴赏的目的。“方法探究”:从初中语文古典诗词鉴赏要求来看,赏析点主要是对诗词内容的理解;对所用表现手法及其作用的理解;对诗词语言的理解及对诗词意境的理解。

基于此要求,在教学中从不同的角度出发探究适合初中生鉴赏的方法。本课题所做的研究,仅仅是针对“初中语文古典诗词赏析方法探究”,旨在通过方法的指导让学生达到鉴赏古典诗歌的目的。

课题研究的步骤和举措本课题作为西安市教科所基础教育“十二五规划课题”2012年度的小课题,研究进程必须遵循《西安市基础教育小课题研究管理办法》(试行)所规定的研究要求和实践安排。第一阶段2012年5月:组建团队,选题申请。

依据西安市基础教育科研领导小组办公室所发布的《西安市基础教育科研规划课题指南》中所列研究范围,我们自愿结合,组成了以任迎军负责、王晓娥、付应飞,李小茹参加的小课题研究小组,经小组成员商议和讨论,自主确定了本课题,并有课题负责人填写了《西安市基础教育小课题研究立项申请·评审表》,报送我校教研室申请报送立项。第二阶段(—):准备阶段 撰写开题报告认真学习小课题研究的有关文件、书籍,了解本课题研究现状,了解我校初中教师在古诗词鉴赏教学中的困惑及学生存在的问题,确定研究方向及内容,思考、讨论和明确本课题研究的重点和计划。

撰写开题报告,获取专家指导。第三阶段(下旬—):分工协作,实施研究。

前半期(月—月):全组参与完成理论学习,通过会议交流讨论和调查报告的形式了解我校初中教师在古诗词鉴赏教学中的困惑及学生存在的问题,资料分类。后半期(2013.元月—):研究阶段 撰写中期报告围绕搜集的学生老师反映的问。

一、如何选???题 ??博士?文开题?蟾娴?W妙在于提出??题的“?哟巍薄2煌谡哐芯?蟾妫?W术文章聚集理??用妗⒔?Q理???题。

理?是由一系列前设和术语构造的??体系。特定领域的理?有其特定的概念、范畴和研究范式。

只有在相同的概念、?角和范式下,理?才能??υ?;只有通过?υ?,理?才能?虬l展。 极少有硕博?文是??造新理?的,能这?赢?然最好,但难度很大。

我??多?凳窃诩扔欣碚?的基础上加以发展,因此,在提出??题?r,要以“?刃小笨吹枚男g语和明确的???肀硎觥???例如我最初提出的??题“中??瀹a?I?槭裁窗l展不起?怼保@?H?H是?ΜF象的探?,而非有待求证的理?命题。 我的理?命题是:“中?a?I政策过程是精英主?У墓沧R过程?幔俊痹谶@??命题中,“政策过程”、“精英政治”、“共识诉求”三??术语勾勒出研究的理?大体范?鸵?角。

(全文?碜哉?文快?网站 其次,选???题是一??“??笋”的过程。 理???题?是深深地隐藏在?繁复杂的现??背后,而发现理???题,?t需要运用理?思维的能力。

理?思维的??是一??长期积累的过程。不过初?W者也不必望而?s步,大体上可以分“三步走”:第一步,先划定一??“兴趣范?保绨?瀹a?I、信息产?I、农村医?、高等教育体制等,?V泛?g览相关的媒体?蟮馈⒄墨I和?W术文章,找到其中的“症结”或“?狳c”。

第二步,?结以往的研究者大体?哪男├碚??角?矸治觥爸⒔Y”或“?狳c”、运用了哪些理?工具,如公共?政的?角、社?n突范式等。第三步,考察??题的可研究性,也就是我??自己的研究空间和研究的可行性。

例如,西方的理?是否?o法解?中???题?或者同一????题能否用不同的理??斫忉??或者理?本身的前提假设、??推演是否存在缺陷?通过回答这些??题,我??找到自己研究的立足点。 不过?要注意我??研究在?定的一到?赡?r间?龋欠窨赡芡瓿桑抠Y料获取是否可行?等等。

(全文?碜哉?文快?网站 最后,如何?述??题??述??题??质上就是凝?核心观点的过程。观点?خ??碜?ΜF????题的思考和?结,而不是?榱颂桌碚?而“削足适履”。

中?恼巍⒔??蜕?l展充?M??B的、丰富的景象,如何才能用恰?的术语、准确的??表述出?砟兀啃坌牟زص某?W者往往提出宏?サ母拍罨蚩蚣埽Î业慕ㄗh是尽可能缩小研究范?⒚魅费芯?ο螅?亩砬?ο蟮?却孢??,保证能在有限的?r间?韧瓿梢?范的?W 术?文。 如“中??瀹a?I政策研究”就是一??非常含糊的?述,我??可以?募??方面?硎湛s?题:(1)?r间:??1980 年到 2000 年;(2)?ο螅赫呐?y者和?Q策行?椋皇鞘?觥⑵?I、治理结构等;(3)?角:政治和政府理?中的精英研究;(4)案例: 908 工程、909 工程、13 ?文件和《?子振兴》,这是发生在 1980 -2000年间半?逭哳I域的???重大工程和???重要文件。

通过这?拥拿魅方缍ǎ???⒛抗饧性凇罢哌^程”、“精英”、“共识”几??显而易?的概念上,??题也就水落石出了。同?r,??题清楚了,我??在筛选信息和资料?r也就有了明确的?俗迹谶@??“信息冗余”的?r代,能?虼蟠筇岣哐芯啃省? 二、如何做文献综述 (全文?碜哉?文快?网站 首先需要?ⅰ拔墨I综述( Literature Review) ”与“背景描述 (Backupground Description) ”?^分开?怼N??在选?裱芯??题的?r候,需要了解???题产生的背景和?睚?去脉,如“中??瀹a?I的发展?v程”、“?庹l展半?瀹a?I的政策和??题”等等,这些?热?儆凇氨尘懊枋觥保P注的是现???用娴??题,?栏裰v不是“文献综述”,关注的是现???用??题,?栏裰v不是“文献综述”。

“文献综述”是??W术观点和理?方法的整理。其次,文献综述是评?性的(Review 就是“评?”的意思),因此要?е髡弑救伺械难酃?(critical thinking) ??w纳和评?文献,而不?H?H是相关领域?W术研究的“堆砌”。

评?的主?,要按照??题展开,也就是说,?e的?W者是如何看待和解?Q你提出的??题的,他??的方法和理?是否有什么缺陷?要是?e的?W者已?很完美地解?Q了你提出的??题,那就?]有重复研究的必要了。 清楚了文献综述的意涵,现?碚f说怎么做文献综述。

