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欧洲文化艺术论文选题背景和意义

发布时间:2024-07-08 02:18:27

欧洲文化艺术论文选题背景和意义

文艺复兴推动了欧洲文化街思想领域的繁荣,为欧洲资本主义社会的产生奠定了思想文化基础

文艺复兴是14-16世纪时期欧洲新兴的资产阶级在文学,艺术,哲学和自然科学等领域开展的一场文化运动。意大利是文艺复兴的发源地,文艺复兴的意思是“在希腊,罗马古典规范的影响下,艺术与文学的复兴或新生”。文艺复兴给欧洲大陆带来了新的人文及社会理念,那就是注重人性的价值,开始了自由民主的社会潮流,由于自然科学技术的不断进步,资本主义经济开始在欧洲萌芽,基督教的神权思想束缚被打破,人们迫切要求看到表现自己生活的新艺术,同期古希腊罗马遗址的发现出土,人们开始出现向往古代文化的心情。文艺复兴使欧洲的科学,文化出现了前所未有的繁荣。文艺复兴最早在意大利开始是14—16世纪,影响到欧洲其它国家是15—17世纪。

Abstract: America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence of Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature Keywords: National Literature, Romanism, Transcendentalism, Local Color, Realism, Modern literature 摘要: 从殖民地时期起,欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。 这往后很长一段时期, 美国文学一直都受到欧洲文化的很大 影响 。一直到美国独立后,美国人强烈地感觉到了民族文学的需要,美国的民族文学开始 发展 。 南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭, 战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期,产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义,和以爱默生为代表的超验主义文学。爱默生的 时代 是美国前所未有的文学变动时代,产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。 他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量,也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。但是由于战争的影响, 社会 动荡不安,这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面, 同时美国的民族文学进一步发展,创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。 一战后,美国人陷入战后的茫然, 美国也开始进入了 现代 文学阶段。 关键词: 民族文学, 浪漫主义, 超验主义, 本土色彩, 现实主义, 现代文学 American is a multi-national Just like a big container, which put in various kinds of Different cultures, that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast, mixed together, It makes American literature style has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic Many writers come from lower level, which makes American literature has the rich flavor of life and local Furthermore, many new styles of literature in the world are oriented in America since 20th The process of American literature can be divided into following main periods: Colony and Puritan literature; early national literature; latter national literature and Modern America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realize that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition,and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence if Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature Colonial and early American literature (1) Travelers and Explorers When the European explorers first came to this new continent, the native Indians who probably got here from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin, and they even had no written language, “The traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth, and therefore belongs to the category of oral literature,” (Wu Dingbo, 1) As time past, more and more travelers and explorers swarmed They wrote a lot of diaries、letters, and travel accounts to describe the new land as second E No wander somebody said that the earliest American literature were the travel accounts written by European Among the most remained were Captain John Smith’s True Relation of Virginia (1608), and Description of New England (1616) Although most of the Indian history was preserved in tales and songs, they had thoughts about life and They loved the natural world around them deeply, and they believed that when a person was dead, he would give back what had borrowed while he was alive to This kind of philosophy had influenced later or even modern American It’s interesting that when we look at the literature of the Puritans, the Transcendentalists, the Naturalists, and even the Moderns, when we read Anne Bradstreet, Emily Dickinson, Stephen Crane, and Ernest Hemingway, we can find similar (2) Pilgrim settlements Several years later, another group of settlers also arrived in the New W This group was looking for the Jamestown However , because of bad navigation, they landed in M They were also coming to the New World with dreams of success, but their goal was different from the Jamestown They wanted to start a new world governed by the B They were called Puritans because they wanted to live a better life by making themselves They first arrived on the Mayflower and settled in P This is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about the "first A"The clearest history of their journey to the New World can be found in History of Plymouth Plantation (1608) written by William Bradford, who was also one of the Mayflower The History of Plymouth Plantation is a Puritan book in the best “It’s loosely annalistic, but a direct and simple style gives charm, as a sincere faith in Puritanism gives purity, to the entire ” (W P Trent, 1997) The Puritans had several kinds of By far the most common form is the writing related to Biblical teachings, or sermons, that the church leaders The Puritans believed that they were in the New World because God had brought them there for a special They thought that by studying the Bible they could learn more about this way of So they were very strict to their life, and they didn’t allow any kind of entertainment even in That’s way Wu Dingbo said in his book “Literature of the New England Settlement is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism” and “The literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or ” (Wu Dingbo, 4) Another important form of writing from this period is the These books, like Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, are important because they tell us about life at the time of the P People also wrote many But a lot of works were hidden and lost because people often considered poetry to be an inferior form of writing and not totally acceptable to Puritan One of the most significant poets from this period was Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) Her poems in Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America (1650) reflected the con concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies, and in all her poems, however, she shows her strong belief in G 18th century—the Age of reason (1) The Age of reason In the 18th century, people believed in man’s own nature and the power of human With Franklin as its spokesman, the 18th century America experienced an age of Words had never been so useful and so important in human People wrote a lot of political Numerous pamphlets and printings were These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the Among the most renowned was the work Common Sense (1776) of Thomas Paine (1737-1809) It’s the ringing call for the decoration of He also wrote Crisis (1774-1783) and The Age of Reason (1794-1796), according to Wu, “He thought that religion should be based on rational, reasonable ” (Wu Dingbo, 12) The pamphlets helped complete the debate that resulted in America's separation from E And of course for all the Americans, the most important document from this period was a single sheet of paper called The Declaration of Independence (1776), mainly written by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin F Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), the most distinguished person and giant in American history, he wrote and worked for American independence hardly and had made so many great efforts to America that he has been called "The First A" a world-renowned scientist, diplomat, philosopher, and He perfected the smooth, clear, short sentences of the Puritan plain His Autobiography encourages hard work and emphasizes the importance of Another work that is well known is Poor Richard's Almanack, and many of the sentences have become popular During this time writers thought that the truth should be relied on Bible, churchmen, authorities, or practice and (2) Early National Literature During the period of American Revolution War, American national literature came into Since before the war, American people have already had the awareness of national independence, so they wrote many political writings revolutionary The war helped the first important American prose writers and poets grow up both culturally and Furthermore, the independence of nation led to the independence of national From this moment on, American people began to understand of meaning of being a real ”American“ 放不下了,后面还有,在下面的网站里。满意拿分

