法语议论文写作常用句型

1.写作类型法语写作文体类型可分为记叙文、说明文和论述文。1)记叙文:其内容主要包括:描述人、物、事和写信,如mes parents,ma famille,une journée bien remplie,ma vie universitaire,la télévision et moi,une lettre à mes parents等。2)说明文:内容多为介绍或说明同学们了解的事物,如:le francais,Internet等。3)论述文:主要是对学生日常生活中熟悉的事物或现象相关给以简单进行说明、议论和评述,如手机、电脑在普及中的问题、现象。题目可以为le mobile,vire en ville ou à la compagne等,论述文写起来难度大些。2.写作形式主要有看图、选词写作、命题写作等形式。看图写作是给出几幅图让学生根据视图作文;选词写作是在给出的数个单词中选出几个相关联的词(1—8个),并将它们有机地联系起来,形成文章,以上多是自命题;命题写作,就是给出一个题目,学生根据自己的理解去写;有时还可以给出一些提示和要求。如写作题为:Une vis ite chez un ami,三段的提示为:1)un ami vous invite chez lui ;2)vous faites une préparation;3)ce qui se passe chez lu。3.写作和要求根据国内的测试题,一般要求在30—45分钟内,完成80—100个字的短文;大多是“三段式”作文标准,而且要求按段落首句或首词提示、思路写下去。法国各种等级水平测试,如B1有60—200个字不等。从内容上,一般要求文章内容切题;用词准确、合理;句型多样,词汇丰富,遵守语法规则;语言规范、通顺、流畅;文章结构正确,段落清晰,有逻辑。欧标法语评估要求为六个要素“内容切题;语言规范、合理;描述、表达准确;词汇拼写正确;语句规范;文章结构紧凑、清晰”。

有关“启”的常用词语： at first at present currently first first of all firstly generally speaking in the beginning in the first place lately now it goes without saying that presently recently to begin with to start with 有关“承”的常用词语： after after a few days after a while also at any rate(无论如何) at the same time besides this by this time certainly consequently for example for instance for this purpose unlike what is more from now on furthermore in addition in addition to in fact in other words in particular in the same manner(同样地) incidentally(顺便让我提一下) indeed meanwhile moreover no doubt obviously of course particularly second secondly similarly so soon still then third truly 有关“转”的常用词语： after all all the same anyway at the same time but by this time conversely despite especially fortunately however in other words in particular in spite of in the same way likewise luckily nevertheless no doubt notwithstanding(虽然) on the contrary on the other hand 有关“合”的常用词语： above all accordingly as a consequence as a result as has been noted as I have said at last at length by and large(总的说来，大体上) briefly by doing so consequently eventually finally hence in brief in conclusion in short in sum in summary on the whole therefore thus to speak frankly to sum up to summarize 1．开头万能公式一：名人名言有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？”，很好办：编！原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？经典句型： A proberb says, “ You are only young once.” （适用于已记住的名言） It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. （适用于自编名言）更多经典句型： As everyone knows, No one can deny that… 2．开头万能公式二：数字统计原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型： According to a recent survey, about of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. 看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造： Honesty：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。 Travel by Bike：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。 Youth：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。 Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。更多句型： A recent statistics shows that … 文章主体段落三大杀手锏一、举实例思维短路，举实例！提出一个观点，举实例！提出一个方案，举实例！而且者也是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式，任何情况下，只要我们无法继续文章，不管三七二十一，尽管举例子！ In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible stimulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and human performance. For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they fime him or her. 更多句型： To take … as an example, One example is…, Another example is…, for example 二、做比较方法：写完一个要点，比较与之相似的；又写完一个要点，再比较与之相反的；世界上没有同样的指纹，没有相同的树叶，文章亦同，只有通过比较，你才会发现二者的相同点（through comparison）和不同点（through contrast）。下面是一些短语：相似的比较： in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner 相反的比较： on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with …, … 三、换言之没话说了，可以换一句话再说，让你的文章在多一些字，或者文邹邹地说，是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。实际就是重复重复再重复！下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love you! I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say, I love you. I am wild about you. In other words, I have fallen in love with you. 或者上面我们举过的例子： I cannot bear it. 可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it. 因此可以这样说：I cannot bear it. That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it. 更多短语： in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply 结尾万能公式 1．结尾万能公式一：如此结论说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子： Obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others. 如果读者很难“显而见之”，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了！更多过渡短语： to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus 更多句型： Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we can find that… 2．结尾万能公式二：如此建议如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽！ Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem. 这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢？更多句型： Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken. Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken. 写作的“七项基本原则” 一、长短句原则工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人！写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题： As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar. 如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉？牢记！强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。二、主题句原则国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感！相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事！特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的！ To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）. Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly. 三、一二三原则领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点… 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。 1）first, second, third, last（不推荐，原因：俗） 2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推荐，原因：俗） 3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原因：俗） 4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗） 5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐） 6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐） 7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐） 8）most important of all, moreover, finally 9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况） 10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚！四、短语优先原则写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！比如： I cannot bear it. 可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it. I want it. 可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it. 这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。五、多实少虚原则原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如：走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room 但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room 小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room 小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room 老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room 所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩！六、多变句式原则 1）加法（串联）都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说： I enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar. 如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式： Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm. 其它的短语可以用： besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover 2）转折（拐弯抹角）批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。 The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition. The coat was thin, but it was warm. 更多的短语： despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding 3）因果（so, so, so）昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系！ The snow began to fall, so we went home. 更多短语： then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that 4）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重）有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。举例：This is what I can do. Whether he can go with us or not is not sure. 同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分： When to go, Why he goes away… 5）附加（多此一举）如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他；或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。 The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine. I don’t enjoy that book you are reading. Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going. 其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成；定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。 6）排比（排山倒海句）文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个得对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势！ Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you. Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides. We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. （气势恢宏）要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可！七、挑战极限原则既然是挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀！原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如： The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills. Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China. 如果您可一些出这样的句子，不得高分才怪！

