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孔子研究论文的目的和意义英文版

发布时间:2024-07-18 23:27:24

孔子研究论文的目的和意义英文版

Confucius (born Kong Qiu, styled Zhong Ni) was born in the village of Zou in the country of Lu in 551 BC, a poor descendant of a deposed noble As a child, he held make-believe temple rituals; as a young adult, he quickly earned a reputation for fairness, politeness and love of learning, and he was reputed to be quite He traveled extensively and studied at the imperial capital, Zhou, where he is said to have met and spoke with Lao Zi, the founder of D Upon his return to Lu, he gained renown as a teacher, but when he was 35, Duke Zhao of Lu led his country to war, was routed and fled to the neighboring country of Qi; in the disorder following the battle, Confucius Duke Zhao frequently came to him for advice, but upon counsel of one of his ministers, he decided against granting land to Confucius and gradually stopped seeking his When other nobles began plotting against Confucius' position, Duke Zhao refused to intervene, and Confucius returned to L But conditions there were no better than before, and Confucius retired from public life to concentrate on teaching and At age 50, he was approached by the Baron of Qi to help defend against a rebellion, but he He was later made a city magistrate by the new Duke of Lu, and under his administration the city flourished; he was promoted several times, eventually becoming Grand Secretary of Justice and, at age 56, Chief Minister of L Neighboring countries began to worry that Lu would become too powerful, and they sent messengers with gifts and dancers to distract the duke during a sacrifice When the duke abandoned his duties to receive the messengers, Confucius resigned and left the Confucius spent the next five years wandering China with his disciples, finding that his presence at royal courts was rarely tolerated for long before nobles would begin plotting to drive him out or have him He was arrested once and jailed for five days, and at 62 he was pursued, along with his disciples, into the countryside by a band of soldiers sent by jealous nobles, until he was able to send a messenger to the sympathetic king of a nearby country, who sent his own soldiers to rescue Once again, Confucius was to be given land but was denied it upon counsel of another high After further wanderings, he eventually returned to Lu at age Although he was welcomed there and chose to remain, he was not offered public office again, nor did he seek Instead he spent the rest of his years teaching and, finally, He died at 孔子(名秋 字仲尼)生于鲁国邹村在我国公元前551年, 元老废黜了一个贫苦家庭高贵 作为一个孩子,他认为地以为庙祭; 作为一个年轻的成年人,他很快赢得美誉公平、 礼貌、爱学习,他被誉为是相当高大 他走遍了研究和广泛的帝国首都周 据说他曾与交谈老子,道家创始人 返回卢,他赢得声威当老师,但是当他35岁 赵吕公爵率领乌加战争是落花流水逃往邻国齐; 在混乱的战斗后,孔子之后 杜克赵常找他请教,但他的一名律师在部长会议 他决定对孔子逐渐停止批地给他的律师求 当其他贵族开始密谋对付孔子地位杜克赵拒绝介入,孔子返鲁 但没有任何条件比以前更好、离退休孔子退隐专心教学和学习 50岁时,他遇见了男爵齐协防打击叛乱,但他拒绝 他后来被新县长作了一个城市格洛斯特路 而在他主政全市蓬勃开展; 升任几次,终于成为大政司司长, 年仅56岁,首席部长鲁 周边国家开始担心,将成为卢太强大 送信、送礼物、跳舞,他们分散在公爵牺牲假期 当公爵遗弃职务领取送信,孔子辞职,离开该国 未来5年内花费孔子与弟子中徘徊, 法院认定他出席皇家贵族很少容忍多久便开始密谋把他或他杀死 他被捕入狱后五天,他是在62追求,随着他的弟子, 到郊外一阶士兵发出嫉妒贵族, 直到他能够体谅国王派遣使者到邻近的国家, 当年送自己的士兵拯救 再次,孔子得到它的土地,但遭到拒绝后,高律师另一个大臣 进一步漫游后,他终于回到鲁年仅 虽然他并没有选择留欢迎,他没有向公职再次 他也不求 而他花了他多年的教学和休息,最后写作 他死在