虽说,尽可能?V泛地收集资料是??任的研究?B度,但如果缺乏?俗迹图Ò?⑷艘胛墨I的泥沼。 技巧一:瞄准主流。

主流文献,如?领域的核心期刊、?典著作、?B?部门的研究?蟾妗⒅匾ػ衔锏挠^点和?述等,是做文献综述的“必修课”。 而多?荡蟊?媒体上的相关?蟮阑蜓哉?,虽然多少有点价值,但?r间精力所限,可以?暮?。

怎?用逶?领域的主流呢?建议?囊韵录?l途?饺胧郑阂皇?D?^的中外?W术期刊,找到一?善ء敖?典”的文章后“?藤摸瓜”,留意它??的?⒖嘉墨I。质量较高的?W术文章,通常是不?雎栽?领域的主流、?典文献的。

二是利用?W校?D?^的“中?。

课题研究的目的、意义:

通过课题研究,认识古代诗歌手法的内涵和内容,理解古代诗歌常用手法,欣赏古诗诗歌的手法美,从而热爱中国古典文化、热爱中国古典艺术,培养高尚的审美趣味。

课题研究的目标:

(1)知识目标:掌握古代诗歌的常用手法,构建艺术形式体系。

(2)能力目标:(A)学会系统、全面、整体地认识事物;

(B)学会发挥想像力,还原文本;

(C)学会记笔记。

(3)情感目标:热爱中国古典文化和古典艺术,培养高尚的审美趣味。

课题研究的基本内容:

(1)古代诗歌的艺术手法体系:

(A)表达方式(主要是抒情、描写,还有叙事和议论);

(B)常用表现手法(对比衬托,虚实相生,动静结合,比兴寄托等);

(C)常用修辞手法(比拟,对偶,用典,夸张,对比等)

(2)古代诗歌的审美习惯(诗中有画,画中有诗;含蓄、委曲等)

课题研究的方法:

(1)涵泳法:反复阅读和体味;

(2)笔记法:通过眉批和旁批、知识迁移等方法,积累审美经验;

课题研究的步骤:

(1)开题阶段:

(A)明确课题名称、研究方法、研究时限、研究动机和意义目的,做好开题动员;

(B)公布研究性课题可选方向;

(C)自主分组,确定课题研究方向。

(2)研究阶段:

(A)例析诗歌;(B)自主积累:(C)阶段小结。

(3)结题阶段:

(A)结题动员;

(B)完成课题;

(C)成果展示。

中英颜色词翻译论文开题报告

开题报告,老师一般会给模板,还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告,你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures. 二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 (课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向) Research Status: Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance.. Research Tendency: 21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality. 三、研究内容及研究目标 (对研究的内容进行说明,并阐明要达到的目标) Research Contents: A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified Black Is Associated With Profit Black Is Associated With the Black People 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Death Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful Black Is Associated With Anger B. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty 2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With Death and Poor White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid C. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red Is Associated With Honor and Love 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red is Associated with the Obscenity Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism. Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss D. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Noble Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease Research Objectives: I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture. 四、预计的研究难点 (课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点) With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related. 五、创新点 (选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点) The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords. 六、进度计划 (根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排) 1. - , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing 2. - , 2008 Data gathering 3. - , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline 4. - , 2009 Literature review 5. - , 2009 First draft 6. - , 2009 Second draft 7. - , 2009 Final version 8. - May 14th, 2009 Printing 9. May 17th - May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate 七、资料来源 (指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料) [1] Baugh, . & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [2] Eckersley, . Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979. [3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985. [4] Hornby, . Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974. [5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. .: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997. [6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. .: Edward Arnold, 1989. [7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981. [8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006. [9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007. [11] 陈永烨.“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J].《辽宁工程技术大学学报》,2005,(7). [12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海:上海外语出版社,2002. [13] 邓炎昌,刘润清.《语言与文化》[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1991. [14] 蒋栋元.“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]. 《四川外语学院学报》,2002,(3). [15] 唐振华.“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J].《中国科技翻译》,1997,(2). 指导教师意见:(对课题的认可意见) 指导教师 年 月 日 系(教研室)审查意见: 系(教研室)主任: 年 月 日

英语翻译论文直接找北京译顶科技就行了啊,省时省力,对接也方便。

哇。你这个是什么题目。颜色词背后的文化。。难道你订题目前,没有考虑能不能写的麽。你的课题。你这个文章,哪来资料?不要说写。

你好,这个不是固定的,你可以和导师商量一下

中国的翻译论文开题报告

开题报告,老师一般会给模板,还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告,你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures. 二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 (课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向) Research Status: Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance.. Research Tendency: 21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality. 三、研究内容及研究目标 (对研究的内容进行说明,并阐明要达到的目标) Research Contents: A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified Black Is Associated With Profit Black Is Associated With the Black People 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Death Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful Black Is Associated With Anger B. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty 2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With Death and Poor White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid C. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red Is Associated With Honor and Love 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red is Associated with the Obscenity Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism. Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss D. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Noble Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease Research Objectives: I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture. 四、预计的研究难点 (课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点) With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related. 五、创新点 (选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点) The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords. 六、进度计划 (根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排) 1. - , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing 2. - , 2008 Data gathering 3. - , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline 4. - , 2009 Literature review 5. - , 2009 First draft 6. - , 2009 Second draft 7. - , 2009 Final version 8. - May 14th, 2009 Printing 9. May 17th - May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate 七、资料来源 (指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料) [1] Baugh, . & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [2] Eckersley, . Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979. [3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985. [4] Hornby, . Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974. [5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. .: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997. [6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. .: Edward Arnold, 1989. [7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981. [8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006. [9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007. [11] 陈永烨.“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J].《辽宁工程技术大学学报》,2005,(7). [12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海:上海外语出版社,2002. [13] 邓炎昌,刘润清.《语言与文化》[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1991. [14] 蒋栋元.“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]. 《四川外语学院学报》,2002,(3). [15] 唐振华.“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J].《中国科技翻译》,1997,(2). 指导教师意见:(对课题的认可意见) 指导教师 年 月 日 系(教研室)审查意见: 系(教研室)主任: 年 月 日

你好,这个不是固定的,你可以和导师商量一下

题目定了么,格式给我。

下文是为大家精选的翻译在职硕士论文开题报告,希望对大家有帮助!