PrintempsPrintemps , le saison que j'adore le j'ai été enfant,j'ai souvent allé au parc avec mes parents . Je m'en suis souvenu,le parc était toujours plus joli au printemps que en autre saison ,parce que au printemps,il y avait beaucoup de fleur cela,printemps est le plus confortable de saison .Il ne fait pas chaud et il ne fait pas froid,même s'il pleut,il n'est pas pluie partais en vacan par 'adore admirer spectacles diffé crois que le printemps est le plus parfait de saison.第二篇我明天再打吧，想得好困阿。最好就是你想好中文我帮你打成法语吧。（PS，我也不知道是不是全对，我才学了1个多月）

Chapter One 文章开头句型 1-1 对立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法, 适用于有争议性的主题. 例如() [1]. When asked about....., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that ....... But I think/view a bit differently. [2]. When it comes to .... , some people bielive that ....... Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguements/statements , but (I tend to the profer/latter ...) [3]. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that .... They claim/ believe/argue that ... But I wonder/doubt whether..... 1-2 现象法引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论 . [1]. Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) ... has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern. [2]. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of ...has been brought into focus. ( has been brouth to public attention) [3].Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality ... is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly. ----- To be continued !! 1-3 观点法 ----开门见山,直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法. : [1]. Never history has the change of .. been as evident as ... Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/idea of .. benn more visible/popular than... [2]. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginnig/coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that... [3]. Now there is a growing awareness/recognation ot the necessity to......Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of ...... [4]. Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that....... 1-4 引用法 ----- 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点! : [1]. "Knowledge is power." such is the remark made by remark has been shared by more and more people . "Education is not complete with gradulation." Such is the opnion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opnion. [2]."........." How often we hear such statements/words like thoses /this . In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this "......". 1-5 比较法 ------ 通过对过去,现在两种不同的倾向,观点的比较 , 引出文章要讨论的观点. : [1]. For years, ...had been viewed as ... But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing ... , people ....... . [2]. People used to think that ... (In the past, ....) But people now share this new. 1-6 故事法 ---- 先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣, 引出文章的主题. : [1]. Once in (a newspaper) , I read of/learnt .... The phenemenon of ... has aroused public concern. [2]. I have a friend who ... Should he .... ? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our daily life. [3]. Once upon a time , there lived a man who ... This story may be (unbelievable) , but it still has a realistic significance now. 1-8 问题法 ----- 先用讨论或解答的设问, 引出自己观点, 适用于有争议性的话题. : Should/What ...... ? Options of ... vary greatly , some ..., others ... But in my opinion , ...... . Chapter 2 文章中间主体内容句型原因结果分析 3-1-1. 基本原因 --- 分析某事物时, 用此句型说明其基本的或者多方面的原因. : [1]. Why ... ? For one thing.. For another ... [2]. The answer to this problem invovles many factors. For one thing... For another...... Still another ... [3]. A number of factors , both physical and psychological affect .... /both individual and social contribute to .... 3-1-2 另一原因 --------> 在分析了基本原因之后, 再补充一个次要的或者更重要时用! : [1]. Another important factor is .... [2]. ... is also responsible for the change/problem. [3]. Certainly , the ... is not the sole reason for ..... 3-1-3 后果影响 --------- 分析某事物可能造成的后果或者带来的影响 . : [1]. It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on.... [2]. In involves some serious consequence for ........ 比较对照句型 3-2-1. 两者比较 ---> 比较两事物, 要说出其一超过另一个, 或肯定一事物的优点, 也肯定其缺点的时候用 ! : [1]. The advantages gained from A are much greater than the advantages we gain from B. [2]. Indeed, A carries much weight when compared with B. [3]. There is no doubt that it has its negative effects as well as positive effects. 3-2-2 . 两者相同/相似 ------> 比较两事物共同都有或者共同都没有的特点时用! : [1]. A and B have several thing in common. They are similar in that..... [2]. A bears some sriking resemblance(s) to B. Chapter Three 文章结尾形式 2-1 结论性--------- 通过对文章前面的讨论 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点 . : [1]. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that ..... [2]. In summary/In a word , it is more valuable ....... 2-2 后果性------ 揭示所讨论的问题若不解决, 将产生的严重后果. : [1]. We must call for an immediate method , because the current phenomenon of ... , if allowed to proceed, will surely lead to the heavy cost of ....... [2]. Obviously , if we ignore/are blind to the problem , there is every chance that .. will be put in danger. 2-3 号召性 -------- 呼吁读者行动起来, 采取行动或提请注意. : [1]. It is time that we urged an immediate end to the undesirable tendcy of ...... [2]. It is essential thar effective measures should be taken to correct the tendency. 