文艺复兴是指发生于公元十四至十六世纪(有说十四至十七世纪)的一场从意大利兴起进而席卷整个欧洲的文化运动。一,文艺复兴的产生背景在漫长的近千年的中世纪,欧洲各国长期受到封建宗教神学的统治,经济发展缓慢,文化陷于僵滞,人们思想被禁锢,还有黑死病的大面积袭扰,整个欧洲死气沉沉。到公元十三十四世纪,濒临地中海的意大利的佛罗伦萨、威尼斯、罗马等城市通过海上贸易渐渐繁华起来,出现的许多新兴的工商业者,生产力和生产关系发生了变化,人们对原有的宗教神学统治越来越不适应,人心思变,一种新的思潮开始酝酿产生。此前,宗教神学在欧洲占据统治地位长达千年,根深蒂固,若要动摇改变何其艰难。于是智者们祭起了古希腊古罗马文化艺术的大旗,提出了复兴古希腊古罗马文艺口号,实际宗旨是倡导主宰世界的是人不是神,人有追求自由民主幸福的权利的人文主义精神。在这一宗旨引领下,文学、艺术、哲学等各个领域群起响应,从意大利开始,进而波及西欧中欧北欧和整个欧洲,成为欧洲近代史上一场具有里程碑意义的新文化和思想解放运动。二,文艺复兴的历史作用历经二百年(有说三百年)的文艺复兴运动从思想上动摇了长达千年的宗教神学统治,冲破了长期以来宗教神学对人们思想的禁锢和束缚,确立了人是世界的主宰的理论,特别是人的思想得到了前所未有的解放,人性得到了极大张扬。由此引发一系列变革,促使欧洲近代科学、哲学、文学、艺术等迅速发展,为资本主义的产生创造了条件。