福建省国际物流业发展与对外贸易增长关系分析我会哦

孔子的生平 One of the most famous people in ancient China was a wise philosopher named Confucius (circa 551-479 BC) He sometimes went by the names Kong Zi though he was born - Kong Qiu - styled Zhong N He was born in the village of Zou in the country of L This chinese man was a well-known leader in philosophy and he also made many wise phrases and theories about the law, life, and the Philosophy is a kind of a system of ideas and thoughts that talk about the human's behavior, the rules that you should follow to make a successful life, and about the In other words, it's about thoughts and theories that teach other people lessons about principles, or rules, about life and it also teaches you a moral ( sort of like the morals that are at the end of a fable) Confucius is famous for his philosophy because he made many wise sayings in ancient China that helped many people learn about nature, the world, and the human He also helped the government and the emperor by teaching them lessons on how the emperor should rule his kingdom Confucius was born in a poor family in the year 551 BC, and he was born in the state of L His original name was K'ung Ch' His father, commander of a district in Lu, died three years after Confucius was born, leaving the family in poverty; but Confucius nevertheless received a fine He was married at the age of 19 and had one son and two He worked as a keeper of a Then he was a farm worker who took care of parks and farm When he was 20, he worked for the governor of his

Confucius,One of the most famous people in ancient China was a wise philosopher named C Hesometimes went by the names Kong Zi though he was born - Kong Qiu - styled Zhong N He wasborn in the village of Zou in the country of LThis Chinese man was a well-known leader in philosophy and he also made many wise phrases and theories about the law, life, and the Confucius is famous for his philosophy because he made many wise sayings in ancient China that helped many people learn about nature,the world, and the human He also helped the government and the emperor by teachingthem lessons on how the emperor should rule his kingdom Confucius was born in a poor family in the year 551 BC, and he was born in the state of L His original name was Kung C His father, commander of a district in Lu, died three years after Confucius was born, leaving the family in poverty; but Confucius nevertheless received a fine He was married at the age of 19 and had one son and two 翻译: 孔子,名丘,字仲尼。鲁国陬邑人。先世是宋国贵族,避难迁鲁。他出生时,家世已经没落。年轻时做过季孙氏的委吏和乘田等。三十多岁到齐国,几年没有得到齐君的`重用,又回到鲁国,聚徒讲学。五十多岁时,由鲁国中都宰升任司寇。后又曾周游宋、卫、蔡、齐、楚等国。晚年在鲁国编订古代文化典籍《诗》《尚书》《春秋》等,教授门徒。孔子的弟子曾将他的谈话和他与门徒的问答,辑成《论语》一书,这是研究孔子思想的主要资料。孔子的教育思想孔子在中国历史上最早提出人的天赋素质相近,个性差异主要是因为后天教育与社会环境影响(“性相近也,习相远也”)。因而人人都可能受教育,人人都应该受教育。他提倡“有教无类”,创办私学,广招学生,打破了奴隶主贵族对学校教育的垄断,把受教育的范围扩大到平民,顺应了当时社会发展的趋势。