2-4 建议性 -------- 对所讨论的问题提出建议性的意见, 包括建议和具体的解决问题的方法. : [1]. While it cannot be solved immediately, still there are ways. The most popular is .... Another method is ... Still another one is ..... [2]. Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation. 2-5 方向性的结尾方式 ---- 其与建议性的唯一差别就是对问题解决提出总的, 大体的方向或者指明前景. : [1]. Many solutions are being offered here , all of them make some sense, but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in a wide way . [2]. There is no quick method to the issue of .., but .. might be helpful/benefical. [3]. The great challenge today is ...... There is much difficulty , but ........ 2--6 意义性的结尾方式 --------> 文章结尾的时候,从更高的更新的角度指出所讨论的问题的重要性以及其深远的意义! : [1]. Following these suggestions may not guarantee the success, but the pay off might be worth the effort . It will not only benefit but also benefit ..... [2]. In any case, whether it is posotive or negative, one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly ..一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) ~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/ heard/ had/ read, etc) 例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。 Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V 例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。）例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。四、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...）例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse. 不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ （全世界都知道...）例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ （毫无疑问的...）例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子（...的优点是...）例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won't create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子（...的原因是...）例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us. 我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子（如此...以致于...）例句：So precious is time that we can't afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~ （虽然...）例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不} 虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~ The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈...愈...）例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。 The more books we read, the more learned we become. 我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ （借着...，..能够..）例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。十三、~~~ enable + Object（受词）+ to + V （..使..能够..）例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。十四、On no account can we+ V ~~~ （我们绝对不能...）例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。十五、It is time + S + 过去式（该是...的时候了）例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems. 该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。十六、Those who ~~~ （...的人...）例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished. 违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。十七、There is no one but ~~~ （没有人不...）例句：There is no one but longs to go to college. 没有人不渴望上大学。十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V （不得不...）例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports. 既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。十九、It is conceivable that + 句子（可想而知的） It is obvious that + 句子（明显的） It is apparent that + 句子（显然的）例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。二十、That is the reason why ~~~ （那就是...的原因）例句：Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don't like it. 夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。二十一、For the past+ 时间，S + 现在完成式...（过去...年来，...一直...）例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard. 自从他上高中，他一直很用功。二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ （...是值得的。）例句：It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。二十四、be based on （以...为基础）例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony. 社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。二十五、Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的）例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment. 我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事（让...明白...事）例句：We should bring home to people the value of working hard. 我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。二十七、be closely related to ~~ （与...息息相关）例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health. 做运动与健康息息相关。二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving = make it a rule to + V （养成...的习惯） We should get into the habit of keeping good hours. 我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~ （因为...）例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream. 因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V! = How + Adj + a + N + V!（多么...！）例句：What an important thing it is to keep our promise! How important a thing it is to keep our promise! 遵守诺言是多么重要的事！三十一、Leave much to be desired （令人不满意）例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired. 我们的交通状况令人不满意。三十二、Have a great influence on ~~~ （对...有很大的影响）例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health. 抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。三十三、do good to （对...有益），do harm to （对...有害）例句：Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。 Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。三十四、Pose a great threat to ~~ （对...造成一大威胁）例句：Pollution poses a great threat to our existence. 污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。三十五、do one's utmost to + V = do one's best （尽全力去...）例句：We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life. 我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标