欧洲文化艺术论文选题背景及意义

文艺复兴推动了欧洲文化街思想领域的繁荣,为欧洲资本主义社会的产生奠定了思想文化基础

文艺复兴是14~16世纪反映西欧各国正在形成中的资产阶级要求的思想、文化运动。其主要中心最初在意大利,16世纪扩及德意志、尼德兰、英国、法国和西班牙等地。“文艺复兴”的概念在14~16世纪时己被意大利的人文主义作家和学者所使用。该词源自意大利文“Rinascita”,一般多写为法文“Renaissance”。它概括了乔托以来的文艺活动的特点,被世界各国沿用至今。中国曾有人直译为“再生”或“再生运动”,但“文艺复兴”的译法己被普遍接受。当时人们认为,文艺在希腊、罗马古典时代曾高度繁荣,但在中世纪“黑暗时代”却衰败湮没,直到14世纪以后才获得“再生”与“复兴”。因此,文艺复兴着重表明了新文化以古典为师的一面,但它并非单纯的古典复兴,实际上是反封建的新文化的创造。文艺复兴主要表现在科学、文学和艺术的普遍高涨,但因各国的社会经济和历史条件不同,在各国带有各自的特征。 意大利文艺复兴 13世纪末14世纪初,意大利在欧洲最早产生资本主义萌芽;但由于政治、经济发展不平衡,先进地区只限于少数几个城市,尤以佛罗伦萨、威尼斯为最。地处意大利中部的佛罗伦萨出现了以毛织、银行、布匹加工业等为主的七大行会,它们不仅控制佛罗伦萨的经济,也直接掌握城市政权。佛罗伦萨的最高权力机构——长老会议的成员只能由七大行会从其会员中遴选,贵族被剥夺参政权,广大工人处于无权地位。在这种政治、经济背景下的佛罗伦萨,成为意大利乃至整个欧洲的文艺复兴发源地和最大中心。

我是外语学院的,我们经常搞这些,记得上铺写过这么一篇,给分吧,我晚上问问

文艺复兴是14-16世纪时期欧洲新兴的资产阶级在文学,艺术,哲学和自然科学等领域开展的一场文化运动。意大利是文艺复兴的发源地,文艺复兴的意思是“在希腊,罗马古典规范的影响下,艺术与文学的复兴或新生”。文艺复兴给欧洲大陆带来了新的人文及社会理念,那就是注重人性的价值,开始了自由民主的社会潮流,由于自然科学技术的不断进步,资本主义经济开始在欧洲萌芽,基督教的神权思想束缚被打破,人们迫切要求看到表现自己生活的新艺术,同期古希腊罗马遗址的发现出土,人们开始出现向往古代文化的心情。文艺复兴使欧洲的科学,文化出现了前所未有的繁荣。文艺复兴最早在意大利开始是14—16世纪,影响到欧洲其它国家是15—17世纪。

欧洲文化论文选题背景和意义

这类答案最好在教科书上找 不然答案太多你也不想抄

阅读文献主要分为3个阶段:一、Surveying the Article(判断论文是否值得读) 1、读标题和关键词推测这篇论文的大致主题和内容,以此判断自己是否感兴趣或者是否需要 2、读摘要。摘要会说明论文的基本内容、方法特色、主要贡献,是整篇论文内容的浓缩,非常重要。  3、看结论。跳过前言、实验的方法等部分,直接看作者得出的结论,如果结论和你不是很相关,同样地舍弃这篇论文。 二、Reading the Article(读论文)  1、读图表和数据。在看实验细节之前,先花点时间看下图表和数据。  2、读引言。引言的功能是介绍研究的背景,以及在这个背景下这篇论文想解决的问题和它的重要性。  3、读结果和讨论。结果和讨论是论文的核心,值得花费大部分时间来阅读。  4、读实验。这是论文中最晦涩难读的部分,所以要放在最后。当这部分需要仔细阅读,了解作者究竟做了哪些工作,怎么做的,阅读速度肯定要慢下来,花更多时间。  三、Take Notes (做笔记)  “好记性不如烂笔头”,在读完论文后还需要认真做笔记。一份好的笔记,可以帮你把一篇论文的重要内容全部“偷走”。这样下次只需要看自己的阅读总结即可,不需要再对论文进行重新阅读。