翻译在职硕士论文开题报告

论文题目:从顺应论的视角看企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构

1、选题意义和背景

随着中国加入世界贸易组织,中国企业的对外联系也日益增多。中国企业要想打入国际市场,提高在国际市场上的知名度,企业网站或宣传册上的企业简介扮演着十分重要的地位。通过阅读企业宣传资料,读者可以看出企业外宣材料既有关于企业的基本信息介绍,也有企业所做的文字上、句法上、结构上的这染来达到推广企业、大市场的目的。汉语企业外宣材料的翻译在英译过程中会涉及到与目的语不同的语言习惯、行文方式以及文化因素、社会政治因素、心理因素和审美因素等,这就需要译者对原文本做出适当调整,从内容和形式上对语篇进行重构,以此实现对交际意图的顺应。根据赖斯的文本类型说,本文有三种类型,分别是“信息型”、“表达型”和“诱导型”.笔者认为,企业外宣翻译属于“信息型”和“诱导型”文本兼而有之,而且更侧重于“诱导型”.因此,外宣翻译要更加注重文本的交际功能,要更多的考虑如何使译文所传递的信息更便于目的语读者理解和接受,并让读者产生共鸣,继而付诸行动,实现译文预期的功能。

比利时语用学家维索尔伦(Verschuem)提出了顺应论,将语言的使用过程看做语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态选择的过程。因而可以从顺应论的视角研究语言使用。翻译作为一种特殊的交际方式,也可以从顺应论的视角对其进行研究。优秀的企业宣传材料不仅会提高企业的知名度,还会为企业带来不可估量的经济效益,因此任何一个想打入国际市场的企业务必在其外宣材料的翻译上做足功夫。由于中西方文化背景、历史渊源、生活环境的不同,译者在翻译企业外宣材料时为了获取目的语读者的认可并激发他们付诸行动,就要顺应目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯以及心理因素、文化因素等对原文做出形式上和内容上的调整,而这一顺应的过程也是语篇重构的过程。本文突破性的将顺应论与语篇重构结合起来,并结合西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料及其翻译,试图从顺应论的视角分析企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构现象。

2、论文综述/研究基础

1987年维索尔伦(Verschueren)提出顺应论之后,在语用学界引起了很大反响,不久国内学者就将其引进到中国来。国内学者不仅从理论层面对顺应论进行研究和探索,而且将顺应论应用到翻译理论和实践、外语教学、二语习得、文化传播等领域。在这些领域中,成果最大的当属顺应论对翻译理论和其应用的研究。我国真正将顺应论引入翻译研究开始于21世纪初。

1 国外顺应论研究状况。

比利时语用学家维索尔伦(Verschueren)在《IprA工作文集》(IprA WorkingDocument 1) (1987, 45-48)中发表了一篇名为《作为顺应论的语用学》,标志着顺应论的提出。1995年,他较为详细并系统地在他主编出版的第一本《语用学手册》(handbook of Pragmatics)中对顺应论进行了进一步阐述。他认为,语言的使用过程就是语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态地选择的过程。他将语用学描述为关于语言整体的、功能性综观,并将语用学定义为语言和交际在认知、社会与文化方面的研究。1998年,阿萨卡瑟(AsaKasher)主编的《语用学的关键概念》Pragmatics;: Critical Concepts)论文集中,维索尔伦发表了一篇名为《交际动态过程的语用模式》(v4 Pragmatic model for the dynamatics of communication )的文章,主要研究了顺应论中顺应的动态性。1999年,在他的专着《语用学新解》(Understaning Pragmatics)中,维索尔伦强调了语用学的地位和作用,这本书的出现标志着顺应论走向成熟。该书主张把语用学当作一种研究视角,突破了以往学者将语用学看作语言学的一个核心分支(语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学)的看法,而认为语用学是一种语言功能的视角或纵观,贯穿于语言学研究和使用的方方面面,可以照应到语言的各个层次。运用这一视角,可以研究不同的语言材料。这是一种研究方法上的革命,可以为语言的不同层面进行语用分析,也为语用学的学科性质进行了重新定位。

2 国内顺应论研究状况。

钱冠连是国内第一位将顺应论引入中国进行研究的学者。在他发表在《外语教学与研究》上的《语用学:语言适应理论----Verschueren语用学新论评述》(1991,62-66)的文章中,将维索尔伦对语言适应包括五个方面,即适应的对象、层次、阶段、领悟程度和适应策略进行了分析,并且就语言适应、选择和语言功能综观三者的关系进行了探讨,认真分析对比了维索尔伦的语用学新论和以往的语用学的区别。他还在《外语教学与研究》上发表了一篇《语用学:统一连贯的理论框架〈如何理解语用学〉述评》(2000,230-232),该文章首先解释了语用学综观论的理论源头。维索尔伦从Morris的理论中得出了任何规则里都有语用成分,也能从不同的语言成分中审视到语用视角。其建设性意义体现在将语用学从语言学的并列学科出分割出来,使其不再属于语言资源的语言学,而是加入到语言使用的语言学去,作为是一种语言综观和视角来研究和使用,这不仅仅可以解决语用学问题,还为今后人们从语用学角度解释其他问题提供了一种新的视角。

国内除钱冠连外,2007年何自然主编的《语用三论:关联论顺应论模因论》一书也对维索尔伦的顺应论进行了详细介绍和评述。和以往语言学及语用学着作不同的是,该书紧紧把握住语用学研究与发展的方向,集语用学的三个前沿理论(关联论、顺应论、模因论)为一体来向国内读者进行西方翻译理论的介绍。

关于顺应论的部分,该书介绍了顺应论的理论来源、顺应论的三个核心概念、顺应论的视角观、顺应论的分析维度、顺应论的应用等。本书中理论与实例有效结合,为读者展现了顺应论的完整框架及其应用。该书指出,顺应论是宏观语用学的核心,顺应论为我们提供了一个研究和探讨语用学的全新视角。谭晓晨发表在《外语与外语教学》上的《语境的动态研究一--维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》(2000, 50-52)中介绍了维索尔伦的语境适应论,探讨了语言和语境互为构建的动态关系,指出动态生成的语境观是对传统语境研究及时而必要的补充。孙炬发表在《山东大学学报》上的《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》(2007,51-55)从语言哲学的立场阐释了维索尔伦的顺应论。语言的使用是哲学立场的反映,纵观维索尔伦的语用思想,折射出体现在意义观、心理认知观和语境观三个方面的语言哲学。此外,刘正光、吴志高从哲学、心理学以及语言学的角度论述了顺应论的理论基础,除了对语言顺应论做出肯定,他们还指出“将‘顺应’看成一把万能的朗匙,以解释所有的语言运用,有运用过度之嫌”(李元胜,2007:124)。