论文英语开题报告常用句型

英语写作常用句型汇总

英语是一种语言，从语言学角度来看，学生在掌握一定数量的词汇与语法知识后，就要用来表达自己的.思想、见解，这些落实到纸面上就是英语写作。为提高大家的英语写作能力和技巧，下面我为大家带来英语写作常用句型汇总，欢迎大家学习!

英语写作常用句型汇总：

一、用于驳性和比较性论文

1. In general, I don’t agree with

2. In my opinion, this point of view doesn’t hold water。

3. The chief reason why… is that…

is no true that…

5. It is not true that…

6. It can be easily denied than…

7. We have no reason to believe that…

8. What is more serious is that…

9. But it is pity that…

10. Besides, we should not neglect that…

11. But the problem is not so simple. Therefore…

12. Others may find this to be true, but I believer that…

13. Perhaps I was question why…

14. There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to…

15. Though we are in basic agreement with…,but

16. What seems to be the trouble is…

17. Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that…

18. It would be reasonable to take the view that …, but it would be foolish to claim that…

19. There is in fact on reason for us so believe that…

20. What these people fail to consider is that…

21. It is one thing to insist that… , it is quite another to show that …

22. Wonderful as A is , however, it has its own disadvantages too。

23. The advantages of B are much greater than A。

24. A’s advantage sounds ridiculous when B’s advantages are taken into consideration。

二、用于描写图表和数据

1. It has increased by three times as compared with that of 1998.

2. There is an increase of 20% in total this year。

3. It has been increased by a factor of 4since 1995.

4. It would be expected to increase 5 times。

5. The table shows a three times increase over that of last year。

6. It was decreased twice than that of the year 1996.

7. The total number was lowered by 10%。

8. It rose from 10-15 percent of the total this year。

9. Compared with 1997, it fell from 15 to 10 percent。

10. The number is 5 times as much as that of 1995.

11. It has decreased almost two and half times, compared with…

三、用于解释性和阐述性论说文

knows that…

can be easily proved that…

3. It is true that…

4. No one can deny that

5. One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is…

6. The chief reason is that…

7. We must recognize that…

8. There is on doubt that…

9. I am of the opinion that…

10. This can be expressed as follows;

11. To take …for an example…

12. We have reason to believe that

13. Now that we know that…

14. Among the most convincing reasons given, one should be mentioned…

15. The change in …largely results from the fact that

16. There are several causes for this significant growth in…,first …,second …,finally…

17. A number of factors could account for the development in…

18. Perhaps the primary reason is…

19. It is chiefly responsible of…

20. The reasons for…are complicated, And probably they are found in the fact…

21. Here are several possible reasons, excerpt that…

22. Somebody believes/argues/holds/insists/thinks that…

23. It is not simple to give the reason for this complicated phenomenon…

24. Different people observes it in different ways。

四、用于文章的开头

1. As the proverb says…

2. It goes without saying tan…

3. Generally speaking…