一、用“对答案”的方式进行阅读。我们每个人都应该有做数学题的经历,如果看完题目就直接去看参考答案,会感觉很简单,也知道怎么做了,可过后再遇到类似的问题就又不会做了;可如果你自己去做了,然后再去“对答案”,从中发现或找出你的作答思路和答案不一样的地方,这样你就能更深刻地认识到正确解答问题的关键所在,下次再碰到类似的问题也就知道怎么去作答了。读是也是一样,要想读完一本书,更好的理解并记住书中的内容,就不能只是简单地跟着作者的文字去阅读。在阅读之前你要学会提出问题(可以根据目录),然后根据自己的知识回答这个问题。在阅读完之后,把阅读前的答案和阅读后的答案进行比对,看看自己答对了多少、还有哪些遗漏和差距。这些差距,或者说回答盲区,就是你要重点关注的对象。提出问题是为了让你明确阅读目标,读的时候更专心更投入。回答问题可以促进思考,帮你分析自我现状。对答案可以帮你:①确认目标有没有达成;②发现你还存在哪些遗漏和不足;③针对没有达成的目标或者答案中的知识盲区,思考接下来的阅读目标(如果刚读完的书还学得到东西、还有没理解透的地方,可以用同一本书继续设定目标。如果想从不同的书去学习,就用不同的书设定不同的目标。)二、用快速阅读的方法读书。在没学习快速阅读之前,我通常是以2倍速度阅读(扫读)完一本书之后,找到感兴趣的地方、对我重要的地方、看不懂的地方,然后才放慢一点速度来阅读,对于二次读过发现的精华内容,再进行一遍精读。在学习掌握了快速阅读法之后,我基本是以每分钟两三千字的速度进行阅读(正常人的阅读速度在200-500字每分钟),所以整体上的效率是提升了很多倍,非常有利于快速抓取书籍重点。现实中,一眼看七八个、十余个文字,也就是一分钟看一两千字、或者一分钟看两三千字,只要经过专门的训练,轻轻松松就可以做到!如果按照 “精英特速读记忆训练软件” 的训练,大致练习的方法就是:训练打开我们的视幅(视幅越大、一眼看到的文字、捕捉到的信息就越多)、其次提高焦点移动的速度(让眼睛可以在文字中快速准确的移动定位),其三,提高整体感知能力(提高眼脑快速捕捉信息的能力),其四,进行速读实战(用快速阅读的方法实际阅读文章,强化速读能力。

文艺复兴推动了欧洲文化街思想领域的繁荣,为欧洲资本主义社会的产生奠定了思想文化基础

欧洲文化艺术论文选题背景

出现这种新气象的社会基础,是欧洲封建社会政治和经济形势的稳定。这便是匈奴人的入侵最后被击退,日耳曼人的领地逐渐恢复,农业稳定,交通与商业的繁荣给城市注入了新的血液,封建秩序已经牢固地树立起来,宗教的狂热一步步上升,许多威名远扬的教会和主教大人,在政治、经济、文化各方面发挥着很大的影响,其中不泛深谙建筑、雕刻和绘画的有才能的艺术家。