中国学者不仅专门对顺应论进行研究,还将其与其他理论结合或者将顺应论应用到不同的领域。在利用顺应论对其他问题进行研究的过程中,顺应论对翻译的研究占据多数。

从理论研究的角度来看,有的学者侧重于顺应论对翻译理论研究的启示,戈玲玲在发表在《外语学刊》上的《顺应论对翻译研究的启示----兼论语用翻译标准》(2000,7-11) -文中,为我们展现了语用翻译理论的发展历程,它超越了以往语言学研究的框架,将翻译看作是一种动态的信息交流活动。文章还指出,根据顺应论,语言和语境之间的顺应是一个相互的过程,两者可以相互影响,同样,翻译作为语言转换的过程,也会涉及到原语和目的语之间的相互顺应,这种顺应应该以满足交际双方的需要为目的,对交际语境、语言的选择和语言结构做出改变。

有的学者从顺应论的角度分析翻译策略和方法,王建国发表于《外语研究》上的《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》(2005,55-59) -文中,针对国内外翻译界对翻译方法和翻译策略的争论,他指出直译、意译、归化、异化只是翻译方法,而不是翻译策略,动态顺应才是翻译策略。同时,他还指出翻译的过程和结果是动态顺应的过程和结果。

顺应论在与翻译结合的过程中,学者们除了从翻译理论研究的角度分析和阐释顺应论对翻译研究的意义外,还将顺应论应用到具体的翻译实践中去,比如文学作品译作分析、应用文本译作分析,同时还有学者将顺应论与语用策略研究、外语教学研究、跨文化交际等方面联系起来。

叶苗在其着作《应用翻译语用观》COn Pragmatics Translation from theperspective of Pragmatics)中,首先对应用翻译进行了定位,然后从语用学的角度研究应用翻译。同时她主张以顺应论为基础来讨论和解释异化,并以《选美中国》为例,结合应用翻译中“异化”和“归化”之争,提出了在对具有中国文化特色的应用文本翻译时,译者可以采取异化策略,担负起传播中国文化的使命,扩大目的语读者的文化语境、认知语境,激发他们对中国文化和传统的兴趣和探索,增强我国软实力。

纵观国内顺应论的研究现状以及顺应论与翻译结合的研究现状,可以看出在顺应论对翻译的结合方面,研究者几乎都是从文学翻译、应用文翻译的角度进行研究,而且很多研究还是局限于维索尔伦顺应论的推介和重申,缺乏创新点,并且对理论的适用范围没有做出明确规定,导致了顺应论在很多领域的误用和滥用。

3、参考文献

Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism, The Potential &上海外语教育出版社,2004.

Verschueren, Jef. Understanding Pragmatics. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press. 2000.

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公海燕《顺应论视角下广告翻译研究》。2012.

何自然。Pragmatics and CE/EC Translation [J].北京‘外语教学。1992 (1) ; 19-25.

何自然。《语用三论:关联论顺应论模因论》M.上海,上海教育出版社。2007.

何自然,冉永平。《语用学概论》[M].长沙,湖南教育出版社。2002.

胡芳毅,贾占波。《外宣翻译:意识形态操纵下的改写》[J] ?上海,上海翻译。2010⑴:23-28.

蒋澄生,廖定中。《语用学需要“顺应”潮流--顺应论的几个关键概念述评》[J].广州,广东工业大学学报。2005 (1) : 68-71.

贾文波。《应用翻译功能论(第二版)》[M].北京,中国出版集团公司。2012.

李明。《商务英语翻译(汉译英)》[M]?北京,高等教育出版社。2007.

李元胜《顺应论在中国的研究综述》[J].成都,成都大学学报 2007⑶:123-126.

刘恩祥,刘颖,李哲。《论语言顺应的动态性一基于广告语言的分析》[J].佛山,佛山科学技术学院学报(社会科学版)》。2011 (1) :70-73.

卢立程《企业对外宣传材料翻译中的语篇重构》[J].肇庆,肇庆学院学报。2007⑶:53-56.

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颜色词翻译论文开题报告

开题报告,老师一般会给模板,还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告,你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures. 二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 (课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向) Research Status: Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance.. Research Tendency: 21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality. 三、研究内容及研究目标 (对研究的内容进行说明,并阐明要达到的目标) Research Contents: A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified Black Is Associated With Profit Black Is Associated With the Black People 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Death Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful Black Is Associated With Anger B. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty 2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With Death and Poor White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid C. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red Is Associated With Honor and Love 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red is Associated with the Obscenity Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism. Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss D. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Noble Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease Research Objectives: I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture. 四、预计的研究难点 (课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点) With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related. 五、创新点 (选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点) The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords. 六、进度计划 (根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排) 1. - , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing 2. - , 2008 Data gathering 3. - , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline 4. - , 2009 Literature review 5. - , 2009 First draft 6. - , 2009 Second draft 7. - , 2009 Final version 8. - May 14th, 2009 Printing 9. May 17th - May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate 七、资料来源 (指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料) [1] Baugh, . & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [2] Eckersley, . Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979. [3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985. [4] Hornby, . Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974. [5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. .: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997. [6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. .: Edward Arnold, 1989. [7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981. [8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006. [9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007. [11] 陈永烨.“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J].《辽宁工程技术大学学报》,2005,(7). [12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海:上海外语出版社,2002. [13] 邓炎昌,刘润清.《语言与文化》[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1991. [14] 蒋栋元.“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]. 《四川外语学院学报》,2002,(3). [15] 唐振华.“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J].《中国科技翻译》,1997,(2). 指导教师意见:(对课题的认可意见) 指导教师 年 月 日 系(教研室)审查意见: 系(教研室)主任: 年 月 日