孔子研究论文的目的和意义英语版

Confucius (born Kong Qiu, styled Zhong Ni) was born in the village of Zou in the country of Lu in 551 BC, a poor descendant of a deposed noble As a child, he held make-believe temple rituals; as a young adult, he quickly earned a reputation for fairness, politeness and love of learning, and he was reputed to be quite He traveled extensively and studied at the imperial capital, Zhou, where he is said to have met and spoke with Lao Zi, the founder of D Upon his return to Lu, he gained renown as a teacher, but when he was 35, Duke Zhao of Lu led his country to war, was routed and fled to the neighboring country of Qi; in the disorder following the battle, Confucius Duke Zhao frequently came to him for advice, but upon counsel of one of his ministers, he decided against granting land to Confucius and gradually stopped seeking his When other nobles began plotting against Confucius' position, Duke Zhao refused to intervene, and Confucius returned to L But conditions there were no better than before, and Confucius retired from public life to concentrate on teaching and At age 50, he was approached by the Baron of Qi to help defend against a rebellion, but he He was later made a city magistrate by the new Duke of Lu, and under his administration the city flourished; he was promoted several times, eventually becoming Grand Secretary of Justice and, at age 56, Chief Minister of L Neighboring countries began to worry that Lu would become too powerful, and they sent messengers with gifts and dancers to distract the duke during a sacrifice When the duke abandoned his duties to receive the messengers, Confucius resigned and left the Confucius spent the next five years wandering China with his disciples, finding that his presence at royal courts was rarely tolerated for long before nobles would begin plotting to drive him out or have him He was arrested once and jailed for five days, and at 62 he was pursued, along with his disciples, into the countryside by a band of soldiers sent by jealous nobles, until he was able to send a messenger to the sympathetic king of a nearby country, who sent his own soldiers to rescue Once again, Confucius was to be given land but was denied it upon counsel of another high After further wanderings, he eventually returned to Lu at age Although he was welcomed there and chose to remain, he was not offered public office again, nor did he seek Instead he spent the rest of his years teaching and, finally, He died at 孔子(名秋 字仲尼)生于鲁国邹村在我国公元前551年, 元老废黜了一个贫苦家庭高贵 作为一个孩子,他认为地以为庙祭; 作为一个年轻的成年人,他很快赢得美誉公平、 礼貌、爱学习,他被誉为是相当高大 他走遍了研究和广泛的帝国首都周 据说他曾与交谈老子,道家创始人 返回卢,他赢得声威当老师,但是当他35岁 赵吕公爵率领乌加战争是落花流水逃往邻国齐; 在混乱的战斗后,孔子之后 杜克赵常找他请教,但他的一名律师在部长会议 他决定对孔子逐渐停止批地给他的律师求 当其他贵族开始密谋对付孔子地位杜克赵拒绝介入,孔子返鲁 但没有任何条件比以前更好、离退休孔子退隐专心教学和学习 50岁时,他遇见了男爵齐协防打击叛乱,但他拒绝 他后来被新县长作了一个城市格洛斯特路 而在他主政全市蓬勃开展; 升任几次,终于成为大政司司长, 年仅56岁,首席部长鲁 周边国家开始担心,将成为卢太强大 送信、送礼物、跳舞,他们分散在公爵牺牲假期 当公爵遗弃职务领取送信,孔子辞职,离开该国 未来5年内花费孔子与弟子中徘徊, 法院认定他出席皇家贵族很少容忍多久便开始密谋把他或他杀死 他被捕入狱后五天,他是在62追求,随着他的弟子, 到郊外一阶士兵发出嫉妒贵族, 直到他能够体谅国王派遣使者到邻近的国家, 当年送自己的士兵拯救 再次,孔子得到它的土地,但遭到拒绝后,高律师另一个大臣 进一步漫游后,他终于回到鲁年仅 虽然他并没有选择留欢迎,他没有向公职再次 他也不求 而他花了他多年的教学和休息,最后写作 他死在

Confucius,One of the most famous people in ancient China was a wise philosopher named C Hesometimes went by the names Kong Zi though he was born - Kong Qiu - styled Zhong N He wasborn in the village of Zou in the country of LThis Chinese man was a well-known leader in philosophy and he also made many wise phrases and theories about the law, life, and the Confucius is famous for his philosophy because he made many wise sayings in ancient China that helped many people learn about nature,the world, and the human He also helped the government and the emperor by teachingthem lessons on how the emperor should rule his kingdom Confucius was born in a poor family in the year 551 BC, and he was born in the state of L His original name was Kung C His father, commander of a district in Lu, died three years after Confucius was born, leaving the family in poverty; but Confucius nevertheless received a fine He was married at the age of 19 and had one son and two 翻译: 孔子,名丘,字仲尼。鲁国陬邑人。先世是宋国贵族,避难迁鲁。他出生时,家世已经没落。年轻时做过季孙氏的委吏和乘田等。三十多岁到齐国,几年没有得到齐君的`重用,又回到鲁国,聚徒讲学。五十多岁时,由鲁国中都宰升任司寇。后又曾周游宋、卫、蔡、齐、楚等国。晚年在鲁国编订古代文化典籍《诗》《尚书》《春秋》等,教授门徒。孔子的弟子曾将他的谈话和他与门徒的问答,辑成《论语》一书,这是研究孔子思想的主要资料。孔子的教育思想孔子在中国历史上最早提出人的天赋素质相近,个性差异主要是因为后天教育与社会环境影响(“性相近也,习相远也”)。因而人人都可能受教育,人人都应该受教育。他提倡“有教无类”,创办私学,广招学生,打破了奴隶主贵族对学校教育的垄断,把受教育的范围扩大到平民,顺应了当时社会发展的趋势。