Abstract: America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence of Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature Keywords: National Literature, Romanism, Transcendentalism, Local Color, Realism, Modern literature 摘要: 从殖民地时期起,欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。 这往后很长一段时期, 美国文学一直都受到欧洲文化的很大 影响 。一直到美国独立后,美国人强烈地感觉到了民族文学的需要,美国的民族文学开始 发展 。 南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭, 战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期,产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义,和以爱默生为代表的超验主义文学。爱默生的 时代 是美国前所未有的文学变动时代,产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。 他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量,也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。但是由于战争的影响, 社会 动荡不安,这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面, 同时美国的民族文学进一步发展,创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。 一战后,美国人陷入战后的茫然, 美国也开始进入了 现代 文学阶段。 关键词: 民族文学, 浪漫主义, 超验主义, 本土色彩, 现实主义, 现代文学 American is a multi-national Just like a big container, which put in various kinds of Different cultures, that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast, mixed together, It makes American literature style has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic Many writers come from lower level, which makes American literature has the rich flavor of life and local Furthermore, many new styles of literature in the world are oriented in America since 20th The process of American literature can be divided into following main periods: Colony and Puritan literature; early national literature; latter national literature and Modern America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realize that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition,and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence if Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature Colonial and early American literature (1) Travelers and Explorers When the European explorers first came to this new continent, the native Indians who probably got here from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin, and they even had no written language, “The traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth, and therefore belongs to the category of oral literature,” (Wu Dingbo, 1) As time past, more and more travelers and explorers swarmed They wrote a lot of diaries、letters, and travel accounts to describe the new land as second E No wander somebody said that the earliest American literature were the travel accounts written by European Among the most remained were Captain John Smith’s True Relation of Virginia (1608), and Description of New England (1616) Although most of the Indian history was preserved in tales and songs, they had thoughts about life and They loved the natural world around them deeply, and they believed that when a person was dead, he would give back what had borrowed while he was alive to This kind of philosophy had influenced later or even modern American It’s interesting that when we look at the literature of the Puritans, the Transcendentalists, the Naturalists, and even the Moderns, when we read Anne Bradstreet, Emily Dickinson, Stephen Crane, and Ernest Hemingway, we can find similar (2) Pilgrim settlements Several years later, another group of settlers also arrived in the New W This group was looking for the Jamestown However , because of bad navigation, they landed in M They were also coming to the New World with dreams of success, but their goal was different from the Jamestown They wanted to start a new world governed by the B They were called Puritans because they wanted to live a better life by making themselves They first arrived on the Mayflower and settled in P This is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about the "first A"The clearest history of their journey to the New World can be found in History of Plymouth Plantation (1608) written by William Bradford, who was also one of the Mayflower The History of Plymouth Plantation is a Puritan book in the best “It’s loosely annalistic, but a direct and simple style gives charm, as a sincere faith in Puritanism gives purity, to the entire ” (W P Trent, 1997) The Puritans had several kinds of By far the most common form is the writing related to Biblical teachings, or sermons, that the church leaders The Puritans believed that they were in the New World because God had brought them there for a special They thought that by studying the Bible they could learn more about this way of So they were very strict to their life, and they didn’t allow any kind of entertainment even in That’s way Wu Dingbo said in his book “Literature of the New England Settlement is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism” and “The literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or ” (Wu Dingbo, 4) Another important form of writing from this period is the These books, like Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, are important because they tell us about life at the time of the P People also wrote many But a lot of works were hidden and lost because people often considered poetry to be an inferior form of writing and not totally acceptable to Puritan One of the most significant poets from this period was Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) Her poems in Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America (1650) reflected the con concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies, and in all her poems, however, she shows her strong belief in G 18th century—the Age of reason (1) The Age of reason In the 18th century, people believed in man’s own nature and the power of human With Franklin as its spokesman, the 18th century America experienced an age of Words had never been so useful and so important in human People wrote a lot of political Numerous pamphlets and printings were These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the Among the most renowned was the work Common Sense (1776) of Thomas Paine (1737-1809) It’s the ringing call for the decoration of He also wrote Crisis (1774-1783) and The Age of Reason (1794-1796), according to Wu, “He thought that religion should be based on rational, reasonable ” (Wu Dingbo, 12) The pamphlets helped complete the debate that resulted in America's separation from E And of course for all the Americans, the most important document from this period was a single sheet of paper called The Declaration of Independence (1776), mainly written by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin F Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), the most distinguished person and giant in American history, he wrote and worked for American independence hardly and had made so many great efforts to America that he has been called "The First A" a world-renowned scientist, diplomat, philosopher, and He perfected the smooth, clear, short sentences of the Puritan plain His Autobiography encourages hard work and emphasizes the importance of Another work that is well known is Poor Richard's Almanack, and many of the sentences have become popular During this time writers thought that the truth should be relied on Bible, churchmen, authorities, or practice and (2) Early National Literature During the period of American Revolution War, American national literature came into Since before the war, American people have already had the awareness of national independence, so they wrote many political writings revolutionary The war helped the first important American prose writers and poets grow up both culturally and Furthermore, the independence of nation led to the independence of national From this moment on, American people began to understand of meaning of being a real ”American“ 放不下了,后面还有,在下面的网站里。满意拿分