4. It is quite clear than because…

5. It is often said that …

6. Many people often ask such question:“…?”

7. More and more people have come to realize…

8. There is no doubt that…

9. Some people believe that…

10. These days we are often told that, but is this really the case?

11. One great man said that…

12. Recently the issue of… has been brought to public attention。

13. In the past several years there has been…

14. Now it is commonly held that… but I doubt whether…

15. Currently there is a widespread concern that…

16. Now people in growing number are coming to realize that…

17. There is a general discussion today about the issue of …

18. Faced with…, quite a few people argue that…, but other people conceive differently.

综述：opening report可以，用Proposal更正式点。

重点词汇：Proposal

英［prə＇pəʊzl］

释义：

n.提议，建议；（计划、建议等的）提出；求婚

［复数：proposals］

短语：

The Proposal假结婚；爱情限时签；求婚的恶魔；弄假成真

词语使用变化：proposal

n.（名词）

1、proposal表示“提议，建议”时，其后可接介词短语或动词不定式作定语，也可接that从句作同位语。

2、proposal所接由that引起的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气。

3、proposal作为名词时，后面通常跟带to的不定式和名词。

英语学术论文常用句型英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper。。 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.

英语论文写作句型总结

定语从句，宾语从句。应该就可以了哈。要注意通篇时态要一致。否则会被扣得很惨。

一、表示比较和对照关系的句型：

1) A is to B what/ as C is to D(A之于B犹如C之于D).

2) Just as..., so...

3) A and B have sth in common.

4) A is similar to B.

5) The same is true of，The same can be said of(……也是如此).

6) The advantages of A are much greater than B.

7) compared with B, A has many advantages.

8) The advantages outweigh the disadvantages(利大于弊).

9) Wonderful as A is, however, it has its own disadvantages too.

10) Although A enjoys considerable advantage over..., it can not compete with B in...

11) Contrary to widely accepted views, I believe that...

12) What people fail to consider is that...

13) It is one thing to insist that..., it is quite another to show that...

14) A is superior(inferior) to B.

15) ...varies from person to person(……是因人而异的)

16) A is just the opposite (to B)

17) A differs from B in that…(A不同于B在于……)

18) …is not the same (as)

二、过渡性句型：

1) this is true that...

2) ...also...

3) It is one thing to...; it is another to...

三、描写图表和数据的'句型

1) .. . rank first (both) in...

2) The number is ...times as much as that of ...

3) The figure has nearly doubled, as against that of last year.

4) It accounts for 35% of...

5) By comparison with ..., it decreased/increased/fell from...to...

6) ...rise rapidly(slowly)

7) ...remain level...

8) ...reach ...

四、图表作文中的过渡、概括句型：

1) As can be indicated in the table, ...

2) As we could find out later， ...

3) As is revealed in the table，...

4) As the survey results show，...

5) This table provides several important points of comparison between，...

6) The two graphs depict the same thing in ...

7) The key findings taken from the surveys are as follows:

8) According to the figures given in the table, ...

9) This chart shows that ...

10) As is shown by the graph, ...

11) It can be seen from the statistics that ...

12) It is generally believed /accepted/thought/held ...