研究目的(Research Aim)是你论文的长期目标,也就是最终目标,整篇论文只存在一个,通常一两句话概括就行。Research objectives是论文的短期目标,就是你每一步要达成什么目标才能达成你的终极Aim。这也就是你如何回答你的Research questions。Research objectives一般用to do的形式来表达。可以从理论理解,实证发现,现实影响等方面入手。研究意义(Significance),为什么这个主题对你很重要?是出于个人兴趣,亦或是前人研究不足,填充学术空白,解决实际生产问题? 为什么其他人对此感兴趣? 考虑一下是什么促使你进行该领域的研究? 你可能还会考虑该领域的学者如何讨论其重要性。 你对它的意义的理解有哪些相似之处或不同之处?

主要写微观的目的和宏观的目的。

孔子研究论文的目的和意义英文

In other words, it's about thoughts and theories that teach other people lessons about principles, or rules, about life and it also teaches you a moral ( sort of like the morals that are at the end of a fable) Confucius is famous for his philosophy because he made many wise sayings in ancient China that helped many people learn about nature, the world, and the human He also helped the government and the emperor by teaching them lessons on how the emperor should rule his kingdom Confucius was born in a poor family in the year 551 BC, and he was born in the state of L His original name was K'ung Ch' His father, commander of a district in Lu, died three years after Confucius was born, leaving the family in poverty; but Confucius nevertheless received a fine He was married at the age of 19 and had one son and two

Confucius was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese thought and His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines, such as Legalism (法家) or Taoism (道家) during the Han DConfucius' thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism (儒家) It was introduced to Europe by the Jesuit Matteo Ricci, who was the first to Latinise the name as "C"His teachings may be found in the Analects of Confucius (论语), a collection of "brief aphoristic fragments", which was compiled many years after his Modern historians do not believe that any specific documents can be said to have been written by Confucius, but for nearly 2,000 years he was thought to be the editor or author of all the Five Classics such as the Classic of Rites (editor), and the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋)

回答 开题报告,就是当课题确定后,课题负责人在调查研究的基础上撰写的报请批准的选题计划。它主要说明这个课题应该进行研究,自己有条件进行研究以及准备如何开展研究等问题,也可以说是对课题的论证和设计。开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的重要环节。研究方案,就是课题确定之后,研究人员在正式开展研究之前制订的整个课题研究的工作计划,它初步规定了课题研究各方面的具体内容和步骤。研究方案对整个研究工作的顺利开展起着关键的作用,尤其是对于我们科研经验较少的人来讲,一个好的方案,可以使我们避免无从下手,或者进行一段时间后不知道下一步干什么的情况,保证整个研究工作有条不紊地进行。可以说,研究方案水平的高低,是一个课题质量与水平的重要反映。二、 写好研究方案应做的基础性工作写好研究方案要了解它的基本结构与写法。写好开题报告和研究方案重要还是要做好很多基础性工作。首先,我们要了解别人在这一领域研究的基本情况,研究工作最根本的特点就是要有创造性,熟悉了别人在这方面的研究情况,才不会在别人已经研究很多、很成熟的情况下,重复别人走过的路,而会站在别人研究的基础上,从事更高层次、更有价值的东西去研究;其次,要掌握与课题相关的基础理论知识,理论基础扎实,研究工作才能有一个坚实的基础,否则,没有理论基础,你就很难研究深入进去,很难有真正的创造。因此,进行科学研究,一定要多方面地收集资料,要加强理论学习,这样我们写报告和方案的时候,才能更有把握一些,制定出的报告和方案才能更科学、更完善。