颜色可分为两大类:非彩色和彩色.非彩色是指从黑色到白色,由深浅不同的灰色组成的系列.非彩色系列是无色系列,基本特征主要是明度.非彩色系列各梯度色没有绝对的纯度指标,系列中的各梯度色的非彩色反射率代表物体的明度,反射率越高越接近白色;反射率越低,则越接近黑色.视觉感受一种颜色取决于三个特性,即亮度,色调和饱和度.任何一种颜色都是由三者总效果的结果.亮度是彩色和非彩色所共有的属性,它是指作用于物体的光线的反射系数,它同光能的强度密切有关.强度越大,反射系数越大,颜色就越亮,最后成白色;反之,强度越小,反射系数越小,颜色就越暗,最后成黑色.色调和饱和度是彩色独有的特征.色调(或色别)是由物体表面反射的光线中什么波长占优势所决定的.饱和度是色调的表现程度,它是指同一色调的两种颜色,哪一种含颜色较多或较少,它决定于物体所发射出来的光线中规定其色调的波长占多少优势.实验证明:亮度,色调和饱和度三个特征中若其中之一发生改变,颜色就起了变化.若两个颜色的三个特征相同,那么不论它们的分光组成如何,在视觉上总是产生同样的色感觉.在物体反射的光线中,占优势的光波波长决定颜色感觉,这是最本质的颜色属性.颜色的饱和度是指一个颜色的纯洁性,它取决于表面反射光波波长范围的大小,即光波的"纯度".光谱上的各种颜色是最饱和的颜色.颜色中掺入白,灰或黑色越多,它就越不饱和.2.颜色混合和混合定律颜色混合(或混色)(color mixture)涉及两大法则,一是满足色光混合的加色法,二是符合颜色混合的减色法.导致这两种混合方向相反的原因主要是由于材料的物理属性不同.光谱中的色光混合――加色法红色+绿色=黄色红色+蓝色=紫色蓝色+绿色=青色红色+蓝色+绿色=白色红色+绿色=黄色红色+蓝色=紫色蓝色+绿色=青色红色+蓝色+绿色=白色用颜料,油漆等的混合配色――减色法它与色光混合不一样.例如黄色颜料是从入射的白光中吸收蓝光而反射红光及绿光,而这两种光合在一起引起黄色的感觉.减色法的三原色是黄,青,紫,它们是加色法三原色的补色.黄色=白色-绿色紫色=白色-红色黄色+紫色=白色-蓝色-红色=绿色紫色+青色=白色-绿色-红色=蓝色混色定律(1)补色律:补色律是指每一种颜色都有另一种与它相混合而产生白色或灰色,这两种颜色称为互补色.(2)居间律:居间律是指混合色圈上两个非互补的颜色产生介于这两种颜色之间的中间色.(3)代替律:代替律是一条很主要的定律,混合色的颜色混合不随被混合的颜色的光谱的光谱成分而转移.不同颜色混合后产生相同的颜色可以彼此相互代替.(二)颜色的视觉现象1.颜色对比2.颜色适应3.颜色常性1.颜色对比颜色对比是两种不同的色光同时作用于视网膜的相邻区域,或者相继作用于视网膜的同一区域时,颜色视觉所发生的变化.前者是同时对比现象,后者是继时对比现象.注视黄色背景上的一小块灰色纸片几分钟,你就会感觉到灰色的纸片呈蓝色;同理,在绿色背景上灰色纸片会呈红色,这是同时对比现象.若在灰色背景上放一块颜色纸片,注视短时间后再撤走纸片;或先注视颜色纸片,再插入灰色背景,你就会在背景上看到原来颜色的补色.这是继时对比(或连续对比).2.颜色适应在黑暗中经过较长的时间,视网膜的感受性会发生变化,这是一种适应现象.注视一个红色纸片半分钟,然后注视灰色背景,色觉会发生逆转,这就是一种适应.3.颜色常性人眼对物体颜色的感知,在外界条件变化的时候,仍能保持相对不变,表现出颜色常性(或颜色恒常性).四,颜色的心理效应(一)色调的心理效应(二)明度的心理效应(三)饱和度的心理效应(四)色彩爱好的民族差异(一)色调的心理效应1.色调的冷暖感2.色调的情感3.色调的环境心理效应1.色调的冷暖感红色的波长较长,属远感色(或远色) ,给人以温暖的感觉,故又称暖色.蓝色和紫色波长较短,属近感色(或近色) ,产生阴冷的感觉,故又称冷色.研究显示不同的个人对于特殊的颜色的反应,其特征具有显著的共同之处.暖色调(黄,橙和红)通常被认为是欢乐的,积极的,刺激的和兴奋的,而冷色调则暗示着宁静,冷淡,镇定和肃穆的.2.色调的情感"feeling blue",blue是蓝色,又可解释为感觉悲哀;"in the pink",pink是粉红色,又可解释为情况良好;"green with envy",green是绿色,又可解释为受强烈感情影响的心态,如极为羡慕;"rosy disposition",rosy是玫瑰色,又可解释为天性乐观的.每个人对于颜色的感受是不相同的,他们给色彩附加的意义通常取决于他们过去与色彩的联系和经验.然而,有些实验表明,人类对于色彩的反应有某些共同的特征.3.色调的环境心理效应不同的工作环境,可根据不同的情况采用暖色调或冷色调,这样会使工作者获得良好的心理效应.商业广告业对色调搭配的研究.实验心理学实验心理学实验心理学实验心理学(二)明度的心理效应1.明度和谐的心理效应2.明度对比的心理效应1.明度和谐的心理效应明度对比的一个重要功能是确定形式和形状,使颜色之间的界限更为分明.相同的明度产生柔和模糊的界限差别较大的明度则产生严格的清晰的界限.2.明度对比的心理效应在明度对比方面,中等明度与暗色对比就会显得较亮,与明色对比就会显得明度偏低.红色被黄色包围时就会比被蓝色包围时显得更暗.相近明度间隔中单调的图案显示女性的柔弱特质.特别强调黑色的明亮色值往往显得更为有力.(三)饱和度的心理效应饱和度是颜色的第三个维度,它表示色彩的强度或纯度.强烈的,鲜艳的,饱和的色彩说明强度高;柔弱的,灰暗的,中性的色彩说明强度低.一种色调的强度由于它和它的互补色的混合而降低.特定色调的最大饱和只有在其明度达到终极的时候才能获得,明度的减少可以自动降低饱和度的标度.