五、说明原因的句型:

1) There are some/two/many good reasons for.../to do...

2) We have two good reasons for...

3) The reason for ... is that + 从句

4) Among the most convincing reasons given by people for..., one should be mentioned...

5) One may think of the trend as a result of...

6) The change in... largely results from the fact that...

7) There are several causes for this significant growth in... First...

8) A number of factors could account for the ....

9) It is no simple task to give the reason for ...

10) The cause of /reason for higher prices was an increase in demand.

11) Because/As/Now that/Since the demand has increased, the prices are higher.

12) An increase in demand causes/results in/leads to/produces higher prices.

13) The demand has increased.

14) Therefore,/As a result,/For this reason,/Because of this,/Consequently, the prices are higher.

15) If there is an increase in demand, then prices rise./go up. /boost./are higher.

16) Different people look at...in different ways...

六、表示不同看法的句型:

1) Different people have/hold different opinions/views on the question/problem/matter. Some believe that ...; Others argue that ... :Still others maintain that ...

2) They are quite different from each other in their opinions.

3) Some people hold the opinion that it is good to ....

4) They think quite differently on this question.

5) Opinions vary from individual to individual, from culture to culture.

七、表示必须,紧急,有困难做某事的句型:

1) It is important (necessary, urgent, difficult, easy, convenient, comfortable, expensive, desirable, advisable) for sb. to do sth.

2) ...have trouble/difficulty/a hard time/a difficult time (in) doing sth. (有困难做某事)

八、用于文章开头的句型：

1) Faced with...; quite a few people argue that...; But other people conceive differently.

2) There is a general discussion today about the issue of....; Those who object to... argue that ...;They believe that...; But people who favor ..., on the other hand, argue that ...

3) Currently there is a widespread concern that...

4) Now people in growing number are coming to realize that...

5) Now it is commonly held that ...; they think ...; But I doubt whether...

6) Recently the issue of... has been brought to public attention.

7) One of the great men once said that... Now more and more people share this belief.

8) Until recently, ... has been regarded as.... But people are taking a fresh look at it.

9) Sb. argues/maintains /holds/insists/believes that...

10) More and more people are realizing /have come to realize...

11) There is no denying/doubt that ...

九、用于文章结尾的句型：

1) From what has been discussed above/taking into account all these factors, we may safely arrive at/draw/come to/reach the conclusion that ...

2) It is high time that we put considerable/great/special emphasis on ...

3) We must look for all immediate method, because the present situation of ..., if permitted to continue, will sure lead to/result in...

4) Many solutions/methods are being offered here, all of them make some sense, but none is quite satisfactory. The problem should be examined in a new way.

5) There is no immediate solution to the problem of..., but... might be helpful/beneficial.

6) No easy method can be at hand to solve the problem of ..., but the general awareness of the necessity/importance of... might be the first step on the right way.

7) There is little doubt/denying that ...

8) It is, therefore, obvious/evident that the task of...require immediate attention.

9) As far as ... be concerned, I believe/think that ...

10) In conclusion,...

11) In my opinion, I am in favor of ...

12) Personally, I prefer to...

13) In short,... should learn to...; Only in this way can the most difficult problems be solved properly.

14) As far as I am concerned, I agree with the opinion that...

十、用于论证和说明的句型：

1) We may cite/quote/take a single/common example to illustrate...

2) Our society abounds with the examples of ...

3) A recent study indicates/suggests/shows that...

4) According to the statistics provided by..., it can be seen that...

5) There is good/sufficient evidence to show that...

6) This brings out/set forth the important fact that ...

7) No one can ignore/overlook the fact that...

十一、常用谚语 (在议论文中):

1) As a popular saying goes, “Every coin has two sides”.

2) As a proverb says, “Everything has two sides”. On the one hand, physical exercise is good for your health. On the other hand, if you don?t deal with it properly, it will do harm to your health. So we should look at the matter from two sides.