您的论文具体是什么题目呢有什么要求呢论文是需要多少字呢开题报告任务书都搞定了不你可以告诉我具体的排版格式要求,希望可以帮到你,祝顺利开题报告主要包括以下几个方面:(一)论文名称论文名称就是课题的名字第一,名称要准确、规范。准确就是论文的名称要把论文研究的问题是什么,研究的对象是什么交待清楚,论文的名称一定要和研究的内容相一致,不能太大,也不能太小,要准确地把你研究的对象、问题概括出来。第二,名称要简洁,不能太长。不管是论文或者课题,名称都不能太长,能不要的字就尽量不要,一般不要超过20个字。(二)论文研究的目的、意义研究的目的、意义也就是为什么要研究、研究它有什么价值。这一般可以先从现实需要方面去论述,指出现实当中存在这个问题,需要去研究,去解决,本论文的研究有什么实际作用,然后,再写论文的理论和学术价值。这些都要写得具体一点,有针对性一点,不能漫无边际地空喊口号。主要内容包括:⑴研究的有关背景(课题的提出):即根据什么、受什么启发而搞这项研究。⑵通过分析本地(校)的教育教学实际,指出为什么要研究该课题,研究的价值,要解决的问题。(三)本论文国内外研究的历史和现状(文献综述)。规范些应该有,如果是小课题可以省略。一般包括:掌握其研究的广度、深度、已取得的成果;寻找有待进一步研究的问题,从而确定本课题研究的平台(起点)、研究的特色或突破点。(四)论文研究的指导思想指导思想就是在宏观上应坚持什么方向,符合什么要求等,这个方向或要求可以是哲学、政治理论,也可以是政府的教育发展规划,也可以是有关研究问题的指导性意见等。(五)论文写作的目标论文写作的目标也就是课题最后要达到的具体目的,要解决哪些具体问题,也就是本论文研究要达到的预定目标:即本论文写作的目标定位,确定目标时要紧扣课题,用词要准确、精练、明了。常见存在问题是:不写研究目标;目标扣题不紧;目标用词不准确;目标定得过高,对预定的目标没有进行研究或无法进行研究。确定论文写作目标时,一方面要考虑课题本身的要求,另一方面要考率实际的工作条件与工作水平。(六)论文的基本内容研究内容要更具体、明确。并且一个目标可能要通过几方面的研究内容来实现,他们不一定是一一对应的关系。大家在确定研究内容的时候,往往考虑的不是很具体,写出来的研究内容特别笼统、模糊,把写作的目的、意义当作研究内容。基本内容一般包括:⑴对论文名称的界说。应尽可能明确三点:研究的对象、研究的问题、研究的方法。⑵本论文写作有关的理论、名词、术语、概念的界说。(七)论文写作的方法具体的写作方法可从下面选定:观察法、调查法、实验法、经验总结法、个案法、比较研究法、文献资料法等。(八)论文写作的步骤论文写作的步骤,也就是论文写作在时间和顺序上的安排。论文写作的步骤要充分考虑研究内容的相互关系和难易程度,一般情况下,都是从基础问题开始,分阶段进行,每个阶段从什么时间开始,至什么时间结束都要有规定。课题研究的主要步骤和时间安排包括:整个研究拟分为哪几个阶段;各阶段的起止时间希望我们可以帮你。1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录)3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文:(1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义,并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容:提出-论点;分析问题-论据和论证;解决问题-论证与步骤;结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是:(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