相同程度的色调的结合通常创造美观的效果,而柔弱的色彩组合比两种以上最大强度的不同色彩的组合更为和谐.鲜明的颜色往往产生强烈的戏剧性结果,而灰暗柔弱的色调则产生柔和精巧的效果.与颜色的其他特性一样,饱和度对于整体外观也有很大的影响.鲜艳的色彩也可以产生与暖色调一样的效果,它们往往突出,醒目,使外表尺度增加.柔弱的色彩和冷色调一样,平淡,缓和,较不显眼.不同饱和度之间的相互作用也能产生一定的视觉效果.强度较弱的蓝色和饱和的蓝色并列就会变成灰色.强度中等的红色与玫瑰红对比就会增加饱和度.例如,生活中穿暗棕色的上衣会使深棕色的头发色彩显得更强烈.颜色对比效果还随面积大小而有所差别.当刺激面积小到难以区分不同颜色的界限时,就产生色融合现象,产生混色感觉.颜色的三个特征的协同作用产生不同的心理效应.强低明度高饱和度柔,软明浊色弱高明度低饱和度软色灰色较低重低高硬色黑色,白色柔和饱和度轻,柔和明度心理效应颜色特征(四)色彩爱好的民族差异各国人民对色彩的爱好既有共性又有差异.这些差异是由于社会意识形态,文化历史,人种肤色,民族,地区,气候和风俗习惯等因素造成的.现代社会紧张的生活节奏令人窒息,人们开始把目光转向自然,返朴归真,重新挖掘远古时代祛病保健的良方妙法。颜色疗法便是近年来一种重放异彩的古代疗法。人类关于色彩及其对人体影响的研究已有漫长的历史,它是古代文明的精神基础。希腊哲学家和科学家亚里士多德就对色彩进行了广泛的研究。著名医生阿尔韦托?马格诺在中世纪发表的关于颜色的论著,至今仍有非常珍贵的意义。了解各种颜色的生理作用,正确使用颜色,可以消除疲劳,抑制烦躁,控制情绪,调整和改善人的肌体功能。据研究,一些疾病在很大程度上是由于人体内色谱失衡或缺少某种颜色造成的。在我们体内有7种腺体中心,分布在脊柱的不同部位。每种颜色都能产生一种电磁波长,这些波长由视觉神经传递给大脑,促使腺体分泌激素,从而影响人的心理与肌体,达到医疗作用。每一种颜色有其独特的作用,令人产生不同的情感。在装饰、化妆、服装和广告方面合理使用色彩可以取得宜人的效果。除了医疗作用外,颜色还有一定的象征意义和社会属性,对人类生活有着举足轻重的影响。白色象征真理、光芒、纯洁、贞节、清白和快乐,给人以明快清新的感觉。红色是一种热烈的颜色,它象征着鲜血、烈火、生命和爱情。其心理作用可以促进血液流通,加快呼吸并能治疗忧郁症,对人体循环系统和神经系统具有重大作用。绿色是希望的象征,给人以宁静的感觉,可以降低眼内压力,减轻视觉疲劳,安定情绪,使人呼吸变缓,心脏负担减轻,降低血压。紫色代表柔和、退让和沉思,给人以宁静、镇定和幻想,可以治疗大脑疾病及精神紊乱。黄色是色谱中最令人愉快的颜色,它被认为是知识和光明的象征,可以刺激神经系统和改善大脑功能,激发人的朝气,令人思维敏捷。橙色是新思想和年轻的象征,令人感到温暖、活泼和热烈,能启发人的思维,可有效地激发人的情绪和促进消化功能。蓝色意味着平静、严肃、科学、喜悦、美丽、和谐与满足,它经常被用来放松肌肉紧张、松弛神经及改善血液循环。黑色则代表死亡和黑暗,令人产生悲哀、暗淡、伤感和压迫的感觉。在日常生活中,正确使用服装与化妆品的颜色和合理处理居室的色调,不仅可以使人享受艺术的魅力,而且能促进身心健康众所周知,颜色对人的心理和生理影响很大,就好像我们选择的食物会对身体健康产生不容忽视的影响一样。颜色对精神和生命活力起到非常重要的作用,同时也会刺激人的心理。如果你想了解自己的颜色倾向以及此颜色是如何影响你的日常生活和行为的,选择你要的颜色。1.橙2.紫3.棕4.白5.绿6.蓝7.红8.黄9.黑橙子的颜色选择橙色的人通常都非常热爱大自然并且渴望与自然浑然一体。他们喜欢户外活动。在林中漫步会让他们感觉到重生的力量。如果喜爱橙色的人们被迫长期呆在房间里,可能会生病。青青的树木和可爱的动物对他们来说十分重要。橙色的人喜爱运动,比较适合从事的职业有农场主、足球运动员和野外露营的队长。尽管他们非常感性化,但他们很清楚他们在做些什么。在实践中学习和记忆是橙色的人的一贯作风。他们出世的态度让他们能结交到好朋友。由于有同情弱者的情结,他们总会很热心地去帮助那些他们值得帮助的人,而他们“礼贤下士“地这一点也常受到旁人地赞扬。尽管他们有时也会激怒对方,但通常不会持继很久。他们是理想的恋人,很愿意为了对方改变自己。然而,橙色作为活跃的催化剂也可能对你的性生活产生负面的影响。只要利用适度,橙色给人柔和、温暖的感觉,但它同红色一样不宜使用过长。对神经紧张和易怒的人来讲,橙色不是一种合适的颜色。橙色是繁荣与骄傲的象征,是自然的颜色。由于它代表着力量、智慧、震撼、光辉、知识和性能力,橙色也被奉成神圣的颜色。橙色是活跃的催化剂给神经和血液以力量。橙色也和敏感、同情、自助及助人,不确定和天真有关。紫色呵,神秘的颜色喜欢紫色的人总在努力做地比现有的更好,无论是在信仰、情感或是精神方面。他们渴望知识,热爱读书。为了能够成就理想的自我,人们会在自己的生活中和别人的生活中寻求答案。由于追求完美而又对自己极为苛刻,他们也在极力与自己做着艰苦地斗争。喜欢紫色的人总是能交到很多朋友,因为他们总是考虑别人比考虑自己为先。总的来说他们并不会为自己要求过多,但一部分人也可能成为自我英雄主义者。这主要是由于他们喜欢以一种不确定的方式去寻求答案而往往失败,他们也会因此郁郁寡欢。紫色是由温暖的红色和冷静的蓝色化合而成,是极佳的刺激色。紫色可以减轻心脏疼痛、僵硬感和囊肿,并且对治疗严重便秘、水囊肿、偏头疼和胃肠、子宫、皮肤疾病等有很好的辅助效果。另外,也可以用于治疗精神疾病、风湿病和癫痫病。紫色可以用于深度系统手术以减轻疼痛。紫色对眼睛、耳朵和神经系统都会起一个安抚作用,但它也可能会压抑人的情感特别是愤怒。棕色棕色代表着稳定和中立。