3) As a proverb says, “Where there is a will there is a way.” (有志者事竟成)

4) As a popular saying goes, “A man is known by the company he keeps.”(观其交友,知其为人)

5) As is known to all, “No pains, no gains”.(没有苦,就没有甜)

十二、辩论中常用的句型:

1) There is no doubt that ...

2) It is obvious/clear that ...

3) As is known to all, ...

4) (It?s) no wonder... (难怪) He didn?t work hard and no wonder he lost his job.

5) It goes without saying that ... (不用说,不成问题,很自然……)

6) What is more important, ...

7) I am convinced that ... (我深信……)

我现在上的E x say英语，ABC添下英与，Ekoyu口语也挺.好.，外教1对1课程，上下来英语整体水平以及口语的部份进步都挺大的，他们是快速英语速成教材，一对一家教式教学，还使我拥有了美国人的思维，而且纠正了我的发音，推荐去听下他们的轻松试听课程，货比三家嘛。被动语句，定语从句，是最常用的在像the more the more。这种句型朋友其实这中事情还是要靠自己在下面积累，别人告诉的不一定适合你，你可以找一些范文把里面的精髓都给挑出来做好笔记比如好的句型用的好的高级词汇连词，短语，这些都是一边好作文的必备要素，都可以成为你作文中的亮点。加油！!

法语论文答辩常用句子英文

Cher professeur, bon après-midi! Mon nom est ***, ** ** classe, les étudiants, ma thèse était intitulée -------------------- papier ** instructeurs soigneusement pointage, j'ai dit à mon mentor profonde gratitude à vous et l'enseignant a travaillé sans relâche pour participer à ma soutenance de thèse exprimer mes sincères remerciements pour les quatre années que j'ai eu l'occasion d'écouter les enseignements de collègues enseignants à exprimer mon respect sincère. Je Dans cette thèse, le but et le contenu principal de l'enseignant de faire un rapport d'exhorter les enseignants à critiquer la direction. .

soutenir 音标：[sutnir]v. t. 1. 支撑，撑住：des colonnes qui soutiennent une voûte 支撑屋顶的柱子un arbre soutenu par un tuteur 一棵用支柱撑住的树soutenir son menton dans ses mains 两手撑住下巴Aidez-moi à soutenir ce tableau pour l'accrocher au mur. 帮我托住这幅要挂在墙上的画。 2. 扶住，搀扶：soutenir un malade 搀扶一位病人3. 维持体力；（经济上）维持，扶养：Prenez du café, ça vous soutiendra. 你喝点咖啡，提提神吧。 On lui a fait une piqûre pour soutenir le cœur. 给他打一针以防心脏衰竭。 soutenir une famille 维持一家人的生活4. 支持，支援；拥护：~ qn 支持某人soutenir une troupe 支援一支部队soutenir la production agricole 支援农业生产soutenir toutes les justes luttes menées par les peuples du monde entier 支持全世界人民的正义斗争5. 坚持；主张；确信，肯定：soutenir une thèse 进行论文答辩soutenir son opinion 坚持自己的意见Il soutient t'avoir vu. 他认定说看到你的。 6. 保持，维持：soutenir sa dignité 保持自己的尊严soutenir la conversation 使谈话继续下去soutenir l'intérêt de l'auditoire 使听众的兴趣不低浇Soutenez- votre effort! 坚持下去！soutenir la voix ［乐］保持音量7. 经受住，忍受住：soutenir une épreuve 经受住考验soutenir la fatigue 忍受住疲劳soutenir la comparaison avec … ［转］可与…相媲美8. ［舞蹈］保持一种姿势se soutenir v. pr. 1. 立直，立住，支撑住；支持下去：Il est encore si faible qu'il ne peut se ~ (sur ses jambes). 他仍旧很弱，还站不住。 Je ne me soutiens plus. 我支撑不住了。 2. 维持原状，保持下去：Le mieux se soutient. 财政部继续好转。 Le cours des valeurs se soutient. 证券牌价维持原状。 Ce discours se soutient bien. 这篇演说从头到尾都很好。 3. 浮起，腾空：soutenir sur l'eau 浮在水面上Les oiseaux se soutiennent en l'air au moyen de leurs ailes. 鸟靠翅膀腾空。 4. 得到肯定；得到支持：Cela peut se soutenir. 这是可以肯定的。 Une pareille proposition n'aurait se soutenir. 这样一个建议是不会得到支持的。 5. 互相支撑，互相支持，互相援助常见用法soutenir une thèse进行论文答辩