孔子研究论文的目的和意义英语

主要写微观的目的和宏观的目的。

目的: 1、培养学生的科学研究能力。2、加强综合运用所学知识、理论和技能解决实际问题的训练。 3、从总体上考查学生大学阶段学习所达到的学业水平。 意义: 1、撰写毕业论文是检验学生在校学习成果的重要措施,也是提高教学质量的重要环节。 2、通过撰写毕业论文,提高写作水平。论文是一个汉语词语,拼音是lùn wén,古典文学常见论文一词,谓交谈辞章或交流思想。当代,论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章,简称之为论文。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段,又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。它包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。随着计算机技术和因特网的迅猛发展,网上查询、检索和下载专业数据已成为当前科技信息情报检索的重要手段,对于网上各类全文数据库或文摘数据库,论文摘要的索引是读者检索文献的重要工具,为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。摘要是对论文综合的介绍,使人了解论文阐述的主要内容。论文发表后,文摘杂志或各种数据库对摘要可以不作修改或稍作修改而直接利用,让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容,以补充题名的不足,从而避免他人编写摘要可能产生的误解、欠缺甚至错误。所以论文摘要的质量高低,直接影响着论文的被检索率和被引频次。

1、题目:题目应简洁、明确、有概括性,字数不宜超过20个字(不同院校可能要求不同)。本专科毕业论文一般无需单独的题目页,硕博士毕业论文一般需要单独的题目页,展示院校、指导教师、答辩时间等信息。英文部分一般需要使用TimesNewRoman字体。2、版权声明:一般而言,硕士与博士研究生毕业论文内均需在正文前附版权声明,独立成页。个别本科毕业论文也有此项。3、摘要:要有高度的概括力,语言精练、明确,中文摘要约100—200字(不同院校可能要求不同)。4、关键词:从论文标题或正文中挑选3~5个(不同院校可能要求不同)最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词。关键词之间需要用分号或逗号分开。5、目录:写出目录,标明页码。正文各一级二级标题(根据实际情况,也可以标注更低级标题)、参考文献、附录、致谢等。6、正文:专科毕业论文正文字数一般应在3000字以上,本科文学学士毕业论文通常要求8000字以上,硕士论文可能要求在3万字以上(不同院校可能要求不同)。毕业论文正文:包括前言、本论、结论三个部分。前言(引言)是论文的开头部分,主要说明论文写作的目的、现实意义、对所研究问题的认识,并提出论文的中心论点等。前言要写得简明扼要,篇幅不要太长。本论是毕业论文的主体,包括研究内容与方法、实验材料、实验结果与分析(讨论)等。在本部分要运用各方面的研究方法和实验结果,分析问题,论证观点,尽量反映出自己的科研能力和学术水平。结论是毕业论文的收尾部分,是围绕本论所作的结束语。其基本的要点就是总结全文,加深题意。7、致谢:简述自己通过做毕业论文的体会,并应对指导教师和协助完成论文的有关人员表示谢意。8、参考文献:在毕业论文末尾要列出在论文中参考过的所有专著、论文及其他资料,所列参考文献可以按文中参考或引证的先后顺序排列,也可以按照音序排列(正文中则采用相应的哈佛式参考文献标注而不出现序号)。9、注释:在论文写作过程中,有些问题需要在正文之外加以阐述和说明。10、附录:对于一些不宜放在正文中,但有参考价值的内容,可编入附录中。有时也常将个人简介附于文后。

研究孔子的论文目的和意义

儒家思想控制中国人的价值观、人生观几千年,几乎成了基因里的传承记忆,很多国人现在不知何去何从,社会思潮趋向也无所谓主流非主流,是该好好审视自己的内心,为自己的精神家园找找方向了。