棕色也是地球母亲的颜色,体现着广泛存在于自然界的真实与和谐。棕色是稳定与保护的颜色,它代表着充满生命力和感情。在颜色金字塔的测试中,棕色被看作是具有精神抵抗力的颜色。它的这些特点主要是因为棕色是由橙色和黑色混合而成。棕色是一种可靠、值得信赖的颜色。当颜色由浅棕色逐渐加深时,一种真实的感觉也逐渐演变成了让人信赖。棕色也可以令人感到难过、沮丧,但总的来说棕色是象征着阳刚之气的颜色。棕色也给人一种强调逐渐减少的感觉,其实意味着这种要求的态度已经变得很固执,棕色也意味着确定和旺盛的生命力。喜欢棕色的人非常热爱生活中最美好的事物,他们富有感情,喜欢美食、美酒和有人陪伴。然而,作为一个喜欢棕色的人,很可能会因过分抑制自己的感情而生活中个人世界里,惧怕外面的世界。因此你会觉得身穿棕色或泥土颜色的衣服会有一种安全感。在渴望安全的情感同时也希望能得到外界的认同,这就需要你能意识到自我的价值并且摒除思想上的狭隘。身着棕色的人往往也是诚实、平凡的人,喜欢一种井然有序、稳定的生活方式。白色是新雪的颜色,或代表来自上天的灵光,这使得白色是一种与众不同的颜色。喜欢白色的人带着好奇观察周围的人,他们也与周遭浑为一体。白色给人一种害羞的感觉,但这不是真正的害羞。他们只是在耐心地等待引起别人的注意,看上去很害羞,但实际上他们是非常外向活泼地。喜欢白色的人无论做什么,总是带着一种圣洁的生活态度。别人也会认为他们如此,尽管他们可能并非真地如此。喜欢白色的人会用一种很挑剔的眼光看待别人,可能对方却一点也感觉不到。自我看重也是他们的一个特点,但只要不造成任何负面影响,这一点不会干扰他们更高的追求。您如果选择了白色,要明白过分会造成被动,而您也可能会变得无生气、过敏和抑郁。白色代表着纯洁和神圣。白色可以对心脏、精神、神经和情绪起到一个很好地安抚作用,也有助于培养活力和获得支持性的情感。白色加快新陈代谢,增加压力、肌肉紧张感,增多体内药物和化学成分,增强自我保护意识、羞涩感、发散思维、不集中的创造力或极度活跃的思想过程,白色可以减轻疼痛。绿色作为一种中立颜色,绿色与复苏、生长、变化、天真、富足、平静等有关。喜欢绿色的人乐意去帮助每一个人,他们是自然界的母亲,往往在和医疗有关的行业里工作。他们喜欢隐藏自己的思想,也不过分关注别人的事,所以他们往往是很好的聆听者,充当顾问这样的角色。其他人想当然地认为这样的人通常都能很客观地分析事物。热爱和平是他们固化的责任,他们希望每个人都能过上各谐的生活。由于上述特点,喜欢绿色的人容易成为别人最好的朋友。绿色是由蓝色和黄色对半混合而成,因此绿色也被看作是一种和谐的颜色。它象征着生命、平衡、和平和生命力。对孕妇而言,绿色可以制造一种平静安宁的氛围。绿色是最容易被看见的颜色,因为绿色经过水晶体几乎刚好落在视网膜上。绿色是治愈的颜色,可以消除神经紧张、改善心脏功能。但是过分地使用绿色也会产生负面作用,特别是当病人已经受过绿色的影响。绿色与胸腺和免疫系统有关。绿色可以解除眼睛的疲劳,给人一种宁静的感觉。对治疗神经系统疾病、发烧、溃疡、流感、疟疾、性病和癌症等疾病有疗效。蓝色是一种情感化的颜色,喜欢蓝色的人往往爱呆在个人世界里并且对别人也存在戒备心理。蓝色的灰调表明这个人喜欢一切井然有序。当蓝色逐渐加深,所带有情感色彩也越浓。海军蓝是非常情绪化的颜色,同时也极力在掩饰着什么。具有海军蓝性格的妇女可能会喜欢饮酒作乐,也可能会喜欢去逛商店。如果房间里蓝色过多,您可能会感到很压抑。婴儿处于这样的房间里也会哭个不停。蓝色是种很好的颜色,但也需要其他颜色进行平衡。蓝色性格的人非常感性化,情绪时起时落,在人生的过程中他们也在不断地体验着各种感受。无论高兴还是悲伤,他们都会哭。为了能够有各种各样的人生感受,他们十分愿意和别人交往,但同时他们也很容易受别人的影响。环境对蓝色性格的人影响很大。蓝色令人想到孤独、沉思、独立和平静,它是真理和和谐的颜色,常常用于冷却、安抚、调整和保护。与蓝色有关的还包括:交流、发自内心的声音、确定、统一、创造、意识、忧郁、男性的力量、清楚、信任、骄傲、幼稚、冷酷、好学等等。蓝色有降温冷却的作用,可以减轻肿瘤、痉挛、呼吸系统等疾病症状,对发烧、感染等有效,也可以化解人心中的愤怒和仇恨。在治疗痢疾、哮喘、呼吸疾病、高血压和皮肤病中,蓝色也有一定的作用。由于蓝色有催眠作用,所以可以用来镇痛、止血、治疗烫伤等。喜欢红色的人通常激情四溢,精力充沛,而且很会赚钱。他们在一种真正的红色时尚中显得非常性感,魅力十足.他们的性格决定了他们经常希望自己成为别人注意的焦点。他们能够很快的给出一个问题的答案,他们认为他们什么都懂。如果他们不懂,或者你已经证明了他们不懂,你会发现他们很会寻根问底.他们不在乎不知道问题的答案,只是不想显示自己的愚蠢。因为他们的动作很迅速,他们总是希望每件事都能很快的完成.但是当他们累了的时候,他们必须马上休息。一旦他们打个小盹之后,他们会很快恢复,好像生活中的每样东西都已经准备好了。喜欢红色的人往往认为无敌的,并且其他人也往往会这样想。红色让人产生权力和控制的欲望。生意场上人们喜欢穿红色,认为是权力的象征。喜欢红色的人给人一种精力充沛,异常活跃的感觉。喜欢红色的人不会是一个好的领导人。然而,如果有聪明的领导的话,他们会是很好的执行者。他们只想怎么样按要求完成任务,从来不会计较代价是什么。他们是情绪型的人,他们可能在你面前突然象活火山一样不时的爆发一次,然后很快就会平静下来。他们也很容易会扯出一些题外话。他们通常不会花足够的时间去关注某一件事。当他们专注的时候,他们对自己的决定很坚定。他们的思维非常敏捷,很聪明。他们可能没有接受很好的教育,但是出于他们的生活环境,他们能够很快地得出问题的答案。当他们激动的时候,也很容易要发泄他们的愤怒,暴力,仇恨和反叛。