文艺复兴推动了欧洲文化街思想领域的繁荣,为欧洲资本主义社会的产生奠定了思想文化基础

我是外语学院的,我们经常搞这些,记得上铺写过这么一篇,给分吧,我晚上问问

欧洲建筑文化论文选题背景和意义

前人研究的成果,所选题目到目前所研究到的状况,而你又对选题有何特别看法,为何会选此题,对前人的研究成果和看法有何异议或者是有何更深入的观点

学位申请者为申请学位而提出撰写的学术论文叫学位论文。这种论文是考核申请者能否被授予学位的重要条件。  学位申请者如果能通过规定的课程考试,而论文的审查和答辩合格,那么就给予学位。如果说学位申请者的课程考试通过了,但论文在答辩时被评为不合格,那么就不会授予他学位。  有资格申请学位并为申请学位所写的那篇毕业论文就称为学位论文,学士学位论文。学士学位论文既是学位论文又是毕业论文。 学术论文是某一学术课题在实验性、理论性或观测性上具有新的科学研究成果或创新见解的知识和科学记录;或是某种已知原理应用于实际中取得新进展的科学总结,用以提供学术会议上宣读、交流或讨论;或在学术刊物上发表;或作其他用途的书面文件。  在社会科学领域,人们通常把表达科研成果的论文称为学术论文。   学术论文具有四大特点:①学术性 ②科学性 ③创造性 ④理论性一、学术性学术论文的科学性,要求作者在立论上不得带有个人好恶的偏见,不得主观臆造,必须切实地从客观实际出发,从中引出符合实际的结论。在论据上,应尽可能多地占有资料,以最充分的、确凿有力的论据作为立论的依据。在论证时,必须经过周密的思考,进行严谨的论证。二、科学性科学研究是对新知识的探求。创造性是科学研究的生命。学术论文的创造性在于作者要有自己独到的见解,能提出新的观点、新的理论。这是因为科学的本性就是“革命的和非正统的”,“科学方法主要是发现新现象、制定新理论的一种手段,旧的科学理论就必然会不断地为新理论推翻。”(斯蒂芬·梅森)因此,没有创造性,学术论文就没有科学价值。三、创造性学术论文在形式上是属于议论文的,但它与一般议论文不同,它必须是有自己的理论系统的,不能只是材料的罗列,应对大量的事实、材料进行分析、研究,使感性认识上升到理性认识。一般来说,学术论文具有论证色彩,或具有论辩色彩。论文的内容必须符合历史 唯物主义和 唯物辩证法,符合“实事求是”、“有的放矢”、“既分析又综合” 的科学研究方法。四、理论性指的是要用通俗易懂的语言表述科学道理,不仅要做到文从字顺,而且要准确、鲜明、和谐、力求生动。表论文的过程   投稿-审稿-用稿通知-办理相关费用-出刊-邮递样刊  一般作者先了解期刊,选定期刊后,找到投稿方式,部分期刊要求书面形式投稿。大部分是采用电子稿件形式。   发表论文审核时间  一般普通刊物(省级、国家级)审核时间为一周,高质量的杂志,审核时间为14-20天。   核心期刊审核时间一般为4个月,须经过初审、复审、终审三道程序。   期刊的级别问题   国家没有对期刊进行级别划分。但各单位一般根据期刊的主管单位的级别来对期刊划为省级期刊和国家级期刊。省级期刊主管单位是省级单位。国家级期刊主管单位是国家部门或直属部门。