孔子对后世影响深远,虽说他“述而不作”,但他在世时已被誉为“天纵之圣”、“天之木铎”、“千古圣人”,是当时社会上最博学者之一。后世并尊称他为“至圣”(圣人之中的圣人)、“万世师表”,认为他曾修《诗》《书》,《礼》 《乐》,序《周易》(称《易经》十翼,或称易传),著《春秋》。《论语》是儒家学派的经典著作之一,由孔子的弟子及其再传弟子编撰而成。它以语录体和对话文体为主,记录了孔子及其弟子言行,集中体现了孔子的政治主张、伦理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。《论语》与《大学》《中庸》《孟子》并称“四书”。通行本《论语》共二十篇。《论语》的语言简洁精炼,含义深刻,其中有许多言论至今仍被世人视为至理。而且古代,小孩进学堂第一个拜的就是孔子。   美国诗人、哲学家爱默生认为“孔子是全世界各民族的光荣”。   1988年,75位诺贝尔奖的获得者在巴黎集会,会议结束后发表联合宣言,呼吁全世界“人类如果要在21世纪生存下去,就必须回首2500年前,去孔子那里汲取智慧。”他有众多弟子,如子贡、子路、颜渊等。被后世尊为“亚圣”的孟子是他孙子孔伋(字子思)的弟子。

一、教育思想1、孔子在中国历史上最早提出人的天赋素质相近,个性差异主要是因为后天教育与社会环境影响(“性相近也,习相远也”)。因而人人都可能受教育,人人都应该受教育。他提倡“有教无类”,创办私学,广招学生。2、孔子主张“学而优则仕”,学习了还有余力,就去做官。他的教育目的是要培养从政的君子,而君子必须具有较高的道德品质修养,所以孔子强调学校教育必须将道德教育放在首要地位(“弟子入则孝,出则悌,谨而信,泛爱众,而亲仁,行有余力,则以学文”)。3、孔子道德教育的主要内容是“礼”和“仁”。其中“礼”为道德规范,“仁”为最高道德准则。“礼”是“仁”的形式,“仁”是“礼”的内容,有了“仁”的精神,“礼”才真正充实。在道德修养方面,他提出树立志向、克己、践履躬行、内省、勇于改过等方法。4、“学而知之”是孔子教学思想的主导思想。在主张不耻下问、虚心好学的同时,他强调学习与思考相结合(“学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆”),同时还必须“学以致用”,将学到的知识运用于社会实践。二、意义打破了奴隶主贵族对学校教育的垄断,把受教育的范围扩大到平民,顺应了当时社会发展的趋势。孔子的教育活动不但培养了众多学生,而且他在实践基础上提出的教育学说,为中国古代教育奠定了理论基础。孔子的言论著作孔子的言论主要记录在《论语》中。《论语》是儒家学派的经典著作之一,由孔子的弟子及其再传弟子编撰而成。它以语录体和对话文体为主,记录了孔子及其弟子言行,集中体现了孔子的政治主张、伦理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。《论语》与《大学》、《中庸》、《孟子》在南宋后并称“四书”。通行本《论语》共二十篇。《论语》的语言简洁精炼,含义深刻,其中有许多言论至今仍被世人视为“微言大义”。文献整理:孔子晚年致力教育,修《诗》《书》《礼》《乐》,序《周易》(称《易经》十翼,或称易传),撰《春秋》。后人合称之为《六经》。诗歌创作:相传孔子作有《去鲁歌》《蟪蛄歌》《龟山操》《盘操》《猗兰操》《将归操》《获麟歌》等诗歌。这些诗歌多载于《乐府诗集》,可信度不高。