这种颜色对那些患有高血压和焦虑症的病人不合适。如果一个喜欢砖红色(红褐色),他们可能对毒品,酒精成瘾,饮食不正常,或者情绪不稳定。喜欢桔红色的人不仅精力充沛,而且很喜欢户外活动和一些群体活动。喜欢红色中带有蓝色折光的人是情绪激昂,很有活力的人。和快乐相关的黄色爱黄色的人们喜爱权力和控制他人.他们不想改变,很有科学性,分析性,判断性,自我中心,独立性,专业性,很顽固,不坦率,经常担心焦虑什么。有黄色个性的人们很有生意头脑.他们想让别人知道他们受过良好的教育,不管是自学的还是其他的,他们想通过他们智力上的努力来获取成功。他们会是好的领导,他们一般能够很有条理的作出决定.在行动之前会认真的分析每一个细节.每个战略游戏都能引起他们的兴趣.下棋是他们的嗜好。这种个性有时会显得有点顽固.当颜色趋向深黄色时,这种个性就会演变成他们认为只有他们才能作出正确的决定.这使得别人容易怀疑他们做事的动机是什么。真正的黄色个性是在考虑各方面意见的基础上才作出正确的决定。有黄色个性的女人做一个生意人会比做母亲做得好,但是也可以两个都做,而且会很快地适应这两份工作。当他们有压力的时候,他们感觉他们需要把他们的情绪隐藏起来.如果他们显示出了他们的压力,那表明他们很虚弱了.他们会尽量的展现他们甜蜜的一面在你面前。他们通常封闭自我,不会让很多人走进他们的生活,他们通常只有一两个好朋友.这些朋友通常也是很有生意头脑的,虽然真正的黄色个性的人们不会依靠任何人除了他(她)自己。他们的穿着很考究,通常看起来很专业.虽然女人可能会加点饰品,但她们的衣着通常很简单。黄色是所有颜色中反光最强的。当颜色加深的时候,黄色的明亮度最大,其他颜色都变得很暗。它有激励,增强活力的作用,能够增加清晰度,便于交流,并以机智而著称。黑色性格的人很情绪化,尽管可能处于重压之下他们也会表现地尤其自然。他们通常会很复杂、高贵、戏剧性、正式并且给人一种强有力的感觉。他们可能成为非常有权力和威慑力的人。黑色穿着会让你感到意志坚定、固执和自律,那你必须小心变得过分僵化和独立,同时也可能反映你对自己很好地应对生活的能力缺乏信心。你还需要经过一个过程才能真正成熟起来,所以在真正认识自我的路上你需要黑色来给自己一个保护。黑色代表着放弃,一种最后的放弃,想穿黑色可能表明经过激烈地思想斗争之后想放弃所有的一切。黑色也意味着自制,在特定场合身穿黑色表明你想以一种权威的形象出现。颜色与心理色彩和光线一样,也会对人的生理心理产生影响。它不但影响人的视觉神经,还进而影响心脏、内分泌机能、中枢神经系统的活动。西方心理学家中有人提出,常见的赤橙黄绿青蓝紫等颜色对人的生理有不同的影响。红色:刺激和兴奋神经系统,增加肾上腺素分泌和增进血液循环。橙色:诱发食欲,帮助恢复健康和吸收钙。黄色:可刺激神经和消化系统。绿色:有益于消化和身体平衡,有镇静作用。蓝色:能降低脉搏、调整体内平狻.靛蓝:调和肌肉、止血、影响视听嗅觉。紫色:对运动神经和心脏系统有压抑作用。黑色:精神压抑。导致疾病发生。在心理学上,对于一种感觉兼有另一种感觉的心理现象,叫联觉现象。人们的颜色感觉容易引起联觉,因此,颜色容易对人的心理产生这样或那样的影响。如冷暖、远近、轻重等。红橙黄等色被称为暖色,因为它们象太阳和烈火,能引起人们温暖的感觉。而蓝绿青紫等冷色,象碧空寒冰,让人们觉得冷。颜色的冷暖更多是来自人对光的体验。不同颜色的光的波长是不同的,紫光波长最短,红光波长最长。波长短即频率高,其能量不容易被物体吸收,所以让人觉得不容易通过高频光获取温暖,因此是冷色。同时,除了光源,我们看到物体的颜色是因为物体对这种颜色的光或光集更多反射或透射。如果物体对高频光吸收较多,就会呈现出低频光的颜色。高频光具有的能量比低频光高,因此暖色的物体多吸收了高频光获得了较多能量,更容易温暖。颜色的冷暖,在程度上存在着差别。这些差别在人们的心里,决定于人们对它们所联系的具有同样颜色的实物的印象,或者受社会文化和个人理解的影响。比如在我国,红色是火,是吉庆、热情的象征。同时因为血是红色,红色意味着流血,引申为革命。绿色一般是生长中的植物的主色,因此绿色代表着活力、生长、宁静、青春。蓝色是天空和深水的颜色,所以能给人静止、平缓、安定、忧郁等感觉,同时因为冰雪常给人以浅蓝的错觉,蓝色也有冰凉的意思。而黑色来自黑暗体验,使人感到神秘、恐怖、空虚、绝望,有精神压抑感。同时一直以来人类对黑暗有所敬畏,所以黑色有庄重肃穆感。颜色的远近感(进退感)则与颜色的深浅有关。一般来说,颜色越深,给人的感觉越近,这也是取决于人们的生活经验。比如远山呈现轻蓝。近山浓抹,远树轻描是绘画的基本手法。同时暖色能给人以向前方突出的感觉,被称为进色;冷色向后方退入,被称为退色。用冷色色的墙壁涂料,可以使狭小的房间在感觉上变大,暖色则会使宽大的房间在感觉上变小。颜色的深浅还能给人以轻重的感觉。浅色让人感到轻些。这是由颜色对神经的刺激度不同,对精神的压迫感不同引起的。心理学强调的是平衡。因为只有平衡才自然,才适合人们生存发展的需要。因此,在高温环境下我们可以通过采用冷色调获得辅助降温的功效。但无论如何,房间墙壁涂色都有个原则,不宜深暗,也不宜过分鲜明。

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1. 传统文化对颜色所暗含的意义的思考2. 历史事件给颜色赋予不同的意义3. 汉英颜色意义的相同点,及其相同的原因4. 典型颜色的典型标签5. 颜色文化对我们的现代生活带来什么6. 怎样跨越汉英不同颜色含义的壁垒,以致更好的交流

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