欧式古典风格历史悠久,自六世纪的“拜占廷帝国”开始,经过罗马式、哥特式、文艺复兴式、巴洛克主义、洛可可主义以及帕拉第奥主义的多元化影响,经过岁月与战争的磨砺才焕发出古典与奢华的经典光芒。欧式古典风格多引入建筑结构元素,在凸凹有致的墙壁、罗马柱、雕花的掩映下,卷叶草、螺旋纹、葵花纹、弧线等欧式古典纹饰轻抚在精致家具陈设中,重现了宫廷般的华贵绚丽。欧式古典风格追求华丽、高雅,典雅中透着高贵,深沉里显露豪华,具有很强的文化韵味和历史内涵。空间上追求连续性,追求形体的变化和层次动感。室内外色彩鲜丽,光影变化丰富;为体现华丽的风格,家具、门、窗多漆成白色,家具、画框的线条部位饰以金线、金边突显棱角个锐气。细腻之处带有龟裂、让悠久沧桑历历在目。 欧洲古典建筑的历史源远流长,在经历了古希腊、古罗马经典建筑的洗礼之后,形成了以柱式、拱券、山花、门损、雕塑为主要构件的石构造建筑装饰风格。文艺复兴之后巴洛克、洛可可的艺术样式,对欧洲建筑室内装饰风格的演变起着至关重要的作用,形成了法式和英式两种典型的室内装饰流派。 巴洛克样式雄浑厚觉,在运用直线的同时也强调线型流动变化的特点。这种样式具有过 多的装饰和华美浑厚的效果。在室内将绘画、雕塑、工艺集中于装饰和陈设艺术上,墙面装饰多以展示精美的法国壁毯为主,同时镶有大型镜面或大理石,或以线脚重叠的责重木材镶边板装饰墙面。色彩华丽且用金色予以协调,以直线与曲线协调处理的猫脚家具和其他各种装饰工艺手段的使用,构成室内庄重豪华的气氛。 洛可可样式是继巴洛克样式之后在欧洲发展起来的。洛可可样式以其不均衡的轻快纤细的曲线而著称,中国和印度输入欧洲的室内装饰品对其也有影响。“洛可可”一词来自法国宫廷庭园中用贝壳、岩石制作的假山“洛卡优”,意大利人误叫成“洛可可”而流传开来。其特点为造型装饰多运用贝壳的曲线、皱摺和弯曲形构图分割,装饰尽繁琐、华丽之能事,色彩绚丽多姿,以及中国卷草纹的大量运用,具有轻快、流动、向外扩展的装饰效果。 作为欧洲文艺复兴时期的产物,古典主义设计风格继承了巴洛克风格中豪华、动感、多变的视觉效果,也吸取了洛可可风格中唯美、律动的细节处理元素,受到了社会上层人士的青睐。特别是古典风格中,深沉里显露尊贵、典雅浸透豪华的设计哲学,也成为这些成功人士享受快乐,理念生活的一种写照。欧式的居室有的不只是豪华大气,更多的是惬意和浪漫。通过完美的典线,精益求精的细节处理,带给家人不尽的舒服触感,实际上和谐是欧式风格的最高境界。同时,欧式装饰风格最适用于大面积房子,若空间太小,不但无法展现其风格气势,反而对生活在其间的人造成一种压迫感。当然,还要具有一定的美学素养,才能善用欧式风格,否则只会弄巧成拙。 造型欧式风格很讲究造型。 门的造型设计,包括房间的门和各种柜门,既要突出凹凸感,又要有优美的弧线,两种造型相映成趣,风情万种。 柱的设计也很有讲究,可以设计成典型的罗马柱造型,使整体空间具有更强烈的西方传统审美气息。 壁炉是西方文化的典型载体,选择欧式风格家装时,可以设计一个真的壁炉,也可以设计一个壁炉造型,辅以灯光,营造西方生活情调。 借助这三种造型,你的家居将充盈欧美文化的抽象美感。 灯饰 在欧式风格的家居空间里,灯饰设计应选择具有西方风情的造型,比如壁灯,在整体明快、简约、单纯的房屋空间里,传承着西方文化底蕴的壁灯静静泛着影影绰绰的灯光,朦胧、浪漫之感油然而生。 房间可采用反射式灯光照明或局部灯光照明,置身其中,舒适、温馨的感觉袭人,让那为尘嚣所困的心灵找到了归宿。 家具 欧式风格的家居宜选用现代感强烈的家具组合,特点是简单、抽象、明快、现代感强,组合家具的颜色选用白色或流行色,配上合适的灯光及现代化的电器,比如音像器材,就仿佛为主人编织了一个明快美丽的梦想。 挂画 在欧式风格的家居空间里,最好能在墙上挂金属框抽象画或摄影作品,也可以选择一些西方艺术家名作的赝品,比如人体画,直接把西方艺术带到家里,以营造浓郁的艺术氛围,表现主人的文化涵养。 欧式风格强调以华丽的装饰、浓烈的色彩、精美的造型达到雍容华贵的装饰效果。欧式客厅顶部喜用大型灯池,并用华丽的枝形吊灯营造气氛。门窗上半部多做成圆弧形,并用带有花纹的石膏线勾边。入厅口处多竖起两根豪华的罗马柱,室内则有真正的壁炉或假的壁炉造型。墙面最好用壁纸,或选用优质乳胶漆,以烘托豪华效果。地面材料以石材或地板为佳。欧式客厅非常需要用家具和软装饰来营造整体效果。深色的橡木或枫木家具,色彩鲜艳的布艺沙发,都是欧式客厅里的主角。还有浪漫的罗马帘,精美的油画,制作精良的雕塑工艺品,都是点染欧式风格不可缺少的元素。但需要注意的是,这类风格的装修,在面积、空间较大的房间内会达到更好的效果。 客厅的大部分处在挑空结构之下,大面积的玻璃窗带来了良好的采光,落地的窗帘很是气派。布艺沙发组合有着丝绒的质感以及流畅的木质曲线,将传统欧式家居的奢华与现代家居的实用性完美地结合。壁炉自然不可或缺,它被安置在空间结构的交汇处,与一幅色彩鲜艳的油画相呼应,敞开式的客厅提供了一个视觉中心。

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