论文答辩自述英文

在个人成长的多个环节中，大家都经常接触到论文吧，通过论文写作可以提高我们综合运用所学知识的`能力。那么问题来了，到底应如何写一篇优秀的论文呢？以下是我帮大家整理的论文答辩自述英文，欢迎大家分享。

Good morning, professors and everyone. I come from JMU College. I am XXX and my supervisor is prof XXX. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, I have finished my paper.

The title of my paper is An Analysis of Ahab’s Personality Tragedy in Moby Dick. I choose this title as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this work as this is one of the texts in our American literature course . Last but not least , Moby-Dick is widely recognized as the summit not only of Melville’s art but of American nineteenth-centry fiction.

The purpose of this essay is to study Captain Ahab,the role in Moby-Dick, whose leg was bitten by the white whale in his process of the whaling. After losing his leg, he determined to revenge Moby Dick and tried to kill it. In order to revenge, Ahab ultimately dooms the crew of the Pequod (save for Ishmael) to death by his obsession with Moby Dick. By taking the comprehensive analysis perspective of Moby-Dick, this thesis will point out that the main characteristics of Ahab.

This paper consists of three parts. Part one presents an introduction to the Social Background and the life of the Author Herman Melvillehe ,Part two presents The Main Characteristics of Ahab. there are three aspects have been divided to analyze his characters: his monomania , his selfishness, and his individualism. Part three presents The Consequences of Ahabs Personality Tragedy.

OK, thats all. Thank you !

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：

I am Zhao Jing. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Zhong Ming, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.

The title of my paper is The Masculine Spirit of The Old Man and the Sea

The whole thesis consists of 3 parts. The first part will give brief introductions on the background which contains the social and cultural aspects and the introduction to the author of the masterpiece. In The second part is going to have a brief

introduction of the old man and the sea and analyze the masculine spirits in the old man and the sea such as the faith optimistic and the wisdom of the hero. In the third part, it is the natural conclusion and the deep consideration.

I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this novel as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times. Last but not the least, I’m deeply appreciated to the masculine spirit and hope I can get and practice it in my future. For the above facts, I select the subject of The Masculine Spirit of The Old Man and the Sea as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this novel we can know more about the author Hemingway and his honorable masculine spirit. “A man can be destroyed but not be defeated.” Such kind of spirit can

help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

That’s you!

stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, its show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.

The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.

Angela Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomens writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation”. The year 2014 represents the 22” anniversary of Angela Carters death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carters works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.

With the emergence of western womens movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though womens social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carters most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.

Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.

Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.

Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carters life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.

Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carters life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to womens freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.

Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carters demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.

Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

Les enseignants, bon après-midi! Je m’appelle * * *, * * * * est au niveau des élèves, ma thèse est----------------thèse * * personnes dévouées à mentors au titre de montrer ici à mon patron, je vous exprime sa profonde gratitude au professeur louent à mon soutenance a exprimé sa profonde gratitude à ces quatre dernières années et j’ai eu l’occasion d’entendre les professeurs des différentes sincèrement de sa très haute considération. Je vais a la "(?) loigne à tous les enseignants et les principaux éléments d’un professeur critiques, lancer un vibrant appel.

日语论文答辩常用句

明天答辩了，能给我发一份吗？

能发我一份吗？急啊。

我也是刚学日语

ご临席の皆様、先生方、こんにちは日本语学部の＊＊と申します。本日卒业论文の答弁をさせていただきます。よろしく、お愿いします。わたし、発表のテーマは＊＊＊＊では、始まります。＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊终わったとき、＊＊＊论文について、足りない部分がおおいですけど、これんから勉强いたします。ご清聴どうもありがとう、ございました。