一、以“仁”为核心的人文道德教育思想孔子的政治思想以“仁”为核心,可以说“仁”是儒家学派的精髓,同时也体现在孔子的教育思想中。“博学而笃志,切问而近思,仁在其中矣。”“仁者,爱人”的平民思想是孔子“有教无类”教育思想的直接来源,在儒家的思想中,认为众生平等,无贵族与庶民之分,因此教学也不应有阶级之分,而应为民众所共有。孔子开私塾之先河,创办私学,广收门徒,打破了自西周以来“学在官府”的教育垄断局面,使教育不再受阶级、政治等因素的制约,成为一个独立的活动,扩大了受教人群,为我国古代开创了平民受教的先河,提高了平民的知识文化水平,且主张“学而优则仕”,与此后的科举制度一起使平民百姓也有为官治理国家的机会,为我国历史上培养出一大批贤人君子。二、以“启”为核心的循循善诱教导的教育思想孔子认为众多弟子“性将近”而“习相远”,“中人以上,可以语上也;中人以下,不可语上也。”每个人的性格品行不同,不应该用统一的标准去衡量,也不应该用统一的学习方法去对待。《论语》中曾记载:子路问:“闻斯行诸?”子曰:“有父兄在,如之何其闻斯行之?”冉有问:“闻斯行诸?”子曰:“闻斯行之。”公西华曰:“由也问闻斯行诸,子曰:‘有父兄在,求也问闻斯行诸,子曰:‘闻斯行之。赤也惑,敢问。”子曰:“求也退,故进之,由也兼人,故退之。”子路、冉有所问相同,而孔子答而不同。正是因为孔子认为冉有胆小,应鼓励他勇敢行事,而子路行事果敢,应约束他不要贸然行事。为师者,应在日常交往中了解学生的不同品性,“听其言而观其行”“对症下药”,根据学生的实际情况进行不同的教育。子曰:“不愤不启,不悱不发”,意为不到学生努力想明白而不可得时不要去启发他,不到学生想要表达而无力言语时也不要去启发他。孔子注重培养学生自我的积极思考,在他还没有努力思考或想要表达自己内心想法的时候不要去启发他,而应让学生先有自我思考,有自我表达的意愿时,再去适当地加以指导,使之如愿表达自己的想法。纵观《论语》,皆为孔子与弟子的言谈构成,有问有答,通过讨论来进行教育。三、以“慎”为核心的谦虚严谨学风的教育思想“知之为知之,不知为不知,是知也。”知道就是知道,不知道就是不知道,正确对待自己对知识的掌握程度,这才是学习知识应有的智慧。这不仅是一种对待学习的态度,同时也是真正获取知识的基本前提。只有明确自己所不知道的事情,才能够有针对性去获得某方面的知识。对待学习,就要有孔子“三人行,则必有我师焉”和“敏而好学,不耻下问”的学习态度,承认自己在某些知识方面的缺失,反而是对知识的一种尊重与渴求。找出自己知识的局限与缺失,实事求是,才能够真正获得知识。四、以“乐”为核心的敏而好学态度的教育思想相对比来说,学习要算的上一件辛苦的事。如若不是兴趣所在,学习则会变成一件痛苦的事情。孔子注重培养学生自觉学习的兴趣,兴趣所至,而学习则会变成一件快乐的事情。子曰:“知之者不如好知者,好知者不如乐知者。”孔子认为,知道学习的人不如喜欢学习的人,喜欢学习的人不如把学习当成乐趣的人。对学习有兴趣的人,学习就变成一件有趣的事情,自然就会比知道或爱好的人更容易学习到知识。把学习视作一件快乐的事情,对其产生兴趣,“学而不厌”,焉能有不成才的道理。连孔子自己都是学习兴趣的实践者,子曰:“我非生而知之者,好古,敏以求之者也。”而后成为知识渊博的大家。孔子认为,不仅要培养学生的学习兴趣,而且也要培养学生在学习过程中的态度。《论语》在“学而第一”开篇中便写到:“学而时习之,不亦说乎?”学习并且经常复习,真正地把握知识,不是会让人很高兴的吗?“学如不及,犹恐失之。”所表现的也是一种勤奋好学的学习态度,将学习视作好像是在追赶什么,总怕赶不上,赶上了又怕被甩掉。只有深入其中,学习到知识,才是人生一件快事。意义孔子作为我国古代重要的思想家、教育家,在其一生的教育实践中所总结出来的教育思想,是我国教育史上宝贵的财富,处处都闪现着教育哲理的光辉。他的教育思想具有普世价值,不仅在当时具有重要的影响,在几千年后的今天也具有十分重要的意义,从现实问题出发去研究孔子教育思想,可以帮助我们从过去的实践与理论中找到借鉴,受到启发。

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